The β-amyloid precursor protein and its derivatives: From biology to learning and memory processes

Reviews in the Neurosciences

Volumn 11, Issue 2-3, 2000, Pages 75-93

  Dodart, Jean Cosme ^a   Mathis, Chantal ^a   Ungerer, Arielle ^a  

^a CNRS   (France)

Author keywords

Alzheimer's disease; Amyloid precursor protein; Amyloid protein; Memory; Synaptic plasticity

Indexed keywords

AMINO ACID; AMYLOID BETA PROTEIN; AMYLOID PRECURSOR PROTEIN; PROTEIN DERIVATIVE;

AGING; ALZHEIMER DISEASE; AMNESIA; BEHAVIOR; BRAIN INJURY; BRAIN REGION; CELL STRUCTURE; CELL VIABILITY; COGNITIVE DEFECT; DNA MODIFICATION; GENE EXPRESSION; HUMAN; LEARNING; MEMORY; MOUSE; NERVE CELL PLASTICITY; NERVE CONDUCTION; NERVE GROWTH; NEUROTOXICITY; NONHUMAN; PARENCHYMA; PHYSIOLOGY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROTEIN SECRETION; RAT; REVIEW;

EID: 0034010703     PISSN: 03341763     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1515/REVNEURO.2000.11.2-3.75     Document Type: Review

References (178)

