Biology of Treponema pallidum: Correlation of functional activities with genome sequence data

Journal of Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology

Volumn 3, Issue 1, 2001, Pages 37-62

  Norris, S J ^a   Cox, D L ^a   Weinstock, G M ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

BACTERIUM LIPOPOLYSACCHARIDE; CEFETAMET; CEFTAZIDIME; CEFTERAM; CEFTRIAXONE; CEPHALOSPORIN DERIVATIVE; CIPROFLOXACIN; CITRIC ACID; CLINAFLOXACIN; DIFLOXACIN; ERYTHROMYCIN; NORFLOXACIN; OXYGEN; PEFLOXACIN; PENICILLIN G; QUINOLONE DERIVATIVE; SPECTINOMYCIN; TEMAFLOXACIN; TETRACYCLINE;

ADAPTATION; ANTIBIOTIC SENSITIVITY; BACTERIAL GENE; BACTERIAL GROWTH; BACTERIUM CULTURE; BIOSYNTHESIS; CELL SURVIVAL; CITRIC ACID CYCLE; DRUG SCREENING; EXPERIMENTAL MODEL; GENE SEQUENCE; HUMAN; METABOLIC CAPACITY; MOLECULAR BIOLOGY; MOLECULAR INTERACTION; NONHUMAN; OXYGEN CONSUMPTION; PATHOGENESIS; REVIEW; SEQUENCE ANALYSIS; SPIROCHETE; SYPHILIS; TREPONEMA PALLIDUM;

ANIMALS; GENOME, BACTERIAL; HUMANS; TREPONEMA PALLIDUM;

BACTERIA (MICROORGANISMS); MAMMALIA; PROTOZOA; SPIROCHAETALES; TREPONEMA; TREPONEMA PALLIDUM; TREPONEMA PALLIDUM SUBSP. PALLIDUM;

EID: 0035132533     PISSN: 14641801     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Review

References (275)

