Concepts for the incorporation of inorganic building blocks into organic polymers on a nanoscale

Progress in Polymer Science (Oxford)

Volumn 28, Issue 1, 2003, Pages 83-114

  Kickelbick, Guido ^a  

^a VIENNA UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY   (Austria)

Author keywords

Hybrid materials; Nanocomposites; Nanoparticles; Polymers

Indexed keywords

NANOSTRUCTURED MATERIALS; POLYMERIZATION; SILICA; SOL-GELS;

HYBRID MATERIALS;

ORGANIC POLYMERS;

EID: 0037213733     PISSN: 00796700     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S0079-6700(02)00019-9     Document Type: Review

References (265)

1. Okada A., Usuki A. The chemistry of polymer-clay hybrids. Mater Sci Engng. C3:1995;109-115.
2. Gilman J.W. Flammability and thermal stability studies of polymer layered-silicate (clay) nanocomposites. Appl Clay Sci. 15:1999;31-49.
3. Gilman J.W., Jackson C.L., Morgan A.B., Harris R. Jr., Manias E., Giannelis E.P., Wuthenow M., Hilton D., Phillips S.H. Flammability properties of polymer-layered silicate nanocomposites. Polypropylene and polystyrene nanocomposites. Chem Mater. 12:2000;1866-1873.
4. Porter D., Metcalfe E., Thomas M.J.K. Nanocomposite fire retardants - a review. Fire Mater. 24:2000;45-52.
5. Zanetti M., Lomakin S., Camino G. Polymer layered silicate nanocomposites. Macromol Mater Engng. 279:2000;1-9.
6. Armes S.P. Electrically conducting polymer colloids. Polym News. 20:1995;233-237.
7. Godovski D.Y. Electron behavior and magnetic properties of polymer nanocomposites. Adv Polym Sci. 119:1995;79-122.
8. Pomogailo A.D. Hybrid polymer-inorganic nanocomposites. Russ Chem Rev. 69:2000;53-80.
9. Sperling L.H. Interpenetrating polymer networks and related materials. 1981;Plenum Press, New York.
10. Judeinstein P., Sanchez C. Hybrid organic-inorganic materials: a land of multidisciplinarity. J Mater Chem. 6:1996;511-525.
11. Schubert U., Hüsing N. Synthesis of inorganic materials. 2000;Wiley-VCH, Weinheim.
12. Sperling L.H. Interpenetrating polymer networks. Adv Chem Ser. 239:1994;3.
13. Brinker C.J., Scherer G.W. Sol-gel science. 1990;Academic Press, San Diego.
14. Judeinstein P. Hybrid materials: intricate structures guiding complex dynamics. Mater Res Soc Symp Proc. 519:1998;151-162.
15. Schubert U., Hüsing N., Lorenz A. Hybrid inorganic-organic materials by sol-gel processing of organofunctional metal alkoxides. Chem Mater. 7:1995;2010-2027.
16. Juangvanich N., Mauritz K.A. Polyethersulfone-[silicon oxide] hybrid materials via in situ sol-gel reactions for tetra-alkoxysilanes. J Appl Polym Sci. 67:1998;1799-1810.
17. Deng Q., Moore R.B., Mauritz K.A. Novel Nafion/ORMOSIL hybrids via in situ sol-gel reactions. 1. Probe of ORMOSIL phase nanostructures by infrared spectroscopy. Chem Mater. 7:1995;2261-2270.
18. 29Si solid state NMR spectroscopy. J Sol-Gel Sci Technol. 7:1996;177-190.
19. 2] nanocomposites via polymer-in situ sol-gel chemistry: sequential alkoxide procedure. J Polym Sci, Part B: Polym Phys. 34:1996;873-882.
20. Mauritz K.A. Organic-inorganic hybrid materials. Perfluorinated ionomers as sol-gel polymerization templates for inorganic alkoxides. Mater Sci Engng. C6:1998;121-133.
21. Chujo Y., Saegusa T. Organic polymer hybrids with silica gel formed by means of the sol-gel method. Adv Polym Sci. 100:1992;11-29.
22. Saegusa T., Chujo Y. Macromolecular engineering on the basis of the polymerization of 2-oxazolines. Makromol Chem, Macromol Symp. 51:1991;1-10.
23. Saegusa T., Chujo Y. Organic-inorganic polymer hybrids. Makromol Chem, Macromol Symp. 64:1992;1-9.
24. Chujo Y. Organic-inorganic hybrid materials. Curr Opin Solid State Mater Sci. 1:1996;806-811.
25. Tamaki R., Chujo Y. Synthesis of poly(vinyl alcohol)/silica gel polymer hybrids by in situ hydrolysis method. Appl Organomet Chem. 12:1998;755-762.
26. Landry C.J.T., Coltrain B.K., Wesson J.A., Zumbulyadis N., Lippert J.L. In situ polymerization of tetraethoxysilane in polymers: chemical nature of the interactions. Polymer. 33:1992;1496-1506.
27. Wang S., Ahmad Z., Mark J.E. A polyamide-silica composite prepared by the sol-gel process. Polym Bull. 31:1993;323-330.
28. Zhao M.X., Ning Y.P., Mark J.E. Mechanical properties of siloxane-silica composites prepared by the sol-gel technique. Ceram Trans. 19:1991;891-898.
29. Matejka L., Dusek K., Plestil J., Kriz J., Lednicky F. Formation and structure of the epoxy-silica hybrids. Polymer. 40:1998;171-181.
30. Matejka L., Dusek K., Noga J. Formation, structure and mechanical properties of organic-silica hybrid networks. Wiley Polym Networks Group Rev Ser. 1:1998;301-311.
31. Matejka L., Plestil J., Dusek K. Structure evolution in epoxy-silica hybrids: sol-gel process. J Non-Cryst Solids. 226:1998;114-121.
32. Landry C.J.T., Coltrain B.K. On the effect of organic substitution of silicon alkoxides in poly(vinyl acetate) organic-inorganic composites. J Macromol Sci, Pure Appl Chem. A31:1994;1965-1973.
33. Ahmad Z., Sarwar M.I., Mark J.E. Chemically bonded silica-polymer composites from linear and branched polyamides in a sol-gel process. J Mater Chem. 7:1997;259-263.
34. Mark J.E., Premachandra J., Kumudinie C., Zhao W., Dang T.D., Chen J.P., Arnold F.E. The use of functionalized polybenzoxazoles and polybenzobisthiazoles in polymer-silica hybrid materials. Mater Res Soc Symp Proc. 435:1996;93-104.
35. Coltrain B.K., Ferrar W.T., Landry C.J.T., Molaire T.R., Zumbulyadis N. Polyphosphazene molecular composites. 1. In situ polymerization of tetraethoxysilane. Chem Mater. 4:1992;358.
