Expression, regulation, and functional role of glucose transporters (GLUTs) in brain

International Review of Neurobiology

Volumn 51, Issue , 2002, Pages 159-188

  Dwyer, Donard S ^a   Vannucci, Susan J ^b   Simpson, Ian A ^b  

^a LOUISIANA STATE UNIVERSITY HEALTH SCIENCES CENTER   (United States)

^b PENN STATE COLLEGE OF MEDICINE   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

GLUCOSE TRANSPORTER;

AGING; ANIMAL; BRAIN; HUMAN; HYPERGLYCEMIA; HYPOGLYCEMIA; METABOLISM; PHYSIOLOGY; REVIEW; TISSUE DISTRIBUTION;

AGING; ANIMALS; BRAIN; HUMANS; HYPERGLYCEMIA; HYPOGLYCEMIA; MONOSACCHARIDE TRANSPORT PROTEINS; TISSUE DISTRIBUTION;

EID: 0036362011     PISSN: 00747742     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: 10.1016/s0074-7742(02)51005-9     Document Type: Review

References (198)

1. Abbud W. Habinowski S. Zhang J.Z. Kendrew J. Elkairi F.S. Kemp B.E. Witters L.A. Ismail-Beigi F. Stimulation of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is associated with enhancement of Glut1-mediated glucose transport Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 380 2000 347 352
2. Ahn Y.H. Kim J.W. Han G.S. Lee B.G. Kim Y.S. Cloning and characterization of rat pancreatic beta-cell/liver type glucose transporter gene: A unique exon/intron organization Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 323 1995 387 396
3. Alvarez J. Lee D.C. Baldwin S.A. Chapman D. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopic study of the structure and conformational changes of human erythrocyte glucose transporter J. Biol. Chem. 262 1987 3502 3509
4. Apelt J.A. Mehlhorn G. Schliebs R. Insulin-sensitive GLUT4 glucose transporters are colocalized with GLUT3-expressing cells and demonstrate a chemically distinct neuron-specific localization in rat brain J. Neurosci. Res. 57 1999 693 705
5. Badr G.A. Zhang J.Z. Tang J. Kern T.S. Ismail-Beigi F. Glut1 and Glut3 expression, but not capillary density, is increased by cobalt chloride in rat cerebrum and retina Brain Res. Mol. Brain Res. 64 1999 24 33
6. Baldwin S.A. Mammalian passive glucose transporters: Members of an ubiquitous family of active and passive transport proteins Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1154 1993 17 49
7. Bilan P.J. Mitsumoto Y. Maher F. Simpson I.A. Klip A. Detection of the GLUT3 facilitative glucose transporter in rat L6 muscle cells: regulation by cellulaar differentiation, insulin and insulin-like growth factor-I Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 186 1992 1129 1137
8. Boado R.J. Brain-derived peptides increase blood-brain barrier GLUT1 glucose transporter gene expression via mRNA stabilization Neurosci. Lett. 255 1998 147 150
9. Boado R.J. Pardridge W.M. The brain-type glucose transporter mRNA is specifically expressed at the blood-brain barrier Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 166 1990 174 179
10. Boado R.J. Pardridge W.M. Glucose deprivation causes posttranscriptional enhancement of brain capillary endothelial glucose transporter gene expression via GLUT1 mRNA stabilization J. Neurochem. 60 1993 2290 2296
11. Boado R.J. Tsukamoto H. Pardridge W.M. Evidence for translational control elements within the 5′-untranslated region of GLUT1 glucose transporter mRNA J. Neurochem. 67 1996 1335 1343
12. Boado R.J. Wang L. Pardridge W.M. Enhanced expression of the blood-brain barrier GLUT1 glucose transporter gene by brain-derived factors Brain Res. Mol. Brain Res. 22 1994 259 267
13. Boado R.J. Wu D. Windisch M. In vivo upregulation of the blood-brain barrier GLUT1 glucose transporter by brain-derived peptides Neurosci. Res. 34 1999 217 224
14. Bondy C.A. Cheng C.M. IGF-1 and brain glucose metabolism Dwyer D. International Review of Neurobiology Vol. 51 2002 Academic Press San Diego, CA
15. Bondy C.A. Lee W. Zhou J. Ontogeny and cellular distribution of brain glucose transporter gene expression Mol. Cell. Neurosci. 3 1992 305 314
16. Brant A.M. Jess T.J. Milligan G. Brown C.M. Gould G.W. Immunological analysis of glucose transporters expressed in different regions of the rat brain and central nervous system Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 192 1993 1297 1302
17. Bruckner B.A. Ammini C.V. Otal M.P. Raizada M.K. Stacpoole P.W. Regulation of brain glucose transporters by glucose and oxygen deprivation Metabolism 48 1999 422 431
18. Bunn R.C. Jensen M.A. Reed B.C. Protein interactions with the glucose transporter binding protein GLUT1CBP that provide a link between GLUT1 and the cytoskeleton Mol. Biol. Cell 10 1999 819 832
19. Burant C.F. Takeda J. Brot-Laroche E. Bell G.I. Davidson N.O. Fructose transporter in human spermatozoa and small intestine is GLUT5 J. Biol. Chem. 267 1992 14523 14526
20. Carruthers A. Facilitated diffusion of glucose Physiol. Rev. 70 1990 1135 1176
21. Chang G. Spencer R.H. Lee A.T. Barclay M.T. Rees D.C. Structure of the MscL homolog from Mycobacterium tuberculosis: A gated mechanosenstive ion channel Science 282 1998 2220 2226
