Angiogenesis in benign, pre-malignant and malignant vulvar lesions

Anticancer Research

Volumn 22, Issue 6 C, 2002, Pages 3853-3865

  Bamberger, E S ^a   Perrett, C W ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF HAIFA   (Israel)

^b ROYAL FREE AND UNIVERSITY COLLEGE MEDICAL SCHOOL   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Angiogenesis; Benign; Gynaecological cancer; Malignant; Pre malignant; Review; Vulvar lesion

Indexed keywords

ANGIOGENESIS INHIBITOR; ANGIOGENIC FACTOR; ANGIOPOIETIN 1; ANGIOPOIETIN 2; EPHRIN; PLATELET DERIVED ENDOTHELIAL CELL GROWTH FACTOR; THYMIDINE PHOSPHORYLASE; VASCULOTROPIN;

ANGIOGENESIS; ARTICLE; BLOOD LEVEL; CANCER GROWTH; CARCINOGENESIS; DISEASE COURSE; HUMAN; IN SITU HYBRIDIZATION; MALIGNANT TRANSFORMATION; MICROVASCULATURE; PRECANCER; PREDICTION AND FORECASTING; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROGNOSIS; SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA; TUMOR CLASSIFICATION; VULVA CANCER; VULVA CARCINOMA; VULVA TUMOR;

ANIMALS; CARCINOMA, SQUAMOUS CELL; FEMALE; HUMANS; NEOVASCULARIZATION, PATHOLOGIC; PRECANCEROUS CONDITIONS; VULVAR NEOPLASMS;

EID: 0036875355     PISSN: 02507005     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Article

References (183)

1. Silverberg E: Statistical and epidemiological information on gynaecological cancer. Am Cancer Soc 80: 9, 1980.
2. Cramer D: Epidemiology of the gynaecologic cancers. Com Theor 4: 9-17, 1978.
3. Trimble CL, Hildesheim A, Brinton LA et al.: Heterogeneous etiology of squamous carcinoma of the vulva. Obstet Gynecol 87: 59-64, 1996.
4. Yang B and Hart WR: Vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia of the simplex (diffrentiated) type. A clinicopathologic study including analysis of the HPV and p53 expression. Am J Surg Pathol 24: 429-441, 2000.
5. Homesley HD, Bundy BN, Sedlis A et al.: Assessment of current International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics staging of vulvar carcinoma relative to prognostic factors for survival (a Gynecologic Oncology Group study). Am J Obstet Gynecol 164: 997-1004, 1991.
6. Boyce J, Fruchter RG, Kasambilides E et al.: Prognostic factors in carcinoma of the vulva. Gynecol Oncol 20: 364-377, 1985.
7. Sedlis A, Homesley H, Bundy BN et al.: Positive groin lymph nodes in superficial squamous cell vulvar cancer: a Gynecologic Oncology Group study. Am J Obstet Gynecol 156: 1159-1164, 1987.
8. Binder SW, Huang I, Fu YS et al.: Risk factors for the development of lymph node metastasis in vulvar squamous cell carcinoma. Gynecol Oncol 37: 9-16, 1990.
9. Homesley HD, Bundy BN, Sedlis A et al.: Prognostic factors for groin node metastasis in squamous cell carcinoma of the vulva (a Gynecologic Oncology Group study). Gynecol Oncol 49: 279-283, 1993.
10. Anderson W, Franquemont D et al.: Vulval squamous cell carcinoma and papilloviruses: two separate entities? Am J Obstet Gynecol 165: 329-336 1991.
11. Hopkins MP, Reid GC, Johnston CM et al.: A comparison of staging systems for squamous cell carcinoma of the vulva. Gynecol Oncol 47: 34-37, 1992.
12. Meyrick Thomas RH et al.: Lichen sclerosus et atrophicus and autoimmunity - a study of 350 women. Br J Dermatol 118: 41-46, 1988.
13. Fried EG and Karla PS: Serum levels of sex hormones in vulva lichen sclerosus and the effect of topical testosterone. N Engl J Med 310: 488-491, 1984.
14. Godeau G et al.: Isolation and partial characterisation of an elastase-type protease in human vulva fibroblasts: its possible involvment in vulvar elastic tissue destruction of patients with lichen sclerosus et atrophicus. J Invest Dermatol 78: 270-275, 1982.
15. Cantwell AR: Histologic observations of pleomorphic, variably acid-fast bacteria in scleroderma, morphea and lichen sclerosus et amorphicus. Int J Dermatol 23: 45-52, 1984.
16. Scurry J: Does lichen sclerosus play a central role in the pathogenesis of human papillomavirus negative vulvar squamous cell carcinoma? The itch-scratch-lichen sclerosus hypothesis. Int J Gynecol Cancer 9: 89-97, 1999.
17. Goolamali SK and Golamali SI: Lichen sclerosus. J Obstet Gynaecol 17: 5-12, 1997.
18. Carlson JA, Ambros R, Malfetano J et al.: Lichen sclerosus and squmous cell carcinoma: a cohort, case control, and inestigational study with historical perspective; implications for chronic inflamation and sclerosis in the development of neoplasia. Hum Pathol 29: 932-948, 1998.