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48. Analysis of sheath and core structures of the axial filament of Treponema pallidum
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51. Metabolic activities
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53. Effects of molecular oxygen, oxidation-reduction potential, and antioxidants upon in vitro replication of Treponema pallidum subsp. pallidum
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60. Five-parameter fluorescence imaging: Wound healing of living Swiss 3T3 cells
61. Physicochemical evidence that Treponema pallidum TroA is a zinc- containing metalloprotein that lacks porin-like structure
62. Characterization of the cytoplasmic fibrils of Treponema refringens (Nichols)
63. Nutrition of leptospires in bovine albumin polysorbate medium
64. Native surface association of a recombinant 38-kilodalton Treponema pallidum antigen isolated from the Escherichia coli outer membrane
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70. Further studies on replication of virulent Treponema pallidum in tissue cultures of Sf1Ep cells
71. Genetics
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76. Further observations on the interaction of Treponema pallidum (Nichols strain) with cultured mammalian cells: Effects of oxygen, reducing agents, serum supplements, and other cell types
77. Surface mucopolysaccharides of Treponema pallidum
78. Mucopolysaccharidase of Treponema pallidum
79. Relationship of Treponema pallidum to acidic mucopolysaccharides
80. Sulfhydryl oxidation using procedures and experimental conditions commonly used for Treponema pallidum
81. Morphological destruction of cultured cells by the attachment of Treponema pallidum
82. Further evidence for hyaluronidase activity of Treponema pallidum
83. Attachment of Treponema pallidum to fibronectin, laminin, collagen IV, and collagen I, and blockage of attachment by immune rabbit IgG
84. Binding of glycosaminoglycans to the surface of Treponema pallidum and subsequent effects on complement interactions between antigen and antibody
85. Interactions of fibronectin with Treponema pallidum
86. The hyaluronidase associated with Treponema pallidum facilitates Treponemal dissemination
87. Genomic sequence of a Lyme disease spirochaete, Borrelia burgdorferi
88. Complete genome sequence of Treponema pallidum, the syphilis spirochete
89. Complementation of an Escherichia coli proC mutation by a gene cloned from Treponema pallidum
90. Status of mitochondria in living human fibroblasts during growth and sinescence in vitro: Use of the laser dye rhodamine 123
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95. Characterization, cloning, and binding properties of the major 53-kilodalton Treponema denticola surface antigen
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97. Humoral immune response in human syphilis to polypeptides of Treponema pallidum
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99. Identification and transcriptional analysis of a Treponema pallidum operon encoding a putative ABC transport system, an iron-activated repressor protein homolog, and a glycolytic pathway enzyme homolog
100. Lack of endotoxin in Borrelia hispanica and Treponema pallidum
101. Parasitism by virulent Treponema pallidum of host cell surfaces
102. Functions of two types of NADH oxidases in energy metabolism and oxidative stress of Streptococcus mutans
103. The role of temperature in experimental Treponemal infections
104. Treponematosis from pinta to venereal syphilis revisited: Hypothesis for temperature determination of disease patterns
105. Electron microscopy of treponemes subjected to the Treponema pallidum immobilization (TPI) test
106. Electron microscopy of endoflagella and microtubules in Treponema Reiter
107. Further observations on the ultra-structure of Treponema pallidum Nichols
108. Bacterial diversity based on type II DNA topoisomerase genes
109. Molecular cloning and DNA sequence analysis of the 37-kilodalton endoflagellar sheath protein gene of Treponema pallidum
110. Expression in Escherichia coli of the 37-kilodalton endoflagellar sheath protein of Treponema pallidum by use of the polymerase chain reaction and a T7 expression system
111. Genetic and structural analyses of cytoplasmic filaments of wild-type Treponema phagedenis and a flagellar filament-deficient mutant
112. In vitro cultivation of Treponema pallidum
113. Monitoring of relative mitochondrial membrane potential in living cells by fluorescence microscopy
114. Composition
115. Neelaredoxin, an iron-binding protein from the syphilis spirochete, Treponema pallidum, is a superoxide reductase
116. Concerning the cultivation of Spirochaeta pallida
117. A note on the cultivation of Treponema pallidum with the preservation of virulence