22. Cheng C.M. Reinhardt R.R. Lee W.-H. Joncas G. Patel S.C. Bondy C.A. Insulin-like growth factor 1 regulates developing brain glucose metabolism Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 97 2000 10236 10241
23. Chilibeck P.D. Bell G. Jeon J. Weiss C.B. Murdoch G. MacLean I. Ryan E. Burnham R. Functional electrical stimulation exercise increases GLUT-1 and GLUT-4 in paralyzed skeletal muscle Metabolism 48 1999 1409 1413
24. Chin J.J. Jung E.K.Y. Jung C.Y. Structural basis of human erythrocyte glucose transporter function in proteoliposome vesicles: circular dichroism measurements Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 84 1987 4113 4116
25. Cornford E.M. Hyman S. Cornford M.E. Landaw E.M. Delgada-Escueta A.V. Interictal seizure resections show two configurations of endothelial GLUT1 glucose transporter in the human blood-brain barrier J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab. 18 1998 26 42
26. Czech M.P. Clancy B.M. Pessino A. Woon C.-W. Harrison S.A. Complex regulation of simple sugar transport in insulin-responsive cells Trends Biochem. Sci. 17 1992 197 201
27. Daniel P.M. Love E.R. Pratt O.E. The effect of age upon the influx of glucose into the brain J. Physiol. 274 1978 141 148
28. Dardevet D. Sornet C. Attaix D. Baracos V.E. Grizard J. Insulin-like growth factor-1 and insulin resistance in skeletal muscles of adult and old rats Endocrinology 134 1994 1475 1484
29. Deckwerth T.L. Johnson E.M. Jr. Temporal analysis of events associated with programmed cell death (apoptosis) of sympathetic neurons deprived of nerve growth factor J. Cell Biol. 123 1993 1207 1222
30. Devaskar S. Chunda K. Zahm D.S. Holtzclaw L. Holloran K. The neonatal rabbit brain glucose transporter Dev. Brain Res. 67 1992 95 103
31. Devaskar S.U. Giddings S.J. Rajakumar P.A. Carnaghi L.R. Menon R.K. Zahm D.S. Insulin gene expression and insulin synthesis in mammalian neuronal cells J. Biol. Chem. 269 1994 8445 8454
32. Devaskar S. Zahm D.S. Holtzclaw L. Chundu K. Wadzinski B.E. Developmental regulation of the distribution of rat brain insulin-insensitive (Glut1) glucose transporter Endocrinology 129 1991 1530 1540
33. Dick A.P. Harik S.I. Klip A. Walker D.M. Identification and characterization of the glucose transporter of the blood-brain barrier by cytochalasin B binding and immunological reactivity Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 81 1984 7233 7237
34. Doege H. Bocianski A. Joost H.-G. Schuermann A. Activity and genomic organization of human glucose transporter 9 (GLUT9), a novel member of the family of sugar-transport facilitators predominantly expressed in brain and leucocytes Biochem. J. 350 2000 771 776
35. Doege H. Schuermann A. Bahrenberg G. Brauers A. Joost H.-G. GLUT8, a novel member of the sugar transport facilitator family with glucose transport activity J. Biol. Chem. 275 2000 16275 16280
36. Duelli R. Maurer M.H. Kuschinsky W. Decreased glucose transporter densities, rate constants and glucose utilization in visual structures of rat brain during chronic visual deprivation Neurosci. Lett. 250 1998 49 52
37. Duelli R. Maurer M.H. Staudt R. Heiland S. Duembgen L. Kuschinsky W. Increased cerebral glucose utilization and decreased glucose transporter Glut1 during chronic hyperglycemia in rat brain Brain Res. 858 2000 338 347
38. Duelli R. Staudt R. Gruenwald F. Kuschinsky W. Increase of glucose transporter densities (Glut1 and Glut3) during chronic administration of nicotine in rat brain Brain Res. 782 1998 36 42
39. Dwyer D.S. Model of the 3-D structure of the GLUT3 glucose transporter and molecular dynamics simulation of glucose transport Proteins Struct. Func. Genet. 42 2001 531 541
40. Dwyer D.S. Liu Y. Bradley R.J. An ethanol-sensitive variant of the PC12 neuronal cell line: sensitivity to ethanol is associated with increased cell adhesion and decreased glucose accumulation J. Cell. Physiol. 178 1999 93 101
41. Dwyer K.J. Boado R.J. Pardridge W.M. Cis-element/cytoplasmic protein interaction within the 3′-untranslated region of the GLUT1 glucose transporter mRNA J. Neurochem. 66 1996 449 458
42. Dwyer K.J. Pardridge W.M. Developmental modulation of blood-brain barrier and choroid plexus GLUT1 glucose transporter messenger ribonucleic acid and immunoreactive protein in rabbits Endocrinology 132 1993 558 565
43. El Messari S. Leloup C. Quignon M. Brisorgueil M.-J. Penicaud L. Arluison M. Immunocytochemical localization of the insulin-responsive glucose transporter 4 (Glut4) in the rat central nervous system J. Comp. Neurol. 399 1998 492 512
44. Etgen G.J. Jr. Brozinick J.T. Jr. Kang H.Y. Ivy J.L. Effects of exercise training on skeletal muscle glucose uptake and transport Am. J. Physiol. 264 1993 C727 C733
45. Etgen G.J. Jr. Farrar R.P. Ivy J.L. Effect of chronic electrical stimulation on GLUT-4 protein content in fast-twitch muscle Am. J. Physiol. 264 1993 R816 R819
