From thallium scan to molecular imaging

Molecular Imaging and Biology

Volumn 4, Issue 6, 2002, Pages 387-398

  Schwaiger, Markus ^a   Bengel, Frank M ^a  

^a TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY OF MUNICH   (Germany)

Author keywords

Cardiac gene therapy; Cardiovascular disease; Perfusion; PET imaging; Scintigraphic

Indexed keywords

(3 IODOBENZYL)GUANIDINE I 131; 3 HYDROXYEPHEDRINE; CARBON 11; CATECHOLAMINE DERIVATIVE; FLUORODEOXYGLUCOSE F 18; TECHNETIUM 99M; THALLIUM; THYMIDINE KINASE; TRACER;

APOPTOSIS; CARDIOMYOPATHY; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE; CELL VIABILITY; CORONARY ARTERY BLOOD FLOW; CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE; DIABETES MELLITUS; DIAGNOSTIC IMAGING; DISEASE MARKER; DISEASE SEVERITY; ENDOTHELIUM LESION; EXERCISE TEST; GENE EXPRESSION; GENETIC TRANSFECTION; HEART INNERVATION; HEART LEFT VENTRICLE FAILURE; HEART MUSCLE ISCHEMIA; HEART MUSCLE METABOLISM; HEART PERFUSION; HEART SCINTISCANNING; HEART TRANSPLANTATION; HEART VENTRICLE FUNCTION; HERPES SIMPLEX VIRUS; HUMAN; ISOTOPE LABELING; NON INVASIVE MEASUREMENT; NONHUMAN; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; POSITRON EMISSION TOMOGRAPHY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROGNOSIS; QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS; REPORTER GENE; REVIEW; SYMPATHETIC NERVE; VIRAL GENE THERAPY;

HERPES; SIMPLEXVIRUS;

EID: 0036880356     PISSN: 15361632     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S1536-1632(02)00116-6     Document Type: Review

References (106)