36. Ferrar W.T., Coltrain B.K., Landry C.J.T., Long V.K., Molaire T.R., Schildkraut D.E. Polyphosphazene molecular composites. In situ polymerizations of silicon, titanium, zirconium, and aluminum alkoxides. ACS Symp Ser. 572:1994;258-267.
37. Sharp K.G. A new route to polymer-filled glass. Hybrid interpenetrating networks with appreciable toughness. ACS Symp Ser. 585:1995;163-180.
38. Landry C.J.T., Coltrain B.K., Teegarden D.M., Long T.E., Long V.K. Use of organic copolymers as compatibilizers for organic-inorganic composites. Macromolecules. 29:1996;4712-4721.
39. Mauritz K.A., Jones C.K. Novel poly(n-butyl methacrylate)/titanium oxide alloys produced by the sol-gel process for titanium alkoxides. J Appl Polym Sci. 40:1990;1401-1420.
40. 2, and their mechanical properties. Polym J. 27:1995;492-502.
41. Ahmad Z., Sarwar M.I., Wang S., Mark J.E. Preparation and properties of hybrid organic-inorganic composites prepared from poly(phenyleneterephthalamide) and titania. Polymer. 38:1997;4523-4529.
42. Ahmad Z., Sarwar M.I., Mark J.E. Thermal and mechanical properties of aramid-based titania hybrid composites. J Appl Polym Sci. 70:1998;297-302.
43. Breiner J.M., Mark J.E. Preparation, structure, growth mechanisms and properties of siloxane composites containing silica, titania or mixed silica-titania phases. Polymer. 39:1998;5483-5493.
44. Shao P.L., Mauritz K.A., Moore R.B. [Perfluorosulfonate ionomer]/[mixed inorganic oxide] nanocomposites via polymer-in situ sol-gel chemistry. Chem Mater. 7:1995;192-200.
45. Apicatachutapan W., Moore R.B., Mauritz K.A. Asymmetric Nafion/(zirconium oxide) hybrid membranes via in situ sol-gel chemistry. J Appl Polym Sci. 62:1996;417-426.
46. Landry C.J.T., Coltrain B.K., Brady B.K. In situ polymerization of tetraethoxysilane in poly(methyl methacrylate): morphology and dynamic mechanical properties. Polymer. 33:1992;1486-1495.
47. Pope E.J.A., Asami M., Mackenzie J.D. Transparent silica gel-PMMA composites. J Mater Res. 4:1989;1018-1026.
48. Brennan A.B., Miller T.M., Vinocur R.B. Hybrid organic-inorganic interpenetrating networks. ACS Symp Ser. 585:1995;142-162.
49. Brennan A.B., Miller T.M. Structure/property behavior of organic-inorganic semi-IPNs. Mater Res Soc Symp Proc. 435:1996;155-164.
50. Hajji P., David L., Gerard J.F., Kaddami H., Pascault J.P., Vigier G. Synthesis-morphology-mechanical properties relationships of polymer-silica nanocomposite hybrid materials. Mater Res Soc Symp Proc. 576:1999;357-362.
51. Hajji P., David L., Gerard J.F., Pascault J.P., Vigier G. Synthesis, structure, and morphology of polymer-silica hybrid nanocomposites based on hydroxyethyl methacrylate. J Polym Sci, Part B: Polym Phys. 37:1999;3172-3187.
52. Jackson C.L., Bauer B.J., Nakatani A.I., Barnes J.D. Synthesis of hybrid organic-inorganic materials from interpenetrating polymer network chemistry. Chem Mater. 8:1996;727-733.
53. Avadhani C.V., Chujo Y. Polyimide-silica gel hybrids containing metal salts: preparation via the sol-gel reaction. Appl Organomet Chem. 11:1997;153-161.
54. Imai Y., Yoshida N., Naka K., Chujo Y. Thermoresponsive organic-inorganic polymer hybrids from poly(N-isopropylacrylamide). Polym J. 31:1999;258-262.
55. Tamaki R., Naka K., Chujo Y. Synthesis of polystyrene/silica gel polymer hybrids by in situ polymerization method. Polym Bull. 39:1997;303-310.
56. Tamaki R., Chujo Y. Synthesis of IPN polymer hybrids of polystyrene gel and silica gel by and in situ radical polymerization method. J Mater Chem. 8:1998;1113-1115.
57. Tamaki R., Samura K., Chujo Y. Synthesis of polystyrene and silica gel polymer hybrids via pi.-pi. interactions. Chem Commun. 1998;1131-1132.
58. Ellsworth M.W., Novak B.M. Mutually interpenetrating inorganic-organic networks. New routes into nonshrinking sol-gel composite materials. J Am Chem Soc. 113:1991;2756-2758.
59. Novak B.M., Davies C. Inverse organic-inorganic composite materials. 2. Free-radical routes into nonshrinking sol-gel composites. Macromolecules. 24:1991;5481-5483.
60. Ellsworth M.W., Novak B.M. High glass content non-shrinking sol-gel composites via silicic acid esters. Mater Res Soc Symp Proc. 274:1992;67-75.
61. Novak B.M., Ellsworth M.W., Verrier C. Nanostructured organic-inorganic hybrid materials synthesized through simultaneous processes. ACS Symp Ser. 585:1995;86-96.
62. Novak B.M., Grubbs R.H. Catalytic organometallic chemistry in water: the aqueous ring-opening metathesis polymerization of 7-oxanorbornene derivatives. J Am Chem Soc. 110:1988;7542-7543.
63. Saegusa T., Chujo Y. An organic/inorganic hybrid polymer. J Macromol Sci, Chem. A27:1990;1603-1612.
64. Chujo Y., Ihara E., Kure S., Saegusa T. Synthesis of triethoxysilyl-terminated polyoxazolines and their cohydrolysis polymerization with tetraethoxysilane. Macromolecules. 26:1993;5681-5686.
65. Chujo Y., Ihara E., Suzuki K., Saegusa T. Synthesis of amphiphilic silane coupling agents based on poly(2-ethyl-2-oxazoline) and their reactions with tetraethoxysilane. Polym Bull. 31:1993;317-322.
66. Chujo Y., Ihara E., Kure S., Suzuki K., Saegusa T. Block copolymer of 2-methyl-2-oxazoline with silica gel. An organic-inorganic hybrid polymer. Makromol Chem, Macromol Symp. 42:1991;303-312.
67. Wei Y., Yang D., Bakthavatchalam R. Thermal stability and hardness of new polyacrylate-silica hybrid sol-gel materials. Mater Lett. 13:1992;261-266.
68. Wei Y., Wang W., Yeh J.M., Wang B., Yang D., Murray J.K. Photochemical synthesis of polyacrylate-silica hybrid sol-gel materials catalyzed by photoacids. Adv Mater. 6:1994;372-374.