1. Albert MS. Cognitive and neurobiologic markers of early Alzheimer disease. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1996; 93: 13547-13551.
2. Almkvist O. Neuropsychological features of early Alzheimer's disease: preclinical and clinical stages. Acta Neurol Scand 1996; Suppl 165: 63-71.
3. Apelt J, Schliebs R, Beck M, Rossner S, Bigl V. Expression of amyloid precursor protein mRNA isoforms in rat brain is differentially regulated during postnatal maturation and by cholinergic activity. Int J Dev Neurosci 1997; 15: 95-112.
4. Auld DS, Kar S, Quirion R. β-Amyloid peptides as a direct cholinergic neuromodulators: a missing link? TINS 1998; 21: 43-49.
5. Barger SW, Mattson, MP. The secreted form of the Alzheimer's β-amyloid precursor protein stimulates a membrane-associated guanylate cyclase. Biochem J 1995; 311: 45-47.
6. Beeson JG, Shelton ER, Chan HW, Gage FH. Age and damage induced changes in amyloid protein precursor immunohistochemistry in the rat brain. J Comp Neurol 1994; 342: 69-77.
7. Bendotti C, Forloni GL, Morgan RA, O'Hara BF, Oster-Granite ML, Reeves RH, Gearhart JD, Coyle JT. Neuroanatomical localization and quantification of amyloid precursor protein mRNA by in situ hybridization in the brains of normal, aneuploid, and lesioned mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1988; 85: 3628-3632.
8. Benussi L, Govoni S, Gasparini L, Binetti G, Trabucchi M, Bianchetti A, Racchi M. Specific role for protein kinase Ca in the constitutive and regulated secretion of amyloid precursor protein in human skin fibroblasts. Neurosci Lett 1998; 240: 97-101.
9. Blanquet V, Goldgaber D, Turleau C, Creau-Goldberg N, Delabar J, Sinet PM, Roudier M, de Grouchy J. The β amyloid protein (AD-AP) cDNA hybridizes in normal and Alzheimer individuals near the interface of 21q21 and q22.1. Ann Genet 1987; 30: 68-69.
10. Bliss TV, Collingridge GL. A synaptic model of memory: long-term potentiation in the hippocampus. Nature 1993; 361: 31-39.
11. Borson S, Raskind MA. Clinical features and pharmacologic treatment of behavioral symptoms of Alzheimer's disease. Neurology 1997; 48: S17-S24.
12. Breen KC, Bruce M, Anderton BH. Beta amyloid precursor protein mediates neuronal cell-cell and cell-surface adhesion. J Neurosci Res 1991; 28: 90-100.
13. Buxbaum JD, Gandy SE, Cicchetti P, Ehrlich ME, Czernik AJ, Fracasso PJ, Ramabhadran T, Unterbeck AJ, Greengard P. Processing of Alzheimer β/A4-amyloid precursor protein: modulation by agents that regulate protein phosphorylation. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1990; 87: 6003-6006.
14. Caputi A, Barindelli S, Pastorino L, Cimino M, Buxbaum JD, Cattabeni, Di Luca M. Increased secretion of the amino-terminal fragment of amyloid precursor protein in brains of rats with a constitutive up-regulation of protein kinase C. J Neurochem 1997; 68: 2523-2529.
15. Checler F. Processing of the β-amyloid precursor protein and its regulation in Alzheimer's disease. J Neurochem 1995; 65: 1431-1444.
16. Chen SY, Wright JW, Barnes CD. The neurochemical and behavioral effects of β-amyloid peptide(25-35). Brain Res 1996; 720: 54-60.
17. Cleary J, Hittner JM, Semotuk M, Mantyh P, O'Hare E. Beta-amyloid(1-40) effects on behavior and memory. Brain Res 1995; 682: 69-74.
18. Cummings JL, Kaufer D. Neuropsychiatric aspects of Alzheimer's disease: the cholinergic hypothesis revisited. Neurology 1996; 47: 876-883.
19. Daigle I, Li C. apl-1, a Caenorhabditis elegans gene encoding a protein related to the human β-amyloid protein precursor. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1993; 90: 12045-12049.
20. Delacourte A, Buée L. Normal and pathological Tau proteins as factors for microtubule assembly. Int Rev Cytol 1997; 171: 167-224.
21. De Strooper B, Umans L, Van Leuven F, Van der Berghe H. Study of the synthesis and secretion of normal and artificial mutants of murine amyloid precursor protein (APP): cleavage of APP occurs in a late compartment of the default secretion pathway. J Cell Biol 1993; 121: 295-304.
22. D'Hooge R, Nagel G, Westland CE, Mucke L, De Deyn PP. Spatial learning deficits in mice expressing human 751-amino acid β-amyloid precursor protein. NeuroReport 1996; 7: 2807-2711.
23. 717F transgenic mice. Neurobiol Dis; in press.
24. Dodart JC, Mathis C, Ungerer A. Scopolamine-induced deficits in a two-trial object recognition task in mice. NeuroReport 1997; 8: 1173-1178.