1. Schwaiger, M.; Melin J. Cardiological applications of nuclear medicine. Lancet 354:661-666; 1999.
2. Strauss, H.W.; Harrison, K.; Langan, J.K.; Lebowitz, E.; Pitt, B. Thallium-201 for myocardial imaging. Relation of thallium-201 to regional myocardial perfusion. Circulation 51:641-645; 1975.
3. Zaret, B.L.; Strauss, H.W.; Martin, N.D.; Wells, H.P. Jr.; Flamm, M.D. Jr. Noninvasive regional myocardial perfusion with radioactive potassium. Study of patients at rest, with exercise and during angina pectoris. N. Engl. J. Med. 288:809-812; 1973.
4. Strauss, H.W.; Pitt B. Noninvasive detection of subcritical coronary arterial narrowings with a coronary vasodilator and myocardial perfusion imaging. Am. J. Cardiol. 39:403-406; 1977.
5. Iskander, S.; Iskandrian, A.E. Risk assessment using singlephoton emission computed tomographic technetium-99m sestamibi imaging. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 32:57-62; 1998.
6. Hachamovitch, R.; Berman, D.S.; Shaw, L.J.; et al. Incremental prognostic value of myocardial perfusion single photon emission computed tomography for the prediction of cardiac death: differential stratification for risk of cardiac death and myocardial infarction. Circulation 97:535-543; 1998.
7. Hutchins, G.; Schwaiger, M.; Rosenspire, K.; Krivokapich, J.; Schelbert, H.; Kuhl, D. Noninvasive quantification of regional myocardial blood flow in the human heart using N-13 ammonia and dynamic positron emission tomographic imaging. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 15:1032-42; 1990.
8. Muzik, O.; Beanlands, R.S.; Hutchins, G.D.; Mangner, T.J.; Nguyen, N.; Schwaiger, M. Validation of nitrogen-13-ammonia tracer kinetic model for quantification of myocardial blood flow using PET. J. Nucl. Med. 34:83-91; 1993.
9. Muzik, O.; Beanlands, R.; Wolfe, E.; Hutchins, G.D.; Schwaiger, M. Automated region definition for cardiac nitrogen-13-ammonia PET imaging. J. Nucl. Med. 34: 336-344; 1993.
10. Nekolla, S.G.; Miethaner, C.; Nguyen, N.; Ziegler, S.I.; Schwaiger, M. Reproducibility of polar map generation and assessment of defect severity and extent assessment in myocardial perfusion imaging using positron emission tomography. Eur. J. Nucl. Med. 25:1313-1321; 1998.
11. Schelbert, H.R.; Phelps, M.E.; Huang, S-C.; et al. N-13 Ammonia as an indicator of myocardial blood flow. Circulation 63:1259-1272; 1981.
12. Schachinger, V. Britten, M.B.; Zeiher, A.M. Prognostic impact of coronary vasodilatory dysfunction on adverse long-term outcome of coronary heart disease. Circulation 101:1899-1906; 2000.
13. Halcox, J.P.; Schenke, W.H.; Zalos, G.; et al. Prognostic value of coronary vascular endothelial dysfunction. Circulation 106:653-658; 2002.
14. Gould, K.; Kirkeeide, R.; Buchi, M. Coronary flow reserve as a physiologic measure of stenosis severity. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 15:459-474; 1990.
15. Mancini, J.G.B.; Williamson, P.R.; DeBoe, S.F. Effect of coronary stenosis severity on variability of quantitive arteriography and implications for interventional trials. Am. J. Cardiol. 69:806-807; 1992.
16. Wilson, R.F.; Marcus, M.L.; White, C.W. Prediction of the physiologic significance of coronary arterial lesions by quantitative lesion geometry in patients with limited coronary artery disease. Circulation 75:723-732; 1987.
17. Gould, K.L.; Martucci, J.P.; Goldberg, D.I.; et al. Short-term cholesterol lowering decreases size and severity of perfusion abnormalities by positron emission tomography after dipyridamole in patients with coronary artery disease: A potential noninvasive marker of healing coronary endothelium. Circulation 89:1530-1538; 1994.
18. Czernin, J.; Muller, P.; Chan, S.; et al. Influence of age and hemodynamics on myocardial blood flow and flow reserve. Circulation 88:62-69; 1993.
19. Uren, N.G.; Camici, P.G.; Melin, J.A.; et al. Effect of aging on myocardial perfusion reserve. J. Nucl. Med. 36:2032-2036; 1995.