69. Wei Y., Wang W., Yeh J.-M., Wang B., Yang D., Murray J.K. Jr., Jin D., Wei G. Vinyl-polymer-modified hybrid materials and photoacid-catalyzed sol-gel reactions. ACS Symp Ser. 585:1995;125-141.
70. Wei Y., Jin D., Yang C., Kels M.C., Qiu K.-Y. Organic-inorganic hybrid materials. Relations of thermal and mechanical properties with structures. Mater Sci Engng. C6:1998;91-98.
71. Wei Y., Jin D., Wei G., Yang D., Xu J. Novel organic-inorganic chemical hybrid fillers for dental composite materials. J Appl Polym Sci. 70:1998;1689-1699.
72. Wei Y., Jin D., Brennan D.J., Rivera D.N., Zhuang Q., DiNardo N.J., Qiu K. Atomic force microscopy study of organic-inorganic hybrid materials. Chem Mater. 10:1998;769-772.
73. Coltrain B.K., Landry C.J.T., O'Reilly J.M., Chamberlain A.M., Rakes G.A., Sedita J.S., Kelts L.W., Landry M.R., Long V.K. Role of trialkoxysilane functionalization in the preparation of organic-inorganic composites. Chem Mater. 5:1993;1445-1455.
74. Wei Y., Yang D., Tang L., Hutchins M.G.K. Synthesis, characterization, and properties of new polystyrene-silica hybrid sol-gel materials. J Mater Res. 8:1993;1143-1152.
75. Wei Y., Wang W., Jin D., Yang D., Tartakovskaya L. Synthesis of sulfonated polystyrene-silica hybrids and their application as ion exchange materials. J Appl Polym Sci. 64:1997;1893-1902.
76. Feng Q., Xu J., Dong H., Li S., Wei Y. Synthesis of polystyrene-silica hybrid mesoporous materials via the nonsurfactant-template sol-gel process. J Mater Chem. 10:2000;2490-2494.
77. Wei Y., Yang D., Tang L. Synthesis of new polyacrylonitrile-silica hybrid sol-gel materials and their thermal properties. Makromol Chem, Rapid Commun. 14:1993;273-278.
78. Sanchez C., In M., Toledano P., Griesmar P. Tailoring of transition metal alkoxides via complexation for the synthesis of hybrid organic-inorganic sols and gels. Mater Res Soc Symp Proc. 271:1992;669-680.
79. In M., Gerardin C., Lambard J., Sanchez C. Transition metal based hybrid organic-inorganic copolymers. J Sol-Gel Sci Technol. 5:1995;101-114.
80. Campero A., Soto A.M., Maquet J., Sanchez C. Vanadium-oxo based hybrid organic-inorganic copolymers. Mater Res Soc Symp Proc. 435:1996;527-532.
81. Biswas M., Mukherjee A. Synthesis and evaluation of metal-containing polymers. Adv Polym Sci. 115:1994;89-123.
82. Pomagailo A.D. Polymer-immobilised nanoscale and cluster metal particles. Russ Chem Rev. 66:1997;679-716.
83. Belfiore L.A., Pires A.T.N., Wang Y., Graham H., Ueda E. Transition-metal coordination in polymer blends and model systems. Macromolecules. 25:1992;1411-1419.
84. Belfiore L.A., Indra E., Das P. Multi-functional coordination crosslinks in poly(vinylamine) complexes with cobalt chloride. Macromol Symp. 114:1997;35-50.
85. McCurdie M.P., Belfiore L.A. Solid-state complexes of poly(L-histidine) with metal chlorides from the first row of the d-block. J Polym Sci, Part B: Polym Phys. 37:1999;301-309.
86. Belfiore L.A., Graham H., Ueda E. Ligand field stabilization in nickel complexes that exhibit extraordinary glass transition temperature enhancement. Macromolecules. 25:1992;2935-2939.
87. Belfiore L.A., McCurdie M.P., Ueda E. Polymeric coordination complexes based on cobalt, nickel, and ruthenium that exhibit synergistic thermal properties. Macromolecules. 26:1993;6908-6917.
88. Bosse F., Das P., Belfiore L.A. Reactive blending via metal-olefin coordination in diene polymers. Solid-state properties that support the concept of a network structure. Macromolecules. 28:1995;6993-7004.
89. Das P.K., Ruzmaikina I., Belfiore L.A. Poly(vinylamine) complexes with f-block salts from the lanthanide series that exhibit significant glass-transition temperature enhancement. J Polym Sci, Part B: Polym Phys. 38:2000;1931-1938.
90. Belfiore L.A., Bosse F., Das P. Reactive blending via coordination chemistry - extraordinary mechanical response for atactic 1,2-polybutadiene complexed with palladium chloride. Polym Int. 36:1995;165-176.
91. Belfiore L.A., McCurdie M.P. Reactive blending via metal-ligand coordination. J Polym Sci, Part B: Polym Phys. 33:1995;105-124.
92. Belfiore L.A., Das P., Bosse F. Synergistic mechanical response in blends of diene polymers and their complexes with palladium chloride. J Polym Sci, Part B: Polym Phys. 34:1996;2675-2687.
93. Bosse F., Das P., Belfiore L.A. Annealing effects on the solid state properties of transition-metal coordination complexes and networks based on diene polymers with palladium chloride. J Polym Sci, Part B: Polym Phys. 34:1996;909-924.
94. Belfiore L.A., Indra E.M. Transition metal compatibilization of poly(vinylamine) and poly(ethylenimine). J Polym Sci, Part B: Polym Phys. 38:2000;552-561.
95. Das P.K., Lee J.-K., Belfiore L.A. Transition-metal compatibilization of poly(4-bromostyrene) and polybutadiene via palladium(0) catalyzed reactions. J Polym Sci, Part B: Polym Phys. 39:2001;677-688.
96. Hagihara N., Sonogashira K., Takahashi S. Linear polymers containing transition metals in the main chain. Adv Polym Sci. 41:1981;149-179.
97. Archer R.D. Coordination chemistry from monomers to copolymers. Coord Chem Rev. 128:1993;49-68.
98. Hodgkin J.H. Chelate-forming polymers. Mark H.F., Bikales N.M., Overberger C.G., Menges G., Kroschwitz J.I. Encyclopedia of polymer science. 3:1985;363-381 Wiley, New York.
99. Foxman B.M., Gersten S.W. Coordination polymers. Mark H.F., Bikales N.M., Overberger C.G., Menges G., Kroschwitz J.I. Encyclopedia of polymer science. 4:1986;175-191 Wiley, New York.