19. Kainz C, Gitsch G Heinzl H and Breitenecker G: Incidence of cervical smears indicating dysplasia among Austrian women during the the 1980's. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 102: 541-544, 1995.
20. Buscema J and Woodruffr JD: Progressive histobiologic alterations in the development of vulvar cancer. Am J Obstet Gynecol 138: 146-150, 1980.
21. Chafe W et al.: Unrecognised invasive carcinoma in vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia (VIN). Gynecol Oncol 31: 154-165, 1988.
22. Hording U et al.: Vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia III: A viral disease of undetermined progressive potential. Gynecol Oncol 156: 276-277, 1995.
23. Curtin JP, Rubin SC, Jones WB, Hoskins WJ and Lewis JL Jr: Paget's disease of the vulva. Gynecol Oncol 39: 374-377, 1990.
24. Ordonez NG, Await H and Mackay B: Mammary and extramammary Paget's disease. An immunocytochemical and ultrastructural study. Cancer 59: 1173-83, 1987.
25. Cohen C et al.: Mammary Paget's disease and an associated carcinoma. An immunohistochemical study. Arch Pathol Lab Med 117: 291-294, 1993.
26. Boehm F and Morris JMCL: Paget's disease and apocrine gland carcinoma of the vulva. Obstet Gynecol 38: 185-192, 1971.
27. Chanda JJ: Extramammary Paget's disease: Prognosis and relationship to internal malignancy. J Am Acad Dermatol 113: 1009-1018, 1985.
28. Green HSN: Heterologous transplantation of mammalian tumours. The transfer of human tumours to alien species. J Exp Med 73: 461-468, 1941.
29. Folkman J: What is the evidence that tumors are angiogenesis dependent?. J Natl Cancer Inst 82: 4-6, 1990.
30. Shama R, Harris AL et al.: Angiogenesis as a biomarker and target in cancer chemoprevention. Lancet Oncol 2: 726-731, 2001.
31. Folkman J: Tumor angiogenesis: Therapeutic implications. N Engl J Med 285: 1182-1186, 1971.
32. Folkman J: Anti-angiogenesis: New concept for therapy of solid tumors. Ann Surg 175: 409-416, 1972.
33. Krebel RS: Tumour angiogenesis: Past, present and the near future. Carcinogenesis 21: 505-515, 2000.
34. Folkman J, Watson K, Ingber D and Hanahan D: Induction of angiogenesis during the transition from hyperplasia to neoplasia. Nature 339: 58-61, 1989.
35. Folkman J and Klagsbrun M: Vascular physiology: A family of angiogenic peptides. Nature 329: 671-672, 1987.
36. Mesiano S, Ferrara N and Jaffe RB: Role of vascular endothelial growth factor in ovarian ancer. Inhibition of ascites formation by immunoneutralization. Am J Pathol 153:1249-1256, 1998.
37. Brown LF, Guidi AJ, Tognazzi K and Dvorak F: Vascular permeability factor/vascular endothelial growth factor and vascular stroma formation in neoplasia: Insights from in situ hybridization studies. J Histochem Cytochem 46: 569-576, 1998.
38. Holmgren L, O'Reilly MS and Folkman J: Dormancy of micrometastases: Balance proliferation and apoptosis in the presence of angiogenesis supression. Nature Med 1: 149-153, 1995.
39. Parangi S, O'Reilly MS, Christofori G, Holmgren L, Grosfeld J, Folkman J and Hanahan D: Angiogenesis therapy of transgenic mice impairs de novo tumour growth. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 93: 2002-2007, 1996.
40. Dobbs SP, Hewett PW, Johanson IR, Carmichael J and Murray JC: Angiogenesis is associated with VEGF expression in cervical intraepithelial neoplasia. Br J Cancer 76: 1410-1415, 1997.
41. Ferrara N: Vascular endothelial growth factor: Molecular and biological aspects. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 237: 1-30, 1999.
42. Carmeliet P and Rakesh K: Angiogenesis in cancer and other diseases. Nature 407: 249-257, 2000.
43. Yancopoulos GD, Davis S et al.: Vascular specific growth factors and blood vessel formation. Nature 407: 242-248, 2000.
44. Gale NW and Yancopoulos GD: Growth factors acting via endothelial cell-specific receptor tyrosine kinases: VEGFs, angiopoietins, and ephrins in vascular development. Genes Dev 13: 1055-1066, 1999.
45. Hirschi, KK, Rohovsky SA, Beck LH, Smith SR and D'Amore PA: Endothelial cells modulate the proliferation of mural cell precursors via platelet-derived growth factor-BB and heterotypic cell contact. Circ Res 84: 298-305, 1999.
46. Dvorak HF, Brown LF, Detmar M and Dvorak AM: Vascular permeability factor/vascular endothelial growth factor, microvascular hyperpermeability and angiogenesis. Am J Pathol 146: 1029-1039, 1995.
47. Senger DR, Van De Water L, Brown LF, Nagy JA, Yeo KT, Yeo TK, Berse B, Jackman RW, Dvorak AM and Dvorak HF: Vascular permeability factor (VPE, VEGF) in tumor biology. Cancer Metastasis Rev 12: 303-324, 1993.
