Cytokines and autoimmunity

Nature Reviews Immunology

Volumn 2, Issue 1, 2002, Pages 37-45

  O'Shea, John J ^a   Ma, Averil ^b   Lipsky, Peter ^a  

^a NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF DIABETES AND DIGESTIVE AND KIDNEY DISEASES   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CYTOKINE; INTERFERON; INTERLEUKIN 2; TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR; AUTACOID; IMMUNOSUPPRESSIVE AGENT; TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR ALPHA;

ACTIVATION INDUCED CELL DEATH; AUTOIMMUNE DISEASE; AUTOIMMUNITY; AUTOSOMAL DOMINANT DISORDER; BLAU SYNDROME; CELL DEATH; CELL DIFFERENTIATION; CELL MATURATION; CROHN DISEASE; CYTOKINE PRODUCTION; HUMAN; IMMUNE DEFICIENCY; IMMUNE RESPONSE; IMMUNITY; IMMUNOCOMPETENT CELL; IMMUNOLOGICAL TOLERANCE; IMMUNOSTIMULATION; INFLAMMATION; LYMPHADENOPATHY; NONHUMAN; PERIPHERAL TOLERANCE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REGULATORY MECHANISM; REVIEW; T LYMPHOCYTE; ANIMAL; APOPTOSIS; BIOLOGICAL MODEL; CYTOLOGY; IMMUNOLOGY;

ANIMALS; APOPTOSIS; AUTOIMMUNE DISEASES; AUTOIMMUNITY; CYTOKINES; HUMANS; IMMUNOSUPPRESSIVE AGENTS; INFLAMMATION MEDIATORS; INTERFERONS; INTERLEUKIN-2; MODELS, IMMUNOLOGICAL; T-LYMPHOCYTES; TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR-ALPHA;

EID: 0036359580     PISSN: 14741733     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1038/nri702     Document Type: Review

References (47)