100. Pittman C.U. Jr., Carraher C.E. Jr., Reynolds J.R. Organometallic polymers. Mark H.F., Bikales N.M., Overberger C.G., Menges G., Kroschwitz J.I. Encyclopedia of polymer science. 10:1987;541-594 Wiley, New York.
101. Nguyen P., Gómez-Elipe P., Manners I. Organometallic polymers with transition metals in the main chain. Chem Rev. 99:1999;1515-1548.
102. Lamba J.J.S., Fraser C.L. Synthesis of metal-centered star-shaped polyoxazolines using Fe(II) and Ru(II) tris-bipyridine derivatives as multifunctional initiators. J Am Chem Soc. 119:1997;1801-1802.
103. Collins J.E., Fraser C.L. Transition metals as templates for multifunctional initiators: bulk atom transfer radical polymerization of styrene using di-, tetra- and hexafunctional ruthenium tris(bipyridine) reagents. Macromolecules. 31:1998;6715-6717.
104. McAlvin J.E., Fraser C.L. Metal-centered star block copolymers: amphiphilic iron tris(bipyridine)-centered polyoxazolines and their chemical fragmentation to bipyridine-centered BAB triblock copolymers. Macromolecules. 32:1999;1341-1347.
105. McAlvin J.E., Fraser C.L. Polymerization of 2-ethyl-2-oxazoline using di-, tetra-, and hexafunctional ruthenium tris(bipyridine) metalloinitiators. Macromolecules. 32:1999;6925-6932.
106. Hochwimmer G., Nuyken O., Schubert U.S. 6,6′-Bisfunctional 2,2′-bipyridines as metallo-supramolecular initiators for the living polymerization of oxazolines. Macromol Rapid Commun. 19:1998;309-313.
107. Schubert U.S., Nuyken O., Hochwimmer G. Polymers with metal binding units: bipyridine and terpyridine containing polyoxazolines. J Macromol Sci - Pure Appl Chem. A37:2000;645-658.
108. Wu X., Fraser C.L. Architectural diversity via metal template-assisted polymer synthesis: a macroligand chelation approach to linear and star-shaped polymeric ruthenium tris(bipyridine) complexes. Macromolecules. 33:2000;4053-4060.
109. Giannelis E.P. Polymer layered silicate nanocomposites. Adv Mater. 8:1996;29-35.
110. LeBaron P.C., Wang Z., Pinnavaia T.J. Polymer-layered silicate nanocomposites: an overview. Appl Clay Sci. 15:1999;11-29.
111. Lagaly G. Introduction: from clay mineral-polymer interactions to clay mineral-polymer nanocomposites. Appl Clay Sci. 15:1999;1-9.
112. Alexandre M., Dubois P. Polymer-layered silicate nanocomposites: preparation, properties and uses of a new class of materials. Mater Sci Engng. R28:2000;1-63.
113. Vaia R.A., Giannelis E.P. Polymer nanocomposites: status and opportunities. MRS Bull. 26:2001;394-401.
114. Leroux F., Besse J.-P. Polymer interleaved layered double hydroxide: a new emerging class of nanocomposites. Chem Mater. 13:2001;3507-3515.
115. Rothon R.N. Particulate-filled polymer composites. 1995;Longman, Harlow.
116. Rothon R.N. Mineral fillers in thermoplastics: filler manufacture and characterisation. Adv Polym Sci. 139:1999;67-107.
117. Kanatzidis M.G., Wu C.G., Macy H.O., Kannewurf C.R. Conductive-polymer bronzes. Intercalated polyaniline in vanadium oxide xerogels. J Am Chem Soc. 111:1989;4139-4141.
118. 3. Chem Commun. 1993;687-689.
119. 4 interlayer space. Chem Lett. 1993;31-34.
120. Goward G.R., Leroux F., Nazar L.F. Poly(pyrrole) and poly(thiophene)/vanadium oxide interleaved nanocomposites: positive electrodes for lithium batteries. Electrochim Acta. 43:1998;1307-1313.
121. Usuki A., Kawasumi M., Kojima Y., Okada A., Kamigaito O., Kurauchi T. Swelling behavior of montmorillonite cation exchanged for ω-amino acids by -caprolactam. J Mater Res. 8:1993;1174-1178.
122. Usuki A., Kojima Y., Kawasumi M., Okada A., Fukushima Y., Kurauchi T., Kamigaito O. Synthesis of nylon 6-clay hybrid. J Mater Res. 8:1993;1179-1184.
123. Kojima Y., Usuki A., Kawasumi M., Okada A., Fukushima Y., Kurauchi T.O., Kamigaito O. Mechanical properties of nylon 6-clay hybrid. J Mater Res. 8:1993;1185-1189.
124. Lan T., Pinnavaia T.J. Clay-reinforced epoxy nanocomposites. Chem Mater. 6:1994;2216-2219.
125. Messersmith P.B., Giannelis E.P. Synthesis and characterization of layered silicate-epoxy nanocomposites. Chem Mater. 6:1994;1719-1725.
126. Tabtiang A., Lumlong S., Venables R.A. The influence of preparation method upon the structure and relaxation characteristics of poly(methyl methacrylate)/clay composites. Eur Polym J. 36:2000;2559-2568.
127. Messersmith P.B., Giannelis E.P. Synthesis and barrier properties of poly(-caprolactone)-layered silicate nanocomposites. J Polym Sci, Part A: Polym Chem. 33:1995;1047-1057.
128. Gaylord N.G., Ender H., Davis L. Jr., Takahashi A. Polymer-filler composites through in situ graft copolymerization: polyethylene-clay composites. ACS Symp Ser. 121:1980;469-475.
129. Lee D.C., Jang L.W. Characterization of epoxy-clay hybrid composite prepared by emulsion polymerization. J Appl Polym Sci. 68:1998;1997-2005.
130. Weimer M.W., Chen H., Giannelis E.P., Sogah D.Y. Direct synthesis of dispersed nanocomposites by in situ living free radical polymerization using a silicate-anchored initiator. J Am Chem Soc. 121:1999;1615-1616.
131. Bergman J.S., Coates G.W., Chen H., Giannelis E.P., Thomas M.G. Synthesis and characterization of polyolefin-silicate nanocomposites: a catalyst intercalation and in situ polymerization approach. Chem Commun. 1999;2179-2180.
132. Arranda P., Ruiz-Hitzky E. Poly(ethylene oxide)-silicate intercalation materials. Chem Mater. 4:1992;1395-1403.
133. Kleinfeld E.R., Ferguson G.S. Stepwise formation of multilayered nanostructural films from macromolecular precursors. Science. 265:1994;370-373.
134. Friedlander H.Z., Frink C.R. Organized polymerization. III. Monomers intercalated in montmorillonite. Polym Lett. 2:1964;465-469.