20. Rosen, S.D.; Uren, N.G.; Kaski, J.C.; Tousoulis, D.; Davies, G.J.; Camici, P.G. Coronary vasodilator reserve, pain perception, and sex in patients with syndrome X. Circulation 90:50-60; 1994.
21. Beanlands, R.S.; Muzik, O.; Melon, P.; et al. Noninvasive quantification of regional myocardial flow reserve in patients with coronary atherosclerosis using nitrogen-13 ammonia positron emission tomography. Determination of extent of altered vascular reactivity. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 26:1465-1475; 1995.
22. Camici, P.; Chiriatti, G.; Lorenzoni, R.; et al. Coronary vasodilation is impaired in both hypertrophied and nonhypertrophied myocardium of patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: a study with nitrogen-13 ammonia and positron emission tomography. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 17:879-886; 1991.
23. Krivokapich, J.; Stevenson, L.W.; Kobashigawa, J.; Huang, S-C.; Schelbert, H. Quantification of absolute myocardial perfusion at rest and during exercise with positron emission tomography after human cardiac transplantation. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 18:512-517; 1991.
24. Uren, N.G.; Melin, J.A.; De-Bruyne, B.; Wijns, W.; Baudhuin, T.; Camici, PG. Relation between myocardial blood flow and the severity of coronary-artery stenosis. N. Engl. J. Med. 330:1782-1788; 1994.
25. DiCarli, M.; Czernin, J.; Hoh, C.K.; et al. Relation among stenosis severity, myocardial blood flow, and flow reserve in patients with coronary artery disease. Circulation 91:1944-1951; 1995.
26. Araujo, L.I. Myocardial perfusion and metabolic changes associated with transient episodes of ischemia in patients with coronary artery disease as assessed by positron emission tomography. Coron. Artery Dis. 1:54-106; 1990.
27. Picano, E.; Parodi, O.; Lattanzi, F.; et al. Assessment of anatomic and physiological severity of single-vessel coronary artery lesions by dipyridamole echocardiography. Comparison with positron emission tomography and quantitative angiography. Circulation 89:753-761; 1994.
28. Muzik, O.; Duvernoy, C.; Beanlands, R.; et al. Assessment of diagnostic performance of quantitative flow measurements in normal subjects and patients with angiographically documented CAD by means of nitrogen-13 ammonia and using PET. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 31: 534-540; 1998.
29. Uren, N.G.; Marraccini, P.; Gistri, R.; de-Silva, R.; Camici, P.G. Altered coronary vasodilator reserve and metabolism in myocardium subtended by normal arteries in patients with coronary artery disease. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 22:650-658; 1993.
30. Pitkanen, O.P.; Nuutila, P.; Raitakari, O.T.; et al. Coronary flow reserve is reduced in young men with IDDM. Diabetes 47:248-254; 1998.
31. Raitakari, O.; Pitk nen, O-P.; Lehtim ki, T.; et al. In vivo low density lipoprotein oxydation relates to coronary reactivity in young men. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 30:97-102; 1997.
32. Duvernoy, C.; Meyer, C.; Seifert-Klauss, V.; et al. Gender differences in myocardial blood flow dynamics: lipid profile and hemodynamic effects. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 33:463-470; 1999.
33. Kaufmann, P.A.; Gnecchi-Ruscone, T.; di Terlizzi, M.; Schafers, K.P.; Luscher, T.F.; Camici P.G. Coronary heart disease in smokers: vitamin C restores coronary microcirculatory function. Circulation 102:1233-1238; 2000.
34. Pitkanen, O.P.; Nuutila, P.; Raitakari, O.T.; et al. Coronary flow reserve in young men with familial combined hyperlipidemia. Circulation 99:1678-1684; 1999.
35. Maseri, A.; Crea, F.; Cianflone, D. Myocardial ischemia caused by distal coronary vasoconstriction [editorial]. Am. J. Cardiol. 70:1602-1605; 1992.