25. Dodart JC, Meziane H, Mathis C,. Bales KR, Paul SM, Ungerer A. Behavioral disturbances in transgenic mice overexpressing the V717F β-amyloid precursor protein. Behav Neurosci; in press.
26. Doyle E, Bruce MT, Breen KC, Smith DC, Anderton B, Regan CM. Intraventricular infusions of antibodies to amyloid-β-protein precursor impair the acquisition of a passive avoidance response in the rat. Neurosci Lett 1990; 115: 97-102.
27. Efthimiopoulos S, Punj S, Manolopoulos V, Pangalos M, Wang GP, Refolo LM, Robakis NK. Intracellular cyclic AMP inhibits constitutive and phorbol esterstimulated secretory cleavage of amyloid precursor protein. J Neurochem 1996; 67: 872-875.
28. Ennaceur A, Delacour J. A new one-trial test for neurobiological studies of memory in rats. 1: Behavioral data. Behav Brain Res 1988; 31: 47-59.
29. Esch FS, Keim PS, Beattie EC, Blacher RW, Culwell AR, Oltersdorf T, McClure D, Ward PJ. Cleavage of amyloid β peptide during constitutive processing of its precursor. Science 1990; 248: 1122-1124.
30. Farber SA, Nitsch RM, Schulz JG, Wurtman RJ. Regulated secretion of β-amyloid precursor protein in rat brain. J Neurosci 1995; 15: 7442-7451.
31. Fazeli MS, Breen K, Errington ML, Bliss TVP. Increase in extracellular NCAM and amyloid precursor protein following induction of long-term potentiation in the dentate gyrus of anaesthetized rats. Neurosci Lett 1994; 169: 77-80.
32. Ferris SH, Kluger A. Assessing cognition in Alzheimer disease research. Alz Dis Assoc Disord 1997; 11: 45-49.
33. Flood JF, Morley JE, Roberts E. Amnestic effects in mice of four synthetic peptides homologous to amyloid β protein from patients with Alzheimer disease. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1991; 88: 3363-3366.
34. Flood JF, Morley JE, Roberts E. An amyloid β-protein fragment, Aβ[12-28], equipotently impairs post-training memory processing when injected into different limbic system structures. Brain Res 1994; 663: 271-276.
35. Fraser PE, Lévesque L, McLachlan DR. Biochemistry of Alzheimer's disease amyloid plaques. Clin Biochem 1993; 26: 339-349.
36. Fraser SP, Suh Y-H, Djamgoz MBA. Ionic effects of the Alzheimer's disease β-amyloid precursor protein and its metabolic fragments. TINS 1997; 20: 67-72.
37. + channels and suppression of neuronal activity by secreted β-amyloid-precursor protein. Nature 1996; 379: 74-78.
38. Furukawa K, Mattson MP. Secreted amyloid precursor protein a selectively suppresses N-methyl-D-aspartate currents in hippocampal neurons: involvement of cyclic GMP. Neuroscience 1998; 83: 429-438.
39. Games D, Adams D, Alessandrini R, Barbour R, Berthelette P, Blackwell C, Carr T, Clemens J, Donaldson T, Gillespie F, Guido T, Hagopian S, Johnson-Wood K, Khan K, Lee M, Leibowitz P, Lieberburg I, Little S, Masliah E, McConlogue L, Montoya-Zavala M, Mucke L, Paganini L, Penniman E, Power M, Schenk D, Seubert P, Snyder B, Soriano F, Tan H, Vitale J, Wadsworth S, Wolozin B, Zhao J. Alzheimer-type neuropathology in transgenic mice overexpressing V717F β-amyloid precursor protein. Nature 1995; 373: 523-527.
40. Garcia-Ladona FJ, Huss Y, Frey P, Ghandhour MS. Oligodendrocytes express different isoforms of β-amyloid precursor protein in chemically defined cell culture conditions: in situ hybridization and immunocytochemical detection. J Neurosci Res 1997; 50: 50-61.
41. Gasparini L, Govoni S, Battaini F. A review on the neurobiological basis of memory. Arch Gerontol Geriatr 1998; Suppl 6: 225-234.
42. Gasparini L, Racchi M, Binetti G, Trabucchi M, Solerte SB, Alkon D, Etcheberrigaray R, Gibson G, Blass J, Paoletti R, Govoni S. Peripheral markers in testing pathophysiological hypotheses and diagnosing Alzheimer's disease. FASEB J 1998; 12: 17-34.
43. Gillian AM, McFarlane I, Lucy FM, Overly C, McConlogue L, Breen KC. Individual isoforms of the amyloid β precursor protein demonstrate differential adhesive potentials to constituents of the extracellular matrix. J Neurosci Res 1997; 49: 154-160.
44. Giovannelli L, Casamenti F, Scali C, Bartolini L, Pepeu G. Differential effects of amyloid peptides β-(1-40) and β-(25-35) injections into the rat nucleus basalis. Neuroscience 1995; 66: 781-792.
45. Glenner GG, Wong CW. Alzheimer's disease: initial report of the purification and characterization of a novel cerebrovascular amyloid protein. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1984; 120: 885-890.