135. Fischer H.R., Gielgens L.H., Koster T.P.M. Nanocomposites from polymers and layered minerals. Mater Res Soc Symp Proc. 519:1998;117-123.
136. Fischer H.R., Gielgens L.H., Koster T.P.M. Nanocomposites from polymers and layered minerals. Acta Polym. 50:1999;122-126.
137. 3. J Am Chem Soc. 114:1992;6239-6240.
138. Manias E., Touny A., Wu L., Strawhecker K., Lu B., Chung T.C. Polypropylene/montmorillonite nanocomposites. Review of the synthetic routes and materials properties. Chem Mater. 13:2001;3516-3523.
139. Krawiec W., Scanlon L.G. Jr., Fellner J.P., Vaia R.A., Vasudevan S., Giannelis E.P. Polymer nanocomposites: a new strategy for synthesizing solid electrolytes for rechargeable lithium batteries. J Power Sources. 54:1995;310-315.
140. Vaia R.A., Ishii H., Giannelis E.P. Synthesis and properties of two-dimensional nanostructures by direct intercalation of polymer melts in layered silicates. Chem Mater. 5:1993;1694-1696.
141. Stein A., Melde B.J., Schroden R.C. Hybrid inorganic-organic meso-porous silicates-nanoscopic reactors coming of age. Adv Mater. 12:2000;1403-1419.
142. Schöllhorn R. Intercalation systems as nanostructured functional materials. Chem Mater. 8:1996;1747-1757.
143. Frisch H.L., Mark J.E. Nanocomposites prepared by threding polymer chains through zeolites, mesoporous silica, or silica nanotubes. Chem Mater. 8:1996;1735-1738.
144. Frisch H.L., Xue Y. Hybrid inorganic/organic interpenetrating polymer networks based on zeolite 13X and polystyrene. J Polym Sci, Part A: Polym Chem. 33:1995;1979-1985.
145. Frisch H.L., Maaref S., Xue Y., Beaucage G., Pu Z., Mark J.E. Interpenetrating and pseudo-interpenetrating polymer networks of poly(ethyl acrylate) and zeolite 13X. J Polym Sci, Part A: Polym Chem. 34:1996;673-677.
146. Krishnamoorti R., Vaia R.A., Giannelis E.P. Structure and dynamics of polymer-layered silicate nanocomposites. Chem Mater. 8:1996;1728-1734.
147. Graeser A., Spange S. Novel polyvinyl ether-HY zeolite hybrid materials: general features. Chem Mater. 10:1998;1814-1819.
148. Munichandraiah N., Scanlon L.G., Marsh R.A., Kumar B., Sircar A.K. Influence of zeolite on electrochemical and physicochemical properties of polyethylene oxide solid electrolyte. J Appl Electrochem. 25:1995;857-863.
149. Pereira C., Kokotailo G.T., Gorte R.J. Acetylene polymerization in a H-ZSM-5 zeolite. J Phys Chem. 95:1991;705-709.
150. Schneider J., Fanter D., Bauer M., Schomburg C., Wohrle D., Schulz-Ekloff G. Preparation and optical transparency of composite materials from methacrylate ester copolymers and faujasites with an embedded azo dye. Microporous Mesoporous Mater. 39:2000;257-263.
151. Spange S., Graeser A., Müller H., Zimmermann Y., Rehak P., Jaeger C., Fuess H., Baehtz C. Synthesis of inorganic/organic host-guest hybrid materials by cationic vinyl polymerization within Y zeolites and MCM-41. Chem Mater. 13:2001;3698-3708.
152. Pattantyus-Abraham A.G., Wolf M.O. Photoluminescence of poly(P-phenylene vinylene) encapsulated in mesoporous silica. Mater Res Soc Symp Proc. 560:1999;291-295.
153. Spange S., Graeser A., Rehak P., Jager C., Schulz M. Cationic polymerization of cyclohexyl vinyl ether within MCM-41 channels. Macromol Rapid Commun. 21:2000;146-150.
154. Möller K., Bein T., Fischer R.X. Synthesis of ordered mesoporous methacrylate hybrid systems: hosts for molecular polymer composites. Chem Mater. 11:1999;665-673.
155. Enzel P., Bein T. Inclusion of polyaniline filaments in zeolite molecular sieves. J Phys Chem. 93:1989;6270-6272.
156. Wu C.G., Bein T. Conducting polyaniline filaments in a mesoporous channel host. Science. 264:1994;1757-1759.
157. Wu C., Bein T. Polyaniline wires in oxidant-containing mesoporous channel hosts. Chem Mater. 6:1994;1109-1112.
158. Wu C.G., Bein T. Conducting carbon wires in ordered, nanometer-sized channels. Science. 266:1994;1013-1015.
159. Bein T., Enzel P. Polypyrrole chains in zeolite channels. Angew Chem, Int Ed Engl. 28:1989;1692-1693.
160. Enzel P., Bein T. Intrazeolite synthesis of polythiophene chains. Chem Commun. 1989;1326-1327.
161. Nagata K., Kodama S., Kawasaki H., Deki S., Mizuhata M. Influence of polarity of polymer on inorganic particle dispersion in dielectric particle/polymer composite systems. J Appl Polym Sci. 56:1995;1313-1321.
162. Hergeth W.D., Peller M., Hauptmann P. Polymerizations in the presence of seeds. II. Monitoring emulsion polymerization in the presence of fillers by means of ultrasound. Acta Polym. 37:1986;468-469.
163. Hergeth W.D., Starre P., Schmutzler K. Polymerizations in the presence of seeds. 3. Emulsion polymerization of vinyl acetate in the presence of quartz powder. Polymer. 29:1988;1323-1328.
164. Hergeth W.D., Steinau U.J., Bittrich H.J., Simon G., Schmutzler K. Polymerization in the presence of seeds. Part IV. Emulsion polymers containing inorganic filler particles. Polymer. 30:1989;254-258.
165. Bourgeat-Lami E., Espiard P., Guyot A., Briat S., Gauthier C., Vigier G., Perez J. Composite polymer colloid nucleated by functionalized silica. ACS Symp Ser. 585:1995;112-124.
166. Bourgeat-Lami E., Espiard P., Guyot A. Poly(ethyl acrylate) latexes encapsulating nanoparticles of silica. 1. Functionalization and dispersion of silica. Polymer. 36:1995;4385-4389.
167. Bourgeat-Lami E., Espiard P., Guyot A., Gauthier C., David L., Vigier G. Emulsion polymerization in the presence of colloidal silica particles. Application to the reinforcement of poly(ethyl acrylate) films. Angew Makromol Chem. 242:1996;105-122.
168. Bourgeat-Lami E., Lang J. Encapsulation of inorganic particles by dispersion polymerization in polar media. 1. Silica nanoparticles encapsulated by polystyrene. J Colloid Interf Sci. 197:1998;293-308.