36. Bottcher, M.; Czernin, J.; Sun, K.; Phelps, M.E.; Schelbert, H.R. Effect of beta 1 adrenergic receptor blockade on myocardial blood flow and vasodilatory capacity. J. Nucl. Med. 38:442-446; 1997.
37. Rosen, S.D.; Lorenzoni, R.; Kaski, J.C.; Foale, R.A.; Camici, P.G. Effect of alpha1-adrenoceptor blockade on coronary vasodilator reserve in cardiac syndrome X. J. Cardiovasc. Pharmacol. 34:554-560; 1999.
38. Campisi, R.; Czernin, J.; Schoder, H.; Sayre, J.W.; Schelbert, H.R. L-Arginine normalizes coronary vasomotion in long-term smokers. Circulation 99:491-497; 1999.
39. Bottcher, M.; Botker, H.E.; Sonne, H.; Nielsen, T.T.; Czernin, J. Endothelium-dependent and -independent perfusion reserve and the effect of L-arginine on myocardial perfusion in patients with syndrome X. Circulation 99:1795-1801; 1999.
40. Schoder, H.; Silverman, D.H.; Campisi, R.; Karpman, H.; Phelps, M.E.; Schelbert, H.R. Effect of mental stress on myocardial blood flow and vasomotion in patients with coronary artery disease. J. Nucl. Med. 41:11-16; 2000.
41. Guethlin, M.; Kasel, A.M.; Coppenrath, K.; Ziegler, S.; Delius, W.; Schwaiger, M. Delayed response of myocardial flow reserve to lipid-lowering therapy with fluvastatin. Circulation 99:475-481; 1999.
42. Hoffman, E.J.; Phelps, M.E.; Weiss, E.S.; et al. Transaxial tomographic imaging of canine myocardium with 11Cpalmitic acid. J. Nucl. Med. 18:57-61; 1977.
43. Schoen, H.R.; Schelbert, H.R.; Robinson, G.; et al. C-11 labeled palmitic acid for the noninvasive evaluation of regional myocardial fatty acid metabolism with positroncomputed tomography. I. Kinetics of C-11 palmitic acid in normal myocardium. Am. Heart J. 103:532-546; 1982.
44. Schelbert, H.; Henze, E.; Schon, H.; et al. C-11 palmitic acid for the noninvasive evaluation of regional myocardial fatty acid metabolism with positron computed tomography. IV. In vivo demonstration of impaired fatty acid oxidation in acute myocardial ischemia. Am. Heart J. 106:736-750; 1983.
45. Stone, C.K.; Pooley, R.A.; DeGrado, T.R.; et al. Myocardial uptake of the fatty acid analog 14-fluorine-18-fluoro-6-thia-heptadecanoic acid in comparison to beta-oxidation rates by tritiated palmitate. J. Nucl. Med. 39:1690-1696; 1998.
46. Buxton, D.B.; Schwaiger, M.; Nguyen, A.; Phelps, M.E.; Schelbert, H.R. Radiolabeled acetate as a tracer of myocardial tricarboxylic acid cycle flux. Circ. Res. 63:628-634; 1988.
47. Buck, A.; Wolpers, H.G.; Hutchins, G.D.; et al. Effect of carbon-11-acetate recirculation on estimates of myocardial oxygen consumption by PET [see comments]. J. Nucl. Med. 32:1950-1957; 1991.
48. Beanlands, R.S.; Bach, D.S.; Raylman, R.; et al. Acute effects of dobutamine on myocardial oxygen consumption and cardiac efficiency measured using carbon-11 acetate kinetics in patients with dilated cardiomyopathy. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 22:1389-1398; 1993.
49. Wolpers, G.H.; Buck, A.; Nguyen, N.; et al. An approach to ventricular efficiency by use of carbon-11 labeled acetate and positron emission tomography. J. Nucl. Cardiol. 1:262-269; 1994.
50. Bengel, F.M.; Permanetter, B.; Ungerer, M.; Nekolla, S.; Schwaiger, M. Non-invasive estimation of myocardial efficiency using positron emission tomography and carbon-11 acetate - comparison between the normal and failing human heart. J. Nucl. Med. 41:837-844; 2000.
51. Bengel, F.M.; Permanetter, B.; Ungerer, M.; Nekolla, S.G.; Schwaiger, M. Alterations of the sympathetic nervous system and metabolic performance of the cardiomyopathic heart. Eur. J. Nucl. Med. 29:198-202; 2002.
52. Bengel, F.M.; Nekolla, S.G.; Ibrahim, T.; Weniger, C.; Ziegler, S.I.; Schwaiger, M. Effect of thyroid hormones on cardiac function, geometry, and oxidative metabolism assessed noninvasively by positron emission tomography and magnetic resonance imaging. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 85:1822-1827; 2000.