46. Goldgaber D, Lerman MI, McBride OW, Saffiotti U, Gajdusek DC. Characterization and chromosomal localization of a cDNA encoding brain amyloid of Alzheimer's disease. Science 1987; 235: 877-880.
47. Goodman Y, Mattson MP. Secreted forms of β-amyloid precursor protein protect hippocampal neurons against amyloid β-peptide-induced oxidative injury. Exp Neurol 1994; 128: 1-12.
48. Greenberg SM, Koo EH, Selkoe DJ, Qiu WQ, Kosik KS. Secreted β-amyloid precursor protein stimulates mitogen-activated protein kinase and enhances τ phosphorylation. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1994; 91: 7104-7108.
49. Greenberg SM, Qiu WQ, Selkoe DJ, Ben-Itzhak A, Kosik KS. Amino-terminal region of the β-amyloid precursor protein activates mitogen-activated protein kinase. Neurosci Lett 1995; 198: 52-56.
50. Haass C, Koo EH, Mellon A, Hung AY, Selkoe DJ. Targeting of cell-surface β-amyloid precursor protein to lysosomes: alternative processing into amyloid-bearing fragments. Nature 1992; 357: 500-503.
51. Haass C, Selkoe DJ. Cellular processing of β-amyloid precursor protein and the genesis of amyloid β-peptide. Cell 1993; 75: 1039-1042.
52. Hardy J. Amyloid, the presenilins and Alzheimer's disease. TINS 1997; 20: 154-159.
53. Haring R, Fisher A, Marciano D, Pittel Z, Kloog Y, Zuckerman A, Eshhar N, Heldman E. Mitogen-activated protein kinase-dependent and protein kinase C-dependent pathways link the ni| muscarinic receptor to β-amyloid precursor protein secretion. J Neurochem 1998; 71: 2094-2103.
54. 24)25-35 in rat nucleus basalis induces behavioral dysfunctions, impairs learning and memory and disrupts cortical cholinergic innervation. Behav Brain Res 1998; 90: 133-145.
55. Hartmann T, Bieger SC, Bruhl B, Tienari PJ, Ida N, Allsop D, Roberts GW, Masters CL, Dotti CG, Unsicker K, Beyreuther K. Distinct sites of intracellular production for Alzheimer's disease Aβ40/42 amyloid peptides. Nature Med 1997; 3: 1016-1020.
56. Higgins GA, Oyler GA, Neve RL, Chen KS, Cage FH. Altered levels of amyloid protein precursor transcripts in the basal forebrain of behaviorally impaired aged rat. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1990; 87: 3032-3036.
57. Hsiao KK, Chapman P, Nilsen S, Eckman C, Harigaya Y, Younkin S, Yang F, Cole G. Correlative memory deficits, Aβ elevation, and amyloid plaques in transgenic mice. Science 1996; 274: 99-102.
58. Huber G, Bailly Y, Martin JR, Mariani J, Brugg B. Synaptic β-amyloid precursor proteins increase with learning capacity in rats. Neuroscience 1997; 80: 313-320.
59. Huber G, Martin JR, Löffler J, Moreau JL. Involvement of amyloid precursor protein in memory formation in the rat: an indirect antibody approach. Brain Res 1993; 603: 348-352.
60. Hung AY, Selkoe DJ. Selective ectodomain phosphorylation and regulated cleavage of β-amyloid precursor protein. EMBO J 1994; 13: 534-542.
61. Ikezu T, Trapp BD, Song KS, Schlegel A, Lisanti MP, Okamoto T. Caveolae, plasma membrane microdomains for alpha-secretase-mediated processing of the amyloid precursor protein. J Biol Chem 1998; 273: 10485-10495.
62. Ishida A, Furukawa K, Keller JN, Mattson MP. Secreted form of β-amyloid precursor protein shifts the frequency dependency for induction of LTD, and enhances LTP in hippocampal slices. NeuroReport 1997; 8: 2133-2137.
63. Jin LW, Ninomiya H, Roch JM, Schubert D, Masliah E, Otero DAC, Saitoh T. Peptides containing the RERMS sequence of amyloid β/A4 protein precursor bind cell surface and promote neurite extension. J Neurosci 1994; 14: 5461-5470.
64. Johnson GVW, Hartigan JA. Tau protein in normal and Alzheimer's disease brain: an update. Alz Dis Rev 1998; 3: 125-141.
65. Johnstone EM, Chaney MO, Norris FH, Pascual R, Little SP. Conservation of the sequence of the Alzheimer's disease amyloid peptide in dog, polar bear, and five other mammals by cross-species polymerase chain reaction analysis. Mol Brain Res 1991; 10: 299-305.
66. Kang J, Lemaire HG, Unterbeck A, Salbaum JM, Masters CL, Grzeschik KH, Multhaup G, Beyreuther K, Muller-Hill B. The precursor of Alzheimer's disease amyloid A4 protein resembles a cell-surface receptor. Nature 1987; 325: 733-736.
67. Kang J, Muller-Hill B. Differential splicing of Alzheimer's disease amyloid A4 precursor RNA in rat tissues: PreA4(695) mRNA is predominantly produced in rat and human brain. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1990; 166: 1192-1200.