46. Ezaki O. Regulatory elements in the insulin-responsive glucose transporter (GLUT4) gene Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 241 1997 1 6
47. Fandos C. Sanchez-Feutrie M. Santalucia T. Vinals F. Cadefau J. Guma A. Cusso R. Kaliman P. Canicio J. Palacin M. Zorzano A. GLUT1 glucose transporter gene transcription is repressed by Sp3. Evidence for a regulatory role of Sp3 during myogenesis J. Mol. Biol. 294 1999 103 119
48. Farrell C.R. Boado R.J. Pardridge W.M. Enhanced GLUT1 glucose transporter and cytoskeleton gene expression in cultured bovine brain capillary endothelial cells after treatment with phorbol esters and serum Brain Res. Mol. Brain Res. 15 1992 221 226
49. Farrell C.L. Pardridge W.M. Blood-brain barrier glucose transporter is asymmetrically distributed on brain capillary endothelial lumenal and ablumenal membranes: An electron microscopic immunogold study Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 88 1991 5779 5783
50. Farrell C.L. Yang J. Pardridge W.M. GLUT-1 glucose transporter is present within apical and basolateral membranes of brain epithelial interfaces and in microvascular endothelia with and without tight junctions J. Histochem. Cytochem. 40 1992 193 199
51. Fattoretti P. Bertoni-Freddari C. Di Stefana G. Casoli T. Gracciotti N. Solazzi M. Pompei P. Quantitative immunohistochemnistry of glucose transport protein (Glut3) expression in the rat hippocampus during aging J. Histochem. Cytochem. 49 2001 671 672
52. Flores-Riveros J.R. Kaestner K.H. Thompson K.S. Lane M.D. Cyclic AMP-induced transcriptional repression of the insulin-responsive glucose transporter (GLUT4) gene: Identification of a promoter region required for down-regulation of transcription Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 194 1993 1148 1154
53. Friedland R.P. Jagust W.J. Huesman R.H. Koss E. Knittel B. Mathis C.A. Ober B.A. Mazoyer B.M. Budinger T.F. Regional cerebral glucose transport and utilization in Alzheimer's disease Neurology 39 1989 1427 1434
54. Fu D. Libson A. Mierke L.J. Weitzman C. Nollert P. Krucinski J. Stroud R.M. Structure of a glycerol-conducting channel and the basis for its selectivity Science 290 2000 481 486
55. Gerhart D.Z. LeVasseur R.J. Broderius M.A. Drewes L.R. Glucose transporter localization in brain using light and electron immunocytochemistry J. Neurosci. Res. 22 1989 464 472
56. Gerhart D.Z. Leino R.L. Taylor W.E. Borson N.D. Drewes L.R. GLUT1 and GLUT3 gene expression in gerbil brain following brief ischemia: An in situ hybridization study Brain Res. Mol. Brain Res. 25 1994 313 322
57. Gibbs E.M. Lienhard G.E. Gould G.W. Insulin-induced translocation of glucose transporters to the plasma membrane precedes full stimulation of hexose transport Biochemistry 27 1988 6681 6685
58. Ginsberg M.D. Local metabolic responses to cerebral ischemia Cerebrovasc. Brain Metab. Rev. 2 1990 58 93
59. Giorgino F. de Robertis O. Laviola L. Montrone C. Perrini S. McCowen K.C. Smith R.J. The sentrin-conjugating enzyme mUbc9 interacts with GLUT4 and GLUT1 glucose transporters and regulates transporter levels in skeletal muscle cells Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 97 2000 1125 1130
60. Gjedde A. Crone C. Blood-brain glucose transfer: Repression in chronic hyperglycemia Science 214 1981 456 457
61. Goossens V. Grooten J. Fiers W. The oxidative metabolism of glutamine J. Biol. Chem. 271 1996 192 196
62. Gould G.W. Holman G.D. The glucose transporter family: Structure, function and tissue-specific expression Biochem. J. 295 1993 329 341
63. Gronlund K.M. Gerhart D.Z. Leino R.L. McCall A.L. Drewes L.R. Chronic seizures increase glucose transporter abundance in rat brain J. Neuropathol. Exp. Neurol. 55 1996 832 840
64. Gschanes A. Boado R. Sametz W. Windisch M. The drug cerebrolysin and its peptide fraction E021 increase the abundance of the blood-brain barrier GLUT1 glucose transporter in brains of young and old rats Histochem. J. 32 2000 71 77
65. Gupta A. Ho D.Y. Brooke S. Franklin L. Roy M. McLaughlin J. Fink S.L. Sapolsky R.M. Neuroprotective effects of an adenoviral vector expressing the glucose transporter: a detailed description of the mediating cellular events Brain Res. 908 2001 49 57
66. Hallakou S. Doare L. Foufelle F. Kergoat M. Guerre-Millo M. Berthault M.-F. Dugail I. Morin J. Auwerx J. Ferre P. Pioglitazone induces in vivo adipocyte differentiation in the obese Zucker fa/fa rat Diabetes 46 1997 1393 1399
67. Harik S.I. Behmand R.A. LaManna J.C. Hypoxia increases glucose transport at blood-brain barrier J. Appl. Physiol. 77 1994 896 901
68. Harik N. Harik S.I. Kuo N.T. Sakai K. Przybylski R.J. LaManna J.C. Time-course and reversibility of the hypoxia-induced alterations in cerebral vascularity and cerebral capillary glucose transporter density Brain Res. 737 1996 335 338