53. Beanlands, R.S.; Armstrong, W.F.; Hicks, R.J.; et al. The effects of afterload reduction on myocardial C-11 acetate kinetics and noninvasively estimated mechanical efficiency in patients with dilated cardiomyopathy. J. Nucl. Cardiol. 1:3-13; 1994.
54. Opie, L.H. Effects of regional ischemia on metabolism of glucose and fatty acids. Relative rates of aerobic and anaerobic energy production during myocardial infarction and comparison with effects of anoxia. Circ. Res. 38:52-74; 1976.
55. Krivokapich, J.; Huang, S.C.; Ratib, O.; Schelbert, H.R. Noninvasive detection of functionally significant coronary artery stenoses with exercise and positron emission tomography. Am. Heart J. 122:202-211; 1991.
56. Tillisch, J.; Brunken, R.; Marshall, R.; et al. Reversibility of cardiac wall motion abnormalities predicted by positron tomography. N. Engl. J. Med. 314:884-888; 1986.
57. Haas, F.; H hnel, C.; Sebening, F.; Meisner, H.; Schwaiger, M. Effect of preoperative PET viability on peri- and postoperative risk. J. Am. Coll. Card. 27:300A; 1996.
58. DiCarli, M.F.; Asgarzadie, F.; Schelbert, H.R.; et al. Quantitative relation between myocardial viability and improvement in heart failure symptoms after revascularization in patients with ischemic cardiomyopathy. Circulation 92:3436-3444; 1995.
59. Egert, S.; Nguyen, N.; Schwaiger, M. Myocardial glucose transporter GLUT1: translocation induced by insulin and ischemia. J. Mol. Cell Cardiol. 31:1337-1344; 1999.
60. Young, L.H.; Russell, R.R. III; Yin, R.; et al. Regulation of myocardial glucose uptake and transport during ischemia and energetic stress. Am. J. Cardiol. 83:24H-30H; 1999.
61. Egert, S.; Nguyen, N.; Schwaiger, M. The contribution of alpha-adrenergic and beta-adrenergic stimulation on ischemia-induced GLUT4 and GLUT1 translocation in the isolated perfused rat heart. Circ. Res. 84:1407-1415; 1998.
62. Schomig, A.; Richardt, G. The role of catecholamines in ischemia. J. Cardiovasc. Pharmacol.16(suppl):S105-112; 1990.
63. Haas, F.; Augustin, N.; Holper, K.; et al. Time course and extent of improvement of dysfunctioning myocardium in patients with coronary artery disease and severely depressed left ventricular function after revascularization: correlation with positron emission tomographic findings. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 36:1927-1934; 2000.
64. Brosius, F.C. III; Nguyen, N.; Egert, S.; et al. Increased sarcolemmal glucose transporter abundance in myocardial ischemia. Am. J. Cardiol. 80:77A-84A; 1997.
65. Eitzman, D.; Al-Aouar, Z.; Kanter, H.; et al. Clinical outcome of patients with advanced coronary artery disease following positron emission tomography viability studies. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 20:559-565; 1992.
66. DiCarli, M.F.; Davidson, M.; Little, R.; et al. Value of metabolic imaging with positron emission tomography for evaluating prognosis in patients with coronary artery disease and left ventricular dysfunction. Am. J. Cardiol. 73:527-533; 1994.
67. Beanlands, R.; Hendry, P.; Masters, R.; deKemp, R.; Woodend, K.; Ruddy, T. Delay in revascularization is associated with increased mortality rate in patients with severe left ventricular dysfunction and viable myocardium on fluorine 18-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography imaging. Circulation 98(suppl):51-56; 1998.
68. Hattori, N.; Schwaiger, M. Metaiodobenzylguanidine scintigraphy of the heart: what have we learnt clinically? Eur. J. Nucl. Med. 27:1-6; 2000.
69. Munch, G.; Ziegler, S.; Nguyen, N.; Hartmann, F.; Watzlowik, P.; Schwaiger, M. Scintigraphic evaluation of cardiac autonomic innervation. J. Nucl. Cardiol. 3:265-277; 1996.
70. Patel, A.D.; Iskandrian, A.E. MIBG imaging. J. Nucl. Cardiol. 9:75-94; 2002.
71. Schwaiger, M.; Kalff, V.; Rosenspire, K.; et al. The noninvasive evaluation of the sympathetic nervous system in the human heart by PET. Circulation 82:457-464; 1990.