68. Kitaguchi N, Takahashi Y, Tokushima Y, Shiojiri S, Ito H. Novel precursor of Alzheimer's disease amyloid protein shows protease inhibitory activity. Nature 1988; 331: 530-532.
69. Klier FG, Cole G, Stallcup W, Schubert D. Amyloid β-protein precursor is associated with extracellular matrix. Brain Res 1990; 515: 336-342.
70. Konig G, Monning U, Czech C, Prior R, Banati R, Schreiter-Gasser U, Bauer J, Masters CL, Beyreuther K. Identification and differential expression of a novel alternative splice isoform of the beta A4 amyloid precursor protein (APP) mRNA in leukocytes and brain microglial cells. J Biol Chem 1992; 267: 10804-10809.
71. Koo EH. Phorbol esters affect multiple steps in β-amyloid precursor protein trafficking and amyloid β-protein production. Mol Med 1997; 3: 204-211.
72. Koo EH, Park L, Selkoe DJ. Amyloid β-protein as a substrate interacts with extracellular matrix to promote neurite outgrowth. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1993; 90: 4748-4752.
73. Koo EH, Squazzo S. Evidence that production and release of amyloid β-protein involves the endocytic pathway. J Biol Chem 1994; 269: 17386-17389.
74. Koo EH, Squazzo SL, Selkoe DJ, Koo CH. Trafficking of cell-surface amyloid β-protein precursor. I. Secretion, endocytosis and recycling as detected by labeled monoclonal antibody. J Cell Sci 1996; 109: 991-998.
75. LaFerla FM, Tinkle BT, Bieberich CJ, Haudenschild CC, Jay G. The Alzheimer's Aβ peptide induces neurodegeneration and apoptotic cell death in transgenic mice. Nat Genet 1995; 9: 21-30.
76. Laurent B, Thomas-Anterion C, Allegri RF. Memories and dementias. Rev Neurol 1998; 154: 33-49.
77. Lee RKK, Wurtman RJ. Metabotropic glutamate receptors increase amyloid precursor protein processing in astrocytes: inhibition by cyclic AMP. J Neurochem 1997; 68: 1830-1835.
78. Lee RKK, Wurtman RJ, Cox AJ, Nitsch RM. Amyloid precursor protein processing is stimulated by metabotropic glutamate receptors. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1995; 92: 8083-8087.
79. Lenkkeri U, Kestila M, Lamerdin J, McCready P, Adamson A, Olsen A, Tryggvason K. Structure of the human amyloid-precursor-like protein gene APLP1 at 19q13.1. Hum Genet 1998; 102: 192-196.
80. Lin L, Leblanc CJ, Deacon TW, Isacson O. Chronic cognitive deficits and amyloid precursor protein elevation after selective immunotoxin lesions of the basal forebrain cholinergic system. NeuroReport 1998; 9: 547-552.
81. Löffler J, Huber G. β-Amyloid precursor protein in various rat brain regions and during development. J Neurochem 1992; 59: 1316-1324.
82. Lovett M, Goldgaber D, Ashley P, Cox DR, Gajdusek DC, Epstein CJ. The mouse homolog of the human amyloid protein (AD-AP) gene is located on the distal end of mouse chromosome 16: further extension of the homology between human chromosome 21 and mouse chromosome 16. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1987; 144: 1069-1075.
83. Luo LQ, Martin-Morris LE, White K. Identification, secretion, and neural expression of APPL, a Drosophila protein similar to human amyloid protein precursor. J Neurosci 1990; 10: 3849-3861.
84. Luo L, Tully T, White K. Human amyloid precursor protein ameliorates behavioral deficit of flies deleted for Appl gene. Neuron 1992; 9: 595-605.
85. Mahdi F, Van Nostrand WE, Schmaier AH. Protease nexin-2/amyloid β-protein precursor inhibits factor Xa in the prothrombinase complex. J Biol Chem 1995; 270: 23468-23474.
86. Mandelkow EM, Mandelkow E. Tau in Alzheimer's disease. TICB 1998; 8: 425-427.
87. Martin-Morris LE, White K. The Drosophila transcript encoded by the β-amyloid protein precursor-like gene is restricted to the nervous system. Development 1990; 110: 185-195.
88. Masliah E, Mallory M, Ge N, Saitoh T. Amyloid precursor protein is localized in growing neurites of neonatal rat brain. Brain Res 1992; 593: 323-328.
89. Masters CL, Simms G, Weinman NA, Multhaup G, McDonald BL, Beyreuther K. Amyloid plaque core protein in Alzheimer disease and Down syndrome. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1985; 82: 4245-4249.
90. Mattson MP, Cheng B, Culwell AR, Esch FS, Lieberburg I, Rydel RE. Evidence for excitoprotective and intraneuronal calcium-regulating roles for secreted forms of the β-amyloid precursor protein. Neuron 1993; 10: 243-254.