169. Bourgeat-Lami E., Lang J. Encapsulation of inorganic particles by dispersion polymerization in polar media. 2. Effect of silica size and concentration on the morphology of silica-polystyrene composite particles. J Colloid Interf Sci. 210:1999;281-289.
170. Bourgeat-Lami E., Lang J. Silica-polystyrene composite particles. Macromol Symp. 151:2000;377-385.
171. vanBlaaderen A. From the de Broglie to visible wavelengths: manipulating electrons and photons with colloids. MRS Bull. 23:1998;39-43.
172. Asher S.A., Holtz J., Weissman J., Pan G. Mesoscopically periodic photonic-crystal materials for linear and nonlinear optics and chemical sensing. MRS Bull. 23:1998;44-50.
173. Stöber W., Fink A., Bohn E. Controlled growth of monodisperse silica spheres in the micron size range. J Colloid Interf Sci. 26:1968;62-69.
174. Badley R.D., Ford W.T., McEnroe F.J., Assink R.A. Surface modification of colloidal silica. Langmuir. 6:1990;792-801.
175. Philipse A.P., Vrij A. Preparation and properties of nonaqueous model dispersions of chemically modified, charged silica spheres. J Colloid Interf Sci. 128:1989;121-136.
176. Sunkara H.B., Jethmalani J.M., Ford W.T. Solidification of colloidal crystals of silica. ACS Symp Ser. 585:1995;181-191.
177. Smith T.W., Wychick D. Colloidal iron dispersions prepared via the polymer-catalyzed decomposition of iron pentacarbonyl. J Phys Chem. 84:1980;1621-1629.
178. Hess P.H., Parker P.H. Jr. Polymers for stabilization of colloidal cobalt particles. J Appl Polym Sci. 10:1966;1915-1927.
179. Berger M., Manuel T.A. Chemistry of polybutadiene-iron carbonyl systems. J Polym Sci, Polym Chem Ed. 4:1966;1509-1516.
180. Payne R., Fritz G., Narmann H. Investigation into the interactions of metals and metal ions in polymer matrixes. Angew Makromol Chem. 144:1986;51-72.
181. Meguro K., Adachi T., Fukunishi R., Esumi K. Formation of multiple adsorption layers of surfactants on particle surfaces. Langmuir. 4:1988;1160-1162.
182. Wan M., Li J. Synthesis and electrical-magnetic properties of polyaniline composites. J Polym Sci, Part A: Polym Chem. 36:1998;2799-2805.
183. Wan M., Fan J. Synthesis and ferromagnetic properties of composites of a water-soluble polyaniline copolymer containing iron oxide. J Polym Sci, Part A: Polym Chem. 36:1998;2749-2755.
184. Selvan S.T., Spatz J.P., Klok H.A., Möller M. Gold-polypyrrole core-shell particles in diblock copolymer micelles. Adv Mater. 10:1998;132-134.
185. Ziolo R.F., Giannelis E.P., Weinstein B.A., O'Horo M.P., Ganguly B.N., Mehrotra V., Russell M.W., Huffman D.R. Matrix-mediated synthesis of nanocrystalline γ-ferric oxide: a new optically transparent magnetic material. Science. 257:1992;219-223.
186. 3) nanocrystals. J Appl Phys. 73:1993;5109-5116.
187. Soler-Illia G.J.A.A., Rozes L., Boggiano M.K., Sanchez C., Turrin C.-O., Caminade A.-M., Majoral J.-P. New mesotextured hybrid materials made from assemblies of dendrimers and titanium(IV)-oxo-organo clusters. Angew Chem, Int Ed. 39:2000;4249-4254.
188. Kickelbick G., Schubert U. Inorganic clusters in organic polymers and the use of polyfunctional inorganic compounds as polymerization initiators. Monatsh Chem. 132:2001;13-30.
189. Schubert U. Polymers reinforced by covalently bonded inorganic clusters. Chem Mater. 13:2001;3487-3494.
190. Judeinstein P. Synthesis and properties of polyoxometalates based inorganic-organic polymers. Chem Mater. 4:1992;4-7.
191. Judeinstein P. Polyoxometallates based macromolecules. J Sol-Gel Sci Technol. 2:1994;147-151.
192. Mayer C.R., Thouvenot R., Lalot T. New hybrid covalent networks based on polyoxometalates. Part 1. Hybrid networks based on poly(ethyl methacrylate) chains covalently cross-linked by heteropolyanions: synthesis and swelling properties. Chem Mater. 12:2000;257-260.
193. Ribot F., Banse F., Sanchez C., Lahcini M., Jousseaume B. Hybrid organic-inorganic copolymers based on oxo-hydroxo organotin nanobuilding blocks. J Sol-Gel Sci Technol. 8:1997;529-533.
194. Angiolini L., Caretti D., Vito R.D., Niesel F.T., Salatelli E., Carlini C., Ribot F., Sanchez C. Hybrid organic-inorganic copolymers from oxohydroxoorganotin dimethacrylate and methyl methacrylate. J Inorg Organomet Polym. 7:1997;151-162.
195. 12 (OMcmethacrylate). Chem Ber. 130:1997;473-477.
196. Kickelbick G., Schubert U. An unusual ring structure of an oligomeric oxotitanium alkoxide carboxylate. Eur J Inorg Chem. 1998;159-161.
197. Kickelbick G., Wiede P., Schubert U. Variations in capping the
198. Kickelbick G., Schubert U. Hydroxy carboxylate substituted oxozirconium clusters. J Chem Soc, Dalton Trans. 1999;1301-1306.
199. Schubert U., Arpac E., Glaubitt W., Helmerich A., Chau C. Primary hydrolysis products of methacrylate-modified titanium and zirconium alkoxides. Chem Mater. 4:1992;291-295.
200. 6] polyhedra. Eur J Inorg Chem. 2001;1295-1301.
201. Trimmel G., Moraru B., Gross S., DiNoto V., Schubert U. Cross-linking of poly(methyl methacrylate) by oxozirconate and oxotitanate clusters. Macromol Symp. 175:2001;357-366.
202. Schubert U., Trimmel G., Moraru B., Tesch W., Fratzl P., Gross S., Kickelbick G., Hüsing N. Inorganic-organic hybrid polymers from surface-modified oxometallate clusters. Mater Res Soc Symp Proc. 628:2001;CC2.3.1-CC2.3.11. Org/Inorg Hybrid Mater.
203. 12. Chem Mater. 12:2000;602-606.
204. Sellinger A., Laine R.M. Silsesquioxanes as synthetic platforms. Thermally curable and photocurable inorganic/organic hybrids. Macromolecules. 29:1996;2327-2330.