48. Yeo KW, Dvorak HF et al.: Vascular permeability factor (vascular endothelial growth factor) in guinea pig and human tumour and inflammatory effusions. Cancer Res 53: 2912-2918, 1993.
49. Dvorak HF et al.: Vascular permeability factor, fibrin and the pathogenesis of tumor stroma formation. Ann NY Acad Sci 667: 101-111, 1992.
50. Nagy IA,et al.: Pathogenesis of tumour stroma generation: A critical role for leaky blood vessels and fibrin deposition. Biochim Biophys Acta 948: 305-326, 1988.
51. Shweiki D, Itin A, Soffer D and Keshet E: Vascular endothelial growth factor induced by hypoxia may mediate hypoxia-initiated angiogenesis. Nature 359: 843-845, 1992.
52. Connolly DT, Heuvelman DM, Nelson R, Olander JV, Eppley BL, Delfino JJ, Siegel NR, Leimgruber RM and Feder J: Tumor vascular permeability factor stimulates endothelial cell growth and angiogenesis. J Clin Invest 84: 1470-1478, 1989.
53. Kim KJ, Li B, Winer J, Armanini M, Gillett N, Phillips HS and Ferrera N: Inhibition of vascular endothelial growth factor-induced angiogenesis suppresses tumour growth in vivo. Nature 362: 841-844, 1993.
54. Plate KH, Breier G, Weich HA and Risau W: Vascular endothelial growth factor is a potential tumour angiogenesis factor in human gliomas in vivo. Nature 359: 845-848, 1992.
55. Conn G, Bayne ML, Soderman DD, Kwok PW, Sullivan KA, Palisi TM, Hope DA and Thomas KA: Amino acid and cDNA sequence of a vascular endothelial cell mitogen that is homologous to platelet-derived growth factor. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 87: 2628-2632, 1990.
56. Ferrara N and Henzel WJ: Pituitary follicular cells secrete a novel heparin-binding growth factor specific for vascular endothelial cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 161: 851-858, 1989.
57. Gospodarowicz D, Abraham JA and Schilling J: Isolation and characterization of a vascular endothelial cell mitogen produced by pituitary-derived folliculostellate cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 86: 7311-7315, 1989.
58. Keck PJ, Hauser SD, Krivi G, Sanzo K, Warren T, Feder J and Connolly DT: Vascular permeability factor, an endothelial cell mitogen related to PDGF. Science 246: 1309-1312, 1989.
59. Leung DW, Cachiane G, Kuang WJ, Goeddel DV and Ferrara N: Vascular endothelial growth factor is a secreted angiogenic mitogen. Science 246: 1306-1309, 1989.
60. Ferrara N, Jakeman L, Houck K and Leung DW: Molecular and biological properties of the vascular endothelial growth factor family of proteins. Endocr Rev 13: 18-32, 1992.
61. Ferrara N: Vascular endothelial growth factor. Eur J Cancer 32: 2413-2422, 1996.
62. Zachary I: Molecules in focus: Vascular endothelial growth factor. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 30: 1169-1174, 1998.
63. Alon T, Hemo I, Itin A, Pe'er J, Stone J and Keshet E: Vascular endothelial growth factor acts as a survival factor for newly formed retinal vessels and has implications for retinopathy of prematurity. Nature Med 1: 1024-1028, 1995.
64. Benjamin LE and Keshet E: Conditional switching of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) expression in tumors: induction of endothelial cell shedding and regression of hemangioblastoma-like vessels by VEGF withdrawal. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 94: 8761-8766, 1997.
65. Benjamin LE, Golijanin D, Itin A, Pode D and Keshet E: Selective ablation of immature blood vessels in established human tumours follows vascular endothelial growth factor withdrawal. J Clin Invest 103: 159-165, 1999.
66. Vincenti V, Cassano C, Rocchi M and Persico G: Assignment of the vascular endothelial growth factor gene to the human chromosome 6p21.3. Circulation 93: 1493-1495, 1996.
67. Toi M, Hoshina S, Takayanagi T and Tominaga T: Association of vascular endothelial growth factor expression with tumour angiogenesis and the early relapse in primary breast cancer. Jpn J Cancer Res 85: 1045-1049, 1994.
68. Olson TA, Monhanraj D, Carson LF and Ramakarisnan S: Vascular permeability gene in normal and neoplastic human ovaries. Cancer Res 54: 276-280, 1994.
69. Brown LF, Berse B, Jackman RW, Tognazzi K, Manseau EJ, Dvorak HF and Senger DR: Increase expression of vascular permeability factor (vascular endothelial growth factor) and its receptors in kidney and bladder carcinomas. Am J Pathol 143: 1255-1262, 1993.
70. Emoto M et al.: Angiogenesis in carcinosarcomas of the uterus: differenses in the microvessel density and expression of VEGF between the epithelial and mesenchymal elements. Hum Patol 30: 1232-1241, 1999.
71. Fujiwaki R, Hata K, Maede Y and Miyazaki K: VEGF expression in progression of cervical cancer: correlation with thymidine phosphorylase expression, angiogenesis, tumour cell prolification, and apoptosis. Anticancer Res 2B: 1317-1322, 2000.