118. Enhancement of survival in vitro of Treponema pallidum by addition of glucose and magnesium
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120. Motility of Lyme disease spirochetes in fluids as viscous as the extracellular matrix
121. Abrogation of genetically controlled resistance of mice to Treponema pallidum by irradiation
122. Antioxidant activity of carnosine, homocarnosine, and anserine present in muscle and brain
123. The adhesion-associated sca operon in Streptococcus gordonii encodes an inducible high-affinity ABC transporter for Mn2+ uptake
124. Electron microscopy of Treponema pallidum (Nichols) cultivated in tissue cultures of Sf1Ep cells
125. Organization of the bacterial chromosome
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127. Serial ultrathin sectioning demonstrating the intracellularity of T. pallidum
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129. Confirmation of the successful cultivation of Treponema pallidum in tissue culture
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131. Genetic and biochemical analysis of the flagellar hook of Treponema phagedenis
132. Insertional inactivation of Treponema denticola tap1 results in a nonmotile mutant with elongated flagellar hooks
133. Superoxide reductase as a unique defense system against superoxide stress in the microaerophile Treponema pallidum
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135. Efficacy of aztreonam in treatment of experimental syphilis in rabbits
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137. Efficacy of azithromycin for therapy of active syphilis in the rabbit model
138. Terminal electron transport in Treponema pallidum
139. Respiration and oxidative phosphorylation in Treponema pallidum
140. The minimal infectious inoculum of Spirochaeta pallida (Nichols strain), and a consideration of its rate of multiplication in vivo
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142. Inoculation syphilis in human volunteers
143. Isolation and characterization of cytoplasmic fibrils from treponemes
144. The immunoprotective niche - A new pathogenic mechanism for syphilis, the systemic mycoses and other infectious diseases
145. Etudes expérimentales sur la syphilis
146. Influence of lysozyme upon reactivity of Treponema pallidum in the fluorescent antibody reaction
147. Studies on immunity in experimental syphilis. II. Treponema pallidum Immobilization (TPI) antibody and the immune response
148. Syphilis
149. Heat shock response
150. Factors affecting the survival of Treponema pallidum in vitro
151. Factors affecting the survival of Treponema pallidum in vitro
152. Studies on Treponemal immobilizing antibodies in syphilis. I. Techniques of measurement and factors influencing immobilization
153. Immobilization of Treponema pallidum in vitro by antibody produced by syphilitic infection
154. Demonstration of Spirochaeta pallida in the cerebrospinal fluid from a patient with nervous relapse following the use of salvarsan
155. Carbon sources utilized by virulent Treponema pallidum
156. Ribosomal ribonucleic acid synthesis by virulent Treponema pallidum
157. A flavoprotein functional as NADH oxidase from Amphibacillus xylanus Ep01: Purification and characterization of the enzyme and structural analysis its gene
158. Amphibacillus xylanus NADH oxidase and Salmonella typhimurium alkyl- hydroperoxide reductase flavoprotein components show extremely high scavenging activity for both alkyl hydroperoxide and hydrogen peroxide in the presence of S. typhimurium alkyl-hydroperoxide reductase 22-kDa protein component
159. Reaction mechanism of Amphibacillus xylanus NADH oxidase/alkyl hydroperoxide reductase flavoprotein
160. A new attempt to distinguish serologically the subspecies of Treponema pallidum causing syphilis and yaws
161. Polymerase chain reaction and synthetic DNA probes - A means of distinguishing the causative agents of syphilis and yaws?
162. Influence of oxygen tension, sulfhydryl compounds, and serum on the motility and virulence of Treponema pallidum (Nichols strain) in a cell- free system
163. Long-term incorporation of triatiated adenine into deoxyribonucleic acid and ribonucleic acid by Treponema pallidum (Nichols strain)
164. In vitro cultivation of Treponema pallidum: Independent confirmation
165. Serum requirement for the multiplication of Treponema pallidum in a tissue-culture system: Association of growth-promoting activity with the protein fraction
166. Factors affecting the multiplication and subculture of Treponema pallidum subsp. pallidum in a tissue culture system
167. Syphilis
168. Antigenic relatedness and N-terminal sequence homology define two classes of periplasmic flagellar proteins of Treponema pallidum subsp, pallidum and Treponema phagedenis
169. In vitro culture system to determine MICs and MBCs of antimicrobial agents against Treponema pallidum subsp. pallidum (Nichols strain)