72. Caldwell, J.H.; Kroll, K.; Li, Z.; Seymour, K.; Link, J.M.; Krohn, K.A. Quantitation of presynaptic cardiac sympathetic function with carbon-11-meta-hydroxyephedrine. J. Nucl. Med. 39:1327-1334; 1998.
73. Allman, K.C.; Wieland, D.M.; Muzik, O.; DeGrado, T.R.; Wolfe, E.R. Jr.; Schwaiger, M. Carbon-11 hydroxyephedrine with positron emission tomography for serial assessment of cardiac adrenergic neuronal function after acute myocardial infarction in humans. J Am Coll Cardiol. 22:368-375; 1993.
74. Wolpers, H.; Nguyen, N.; Rosenspire, K.; Haka, M.; Wieland, D.; Schwaiger, M. C-11 hydroxyephedrine as marker for neuronal dysfunction in reperfused canine myocardium. Coronary Artery Disease 2:923-929; 1991.
75. Matsunari, I.; Schricke, U.; Bengel, F.M.; et al. Extent of cardiac sympathetic neuronal damage is determined by the area of ischemia in patients with acute coronary syndromes. Circulation 101:2579-2585; 2000.
76. Stevens, M.; Dayanikli, F.; Raffel, D.; et al. Scintigraphic assessment of regionalized defects in myocardial sympathetic innervation and blood flow regulation in diabetic patients with autonomic neuropathy. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 31:1575-1584; 1998.
77. Stevens, M.J.; Raffel, D.M.; Allman, K.C.; et al. Cardiac sympathetic dysinnervation in diabetes: implications for enhanced cardiovascular risk. Circulation 98:961-968; 1998.
78. Stevens, M.J.; Raffel, D.M.; Allman, K.C.; Schwaiger, M.; Wieland, D.M. Regression and progression of cardiac sympathetic dysinnervation complicating diabetes: an assessment by C-11 hydroxyephedrine and positron emission tomography. Metabolism 48:92-101; 1999.
79. DiCarli, M.F.; Bianco-Batlles, D.; Landa, M.E.; Kazmers, A.; Groehn, H.; Musik, O.; Grunberger, G. Effects of autonomic neuropathy on coronary blood flow in patients with diabetes mellitus. Circulation 100:813-819; 1999.
80. Merlet, P.; Delforge, J.; Syrota, A.; et al. Positron emission tomography with 11C CGP-12177 to assess beta-adrenergic receptor concentration in idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy. Circulation 87:1169-1178; 1993.
81. Hartmann, F.; Ziegler, S.; Nekolla, S.; et al. Regional patterns of myocardial sympathetic denervation in dilated cardiomyopathy: an analysis using carbon-11 hydroxyephedrine and positron emission tomography. Heart 81:262-270; 1999.
82. Pietila, M.; Malminiemi, K.; Ukkonen, H.; et al. Reduced myocardial carbon-11 hydroxyephedrine retention is associated with poor prognosis in chronic heart failure. Eur. J. Nucl. Med. 28:373-376; 2001.
83. Schwaiger, M.; Hutchins, G.D.; Kalff, V.; et al. Evidence for regional catecholamine uptake and storage sites in the transplanted human heart by positron emission tomography. J. Clin. Invest. 87:1681-1690; 1991.
84. Bengel, F.M.; Ueberfuhr, P.; Ziegler, S.I.; Nekolla, S.; Reichart, B.; Schwaiger, M. Serial assessment of sympathetic reinnervation after orthotopic heart transplantation - A longitudinal study using positron emission tomography and C-11 hydroxyephedrine. Circulation 99:1866-1871; 1999.
85. Rechavia, E.; de Silva, R.; Kushwaha, S.S.; et al. Enhanced myocardial 18F-2-fluoro-2-deoxyglucose uptake after orthotopic heart transplantation assessed by positron emission tomography. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 30: 533-538; 1997.
86. Bengel, F.M.; Ueberfuhr, P.; Nekolla, S.; Ziegler, S.; Reichart, B.; Schwaiger, M. Oxidative metabolism of the transplanted human heart assessed by positron emission tomography using C-11 acetate. Am. J. Cardiol. 83:1503-1505; 1999.
87. Bengel, F.M.; Ueberfuhr, P.; Schiepel, N.; Nekolla, S.G.; Reichart, B.; Schwaiger, M. Myocardial efficiency and sympathetic reinnervation after orthotopic heart transplantation. A noninvasive study using positron emission tomography. Circulation 103:1881-1886; 2001.