1. Davidson, A. & Diamond, B. Autoimmune diseases. N. Engl. J. Med. 345, 340-350 (2001).
2. Marrack, P., Kappler, J. & Kotzin, B. L. Autoimmune disease: why and where it occurs. Nature Med. 7, 899-905 (2001).
3. Falcone, M. & Sarvetnick, N. Cytokines that regulate autoimmune responses. Curr. Opin. Immunol. 11, 670-676 (1999).
4. Ioannou, Y. & Isenberg, D. A. Current evidence for the induction of autoimmune rheumatic manifestations by cytokine therapy. Arthritis Rheum. 43,1431-1442 (2000).
5. Glimcher, L. H. & Murphy, K. M. Lineage commitment in the immune system: the T helper lymphocyte grows up, Genes Dev. 14, 1693-1711 (2000).
6. Gadina, M. et al. Signaling by type I and II cytokine receptors: ten years after. Curr. Opin. Immunol. 13, 363-373 (2001).
7. Rozzo, S. J. et al. Evidence for an interferon-inducible gene, lfi202, in the susceptibility to systemic lupus. Immunity 15, 435-443 (2001). A very recent and exciting development in the field of autoimmunity. Extensive efforts to map genes associated with autoimmune disease are beginning to pay off, but raise new mechanistic questions.
8. Morahan, G. et al. Linkage disequilibrium of a type I diabetes susceptibility locus with a regulatory IL 12B allele. Nature Genet. 27, 218-221 (2001).
9. Akira, S. Roles of STAT3 defined by tissue-specific gene targeting. Oncogene 19, 2607-2611 (2000).
10. Stene, L. C. & Nafstad, P. Relation between occurrence of type 1 diabetes and asthma. Lancet 375, 607-608 (2001).
11. Horak, I., Lohler, J., Ma, A. & Smith, K. A. Inteleukin-2 deficient mice: a new model to study autoimmunity and self-tolerance. Immunol. Rev. 148, 35-44 (1995).
12. Refaeli, Y., Van, R. L. & Abbas, A. L. Genetic models of abnormal apoptosis in lymphocytes. Immunol. Rev. 169, 273-282 (1999). An excellent review that includes detailed discussion of how IL-2 can promote apoptosis.
13. Lenardo, M. J. Interleukin-2 programs mouse αβ T lymphocytes for apoptosis. Nature 353, 856-861 (1991). A landmark paper demonstrating the counterintuitive effects of IL-2.
14. Bleesing, J. J., Straus, S. E. & Fleisher, T. A. Autoimmune lymphoproliferative syndrome. A human disorder of abnormal lymphocyte survival. Pediatr. Clin. North. Am. 47, 1291-1310 (2000).
15. Refaeli, Y., Van Padjs, L., London, C. A., Tschopp, J. & Abbas, A. K. Biochemical mechanisms of IL-2-regulated Fas-mediated T cell apoptosis. Immunity 8, 615-623 (1998).
16. Van Panjs, L. et al. Uncoupling IL-2 signals that regulate T cell proliferation, survival, and Fas-mediated activation-induced cell death. Immunity 11, 281-288 (1999).
17. + regulatory by a founder of the field.
18. Shevach, E. M. Suppressor T cells: rebirth, function and homeostasis, Curr. Biol. 10, R572-R575 (2000).
19. + T cells: evidence for two distinct regulatory mechanisms. Eur. J. Immunol. 6, 1637-1644 (2001).
20. Suzuki, H., Zhou, Y. W., Kato, M., Mak, T. W. & Nakashima, I. Normal regulatory α/β T cells effectively eliminate abnormally activated T cells lacking the Inteleukin 2 receptor β in vivo. J. Exp. Med. 190, 1561-1572 (1999).
21. Oosterwegel, M. A., Greenwald, R. J., Mandelbrot, D. A., Lorsbach, R. B. & Sharpe, A. H. CTLA-4 and T cell activation. Curr. Opin. Immunol. 11, 294-300 (1999).
22. H2 cell differentiation by stimulation of CD28: regulation via IL-4 gene expression and mitogen-activated protein kinase activation. J. Immunol. 166, 4283-4292 (2001).
23. Hugot, J. P. et al. Association of NOD2 leucine-rich repeat variants with susceptibility to Crohn's disease. Nature 411, 599-603 (2001).
24. Ogura, Y. et al. A frameshift mutation in NOD2 associated with susceptibility to Crohn's disease. Nature 411, 603-4506 (2001).
25. Miceli-Richard, C. et al. CARD15 mutations in Blau syndrome. Nature Genet. 29, 19-20 (2001). References 23-25 are breakthroughs in the identification of a gene associated with a relatively common human autoimmune disease, Crohn's disease. Curiously, mutations of the same gene can also be associated with a very different autoimmune disease with distinct pathological features. But what, if any, is the connection with the colitis observed in IL-2 deficient mice?
26. Kollias, G., Douni, E., Kassiotis, G. & Kontoyiannis, D. The function of tumour necrosis factor and receptors in models of multi-organ inflammation, rheumatoid arthritis, multiple sclerosis and inflammatory bowel disease. Annu. Rheum. Dis. 58 (Suppl 1), 132-139 (1999).
27. Owens, T., Wekerle, H. & Antel, J. Genetic models for CNS inflammation. Nature Med. 7, 161-166 (2001).
28. Campbell, I. K., O'Donnell, K., Lawlor, K. E. & Wicks, I. P. Severe inflammatory arthritis and lymphadenopathy in the absence of TNF. J. Clin. Invest. 107, 1519-1527 (2001). A provocative recent study using a model of arthritis in which TNF-dependent pathology is a prominent feature, which shows that inflammation and, interestingly, adenopathy occurred in the absence of TNF.
29. Green, E. A. & Flavell, R. A. The initiation of autoimmune diabetes. Curr. Opin. Immunol. 11, 663-669 (1999).
30. Green, E. A. & Flavell, R. A. The temporal importance of TNFα expression in the development of diabetes. Immunity 12, 459-469 (2000).
31. Christen, U. et al. A dual role for TNF-α in type 1 diabetes: islet-specific expression abrogates the ongoing autoimmune process when induced late but not early during pathogenesis. J. Immunol. 166, 7023-7032 (2001). References 30 and 31 are vivid examples that the timing and duration of exposure to TNF might make a big difference.
32. Cope, A. P. Regulation of autoimmunity by proinflammatory cytokines. Curr. Opin. Immunol. 10, 669-676 (1998).
33. Lauer, G. M. & Walker, B. D. Hepatitis C virus infection. N. Engl. J. Med. 345, 41-52 (2001).
34. Holland, S. M. Immunotherapy of mycobacterial infections. Semin. Respir. Infect. 16, 47-59 (2001).
35. Karp, C. L., van Boxel-Dezaire, A. H., Byrnes, A. A. & Nagelkerken, L. Interferon-β in multiple sclerosis: altering the balance of interleukin-12 and interleukin-10? Curr. Opin. Neurol. 14, 361-368 (2001).
36. H1 responses: enigmas both resolved and emerge. Nature Immunol. 1, 17-19 (2000).
37. Biron, C. A. Interferons α and β as immune regulators - a new look. Immunity 14, 661-664 (2001).
38. Levings, M. K. IFN-α and IL-10 induce the differentiation of human type 1 T regulatory cells. J. Immunol. 166, 5530-5539 (2001).
39. Ughvani, A. A. et al. T-bet is rapidly induced by interferon-γ in lymphoid and myeloid cells. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA (in the press).
40. + myelopoiesis induced by CFA: a clue to the paradoxical effects of IFN-γ in autoimmune disease models. Trends Immunol. 22, 367-371 (2001).
41. Roifman, C. M. Human IL-2 receptor α chain deficiency. Pediatr. Res. 48, 6-11 (2000).
42. Grunebaum, E., Zhang, J., Dadi, H. & Roifman, C. M. Haemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis in X-linked severe combined immunodeficiency. Br. J. Haematol. 108, 834-837 (2000).
43. Frucht, D. M. et al. Unexpected and variable phenotypes in a family with JAK3 deficiency. Genes Immun. (in the press).
44. Moriggl, R. et al. Stat5 is required for IL-2-induced cell cycle progression of peripheral T cells. Immunity 10, 249-259 (1999).
45. Crispin, J. C. & Alcocer-Varela, J. Inteleukin-2 and systemic lupus erythematosus - fifteen years later. Lupus 7, 214-222 (1998).
46. Podolin, P. L. et al. Differential glycosylation of interleukin 2, the molecular basis for the NOD Idd3 type 1 diabetes gene? Cytokine 12, 477-482 (2000).
47. Todd, J. A. & Wicker, L. S. Genetic protection from the inflammatory disease type I diabetes in humans and animal models. Immunity 15, 387-395 (2001).