69. Harik S.I. Kalaria R.N. Andersson L. Lundahl P. Perry G. Immunocytochemical localization of the erythroid glucose transporter: abundance in tissues with barrier functions J. Neurosci. 10 1990 3862 3872
70. Harr S.D. Simonian N.A. Hyman B.T. Functional alterations in Alzheimer's disease: Decreased glucose transporter 3 immunoreactivity in the perforant pathway terminal zone J. Neuropathol. Exp. Neurol. 54 1995 38 41
71. Haspel H.C. Wilk E.W. Birnbaum M.J. Cushman S.W. Rosen O.M. Glucose deprivation and hexose transporter polypeptides of murine fibroblasts J. Biol. Chem. 261 1986 6778 6789
72. Hawkins R.A. Williamson D.H. Krebs H.A. Ketone-body utilization by adult and suckling rat brain in vivo Biochem. J. 122 1971 13 18
73. Hayashi T. Hirshman M.F. Kurth E.J. Winder W.W. Goodyear L.J. Evidence for 5′ AMP-activated protein kinase mediation of the effect of muscle contraction on glucose transport Diabetes 47 1998 1369 1373
74. Hebert D.N. Carruthers A. Glucose transporter oligomeric structure determines transporter function. Reversible redox-dependent interconversions of tetrameric and dimeric GLUT1 J. Biol. Chem. 267 1992 23829 23838
75. Heijnen H.F. Oorschot V. Sixma J.J. Slot J.W. James D.E. Thrombin stimulates glucose transport in human platelets via the translocation of the glucose transporter GLUT-3 from alpha-granules to the cell surface J. Cell Biol. 138 1997 323 330
76. Heininger K. A unifying hypothesis of Alzheimer's disease. IV. Causation and sequence of events Rev. Neurosci. 11 2000 213 328
77. Hellmann J. Vannucci R.C. Nardis E.E. Blood-brain barrier permeability to lactic acid in the newborn dog: lactate as a cerebral metabolic fuel Pediatr. Res. 16 1982 40 44
78. Hill J.M. Lesniak M.A. Pert C.B. Roth J. Autoradiographic localization of insulin receptors in rat brain: prominence in olfactory bulbs and limbic areas Neuroscience 17 1986 1127 1138
79. Hofmann S. Pette D. Low-frequency stimulation of rat fast-twitch muscle enhances the expression of hexokinase II and both the translocation and expression of glucose transporter-4 (GLUT-4) Eur. J. Biochem. 219 1994 307 315
80. Horwitz B. Duara R. Rapoport S.I. Age differences in intercorrelations between regional cerebral metabolic rates for glucose Ann. Neurol. 19 1986 60 67
81. Horwood N. Davies D.C. Immunolabelling of hippocampal microvessel glucose transporter protein is reduced in Alzheimer's disease Virchows Arch. 425 1994 69 72
82. Hoyer S. Oxidative metabolism deficiencies in brains of patients with Alzheimer's disease Arch. Neurol. Scand. Suppl. 165 1996 18 24
83. Ibberson M. Uldry M. Thorens B. GLUTX1, a novel mammalian glucose transporter expressed in the central nervous system and insulin-sensitive tissues J. Biol. Chem. 275 2000 4607 4612
84. 2 homeostasis by hypoxia-inducible factor 1α Genes Dev. 12 1998 149 162
85. Joost H.-G. Thorens B. The extended GLUT-family of sugar/polyol transport facilitators—nomenclature, sequence characteristics, and potential function of its novel members Mol. Membr. Biol. 18 2001 247 256
86. Jung C.Y. Proteins that interact with facilitative glucose transporters: Implications for function Exp. Physiol. 83 1998 267 273
87. Kadekaro M. Summy-Long J.Y. Freeman S. Harris J.S. Terrell M.L. Eisenberg H.M. Cerebral metabolic responses and vasopressin and oxytocin secretions during progressive water deprivation in rats Am. J. Physiol. 262 1992 R310 317 [published erratum appears in Am. J. Physiol. 1992 Jun 262(6 Pt 3): section R following table of contents]
88. Kalaria R.N. Harik S.I. Reduced glucose transport at the blood-brain barrier and in cerebral cortex in Alzheimer disease J. Neurochem. 53 1989 1083 1088
89. Kan O. Baldwin S. Whetton A. Apoptosis is regulated by the rate of glucose transport in an interleukin 3-dependent cell line J. Exp. Med. 180 1994 917 923
90. Katz E.B. Stenbit A.E. Hatton K. DePinho R. Charron M.J. Cardiac and adipose tissue abnormalities but not diabetes in mice deficient in GLUT4 Nature 377 1995 151 155
91. Kemp B.E. Mitchelhill K.I. Stapleton D. Michell B.J. Chen Z.P. Witters L.A. Dealing with energy demand: the AMP-activated protein kinase Trends Biochem. Sci. 24 1999 22 25
92. Kim J.W. Ahn Y.H. CCAAT/enhancer binding protein regulates the promoter activity of the rat GLUT2 glucose transporter gene in liver cells Biochem. J. 336 1998 83 90
93. Klip A. Tsakiridis T. Marette A. Ortiz P.A. Regulation of expression of glucose transporters by glucose: a review of studies in vivo and in cell cultures FASEB J. 8 1994 43 53
94. Kobayashi M. Nikami H. Morimatsu M. Saito M. Expression and localization of insulin-regulatable glucose transporter (GLUT4) in rat brain Neurosci. Lett. 213 1996 103 106
95. Koehler-Stec E.M. Li K. Maher F. Vannucci S.J. Smith C.B. Simpson I.A. Cerebral glucose utilization and glucose transporter expression: Response to water deprivation and restoration J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab. 20 2000 192 200
