Toxic shock syndrome and bacterial superantigens: An update

Annual Review of Microbiology

Volumn 55, Issue , 2001, Pages 77-104

  McCormick, J K ^a   Yarwood, J M ^a   Schlievert, P M ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA MEDICAL SCHOOL   (United States)

Author keywords

Hypotension; Staphylococcus aureus; Streptococcus pyogenes; T cell stimulation

Indexed keywords

ANTIBIOTIC AGENT; BACTERIAL ANTIGEN; CYTOKINE; HYPERTENSIVE AGENT; IMMUNOGLOBULIN G; SUPERANTIGEN;

ANTIGEN PRESENTATION; BACTERIAL GENETICS; CLINICAL FEATURE; CLONAL ANERGY; CYTOKINE RELEASE; HUMAN; IMMUNE RESPONSE; IMMUNOGLOBULIN VARIABLE REGION; MOLECULAR EVOLUTION; MULTIPLE ORGAN FAILURE; NONHUMAN; PATHOGENESIS; PREVALENCE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROTEIN STRUCTURE; REVIEW; STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS; STREPTOCOCCUS GROUP A; STREPTOCOCCUS PYOGENES; T LYMPHOCYTE ACTIVATION; TOXIC SHOCK SYNDROME;

AMINO ACID SEQUENCE; HUMANS; MOLECULAR SEQUENCE DATA; SEQUENCE ALIGNMENT; SHOCK, SEPTIC; STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS; STREPTOCOCCUS PYOGENES; SUPERANTIGENS;

BACTERIA (MICROORGANISMS); POSIBACTERIA; STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS; STREPTOCOCCUS GROUP A; STREPTOCOCCUS PYOGENES; STREPTOCOCCUS SP. 'GROUP A';

EID: 0034780632     PISSN: 00664227     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: 10.1146/annurev.micro.55.1.77     Document Type: Review

References (180)