72. Wiebren T et al: The association between VEGF, MVD and clinicopathological features in invasive cervical cancer. Eur J Obs Gyn Repro Biol 92: 251-257,2000.
73. Mattern J, Koomagi R and Volm M: Vascular endothelial growth factor expression and angiogenesis in non-small cell lung carcinomas. Int J Oncol 16: 1058-1062, 1995.
74. Witte L, Hicklin DJ, Zhu Z, Pytowski B, Kotanides H, Rockwell P and Bohlen P: Monoclonal antibodies targeting the VEGF receptor-2 (Flk1/KDR) as an anti-angiogenic therapeutic strategy. Cancer Metastasis Rev 17: 155-161, 1998.
75. Zhu Z, Rockwell P, Lu D, Kotanides H, Pytowski B, Hicklin DJ, Bohlen P and Witte L: Inhibition of vascular endothelial growth factor-induced receptor activation with anti-kinase insert domain-containing receptor single-chain antibodies from a phage display library. Cancer Res 58: 3209-3214, 1998.
76. Schlaeppi JM, Siemeister G, Weindel K, Schnell C and Wood J: Characterization of a new potent, in vivo neutralizing monoclonal antibody to human vascular endothelial growth factor. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 125: 336-342, 1999.
77. Presta LG, Chen H, O'Connor SJ, Chisholm V, Meng YG, Krummen L, Winkler M and Ferrara N: Humanization of an antivascular endothelial growth factor monoclonal antibody for the therapy of solid tumours and other disorders. Cancer Res 57: 4593-4599, 1997.
78. Ramakrishnan S, Olson TA, Bautch VL and Mohanraj D: Vascular endothelial growth factor-toxin conjugate specifically inhibits KDR/flk-1-positive endothelial cell proliferation in vitro and angiogenesis in vivo. Cancer Res 56: 1324-1330, 1996.
79. Shawver LK, Lipson KE, Fong TAT, McMahon G, Plowman GD and Strawn LM: Receptor tyrosine kinases as targets for inhibition of angiogenesis. Drug Dev Trends 2: 50-63, 1997.
80. Seo M.S, Kwak N, Ozaki H, Yamada H, Okamoto N, Yamada E, Fabbro D, Hofmann F, Wood JM and Campochiaro PA: Dramatic inhibition of retinal and choroidal neovascularization by oral administration of a kinase inhibitor. Am J Pathol 154: 1743-1753, 1999.
81. Veikkola T et al.: Regulation of angiogenesis via vascular endothelial growth factor receptors. Cancer Res 60: 203-212, 2000.
82. Bellomo D et al.: Mice lacking the vascular endothelial growth factor-B gene (Vegfb) have smaller hearts, dysfunctional coronary vasculature, and impaired recovery from cardiac ischemia. Circ Res 86: E29-E35, 2000.
83. Olofsson B, Jeltsch M, Eriksson U and Alitalo K: Current biology of VEGF-B and VEGF-C. Curr Opin Biotechnol 10: 528-535, 1999.
84. Persico MG, Vincenti V and DiPalma T: Structure, expression and receptor-binding properties of placenta growth factor (PIGF). Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 237: 31-40, 1999.
85. Eriksson U and Alitalo K: Structure, expression and receptor-binding properties of novel vascular endothelial growth factors. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 237: 41-57, 1999.
86. Soker S, Takashima S, Miao H., Neufeld G and Klagsbrun M: Neuropilin-1 is expressed by endothelial and tumor cells as an isoform-specific receptor for vascular endothelial growth factor. Cell 92: 735-745, 1998.
87. Shalaby F et al.: Failure of blood-island formation and vasculogenesis in Flk-1-deficient mice. Nature 376: 62-66, 1995.
88. Hiratsuka S, Minowa O, Kuno J, Noda T and Shibuya M: Flt-1 lacking the tyrosine kinase domain is sufficient for normal development and angiogenesis in mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 95: 9349-9354, 1998.
89. Taipale J et al.: Vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-3. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 237: 85-96, 1999.
90. Ishikawa F, Miyazono K, Hellman U, Drexler H, Wernstedt C, Hgiwara K, Usuki K, Takaku F, Risau W and Heldin C: Identification of angiogenic activity and the cloning expression of platlet-derived endothelial cell growth factor. Nature 338: 557-561, 1989.
91. Fox S, Moghaddam A, Westwood M, Turley H, Bicknell R, Gatter KC and Harris AL: Platelet-derived endothelial growth factor/thymidine phosphorylase expression in normal tissue: An immunohistochemical study. J Pathol 176: 183-190, 1995.
92. O'Brien TS, Fox SB, Dickinson AJ, Turley H, Wetwood M, Moghaddam A, Gatter KC, Bicknell R and Harris AL: Expression of the angiogenic factor thymidine phosphorylase/platelate-derived endothelial growth factor in primary bladder cancers. Cancer Res 56: 4779-4804, 1996.