96. Kohanski R.A. Frost S.C. Lane M.D. Insulin-dependent phosphorylation of the insulin receptor-protein kinase and activation of glucose transport in 3T3-L1 adipocytes J. Biol. Chem. 261 1986 12272 12281
97. Kozlovsky N. Rudich A. Potashnik R. Ebina Y. Murakami T. Bashan N. Transcriptional activation of the Glut1 gene in response to oxidative stress in L6 myotubes J. Biol. Chem. 272 1997 33367 33372
98. Kumagai A.K. Kang Y.-S. Boado R.J. Pardridge W.M. Upregulation of blood-brain barrier GLUT1 glucose transporter protein and mRNA in experimental chronic hypoglycemia Diabetes 44 1995 1399 1404
99. Laterra J.J. Stewart P.A. Goldstein G.W. Development of the blood-brain barrier Polin R.A. Fox W.W. Fetal and Neonatal Physiology 1992 W.B. Saunders Philadelphia 1525 1531
100. Lawrence M. Ho D. Dash R. Sapolsky R. Herpes simplex virus vectors overexpressing the glucose transporter gene protect against seizure-induced neuron loss Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 92 1995 7247 7251
101. Lawrence M. Sun G. Kunis T. Saydam T. Dash R. Ho D. Sapolsky R. Steinberg G. Overexpression of the glucose transporter gene with a herpes simplex viral vector protects striatal neurons against stroke J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab. 16 1996 181 185
102. Lee W.-H. Bondy C.A. Ischemic injury induces brain glucose transporter gene expression Endocrinology 133 1993 2540 2544
103. Leino R.L. Gerhart D.Z. van Bueren A.M. McCall A.L. Drewes L.R. Ultrastructural localization of GLUT1 and GLUT3 glucose transporters in rat brain J. Neurosci. Res. 49 1997 617 626
104. Leloup C. Arluison M. Kassis N. Lepetit N. Cartier N. Ferre P. Penicaud L. Discrete brain areas express the insulin-responsive glucose transporter GLUT4 Brain Res. Mol. Brain Res. 38 1996 45 53
105. Leloup C. Arluison M. Lepetit N. Cartier N. Marfaing-Jallat P. Ferre P. Penicaud L. Glucose transporter 2 (GLUT2): Expression in specific brain nuclei Brain Res. 638 1994 221 226
106. Leong S.F. Lai J.C. Lim L. Clark J.B. Energy-metabolizing enzymes in brain regions of adult and aging rats J. Neurochem. 37 1981 1548 1556
107. Lesniak M.A. Hill J.M. Kiess W. Rojeski M. Pert C.B. Roth J. Receptors for insulin-like growth factors I and II: autoradiographic localization in rat brain and comparison to receptors for insulin Endocrinology 123 1988 2089 2099
108. Lienhard G.E. Kim H.H. Ransome K.J. Gorga J.C. Immunological identification of an insulin-responsive glucose transporter Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 105 1982 1150 1156
109. Liu D. Smith C.L. Barone F.C. Ellison J.A. Lysko P.G. Li K. Simpson I.A. Astrocyte demise precedes delayed neuronal death in focal ischemic rat brain Mol. Brain Res. 68 1999 29 41
110. Long S.D. Pekala P.H. Regulation of GLUT4 gene expression by arachidonic acid J. Biol. Chem. 271 1996 1138 1144
111. Lothman E.W. Collins R.C. Kainic acid induced limbic seizures: Metabolic, behavioral, electroencephalographic and neuropathological correlates Brain Res. 218 1981 299 318
112. Maekawa F. Toyoda Y. Torii N. Miwa I. Thompson R.C. Foster D.L. Tsukahara S. Tsukamura H. Maeda K.-I. Localization of glucokinase-like immunoreactivity in the rat lower brain stem: For possible location of brain glucose-sensing mechanisms Endocrinology 141 2000 375 384
113. Maher F. Immunolocalization of GLUT1 and GLUT3 glucose transporters in primary cultured neurons and glia J. Neurosci. Res. 42 1995 459 469
114. Maher F. Davies-Hill T.M. Simpson I.A. Substrate specificity and kinetic parameters of GLUT3 in rat cerebellar granule neurons Biochem. J. 315 1996 827 831
115. Maher F. Simpson I.A. The GLUT3 glucose transporter is the predominant isoform in primary cultured neurons: assessment by biosynthetic and photoaffinity labelling Biochem. J. 301 1994 379 384
116. Maher F. Simpson I.A. Modulation of expression of glucose transporters GLUT3 and GLUT1 by potassium and N -methyl- d -aspartate in cultured cerebellar granule neurons Mol. Cell. Neurosci. 5 1994 369 375
117. Maher F. Vannucci S.J. Simpson I.A. Glucose transporter proteins in brain FASEB J. 8 1994 1003 1011
118. Maher F. Vannucci S. Takeda J. Simpson I.A. Expression of mouse-GLUT3 and human-GLUT3 glucose transporter proteins in brain Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 182 1992 703 711
119. Malide D. Davies-Hill T.M. Levine M. Simpson I.A. Distinct localization of GLUT-1, -3, and -5 in human monocyte-derived macrophages: Effects of cell activation Am. J. Physiol. 274 1998 E516 E526
120. Mata de Urquiza A. Liu S. Sjoberg M. Zetterstroem R.H. Griffiths W. Sjovall J. Perlmann T. Docosahexaenoic acid, a ligand for the retinoid X receptor in mouse brain Science 290 2000 2140 2144
121. McCall A.L. Fixman L.B. Fleming N. Tornheim K. Chick W. Ruderman N.B. Chronic hypoglycemia increases brain glucose transport Am. J. Physiol. 251 1986 E442 E447