170. Treponema pallidum subsp. pallidum (Nichols) lacks a demonstrable heat shock response
171. Polypeptides of Treponema pallidum: Progress toward understanding their structural, functional, and immunologic roles
172. Illuminating the agent of syphilis: The Treponema pallidum genome project
173. The genome sequence of Treponema pallidum, the syphilis spirochete: Will clinicians benefit?
174. Electrophysiological dysfunction and cellular disruption of sensory neurones during incubation with Treponema pallidum
175. Cloning and sequencing of a Treponema pallidum gene encoding a 31.3-kilodalton endoflagellar subunit (FlaB2)
176. Involvement of perplasmic fibrils in motility of spirochetes
177. Phylogenetic analysis of spirochetes
178. Cell-mediated immunity during syphilis
179. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for detection of immunoglobulin M antibody against the Reiter treponeme flagellum in syphilis
180. Serodiagnosis of syphilis by and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for IgG antibodies against the Reiter treponeme flagellum
181. Avoidance of host defenses by Treponema pallidum in situ and on extraction from infected rabbit testes
182. The outer membrane of Treponema pallidum: Biological significance and biochemical properties
183. The axial filament antigen of Treponema pallidum
184. The cultivation of Treponema pallidum in tissue culture
185. Molecular cloning of Treponema pallidum envelope fibronectin binding proteins, P1 and P2
186. Treponema pallidum receptor binding proteins interact with fibronectin
187. Molecular subtyping of Treponema pallidum subspecies pallidum
188. 2-forming NADH oxidase is an alkyl hydroperoxide reductase protein
189. Lack of a role of iron in the Lyme disease spirochete
190. Characterization of a manganese-dependent regulatory protein, TroR, from Treponema pallidum
191. Lipid modification of the 15 kiloDalton major membrane immunogen of Treponema pallidum
192. Interaction of Treponema pallidum with isolated rabbit capillary tissues
193. The surface of virulent Treponema pallidum: Resistance to antibody binding in the absence of complement and surface association of recombinant antigen 4D
194. Pathogen specificity of Treponema pallidum subsp. pallidum integral membrane proteins identified by phase partitioning with Triton X-114
195. Penicillin-binding proteins and peptidoglycan of Treponema pallidum subsp. pallidum
196. Outer membrane ultrastructure explains the limited antigenicity of virulent Treponema pallidum
197. Role of outer membrane architecture in immune evasion by Treponema pallidum and Borrelia burgdorferi
198. Treponema pallidum and the quest for outer membrane proteins
199. Characterization of outer membranes isolated from Treponema pallidum, the syphilis spirochete
200. Treponema pallidum: Doing a remarkable job with what it's got
201. Biopharmacology of syphilotherapy
202. The isolation from beef serum of a survival factor for Treponema pallidum
203. Tissue fluid penetration and anti-Treponemal activity of trospectomycin (a new spectinomycin analog) in the rabbit syphilis model
204. Cultivation of cottontail rabbit epidermal (Sf1Ep) cells on microcarrier beads and their use for suspension cultivation of T. pallidum subsp. pallidum
205. In vitro model of Treponema pallidum invasiveness
206. Molecular cloning of a gene (polA) coding for an unusual DNA polymerase l from Treponema pallidum
207. Relationship of Treponema denticola periplasmic flagella to irregular cell morphology
208. Effect of temperature and viscosity on the motility of the spirochete Treponema denticola
209. Radiolabeling of Treponema pallidum (Nichols virulent strain) in vitro with precursors for protein and RNA biosynthesis
210. Unsustained multiplication of Treponema pallidum (Nichols virulent strain) in vitro in the presence of oxygen
211. Vorläufiger bericht über das vorkommen für spirochaeten in syphilitischen krankheitsprodukten und be papillomen
212. Catabolism of glucose and fatty acids by virulent Treponema pallildum
213. Characterization of lipid-modified immunogenic proteins of Treponema pallildum expressed in Escherichia coli
214. Characterization of the 35-kilodalton Treponema pallidum subsp. pallidum recombinant lipoprotein TmpC and antibody response to lipidated and nonlipidated T. pallidum antigens
215. The biology, pathology, and immunology of syphilis
216. Reinfection of chancre-immune rabbits with Treponema pallidum. I. Light and immunofluorescence studies
217. Identification of homologs for thioredoxin, peptidyl prolyl cis-trans isomerase, and glycerophosphodiester phosphodiesterase in outer membrane fractions from Treponema pallidum, the syphilis spirochete
218. Membrane topology and cellular location of the Treponema pallidum glycerophosphodiester phosphodiesterase (GlpQ) ortholog