93. Furukawa T, Yoshimura A, Sumizawa T, Haraguchi M and Akiyama SL: Angiogenic factor. Nature 356: 668, 1992.
94. Haraguchi M, Kazutaka M, Uemura K, Sumizawa T, Furukawa T Yamada K and Akiyama S: Angiogenic activity of enzymes. Nature 368: 198, 1994.
95. Korhonen J et al.: Enhanced expression of the tie receptor tyrosine kinase in endothelial cells during neovascularization. Blood 80: 2548-2555, 1992.
96. Maisonpierre PC, Goldfarb M, Yancopoulos GD and Gao G: Distinct rat genes with related profiles of expression define a TIE receptor tyrosine kinase family. Oncogene 8: 1631-1637, 1993.
97. Sato TN, Qin Y, Kozak CA and Audus KL: tie-1 and tie-2 define another class of putative receptor tyrosine kinase genes expressed in early embryonic vascular system. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 90: 9355-9358, 1993.
98. Dumont DJ, Gradwohl GJ, Fong GH, Auerbach R and Breitman ML: The endothelial-specific receptor tyrosine kinase, tek, is a member of a new subfamily of receptors. Oncogene 8: 1293-1301, 1993.
99. Iwama A et al.: Molecular cloning and characterization of mouse Tie and Tek receptor tyrosine kinase genes and their expression in hematopoietic stem cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 195: 301-309, 1993.
100. Maisonpierre PC, Suri C, Jones PF et al.: Angiopoietin-2, a natural antagonist for Tie2 that disrupts in vivo angiogenesis. Science 277: 55-60, 1997.
101. Holash J, Maisonpierre PC, Compton D, Boland P, Alexander CR, Zagzag D, Yancopoulos GD and Wiegand SJ: Vessel cooption, regression and growth in tumours mediated by angiopoietins and VEGF. Science 284: 1994-1998, 1999.
102. Yancopoulos GD et al.: Vasculogenesis, angiogenesis, and growth factors: ephrins enter the fray at the border. Cell 93: 661-664, 1998.
103. LeCouter J et al.: Identification of an angiogenic mitogen selective for endocrine gland endothelium. Nature 412: 877-884, 2001.
104. Dameron KM, Volpert OV, Tainsky MA and Bouck N: Control of angiogenesis in fibroblasts by p53 regulation of thrombospondin-1. Science 265: 1582-1584, 1994.
105. Tolsma SS, Volpert OV, Good DJ, Frazier WA, Polverini PJ and Bouck N: Peptides derived from two separate domains of the matrix protein thrombospondin-1 have anti-angiogenic activity. J Cell Biol 122: 497-511, 1993.
106. Dvorak HF and Gresser I: Microvascular injury in pathogenesis of interferon-induced necrosis of subcutaneous tumours in mice. J Natl Cancer Inst 81: 497-502, 1989.
107. Singh RK, Gutman M, Bucana CD, Sanchez R, Llansa N and Fidler IJ: Interferons and β down-regulate the expression of basic fibroblast growth factor in human carcinomas. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 92: 4562-4566, 1995.
108. Ezekowitz RA, Mulliken JB and Folkman J: Interferon-2a therapy for life-threatening hemangiomas of infancy. N Engl J Med 326: 1456-1463, 1992.
109. Clapp C, Martial JA, Guzman RC, Rentier-Delrue F and Weiner RI: The 16-kilodalton N-terminal fragment of human prolactin is a potent inhibitor of angiogenesis. Endocrinology 133: 1292-1299, 1993.
110. O'Reilly MS, Holmgren L, Shing Y, Chen C, Rosenthal RA, Moses M, Lane SW, Cao Y, Sage EH and Folkman J: Angiostatin: a novel angiogenesis inhibitor that mediates the suppression of metastases by a Lewis lung carcinoma. Cell 79: 315-328, 1994.
111. O'Reilly MS, Boehm T, Shing Y, Fukai N, Vasios G, Lane WS, Flynn E, Birkhead JR, Olsen BR and Folkman J: Endostatin: an endogenous inhibitor of angiogenesis and tumor growth. Cell 88: 277-285, 1997.
112. Zhai Y, Ni J, Jiang GW, Lu J, Xing L, Lincoln C, Carter KC, Janat F, Kozak D, Xu S, Rojas L, Aggarwal BB, Ruben S, Li LY, Gentz R and Yu GL: VEGI, a novel cytokine of the tumour necrosis factor family, is an angiogenesis inhibitor that suppresses the growth of colon carcinomas in vivo. FASEB J 13: 181-189, 1999.
113. Pike SE, Yao L, Jones KD, Cherney B, Appella E, Sakaguchi, K, Nakhasi H, Teruya-Feldstein J, Wirth, P, Gupta G and Tosato G: Vasostatin, a calreticulin fragment, inhibits angiogenesis and suppresses tumour growth. J Exp Med 188: 2349-2356, 1998.
114. Vazquez F, Hastings G, Ortega MA, Lane TF, Oikemus S, Lombardo M and Iruela-Arispe ML: METH-1, a human ortholog of ADAMTS-1 and METH-2 are members of a new family of proteins with angio-inhibitory activity. J Biol Chem 274: 23349-23357, 1999.