1. Structural basis of superantigen action inferred from crystal structure of toxic-shock syndrome toxin-1
2. Role of the T cell receptor alpha chain in stabilizing TCR-superantigen-MHC class II complexes
3. Superantigen antagonist protects against lethal shock and defines a new domain for T-cell activation
4. Conservation and variation in superantigen structure and activity highlighted by the three-dimensional structures of two new superantigens from Streptococcus pyogenes
5. Cutting edge: Cell autonomous rather than environmental factors control bacterial superantigen-induced T cell anergy in vivo
6. Nonspecific and specific immunological mitogenicity by group A streptococcal pyrogenic exotoxins
7. Risk factors in the pathogenesis of invasive group A streptococcal infections: Role of protective humoral immunity
8. Opsonic antibodies to the surface M protein of group A streptococci in pooled normal immunoglobulins (IVIG): Potential impact on the clinical efficacy of IVIG therapy for severe invasive group A streptococcal infections
9. Genetic and molecular analyses of the gene encoding staphylococcal enterotoxin D
10. Group A beta-hemolytic streptococcal toxic shock-like syndrome
11. A new staphylococcal enterotoxin, enterotoxin F, associated with toxic-shock-syndrome Staphylococcus aureus isolates
12. Toxic-shock syndrome toxin
13. Staphylococcal enterotoxin A is encoded by phage
14. Streptococcal infections of skin and soft tissues
15. Staphylococcal and streptococcal pyrogenic toxins involved in toxic shock syndrome and related illnesses
16. Expression of staphylococcal enterotoxin C1 in Escherichia coli
17. Nucleotide sequence of the staphylococcal enterotoxin C1 gene and relatedness to other pyrogenic toxins
18. Purification and some physicochemical properties of staphylococcal enterotoxin E
19. Group A streptococcal necrotizing fasciitis complicating primary varicella: A series of fourteen patients
20. Genetic relatedness and superantigen expression in group A streptococcus serotype M1 isolates from patients with severe and nonsevere invasive diseases
21. Necrotising fasciitis due to group A streptococci in western Norway: Incidence and clinical features
22. Patterns of Staphylococcus aureus colonization, toxin production, immunity and illness in burned children
23. Clonal basis for resurgence of serious Streptococcus pyogenes disease in the 1980s
24. An outbreak of invasive group A streptococcal disease associated with high carriage rates of the invasive clone among school-aged children
25. Molecular, serological, and clinical features of 16 consecutive cases of invasive streptococcal disease
26. A recalcitrant, erythematous, desquamating disorder associated with toxin-producing staphylococci in patients with AIDS
27. Clinical and bacteriologic observations of a toxic shock-like syndrome due to Streptococcus pyogenes
28. + T cell responses: The alternative approaches
29. A toxic shock syndrome toxin-1 mutant that defines a functional site critical for T-cell activation
30. Pathogenesis of group A streptococcal infections
31. Apparent lower rates of streptococcal toxic shock syndrome and lower mortality in children with invasive group A streptococcal infections compared with adults
32. Toxic-shock syndrome: Epidemiologic features, recurrence, risk factors, and prevention
33. T-cell antigen receptor genes and T-cell recognition
34. Severe invasive group A streptococcal infections in Ontario, Canada: 1987-1991
35. Mutations affecting the activity of toxic shock syndrome toxin-1
36. A skin test for susceptibility to scarlet fever
37. Comparisons of mouse and rabbit models of toxic shock syndrome
38. Exotoxins of Staphylococcus aureus
39. Plasmidchromosomal transition of genes important in staphylococcal enterotoxin B expression
40. Structures of five mutants of toxic shock syndrome toxin-1 with reduced biological activity
41. Structure of streptococcal pyrogenic exotoxin A reveals a novel metal cluster
42. A survey into toxic shock syndrome (TSS) in UK burns units
43. Epidemiological and clinical aspects of invasive group A streptococcal infections and the streptococcal toxic shock syndrome
44. Invasive group A streptococcal infections: T1M1 isolates expressing pyrogenic exotoxins A and B in combination with selective lack of toxin-neutralizing antibodies are associated with increased risk of streptococcal toxic shock syndrome
45. Nonpurulent response to toxic shock syndrome toxin 1-producing Staphylococcus aureus. Relationship to toxin-stimulated production of tumor necrosis factor
46. Toxic shock syndrome-associated staphylococcal and streptococcal pyrogenic toxins are potent inducers of tumor necrosis factor production
47. Crystal structure of a T-cell receptor beta-chain complexed with a superantigen
48. Active surveillance for toxic shock syndrome in the United States, 1986
49. Bacteriophage association of streptococcal pyrogenic exotoxin type C
50. Super-antigens associated with staphylococcal and streptococcal toxic shock syndrome are potent inducers of tumor necrosis factor-beta synthesis
51. Toxic shock syndrome in the United States: Surveillance update, 1979-1996
52. The crystal structure of staphylococcal enterotoxin H: Implications for binding properties to MHC class II and TcR molecules
53. Molecular analysis of pyrogenic exotoxins from Streptococcus pyogenes isolates associated with toxic shock-like syndrome
54. Differential effects of staphylococcal toxic shock syndrome toxin-1 on B cell apoptosis
55. Predictions of T-cell receptor and major histocompatibility complex-binding sites on staphylococcal enterotoxin C1
56. The changing epidemiology of invasive group A streptococcal infections and the emergence of streptococcal toxic shock-like syndrome. A retrospective population-based study
57. Invasive group A streptococcal infections
58. Aspects of pathogenesis of serious group A streptococcal infections in Sweden, 1988-1989
59. Staphylococcal enterotoxin A has two cooperative binding sites on major histocompatibility complex class II