88. Ueberfuhr, P.; Ziegler, S.; Schwaiblmair, M.; Reichart, B., Schwaiger, M. Incomplete sympathetic reinnervation of the orthotopically transplanted human heart: observation up to 13 years after heart transplantation. Eur. J. Cardithorac. Surg. 17:161-168; 2000.
89. DiCarli, M.F.; Tobes, M.C.; Mangner, T.; et al. Effects of cardiac sympathetic innervation on coronary blood flow. N. Engl. J. Med. 336:1208-1215; 1997.
90. Bengel, F.M.; Ueberfuhr, P.; Ziegler, S.I.; et al. Noninvasive assessment of the effect of cardiac sympathetic innervation on metabolism of the human heart. Eur. J. Nucl. Med. 27:1650-1657; 2000.
91. Bengel, F.M.; Ueberfuhr, P.; Schiepel, N.; Nekolla, S.G.; Reichart, B.; Schwaiger, M. Effect of sympathetic reinnervation on cardiac performance after heart transplantation. N. Engl. J. Med. 345:731-738; 2001.
92. Bengel, F.M.; Ueberfuhr, P.; Hesse, T.; et al. Clinical determinants of ventricular sympathetic reinnervation after orthotopic heart transplantation. Circulation 106: 831-835; 2002.
93. Blankenberg, F.; Narula, J.; Strauss, H.W. In vivo detection of apoptotic cell death: a necessary measurement for evaluating therapy for myocarditis, ischemia, and heart failure. J. Nucl. Cardiol. 6:531-539; 1999.
94. Hofstra, L.; Liem, I.H.; Dumont, E.A.; et al. Visualization of cell death in vivo in patients with acute myocardial infarction. Lancet 356:209-212; 2000.
95. Narula, J.; Acio, E.R.; Narula, N.; et al. Annexin-V imaging for noninvasive detection of cardiac allograft rejection. Nat. Med. 7:1347-1352; 2001.
96. Carrio, I.; Pieri, P.L.; Narula, J.; et al. Noninvasive localization of human atherosclerotic lesions with indium 111-labeled monoclonal Z2D3 antibody specific for proliferating smooth muscle cells. J. Nucl. Cardiol. 5:551-557; 1998.
97. Rudd, J.H.; Warburton, E.A.; Fryer, T.D.; et al. Imaging atherosclerotic plaque inflammation with [18F]-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography. Circulation 105:2708-2711; 2002.
98. Ohtsuki, K.; Hayase, M.; Akashi, K.; Kopiwoda, S.; Strauss, H.W. Detection of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 receptor expression in experimental atherosclerotic lesions: an autoradiographic study. Circulation 104:203-208; 2001.
99. Nabel, E.G. Gene therapy for cardiovascular disease. Circulation 91:541-548; 1995.
100. Rosengart, T.K.; Lee, L.Y.; Patel, S.R.; et al. Angiogenesis gene therapy. Phase I assessment of direct intramyocardial administration of an adenovirus vector expressing VEGF121 cDNA to individuals with clinically significant severe coronary artery disease. Circulation 100:468-474; 1999.
101. Gambhir, S.S.; Barrio, J.; Wu, L.; et al. Imaging of adenoviral directed herpes simplex virus type I thymidine kinase gene expression in mice with ganciclovir. J. Nucl. Med. 39:2003-2011; 1998.
102. Tjuvajev, J.G.; Stockhammer, G.; Desai, R.; et al. Imaging the expression of transfected genes in vivo. Cancer Res. 55:6126-6132; 1995.
103. Tjuvajev, J.G.; Finn, R.; Watanabe, K.; et al. Noninvasive imaging of herpes virus thymidine kinase gene transfer and expression: a potential method for monitoring clinical gene therapy. Cancer Res. 56:4087-4095; 1996.
104. Bengel, F.M.; Anton, M.; Avril, N.; et al. Uptake of radiolabeled 2′-fluoro-2′-deoxy-5-iodo-1-β-D-arabinofuranosyluracil (FIAU) in cardiac cells after adenoviral transfer of the herpesvirus thymidinekinase gene - The cellular basis for cardiac gene imaging. Circulation 102:948-950; 2000.
105. Wu, J.C.; Inubushi, M.; Sundaresan, G.; Schelbert, H.R.; Gambhir, S.S. Positron emission tomography imaging of cardiac reporter gene expression in living rats. Circulation 106:180-183; 2002.
106. Wu, J.C.; Inubushi, M.; Sundaresan, G.; Schelbert, H.R.; Gambhir, S.S. Optical imaging of cardiac reporter gene expression in living rats. Circulation 105:1631-1634; 2002.