219. Spirochaetales, a review
220. Cultivation, composition, and physiology of avirulent treponemes
221. AL
222. In vitro assay to demonstrate high-level erythromycin resistance of a clinical isolate of Treponema pallidum
223. Heat shock response of spirochetes
224. Identification and characterization of the gyrB gene from Treponema pallidum subsp. pallidum
225. Identification and sequence analysis of Treponema pallidum tprJ, a member of a polymorphic multigene family
226. A point mutation associated with bacterial macrolide resistance is present in both 23S rRNA genes of an erythromycin-resistant Treponema pallidum clinical isolate
227. Reclassification of Treponema hyodysentariae and Treponema innocens in a new genus, Serpula, gen. nov., as Serpula hyodysentariae comb. nov. and Serpula innocens comb. nov.
228. Isolation, oxygen sensitivity, and virulence of NADH oxidase mutants of the anaerobic spirochete Brachyspira (Serpulina) hyodysenteriae, etiologic agent of swine dysentery
229. Potential for development of antibiotic resistance in pathogenic treponemes
230. Identification of the Treponema pallidum subsp. pallidum glycerophosphodiester phosphodiesterase homologue
231. The role of respiratory protection on increased survival of Treponema pallidum (Nichols) when cocultivated with mammalian cells in vitro
232. Susceptibility of Treponema pallidum to the toxic products of oxygen reduction and the non- Treponema nature of its catalase
233. Oxygen toxicity in Treponema pallidum: Deoxyribonucleic acid single-stranded breakage induced by low doses of hydrogen peroxide
234. Susceptibility of Treponema pallidum to the toxic products of oxygen reduction and the non-Treponemal nature of its catalase
235. Characterization of the interaction between fibronectin and Treponema pallidum
236. A preliminary note on Spirochaeta pallida and living tissue cells in vitro
237. Molecular and antigenic analysis of treponemes
238. Treponema pallidum does not synthesize in vitro a capsule containing glycoaminoglycans or proteoglycans
239. Characterization of the proteoglycans synthesized by rabbit testis in response to infection by Treponema pallidum
240. Comparative genome analysis of the pathogenic spirochetes Borrelia burgdorferi and Treponema pallidum
241. The 34-kilodalton membrane immunogen of Treponema pallidum is a lipoprotein
242. Intracellular location of Treponema pallidum (Nichols strain in the rabbit testis)
243. Treponema pallidum within cells of a primary chance from a human female
244. Fibronectin mediates Treponema pallidum cytadherance through recognition of fibronectin cell-binding domain
245. Fibronectin tetrapeptide is target for syphilis spirochete cytadherance
246. Putative Treponema pallidum cytadhesins share a common functional domain
247. Treponema pallidum invades intercellular junctions of endothelial cell monolayers
248. Interactions of Treponema pallidum with endothelial cell monolayers
249. Studies on the mechanism of action of cortisone in experimental syphilis
250. Mucopolysaccharides in suspensions of Treponema pallidum extracted from infected rabbit testes
251. Light and electron microscopy of rabbit testes infected with Treponema pallidum (Nichols strain): Nature of deposited mucopolysaccharides and localization of treponemes
252. Albumin requirement of Treponema denticola and Treponema vincentii
253. Demonstration of rare protein in the outer membrane of Treponema pallidum subsp. pallidum by freeze-fracture analysis
254. Treponema pallidum has a single, circular chromosome with a size of ∼900 kilobase pairs
255. Analysis of outer membrane ultrastructure of pathogenic Treponema and Borrelia species by freeze-fracture electron microscopy
256. Penicillin-binding proteins and the mechanism of action of β-lactam antibiotics
257. Factors influencing the in vitro survival of Treponema pallidum
258. The 47-kDa major lipoprotein immunogen of Treponema pallidum is a penicillin-binding protein with carboxypeptidase activity
259. The genome of Treponema pallidum: New light on the agent of Syphilis
260. Identification of virulence genes in silico: Infectious disease genomics
261. From microbial genome sequence to applications
262. Treponema pallidum. A bibliographical review of the morphology, culture, and survival of T. pallidum and associated organisms
263. Factors affecting the attachment of Treponema pallidum to mammalian cells in vitro
264. Treponema phagedenis encodes and expresses homologs of the Treponema pallidum TmpA and TmpB proteins
265. Characterization of the cytoplasmic filament protein gene (cfpA) of Treponema pallidum subsp. pallidum.
266. Renaturation of recombinant Treponema pallidum rare outer membrane protein 1 into a trimeric, hydrophobic, and porin-active conformation
267. Demonstration of extracellular material at the surface of pathogenic T. pallidum cells