60. Identification of class II major histocompatibility complex and T cell receptor binding sites in the superantigen toxic shock syndrome toxin 1
61. Induction of human interleukin-1 by a product of Straphylococcus aureus associated with toxic shock syndrome
62. Three-dimensional structure of a human class II histocompatibility molecule complexed with superantigen
63. Involvement of enterotoxins G and I in staphylococcal toxic shock syndrome and staphylococcal scarlet fever
64. Staphylococcal enterotoxin B is associated with a discrete genetic element
65. A physical map of the group A streptococcal pyrogenic exotoxin bacteriophage T12 genome
66. Group A streptococcal phage T12 carries the structural gene for pyrogenic exotoxin type A
67. Transfer of group A streptococcal pyrogenic exotoxin production to nontoxigenic strains by lysogenic conversion
68. Bacteriophage involvement in group A streptococcal pyrogenic exotoxin A production
69. Streptococcal mitogenic exotoxin Z, a novel acidic superantigenic toxin produced by a T1 strain of Streptococcus pyogenes
70. The resurgence of group A streptococcal infections and their sequelae
71. Molecular population genetic evidence of horizontal spread of two alleles of the pyrogenic exotoxin C gene (speC) among pathogenic clones of Streptococcus pyogenes
72. Interaction of magnesium ion, oxygen tension, and temperature in the production of toxic-shock-syndrome toxin-1 by Staphylococcus aureus
73. Intravenous immunoglobulin therapy for streptococcal toxic shock syndrome - A comparative observational study
74. + T cells in Staphylococcus enterotoxin B-primed mice
75. + T cells in mice tolerant to Straphylococcus aureus enterotoxin B
76. Horizontal gene transfer among group A streptococci: Implications for pathogenesis and epidemiology
77. Toxic shock syndrome toxin-1 complexed with a class II major histocompatibility molecule HLA-DR1
78. Analysis of the superantigenic activity of mutant and allelic forms of streptococcal pyrogenic exotoxin A
79. Analysis of the interaction between the bacterial superantigen streptococcal pyrogenic exotoxin A (SpeA) and the human T-cell receptor
80. Bacterial pyrogenic exotoxins as superantigens
81. Inhibition of toxic shock syndrome toxin-1-induced cytokine production and T cell activation by interleukin-10, interleukin-4, and dexamethasone
82. The toxic shock syndrome exotoxin structural gene is not detectably transmitted by a prophage
83. Toxic shock syndrome in Utah: A case-control and surveillance study
84. Invasive group A streptococcal disease in children and association with varicella-zoster virus infection
85. Burn bacteriology during the last 50 years
86. A mutational analysis of the binding of staphylococcal enterotoxins B and C3 to the T cell receptor beta chain and major histocompatibility complex class II
87. Murine hepatocyte apoptosis induced in vitro and in vivo by TNF-alpha requires transcriptional arrest
88. The structural basis of T cell activation by superantigens
89. Three-dimensional structure of the complex between a T cell receptor beta chain and the superantigen staphylococcal enterotoxin B
90. Crystal structure of a superantigen bound to the high-affinity, zinc-dependent site on MHC class II
91. The gene for toxic shock toxin is carried by a family of mobile pathogenicity islands in Staphylococcus aureus
92. Toxic shock syndrome. A newly recognized complication of influenza and influenza-like illness
93. The staphylococcal enterotoxins and their relatives
94. Streptococcal serogroup A epidemic in Norway 1987-1988
95. Toxins and superantigens of group A streptococci
96. Development of streptococcal pyrogenic exotoxin C vaccine toxoids that are protective in the rabbit model of toxic shock syndrome
97. Bacteriophage T12 of Streptococcus pyogenes integrates into the gene encoding a serine tRNA
98. T cell-mediated lethal shock triggered in mice by the superantigen staphylococcal enterotoxin B: Critical role of tumor necrosis factor
99. The fate of anergic T cells in vivo
100. A novel superantigen isolated from pathogenic strains of Streptococcus pyogenes with aminoterminal homology to staphylococcal enterotoxins B and C
101. Genes encoding staphylococcal enterotoxins G and I are linked and separated by DNA related to other staphylococcal enterotoxins
102. Unique superantigen activity of staphylococcal exfoliative toxins
103. Activation of murine T cells by bacterial superantigens requires B7-mediated costimulation
104. Localization of biologically important regions on toxic shock syndrome toxin 1
105. Immunobiologic and biochemical properties of mutants of toxic shock syndrome toxin-1
106. Streptococcus pyogenes causing toxic-shock-like syndrome and other invasive diseases: Clonal diversity and pyrogenic exotoxin expression
107. Genetic diversity and relationships among Streptococcus pyogenes strains expressing serotype M1 protein: Recent intercontinental spread of a subclone causing episodes of invasive disease
108. A single clone of Staphylococcus aureus causes the majority of cases of toxic shock syndrome
109. Hepatic injury and lethal shock in galactosamine-sensitized mice induced by the superantigen staphylococcal enterotoxin B
110. A clinical and bacteriologic investigation of invasive streptococcal infections in Japan on the basis of serotypes, toxin production, and genomic DNA fingerprints
111. Novel superantigens from streptococcal toxic shock syndrome Streptococcus pyogenes isolates
112. Staphylococcal enterotoxin H displays unique MHC class II-binding properties
113. Genetic diversity in T1M1 group A streptococci in relation to clinical outcome of infection
114. Relative neutralizing activity in polyspecific IgM, IgA, and IgG preparations against group A streptococcal superantigens
115. Plasma from patients with severe invasive group A streptococcal infections treated with normal polyspecific IgG inhibits streptococcal superantigen-induced T cell proliferation and cytokine production