115. Gupta SK, Hassel T and Singh JP: A potent inhibitor of endothelial cell proliferation is generated by proteolytic cleavage of the chemokine platelet factor 4. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 92: 7799-7803, 1995.
116. O'Reilly MS, Pirie-Shepherd S, Lane WS and Folkman J: Antiangiogenic activity of the cleaved conformation of the Serpin Antithrombin III. Science 285: 1926-1928, 1999.
117. Folkman J: Angiogenesis inhibitors generated by tumours. Mol Med 1: 120-122, 1995.
118. Sage EH: Pieces of eight: bioactive fragments of extracellular proteins as regulators of angiogenesis. Trends Biol Sci 7: 182,
119. Hanahan D and Folkman J: Patterns and emerging mechanisms of the angiogenic switch during tumorigenesis. Cell 86: 353-364, 1996.
120. Weidner N: Tumoural vascularity as a prognostic factor in cancer patients: The evidence continues to grow. J Pathol 184: 119-122, 1998.
121. Jacqumier JD et al.: Angiogenesis as a prognostic marker in breast carcinoma with conventional adjuvant chemotherapy: A multiparametric and immunohistochemical analysis. J Pathol 184: 130-5, 1998.
122. Takahashi Y et al.: Expression of vascular endothelial growth factor and its receptor KDR, correlates with vascularity, metastasis, and proliferation of human colon cancer. Cancer Res 55: 3964-3968, 1995.
123. Toi M, Inada K, Sizuki H and Tominaga T: Tumour angiogenesis in breast cancer its important as a prognostic indicator and the association with vascular endothelial growth factor expression. Breast Cancer Res Treat 36: 193-204, 1995.
124. Ogawa Y, Chung YS, Nakata B, Takatsuka S, Maeda K, Sawada T, Kato Y, Yoshikawa K, Sakurai M and Sowa M: Microvessel quantitation in invasive breast cancer by staining for factor VIII-related antigen. Br J Cancer 71: 1297-301, 1995.
125. Bosari S et al.: Microvessel quantitation and prognosis in invasive breast carcinoma. Hum Pathol 23: 755-761, 1992.
126. Horak ER, Harris AL et al.: Angiogenesis assessed by platelet/endothelial cell adhesion molecule antibodies, as indicator of node metastases and survival in breast cancer. Lancet 340: 1120-1124, 1992.
127. Weidner N, Sempel JP, Welch WR and Folkman J: Tumour angiogenesis and metastasis correlation in invasive breast carcinoma. N Engl J Med 324: 1-8, 1991.
128. Carnochan P et al.: The vascularity of cutaneous melanoma, a quantitative histological study of lesions 0.85-1.25 mm thickness. Br J Cancer 64: 102-107, 1991.
129. Fallowfield ME and Cook MG: The vascularity of primary cutaneous melanoma. J Pathol 164: 214-244, 1991.
130. Srivastava A et al.: The prognostic significance of tumour vascularity in intermediate thickness (0.76-4.0 mm thick) skin melanoma: A quantitative study. Am J Pathol 152: 419-423, 1998.
131. Macchiarini P, Fontanini G, Hardin MJ, Squartini F and Angeletti CA: Relation of neovascularization to metastasis of non-small-cell lung cancer. Lancet 340: 145-146, 1992.
132. Weidner N, Carroll PR, Flax J, Blumenfeld W and Folkman J: Tumor angiogenesis correlates with metastasis in invasive prostate carcinoma. Am J Pathol 143: 401-409, 1993.
133. Yoshiji H, Gomez DE, Shibuya M and Thorgeirsson U P: Expression of vascular endothelial growth factor, its receptor, and other angiogenic factors in human breast cancer. Cancer Res 56: 2013-2016, 1996.
134. Abu-Jawdeh GM, Faix JD, Niloff J, Tognazzi K, Manseau E, Dvorak HF and Brown LF: Strong expression of vascular permeability factor (vascular endothelial growth factor) and its receptors in ovarian borderline and malignant neoplasms. Lab Invest 74: 1105-1115, 1996.
135. Smith-McCune KK and Weidner N: Demonstration and characterization of the angiogenic properties of cervical dysplasia. Cancer Res 54: 800-804, 1994.
136. Brown L F, Berse B, Jackman RW, Tognazzi K, Manseau EJ, Senger DR and Dvorak HF: Expression of vascular permeability factor (vascular endothelial growth factor) and its receptors in adenocarcinomas of the gastrointestinal tract. Cancer Res 53: 4727-4735, 1993.
137. Kitadai Y, Haruma K, Tokutomi T, Tanaka S, Sumii K, Carvalho M, Kuwabara M, Yoshida K, Hirai T, Kajiyama G and Tahara E: Significance of vessel count and vascular endothelial growth factor in human esophageal carcinoma. Clin Cancer Res 4: 2195-2200, 1998.
138. Ohta Y, Endo Y, Tanaka M, Shimizu J, Oda M, Hayashi Y, Watanabe Y and Sasaki T: Significance of vascular endothelial growth factor messenger RNA expression in primary lung cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2: 1411-1416, 1996.