122. McCall A.L. Millington W.R. Wurtman R.J. Metabolic fuel and amino acid transport into the brain in experimental diabetes mellitus Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 79 1982 5406 5410
123. McCall A.L. Moholt-Siebert M. Van Bueren A. Cherry N.J. Lessov N. Tiffany N. Thompson M. Downes H. Woodward W.R. Progressive hippocampal loss of immunoreactive GLUT3, the neuron-specific glucose transporter, after global forebrain ischemia in the rat Brain Res. 670 1995 29 38
124. McCall A.L. Van Bueren A.M. Moholt-Siebert M. Cherry N.J. Woodward W.R. Immunohistolocalization of the neuron specific glucose transporter (GLUT3) to neuropil in adult rat brain Brain Res. 659 1994 292 297
125. McVie-Wylie A.J. Lamson D.R. Chen Y.T. Molecular cloning of a novel member of the Glut family of transporters, slc2a10 (Glut10), localized on chromosome 20q13.1: A candidate gene for NIDDM susceptibility Genomics 72 2001 113 117
126. Moley K.H. Mueckler M.M. Glucose transport and apoptosis Apoptosis 5 2000 99 105
127. Molloy D.W. Standish T.I. Clinical experience with cerebrolysin J. Neural Trans. Suppl. 59 2000 293 300
128. Mooradian A.D. Chung H.C. Shah G.N. GLUT-1 expression in the cerebra of patients with Alzheimer's disease Neurobiol. Aging 18 1997 469 474
129. Mooradian A.D. Morin A.M. Brain uptake of glucose in diabetes mellitus: The role of glucose transporters Am. J. Med. Sci. 301 1991 173 177
130. Morgello S. Uson R.R. Schwartz E.J. Haber R.S. The human blood-brain barrier glucose transporter (GLUT1) is a glucose transporter of gray matter astrocytes Glia 14 1995 43 54
131. Mu J. Brozinick J.T. Jr. Valladares O. Bucan M. Birnbaum M.J. A role for AMP-activated protein kinase in contraction- and hypoxia-regulated glucose transport in skeletal muscle Mol. Cell 7 2001 1085 1094
132. Mueckler M. Family of glucose-transporter genes. Implications for glucose homeostasis and diabetes Diabetes 39 1990 6 11
133. Mueckler M. Caruso C. Baldwin S.A. Panico M. Blench I. Morris H.R. Allard W.J. Lienhard G.E. Lodish H.F. Sequence and structure of a human glucose transporter Science 229 1985 941 945
134. Murata K. Mitsuoka K. Hirai T. Walz T. Agre P. Heymann J.B. Engel A. Fujiyoshi Y. Structural determinants of water permeation through aquaporin-1 Nature 407 2000 599 605
135. Nagamatsu S. Sawa H. Kamada K. Nakamichi Y. Yoshimoto K. Hoshino T. Neuron-specific glucose transporter (NSGT): CNS distribution of GLUT3 rat glucose transporter (RGT3) in rat central neurons FEBS Lett. 334 1993 289 295
136. Nehlig A. Boyet S. Pereira de Vasconcelos A. Autoradiographic measurement of local cerebral β-hydroxybutyrate uptake in the rat during postnatal development Neuroscience 40 1991 871 878
137. Nishimura H. Simpson I.A. Staurosporine inhibits phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate- and insulin-stimulated translocation of GLUT1 and GLUT4 glucose transporters in rat adipose cells Biochem. J. 302 1994 227 271
138. Nualart F. Godoy A. Reinicke K. Expression of hexose transporters GLUT1 and GLUT2 during the early development of the human brain Brain Res. 824 1999 97 104
139. Ogawa M. Fukuyama H. Ouchi Y. Yamauchi H. Kimura J. Altered energy metabolism in Alzheimer's disease J. Neurol. Sci. 139 1996 78 82
140. Pantaleon M. Harvey M.B. Pascoe W.S. James D.E. Kaye P.L. Glucose transporter GLUT3: ontogeny, targeting, and role in the mouse blastocyst Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 94 1997 3795 3800
141. Pardridge W.M. Triguero D. Farrell C.R. Downregulation of blood-brain barrier glucose transporter in experimental diabetes Diabetes 39 1990 1040 1044
142. Patel M.S. Age-dependent changes in the oxidative metabolism in rat brain J. Gerontol. 32 1977 643 646
143. Payne J. Maher F. Simpson I. Mattice L. Davies P. Glucose transporter Glut5 expression in microglial cells Glia 21 1997 327 331
144. Pelligrino D.A. Segil L.J. Albrecht R.F. Brain glucose utilization and transport and cortical function in chronic vs. acute hypoglycemia Am. J. Physiol. 259 1990 E729 E735
145. Phay J.E. Hussain H.B. Moley J.F. Cloning and expression analysis of a novel member of the facilitative glucose transporter family Genomics 66 2000 217 220
146. Ploug T. Stallknecht B. Pedersen O. Kahn B.B. Ohkuwa T. Vinten J. Galbo H. Effect of endurance training on glucose transport capacity and glucose transporter expression in rat skeletal muscle Am. J. Physiol. 259 1990 E778 E786
147. Pouliot J.-F. Beliveau R. Palmitoylation of the glucose transporter in blood-brain barrier capillaries Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1234 1995 191 196
148. Rajakumar R.A. Thamotharan S. Menon R.K. Devaskar S.U. Sp1 and Sp3 regulate transcriptional activity of the facilitative glucose transporter isoform-3 in mammalian neuroblasts and trophoblasts J. Biol. Chem. 273 1998 27474 27483
149. Rayner D.V. Thomas M.E. Trayhurn P. Glucose transporters (GLUTs 1–4) and their mRNAs in regions of the rat brain: Insulin-sensitive transporter expression in the cerebellum Can. J. Physiol. Pharmacol. 72 1994 476 479