116. Relation between low capacity of human sera to inhibit streptococcal mitogens and serious manifestation of disease
117. Pathogenicity and resistance islands of staphylococci
118. Biochemical and biological properties of staphylococcal enterotoxin K
119. Crystal structure of the superantigen enterotoxin C2 from Staphylococcus aureus reveals a zinc-binding site
120. Structural basis for the recognition of superantigen streptococcal pyrogenic exotoxin A (SpeA1) by MHC class II molecules and T-cell receptors
121. Case definition of staphylococcal TSS: A proposed revision incorporating laboratory findings
122. A rabbit model of toxic shock syndrome that uses a constant, subcutaneous infusion of toxic shock syndrome toxin 1
123. Toxic-shock-syndrome toxin 1-induced proliferation of lymphocytes: Comparison of the mitogenic response of human, murine, and rabbit lymphocytes
124. Suppression of immunoglobulin-secreting cells from human peripheral blood by toxic-shock-syndrome toxin-1
125. Structure of toxic shock syndrome toxin 1
126. The streptococcal superantigen SMEZ exhibits wide allelic variation, mosaic structure, and significant antigenic variation
127. Mutational analysis of the superantigen staphylococcal exfoliative toxin A (ETA)
128. Toxic shock syndrome surveillance in the United States, 1980 to 1981
129. Analysis of toxicity of streptococcal pyrogenic exotoxin A mutants
130. Toxoids of streptococcal pyrogenic exotoxin A are protective in rabbit models of streptococcal toxic shock syndrome
131. Production of toxic shock syndrome toxin 1 by Staphylococcus aureus requires both oxygen and carbon dioxide
132. Crystal structure of the streptococcal superantigen SPE-C: Dimerization and zinc binding suggest a novel mode of interaction with MHC class II molecules
133. Crystal structure of the superantigen staphylococcal enterotoxin type A
134. Alteration of immune function by staphylococcal pyrogenic exotoxin type C: Possible role in toxic-shock syndrome
135. Staphylococcal enterotoxin B and toxic-shock syndrome toxin-1 are significantly associated with non-menstrual TSS
136. Incidence studies of toxic shock syndrome
137. Severe invasive group A streptococcal disease: Clinical description and mechanisms of pathogenesis
138. Production of staphylococcal pyrogenic exotoxin type C: Influence of physical and chemical factors
139. Group A streptococcal pyrogenic exotoxin (scarlet fever toxin) type A and blastogen A are the same protein
140. Pyrogenic toxin superantigen site specificity in toxic shock syndrome and food poisoning in animals
141. Identification and characterization of an exotoxin from Staphylococcus aureus associated with toxic-shock syndrome
142. Binary and ternary complexes between T-cell receptor, class II MHC and superantigen in vitro
143. Toxic-shock syndrome in menstruating women: Association with tampon use and Staphylococcus aureus and clinical features in 52 cases
144. Streptococcal toxic shock-like syndrome
145. High-resolution genotyping elucidates the epidemiology of group A streptococcus outbreaks
146. Septic shock induced by group A streptococcal infection: Clinical and therapeutic aspects
147. Could nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) enhance the progression of bacterial infections to toxic shock syndrome?
148. Streptococcal toxic-shock syndrome: Spectrum of disease, pathogenesis, and new concepts in treatment
149. Streptococcal toxic shock syndrome associated with necrotizing fasciitis
150. Severe group A streptococcal infections associated with a toxic shock-like syndrome and scarlet fever toxin A
151. The occurrence of Staphylococcus aureus infection with a scarlatiniform rash
152. Development of serum antibody to toxic shock toxin among individuals with toxic shock syndrome in Wisconsin
153. Identification and purification of a new staphylococcal enterotoxin, H
154. Structural basis for HLA-DQ binding by the streptococcal superantigen SSA
155. 2+-mediated homodimerization
156. 2+ at 2.7 Å resolution. Implications for major histocompatibility complex class II binding
157. Crystal structure of staphylococcal enterotoxin B, a superantigen
158. Association of phenotypic and genotypic characteristics of invasive Streptococcus pyogenes isolates with clinical components of streptococcal toxic shock syndrome
159. CLUSTAL W: Improving the sensitivity of progressive multiple sequence alignment through sequence weighting, position-specific gap penalties and weight matrix choice
160. Toxic shock syndrome associated with phage group I staphylococci
161. Influence of focal growth conditions on the pathogenesis of toxic shock syndrome
162. Evolving superantigens of Staphylococcus aureus
163. Prevalence of serum antibody to staphylococcal enterotoxin F among Wisconsin residents: Implications for toxic-shock syndrome
164. Tampon-induced changes in vaginal oxygen and carbon dioxide tensions
165. Selective depletion of V beta-bearing T cells in patients with severe invasive group A streptococcal infections and streptococcal toxic shock syndrome. Ontario Streptococcal Study Project
166. Host-parasite factors in group A streptococcal infections: Pyrogenic and other effects on immunologic distinct exotoxins relating to scarlet fever toxins
167. Nucleotide sequence of the type A streptococcal exotoxin (erythrogenic toxin) gene from Streptococcus pyogenes bacteriophage T12
168. Effect of environmental conditions on production of toxic shock syndrome toxin 1 by Staphylococcus aureus
169. Defining the group A streptococcal toxic shock syndrome. Rationale and consensus definition
170. Evidence for the involvement of bacterial superantigens in psoriasis, atopic dermatitis, and Kawasaki syndrome
171. Oxygen and carbon dioxide regulation of toxic shock syndrome toxin 1 production by Staphylococcus aureus MN8
172. The role of temperate bacteriophage in the production of erythrogenic toxin by group A streptococci
173. A case-control study of necrotizing fasciitis during primary varicella
174. The enterotoxin D plasmid of Staphylococcus aureus encodes a second enterotoxin determinant (sej)