139. Albo D, Granick MS, Jhala N, Atkinson B and Solomon MP: The relationship of angiogenesis to biological activity in human squamous cell carcinomas of the head and neck. Ann Plast Surg 32: 588-594, 1994.
140. Gasparini G, Weider N, Maluta S, Pozza F, Boracchi P, Mezzetti M, Testolin A and Bevilacqua P: Intratumoral microvessel density and p53 protein: correlation with metastasis in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Int J Cancer 55: 739-744, 1993.
141. Murray JD, Carlson GW, McLaughin K, Penning M, Lynn M, DeRose PB, William K and Cohen C: Tumor angiogenesis as a prognostic factor in laryngeal cancer. Am J Surg 174: 523-526, 1997.
142. Pazouki S, Chisholm DM, Adi MM, Carmichael G, Farquharson M, Ogden G R, Schor SL and Schor M: The association between tumor progression and vascularity in the oral mucosa. J Pathol 183: 39-43, 1997.
143. Enisma RJ, Spiro JD and Kreutzer DL: Vascular endothelial growth factor expression in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Am J Surg 174: 513-517, 1997.
144. Maeda T, Matsumura S, Hiranuma H, Jikko A, Ishida T and Fuchihata H: Expression of vascular endothelial growth factor in human oral squamous cell carcinoma: its association with tumour progression and p53 gene. J Clin Pathol 51: 771-775, 1998.
145. Moriyama M, Kumagai S, Kawashiri S, Kojima K, Kakihara K and Yamamoto E: Immunohistochemical study of tumour angiogenesis in oral squamous cell carcinoma. Oral Oncol 33: 369-374, 1997.
146. Tae K, El-Naggar AK, Yoo E, Feng L, Lee J, Hong WK, Hittelman WN, Dong M and Shin DM: Expression of vascular endothelial growth factor and microvessel density in head and neck tumorigenesis: Clin Cancer Res 6: 2821-2828, 2000.
147. Kato T, Kameoka S, Kimura T et al.: Prognostic significance of angiogenesis associated with long-term survival in 377 Japanese patients with breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res Treat 64:132, 2000.
148. Gehani SA, Parbhoo SP, Hatter T et al.: Is angiogenesis a predictor of the development of bone metastasis? Results of immunohistochemical study using CD31 and factor VIII for angiogenesis assessment in primary breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res Treat 64: 131, 2000.
149. Fay PJ: Factor VIII function and structure. Thromb Haemostasis 70: 63-67, 1993.
150. DeLiser HM, Newman PJ and Albelda SM: Molecular and functional aspects of PECM-1/CD31. Immunol Today 15: 490-495, 1994.
151. Krause DS, Fackler MJ and Civin CL: CD34 structure, biology and clinical utility. Blood 87: 1-13, 1996.
152. Kuzu L, Bicknell R, Harris AL, Jones M, Gatter KC and Mason DY: Heterogeneity of vascular endothelial cells with relevance todiagnosis of vascular tumours. J Clin Pathol 45: 143-148, 1992.
153. Toi M, Kashitami J and Tominaga T: Tumour angiogenesis is an independent prognostic indicator of breast carcinoma. Int J Cancer 55: 371-374, 1993.
154. Oree M, Lotfi-Miri M and Rogers PAW: Increased microvessel density in mucinous compared with malignant serous and benign tumours of the ovary. Br J Cancer 77: 2204-2209, 1998.
155. Amis SJ, Coulter-Smith SD, Crow JC, MacLean AB and Perrett CW: Microvessel quantification in benign and malignant ovarian cancer. Int J Gynecol Cancer. Submitted, 2002.
156. Doldi N, Origoni M, Bassan M, Ferrari D, Rossi M and Ferrari A: Vascular endothelial growth factor expression in human vulvar neoplastic and nonneoplastic tissues. J Reprod Med 41: 844-848, 1996.
157. Brancher-Todesca D, Obermair A et al.: Angiogenesis in vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia. Gynecol Oncol 64: 496-500, 1997.
158. Obermair A et al.: Influence of microvessel density and vascular permeability factor/vascular endothelial growth factor expression on prognosis in vulvar cancer. Gynecol Oncol 63: 204-209, 1996.
159. Maclean AB, Reid WMN, Rolfe KG, Gammell SJ, Pugh HEJ, Gatter KC, Wong Te Fong AC, Crow JC and Perrett CW: The role of angiogenesis in benign, premalignant and malignant vulvar lesions. J Reprod Med 45: 609-612, 2000.
160. MacLean AB: Precursors of vulval cancers. Curr Obstet Gynaecol 3: 149-156, 1993.
161. Takahashi Y et al.: Platelet derived endothelial growth factor in human colon cancer angiogenesis. Role of infiltrating cells. J Natl Cancer Inst 88: 1146-1151, 1996.
162. Wong Te Fong LF, Rolfe KJ, Crow JC, Reid WMN, MacLean AB and Perrett CW: Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and platelet derived endothelial cell growth factor/thymidine phosphorylase (PD-ECGF/TP) as potential markers in the mallignant progression of vulval intraepithelial neoplasia (VIN) and lichen sclerosus to vulval cancer. J Obstet Gynaecol 20: 559, 2000.