205. Sellinger A., Laine R.M. Silsesquioxanes as synthetic platforms. 3. Photocurable, liquid epoxides as inorganic/organic hybrid precursors. Chem Mater. 8:1996;1592-1593.
206. Zhang C., Laine R.M. Silsesquioxanes as synthetic platforms. II. Epoxy-functionalized inorganic-organic hybrid species. J Organomet Chem. 521:1996;199-201.
207. Lee A., Lichtenhan J.D. Viscoelastic responses of polyhedral oligosilsesquioxane reinforced epoxy systems. Macromolecules. 31:1998;4970-4974.
208. Lichtenhan J.D., Otonari Y.A., Carr M.J. Linear hybrid polymer building blocks: methacrylate-functionalized polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane monomers and polymers. Macromolecules. 28:1995;8435-8437.
209. Haddad T.S., Lichtenhan J.D. Hybrid organic-inorganic thermoplastics: styryl-based polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane polymers. Macromolecules. 29:1996;7302-7304.
210. Romo-Uribe A., Mather P.T., Haddad T.S., Lichtenhan J.D. Viscoelastic and morphological behavior of hybrid styryl-based polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane (POSS) copolymers. J Polym Sci, Part B: Polym Phys. 36:1998;1857-1872.
211. Fu B.X., Hsiao B.S., Pagola S., Stephens P., White H., Rafailovich M., Sokolov J., Mather P.T., Jeon H.G., Phillips S., Lichtenhan J., Schwab J. Structural development during deformation of polyurethane containing polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxanes (POSS) molecules. Polymer. 42:2000;599-611.
212. Mather P.T., Jeon H.G., Romo-Uribe A., Haddad T.S., Lichtenhan J.D. Mechanical relaxation and microstructure of poly(norbornyl-POSS) copolymers. Macromolecules. 32:1999;1194-1203.
213. Pyun J., Matyjaszewski K. Synthesis of hybrid polymers using atom transfer radical polymerization: homopolymers and block copolymers from polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane monomers. Macromolecules. 33:2000;217-220.
214. Pyun J., Matyjaszewski K. Synthesis of nanocomposite organic/inorganic hybrid materials using controlled/living radical polymerization. Chem Mater. 13:2001;3436-3448.
215. Tsuchida A., Bolln C., Sernetz F.G., Frey H., Mülhaupt R. Ethene and propene copolymers containing silsesquioxane side groups. Macromolecules. 30:1997;2818-2824.
216. Laible R., Hamann K. Polyreaktionen an Pigmentoberflächen. Angew Makromol Chem. 48:1975;97-133.
217. Huang X., Wirth M.J. Surface-initiated radical polymerisation on porous silica. Anal Chem. 69:1997;4477-4580.
218. Prucker O., Rühe J. Mechanism of radical chain polymerizations initiated by azo compounds covalently bound to the surface of spherical particles. Macromolecules. 31:1998;602-613.
219. von Werne T., Patten T.E. Preparation of structurally well-defined polymer-nanoparticle hybrids with controlled/living radical polymerization. J Am Chem Soc. 121:1999;7409-7410.
220. Boven G., Oosterling M.L.C.M., Chella G., Schouten A.J. Grafting kinetics of poly(methyl methacrylate) on microparticulate silica. Polymer. 31:1990;2377-2383.
221. Tsubokawa N., Ishida H. Graft polymerization of methyl methacrylate from silica initiated by peroxide groups introduced onto the surface. J Polym Sci, Part A: Polym Chem. 30:1992;2241-2246.
222. Schulz G.V., Harborth G. The mechanism of the explosive polymerization of methyl methacrylate. Makromol Chem. 1:1948;106-139.
223. Böttcher H., Hallensleben M.L., Nuß S., Wurm H. ATRP grafting from silica surface to create first and second generation of grafts. Polym Bull. 44:2000;223-229.
224. Nuß S., Bottcher H., Wurm H., Hallensleben M.L. Gold nanoparticles with covalently attached polymer chains. Angew Chem, Int Ed. 40:2001;4016-4018.
225. Kresge C.T., Leonowicz M.E., Roth W.J., Vartuli J.C., Beck J.S. Ordered mesoporous molecular sieves synthesized by liquid crystals templating mechanisms. Nature. 359:1992;710-712.
226. Krämer E., Förster S., Göltner C.G., Antonietti M. Synthesis of nanoporous silica with new pore morphologies by templating the assemblies of ionic block copolymers. Langmuir. 14:1998;2027-2031.
227. Simon P.F.W., Ulrich R., Spiess H.W., Wiesner U. Block copolymer-ceramic hybrid materials from organically modified ceramic precursors. Chem Mater. 13:2001;3464-3486.
228. Göltner C.G., Berton B., Krämer E.M., Antonietti M. Nanoporous silicas by casting the aggregates of amphiphilic block copolymers. The transition from cylinders to lamellae and vesicles. Adv Mater. 11:1999;395-398.
229. Göltner C.G., Berton B., Krämer E., Antonietti M. Nanoporous silica from amphiphilic block copolymer (ABC) aggregates: control over correlation and architecture of cylindrical pores. Chem Commun. 1998;2287-2288.
230. Zhao D., Huo Q., Feng J., Chmelka B.F., Stucky G.D. Tri-, tetra-, and octablock copolymer and nonionic surfactant syntheses of highly ordered, hydrothermally stable, mesoporous silica structures. J Am Chem Soc. 120:1998;6024-6036.
231. Melosh N.A., Lipic P., Bates F.S., Wudl F., Stucky G.D., Fredrickson G.H., Chmelka B.F. Molecular and mesoscopic structures of transparent block copolymer-silica monoliths. Macromolecules. 32:1999;4332-4342.
232. Yang P., Zhao D., Margolese D.I., Chmelka B.F., Stucky G.D. Block copolymer templating syntheses of mesoporous metal oxides with large ordering lengths and semicrystalline framework. Chem Mater. 11:1999;2813-2826.
233. Feng P., Bu X., Pine D.J. Control of pore sizes in mesoporous silica templated by liquid crystals in block copolymer-cosurfactant-water systems. Langmuir. 16:2000;5304-5310.
234. Nguyen C., Hawker C.J., Miller R.D., Huang E., Hedrick J.L., Gauderon R., Hilborn J.G. Hyperbranched polyesters as nanoporosity templating agents for organosilicates. Macromolecules. 33:2000;4281-4284.
235. Nguyen C.V., Carter K.R., Hawker C.J., Hedrick J.L., Jaffe R.L., Miller R.D., Remenar J.F., Rhee H.-W., Rice P.M., Toney M.F., Trollss M.D.Y. Low-dielectric, nanoporous organosilicate films prepared via inorganic/organic polymer hybrid templates. Chem Mater. 11:1999;3080-3085.