150. Reagan L.P. Gorovits N. Hoskin E.K. Alves S.E. Katz E.B. Grillo C.A. Piroli G.G. McEwen B.S. Charron M.J. Localization and regulation of GLUTx1 glucose transporter in the hippocampus of streptozotocin diabetic rats Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 98 2001 2820 2825
151. Reagan L.P. Magarinos A.M. Lucas L.R. Van Bueren A. McCall A.L. McEwen B.S. Regulation of GLUT-3 glucose transporter in the hippocampus of diabetic rats subjected to stress Am. J. Physiol. 276 1999 E879 E886
152. Reagan L.P. Magarinos A.M. Yee D.K. Swzeda L.I. Van Bueren A. McCall A.L. McEwen B.S. Oxidative stress and HNE conjugation of GLUT3 are increased in the hippocampus of diabetic rats subjected to stress Brain Res. 862 2000 292 300
153. Rebec G.V. Pierce R.C. A vitamin as neuromodulator: ascorbate release into the extracellular fluid of the brain regulates dopaminergic and glutamatergic transmission Prog. Neurobiol. 43 1994 537 565
154. Royer C. Lachuer J. Crouzoulon G. Roux J.-C. Peyronnet J. Mamet J. Pequignot J.-M. Dalmaz Y. Effects of gestational hypoxia on mRNA levels of Glut3 and Glut4 transporters, hypoxia inducible factor-1 and thyroid hormone receptors in developing rat brain Brain Res. 856 2000 119 128
155. Rumsey S.C. Kwon O. Xu G.W. Burant C.F. Simpson I. Levine M. Glucose transporter isoforms GLUT1 and GLUT3 transport dehydroascorbic acid J. Biol. Chem. 272 1997 18982 18989
156. Semenza G.L. Jiang B.H. Leung S.W. Passantino R. Concordet J.P. Maire P. Giallongo A. Hypoxia response elements in the aldolase A, enolase 1, and lactate dehydrogenase A gene promoters contain essential binding sites for hypoxia-inducible factor 1 J. Biol. Chem. 271 1996 32529 32537
157. Semenza G.L. Wang G.L. A nuclear factor induced by hypoxia via de novo protein synthesis binds to the human erythropoietin gene enhancer at a site required for transcriptional activation Mol. Cell. Biol. 12 1992 5447 5454
158. Shepherd P.R. Gibbs E.M. Wesslau C. Gould G.W. Kahn B.B. Human small intestine facilitative fructose/glucose transporter (GLUT5) is also present in insulin-responsive tissues and brain Diabetes 41 1992 1360 1365
159. Shi J. Zhang Y.Q. Simpkins J.W. Effects of 17 β-estradiol on glucose transporter 1 expression and endothelial cell survival following focal ischemia in the rats Exp. Brain Res. 117 1997 200 206
160. Simpson I.A. Chundu K. Davies-Hill T. Honer W.G. Davies P. Decreased concentrations of GLUT1 and GLUT3 glucose transporters in the brains of patients with Alzheimer's disease Ann. Neurol. 35 1994 546 551
161. Simpson I.A. Appel N.M. Hokari M. Oki J. Holman G.D. Maher F. Koehler-Stec E.M. Vannucci S.J. Smith Q.R. Blood-brain barrier glucose transporter: Effects of hypo-and hyperglycemia revisited J. Neurochem. 72 1999 238 247
162. Sivitz W. DeSautel S. Walker P.S. Pessin J.E. Regulation of the glucose transporter in developing rat brain Endocrinology 124 1989 1875 1880
163. Smith D.E. Gridley T. Differential screening of a PCR-generated mouse embryo cDNA library: Glucose transporters are differentially expressed in early postimplantation mouse embryos Development 116 1992 555 561
164. Sokoloff L. Circulation and energy metabolism in the brain Siegel G.J. Albers R.W. Katzman R. Agranoff B.W. Basic Neurochemistry 1976 Little, Brown and Company Boston 388 413
165. Sorbara L.R. Davies-Hill T.M. Koehler-Stec E.M. Vannucci S.J. Horne M.K. Simpson I.A. Thrombin-induced translocation of GLUT3 glucose transporters in human platelets Biochem. J. 328 1997 511 516
166. Stanley C.A. Anday E.K. Baker L. Delivoria-Papadopolous M. Metabolic fuel and hormone responses to fasting in newborn infants Pediatrics 64 1979 613 619
167. Stylianopoulou F. Efstratiadis A. Herbert J. Pintar J. Pattern of the insulin-like growth factor II gene expression during rat embryogenesis Development 103 1988 497 506
168. Sweet I.R. Matschinsky F.M. Are there kinetic advantages of GLUT2 in pancreatic glucose sensing? Diabetologia 40 1997 112 119
169. Takao Y. Akazawa S. Matsumoto K. Takino H. Akazawa M. Trocino R.A. Maeda Y. Okuno S. Kawasaki E. Uotani S. Yokota A. Nagataki S. Glucose transporter gene expression in rat conceptus during high glucose culture Diabetologia 36 1993 696 706
170. Tanimura T. Shepard T.H. Glucose metabolism by rat embryos in vitro Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 135 1970 51 54
171. Torres-Aleman I. Pons S. Arevalo M.A. The insulin-like growth factor I system in the rat cerebellum: developmental regulation and role in neuronal survival and differentiation J. Neurosci. Res. 39 1994 117 126
172. Urabe T. Hattori N. Nagamatsu S. Sawa H. Mizuno Y. Expression of glucose transporters in rat brain following transient focal ischemic injury J. Neurochem. 67 1996 265 271
173. Vannucci S.J. Developmental expression of GLUT1 and GLUT3 glucose transporters in rat brain J. Neurochem. 62 1994 240 246