163. Wong Te Fong LF, Rolfe KJ, Crow JC, Reid WMN, MacLane AB and Perrett CW: Angiogenic growth-factor expression in vulvar tissues. Proc Br Congress Obstet Gynaecol: p157, 2001.
164. Wong TeFong LF, Rolfe KJ, Crow JC, Reid WMN, MacLean AB and Perrett CW: Quantitative immunohistochemistry of VEGF, PD-ECGF and factor VIII-related antigen in vulval carcinomas. Proc Blair Bell Res Soc Meet: p11, 2000.
165. Saravanamuthu J, Reid WMN, St. George D, Crow JC, Rolfe KJ, MacLean AB and Perrett CW: The role of angiogenesis in vulvar cancer, vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia and vulvar lichen sclerosus as determined by microvessel density analysis. Gynecol Oncol Submitted, 2002.
166. Ellis PE, Perrett CW et al.: An examination of the role of vascular endothelial growth factor-A (VEGF-A) and platelet derived endothelial cell growth factor /Thymidine phosphorylase (PD-ECGF/TP) in Paget's disease of the vulva and breast. Anticancer Res 22: 857-862, 2002.
167. Hefler L, Tempfer C, Obermair A, Frischmuth K Sliutz G, Reinthaller A, Leodolter S and Kainz C: Serum concentrations of vascular endothelial growth factor in vulvar cancer. Clin Cancer Res 5: 2806-2809, 1999.
168. Verheul H, Hoekman K, Luykx-de Bakker S, Eekman C, Folman C, Broxterman H and Pinedo H: Platelet: transporter of vascular endothelial growth factor. Clin Cancer Res 3: 2187-2190, 1997.
169. Maloney J, Silliman C, Ambruso D, Wang J, Tuder R and Voelkel N: In vitro release of vascular endothelial growth factor during platelet aggregation. Am J Physiol 275: 1054-1061, 1998.
170. Webb N, Myers C, Watson C, Bottomley M and Brenchley P: Activated human neutrophils express vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). Cytokine 10: 254-257, 1998.
171. Tomizawa S, Maruyama K, Nagasawa N, Suzuki S and Kuroume T: Studies of vascular permeability factor derived from T lymphocytes and inhibitory effect of plasma on its production in minimal change nephrotic syndrome. Nephron 41: 157-160, 1985.
172. Iijima K, Yoshikawa N, Connolly D and Nakamura H: Human mesangial cells and peripheral blood mononuclear cells produce vascular permeability factor. Kidney Int 44: 959-966, 1993.
173. Fujisaki K, Mitsuyama K, Toyonaga A, Matsuo K and Tanikawa: Circulating vascular endothelial growth factor in patients with colorectal cancer. Am J Gastroenterol 93: 249-252, 1998.
174. Salven P, Ruotsalainen T, Mattson K and Joennsu H: High pretreatment serum level of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is associated with poor outcome in small-cell lung cancer. Int J Cancer 79: 144-146, 1998.
175. Salven P, Heikkila P and Joensuu H: Enhanced expression of vascular endothelial growth factor in metastatic melanoma. Br J Cancer 76: 930-934, 1997.
176. Salven P, Teerenhovi L and Joenssu H: A high pretreatment serum vascular endothelial growth factor concentration is associated with poor outcome in non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. Blood 90: 3167-3172, 1997.
177. Takano S, Yoshii Y, Kondo S, Suzuki H, Maruno T, Shirai S and Nose T: Concentration of vascular endothelial growth factor in the serum and tumor tissue of brain tumor patients. Cancer Res 56: 2185-2190, 1996.
178. Vermeulen PB, Dirix LY, Martin M, Lemmens J and Van Oosterom AT: Serum basic fibroblast growth factor and vascular endothelial growth factor in metastatic renal cell carcinoma treated with interferon -2b. J Natl Cancer Inst 89: 1316-1317, 1997.
179. Obermair A, Tempfer C, Hefler L, Preyer O, Kaider A, Zeillinger R, Leodolter S and Kainz C: Concentration of vascular endothelial growth factor the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in the serum of patients with suspected ovarian cancer. Br J Cancer 77: 1870-1874, 1998.
180. Tempfer C, Obermair A, Hefler L, Preyer O, Kaider A, Zeillinger R, Leodolter S and Kainz C: Concentration of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in the serum of patients with suspected ovarian cancer. Br J Cancer 77: 1870-1874, 1998.
181. Kumar H, Heer K, Lee P, Duthie G, MacDonald A, Greenman J, Kerin M and Monson J: Preoperative serum vascular endothelial growth factor can predict stage in colorectal cancer. Clin Cancer Res 4: 1279-1285, 1998.
182. Heer K, Kumar H, Speirs V, Greenman J, Drew PJ, Fox JN, Carleton PJ, Monson JR and Kerin MJ: Vascular endothelial growth factor in premenopausal women-indicator of the best time for breast cancer surgery. Br J Cancer 78: 1203-1207, 1998.
183. Benoy I, Vermeulen P, Wuyts H and Dirix L: Vascular endothelial cell growth factor (VEGF) serum concentrations change according to the phase of the menstrual cycle. Eur J Cancer 341: 298-299, 1998.