236. Templin M., Franck A., Du Chesne A., Leist H., Zhang Y., Ulrich R., Schadler V., Wiesner U. Organically modified aluminosilicate mesostructures from block copolymer phases. Science. 278:1997;1795-1798.
237. Ulrich R., Du Chesne A., Templin M., Wiesner U. Nano-objects with controlled shape, size, and composition from block copolymer mesophases. Adv Mater. 11:1999;141-146.
238. Paul S.M.D., Zwanziger J.W., Ulrich R., Wiesner U., Spiess H.W. Structure, mobility, and interface characterization of self-organized organic-inorganic hybrid materials by solid-state NMR. J Am Chem Soc. 121:1999;5727-5736.
239. Finnefrock A.C., Ulrich R., Du Chesne A., Honeker C.C., Schumacher K., Unger K.K., Gruner S.M., Wiesner U. Metal oxide containing mesoporous silica with bicontinuous\plumber's nightmare\morphology from a block copolymer - hybrid mesophase. Angew Chem, Int Ed. 40:2001;1208-1211.
240. Zhou J., Zhou Y., Ng S.L., Zhang H.X., Que W.X., Lam Y.L., Chan Y.C., Kam C.H. Three-dimensional photonic band gap structure of a polymer-metal composite. Appl Phys Lett. 76:2000;3337-3339.
241. Xu T.B., Cheng Z.-Y., Zhang Q.M., Baughman R.H., Cui C., Zakhidov A.A., Su J. Fabrication and characterization of three-dimensional periodic ferroelectric polymer-silica opal composites and inverse opals. J Appl Phys. 88:2000;405-409.
242. Yoshino K., Satoh S., Shimoda Y., Kajii H., Tamura T., Kawagishi Y., Matsui T., Hidayat R., Fujii A., Ozaki M. Tunable optical properties of conducting polymers infiltrated in synthetic opal as photonic crystal. Synth Met. 121:2001;1459-1462.
243. Miguez H., Meseguer F., Lopez C., Lopez-Tejeira F.J., Sanchez-Dehesa J. Synthesis and photonic bandgap characterization of polymer inverse opals. Adv Mater. 13:2001;393-396.
244. Deutsch M., Vlasov Y.A., Norris D.J. Conjugated-polymer photonic crystals. Adv Mater. 12:2000;1176-1180.
245. Prasad P.N., Bright F.V., Narang U., Wang R., Dunbar R.A., Jordan J.D., Gvishi R. Novel organic-inorganic composite materials for photonics. ACS Symp Ser. 585:1995;317-330.
246. Gvishi R., Narang U., Ruland G., Kumar D.N., Prasad P.N. Novel, organically doped, sol-gel-derived materials for photonics: multiphasic nanostructured composite monoliths and optical fibers. Appl Organomet Chem. 11:1997;107-127.
247. Winiarz J.G., Zhang L., Lal M., Friend C.S., Prasad P.N. Photogeneration, charge transport, and photoconductivity of a novel PVK/CdS-nanocrystal polymer composite. Chem Phys. 245:1999;417-428.
248. Winiarz J.G., Zhang L., Lal M., Friend C.S., Prasad P.N. Observation of the photorefractive effect in a hybrid organic-inorganic nanocomposite. J Am Chem Soc. 121:1999;5287-5295.
249. Xu C., Eldada L., Wu C., Norwood R.A., Shacklette L.W., Yardley J.T., Wei Y. Photoimageable, low shrinkage organic-inorganic hybrid materials for practical multimode channel waveguides. Chem Mater. 8:1996;2701-2703.
250. Garces J.M., Moll D.J., Bicerano J., Fibiger R., McLeod D.G. Polymeric nanocomposites for automotive applications. Adv Mater. 12:2000;1835-1839.
251. Hoffmann M., Amberg-Schwab S. Barrier properties of inorganic-organic polymers. Mater Res Soc Proc. 519:1998;309-314.
252. Prasad P.N. Photonics and nonlinear optics with sol-gel. J Chem Phys. 94:1991;5282.
253. Godovsky D.Y. Device applications of polymer-nanocomposites. Adv Polym Sci. 153:2000;163-205.
254. Imai Y., Naka K., Chujo Y. Synthesis of photoresponsive organic-inorganic polymer hybrids from azobenzene-modified poly(2-methyl-2-oxazoline). Macromolecules. 31:1998;532-534.
255. Imai Y., Adachi K., Naka K., Chujo Y. Photochromic organic-inorganic polymer hybrids from spiropyran-modified poly(N,N-dimethylacrylamide). Polym Bull. 44:2000;9-15.
256. deLacyCostello B.P.J., Evans P., Ewen R.J., Honeybourne C.L., Ratcliffe N.M. Novel composite organic-inorganic semiconductor sensors for the quantitative detection of target organic vapors. J Mater Chem. 6:1996;289-294.
257. Sunkara H.B., Jethmalani J.M., Ford W.T. Composite of colloidal crystals of silica in poly(methyl methacrylate). Chem Mater. 6:1994;362-364.
258. Jethmalani J.M., Ford W.T. Diffraction of visible light by ordered monodisperse silica-poly(methyl acrylate) composite films. Chem Mater. 8:1996;2138-2146.
259. Dahmouche K., Atik M., Mello N.C., Bonagamba T.J., Panepucci H., Aegerter M., Judeinstein P. Preparation, characterization and properties of new ion-conducting ORMOLYTES. Mater Res Soc Symp Proc. 435:1996;363-368.
260. Bronstein L.M., Joo C., Karlinsey R., Ryder A., Zwanziger J.W. Nanostructured inorganic-organic composites as a basis for solid polymer electrolytes with enhanced properties. Chem Mater. 13:2001;3678-3684.
261. de Souza P.H., Bianchi R.F., Dahmouche K., Judeinstein P., Faria R.M., Bonagamba T.J. Solid-state NMR ionic conductivity, and thermal studies of lithium-doped siloxane-poly(propylene glycol) organic-inorganic nanocomposites. Chem Mater. 13:2001;3685-3692.
262. Popall M., Du X.-M. Inorganic-organic copolymers as solid state ionic conductors with grafted anions. Electrochim Acta. 40:1995;2305-2308.
263. Popall M., Andrei M., Kappel J., Kron J., Olma K., Olsowski B. ORMOCERs as inorganic-organic electrolytes for new solid state lithium batteries and supercapacitors. Electrochim Acta. 43:1998;1155-1161.
264. Honma I., Takeda Y., Bae J.M. Protonic conducting properties of sol-gel derived organic/inorganic nanocomposite membranes doped with acidic functional molecules. Mater Res Soc Proc. 576:1999;257-262.
265. Gangopadhyay R., De A. Conducting polymer nanocomposites: a brief overview. Chem Mater. 12:2000;608-622.