174. Vannucci R.C. Brucklacher R.M. Vannucci S.J. The effect of hyperglycemia on cerebral metabolism during hypoxia-ischemia in the immature rat J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab. 16 1996 1026 1033
175. Vannucci S.J. Clark R.R. Koehler-Stec E. Li K. Smith C.B. Davies P. Maher F. Simpson I.A. Glucose transporter expression brain: Relationship to cerebral glucose utilization Dev. Neurosci. 20 1998 369 379
176. Vannucci S.J. Gibbs E.M. Simpson I.A. Glucose utilization and glucose transporter proteins GLUT-1 and GLUT-3 in brains of diabetic (db/db) mice Am. J. Physiol. 272 1997 E267 E274
177. Vannucci S.J. Koehler-Stec E.M. Li K. Reynolds T.H. Clark R. Simpson I.A. GLUT4 glucose transporter expression in rodent brain: effect of diabetes Brain Res. 797 1998 1 11
178. Vannucci S.J. Maher F. Simpson I.A. Glucose transporter protein in brain: delivery of glucose to neurons and glia Glia 21 1997 2 21
179. Vannucci S.J. Maher F. Koehler E. Simpson I.A. Altered expression of GLUT-1 and GLUT-3 glucose transporters in neurohypophysis of water-deprived or diabetic rats Am. J. Physiol. 267 1994 E605 E611
180. Vannucci S.J. Reinhart R. Maher F. Bondy C.A. Lee W.H. Vannucci R.C. Simpson I.A. Alterations in GLUT1 and GLUT3 glucose transporter gene expression following unilateral hypoxia-ischemia in the immature rat brain Brain Res. Dev. Brain Res. 107 1998 255 264
181. Vannucci S.J. Rutherford T. Wilkie M.B. Simpson I.A. Lauder J.M. Prenatal expression of the GLUT4 glucose transporter in the mouse Dev. Neurosci. 22 2000 274 282
182. Vannucci R.C. Vannucci S.J. Glucose, acidosis, and the developing brain Donn S.M. Chiswick M.L. Birth Asphyxia and the Brain: Basic Science and Clinical Implications 2002 Futura Publishing Co. Armonk, New York 89 119
183. Vera J.C. Rivas C.I. Fischbarg J. Golde D.W. Mammalian facilitative hexose transporters mediate the transport of dehydroascorbic acid Nature 364 1993 79 82
184. Verhey K.J. Birnbaum M.J. A leu-leu sequence is essential for COOH-terminal targeting signal of GLUT4 glucose transporter in fibroblasts J. Biol. Chem. 269 1994 2353 2356
185. Vicario C. Medina J. Metabolism of lactate in the rat brain during the early neonatal period J. Neurochem. 59 1992 32 40
186. Vorbrodt A.W. Dobrogowska D.H. Meeker H.C. Carp R.I. Immunogold study of regional differences in the distribution of glucose transporter (GLUT-1) in mouse brain associated with physiological and accelerated aging and scrapie infection J. Neurocytol. 28 1999 711 719
187. Walker P.S. Donovan J.A. Van Ness B.G. Fellows R.E. Pessin J.E. Glucose-dependent regulation of glucose transport activity, protein, and mRNA in primary cultures of rat brain glial cells J. Biol. Chem. 263 1988 15594 15601
188. Werner H. Raizada M.K. Mudd L.M. Foyt H.L. Simpson I.A. Roberts C.T. Jr. LeRoith D. Regulation of rat brain/HepG2 glucose transporter gene expression by insulin and insulin-like growth factor-I in primary cultures of neuronal and glial cells Endocrinology 125 1989 314 320
189. Wertheimer E. Sasson S. Cerasi E. Ben-Neriah Y. The ubiquitous glucose transporter GLUT-1 belongs to the glucose-regulated protein family of stress-inducible proteins Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 88 1991 2525 2529
190. Wheeler T.J. Simpson I.A. Sogin D.C. Hinkle P.C. Cushman S.W. Detection of the rat adipose cell glucose transporter with antibody against the human red cell glucose transporter Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 105 1982 89 95
191. Williams K.A. Three-dimensional structure of the ion-coupled transport protein NhaA Nature 403 2000 112 115
192. Windisch M. Approach towards an integrative drug treatment of Alzheimer's disease J. Neural Trans. Suppl. 59 2000 301 313
193. Yano H. Seino Y. Inagaki N. Hinokio Y. Yamamoto T. Yasuda K. Masuda K. Someya Y. Imura H. Tissue distribution and species difference of the brain type glucose transporter (GLUT3) Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 174 1991 470 477
194. Zeller K. Duelli R. Vogel J. Schroek H. Kuschinsky W. Autoradiographic analysis of the regional distribution of Glut3 glucose transporters in the rat brain Brain Res. 698 1995 175 179
195. Zeller K. Rahner-Welsch S. Kuschinsky W. Distribution of Glut1 glucose transporters in different brain structures compared to glucose utilization and capillary density of adult rat brains J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab. 17 1997 204 209
196. Zeng H. Parthasarathy R. Rampal A.L. Jung C.Y. Proposed structure of putative glucose channel in GLUT1 facilitative glucose transporter Biophys. J. 70 1996 14 21
197. Zhang J.-Z. Behrooz A. Ismail-Beigi F. Regulation of glucose transport by hypoxia Am. J. Kidney Dis. 34 1999 189 202
198. Zuniga F.A. Shi G. Haller J.F. Rubashkin A. Flynn D.R. Iserovich P. Fischbarg J. A three-dimensional model of the human facilitative glucose transporter GLUT1 J. Biol. Chem. 276 2001 44970 44975