91. Maurice T, Lockhart BP, Privat A. Amnesia induced in mice by centrally administered β-amyloid peptides involves cholinergic dysfunction. Brain Res 1996; 706: 181-193.
92. McDonald MP, Dahl EE, Overmier JB. Efects of an exogenous β-amyloid peptide. on retention for spatial learning. Behav Neural Biol 1994; 62: 60-67.
93. McLaughlin M, Breen KC. Protein kinase C activation potentiates the rapid secretion of the amyloid precursor protein from rat cortical synaptosomes. J Neurochem 1999; 72: 273-281.
94. Meziane H, Dodart JC, Mathis C, Little S, Clemens J, Paul SM, Ungerer A. Memory-enhancing effects of secreted forms of the β-amyloid precursor protein in normal and amnestic mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1998; 95: 12683-12688.
95. Moran PM, Higgins LS, Cordell B, Moser PC. Age-related learning deficits in transgenic mice expressing the 751-amino acid isoform of human β-amyloid precursor protein. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1995; 92: 5341-5345.
96. Morimoto T, Ohsawa I, Takamura C, Ishiguro M, Kohsaka S. Involvement of amyloid precursor protein in functional synapse formation in cultured hippocampal neurons. J Neurosci Res 1998; 51: 185-195.
97. Morimoto T, Ohsawa I, Takamura C, Ishiguro M, Nakamura Y, Kohsaka S. Novel domain-specific actions of amyloid precursor protein on developing synapses. J Neurosci 1998; 18: 9386-9393.
98. Mucke L, Masliah E, Johnson WB, Ruppe MD, Alford M, Rockenstein EM, Forss-Petter S, Pietropaolo M, Mallory M, Abraham CR. Synaptotrophic effects of human amyloid β protein precursors in the cortex of transgenic mice. Brain Res 1994; 666: 151-167.
99. Müller U, Cristina N, Li Z-W, Wolfer DP, Lipp H-P, Rülicke T, Brandner R, Aguzzi A, Weissmann C. Behavioral and anatomical deficits in mice homozygous for a modified β-amyloid precursor protein gene. Cell 1994; 79: 755-765.
100. Muruyama Y, Takeda S, Yonezawa K, Giambarella U, Nishimoto I, Ogata E. Cell surface receptor function of amyloid precursor protein that activates Ser/Thr kinases. Gerontology 1996; 42: 2-11.
101. Nabeshima T, Nitta A. Memory impairment and neuronal dysfunction induced by β-amyloid protein in rats. Tohoku J Exp Med 1994; 174: 241-248.
102. Nalbantoglu J, Tirado-Santiago G, Lahsaïni A, Poirier J, Goncalves O, Verge G, Momoli F, Welner SA, Massicotte G, Julien J-P, Shapiro ML. Impaired learning and LTP in mice expressing the carboxy terminus of the Alzheimer amyloid precursor protein. Nature 1997; 387: 500-505.
103. Neve RL, Robakis NK. Alzheimer's disease: a reexamination of the amyloid hypothesis. TINS 1998; 21: 15-19.
104. 0. Nature 1993; 362: 75-79.
105. 2c receptors stimulate amyloid precursor protein ectodomain secretion. J Biol Chem 1996; 271: 4188-4194.
106. Nitsch RM, Deng A, Wurtman RJ, Growdon JH. Metabotropic glutamate receptor subtype mGluR1α stimulates the secretion of the amyloid β-protein precursor ectodomain. J Neurochem 1997; 69: 704-712.
107. Nitsch RM, Kim C, Growdon JH. Vasopressin and bradykinin regulate secretory processing of the amyloid protein precursor of Alzheimer's disease. Neurochem Res 1998; 23: 807-814.
108. Nitsch RM, Slack BE, Wurtman RJ, Growdon JH. Release of Alzheimer amyloid precursor derivatives stimulated by activation of muscarinic acetylcholine receptors. Science 1992; 258: 304-307.
109. Nitta A, Fukuta T, Hasegawa T, Nabeshima T. Continuous infusion of β-amyloid protein into the rat cerebral ventricle induces learning impairment and neuronal and morphological degeneration. Jpn J Pharmacol 1997; 73: 51-57.
110. Noguès X. Protein kinase C, learning and memory: a circular determinism between physiology and behaviour. Prog Neuro-Psych Biol Psychiat 1997; 21: 507-529.
111. O'Hara BF, Fisher S, Oster-Granite ML, Gearhart JD, Reeves RH. Developmental expression of the amyloid precursor protein, growth-associated protein 43, and somatostatin in normal and trisomy 16 mice. Dev Brain Res 1989; 49: 300-304.
112. Ohsawa I, Takamura C, Kohsaka S. The amino-terminal region of amyloid precursor protein is responsible for neurite outgrowth in rat neocortical explant culture. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1997; 236: 59-65.
113. Ohta M, Kitamoto T, Iwaki T, Ohgami T, Fukui M, Tateishi J. Immunohistochemical distribution of amyloid precursor protein during normal rat development. Dev Brain Res 1993; 75: 151-161.
114. Ohyagi Y, Takahashi K, Kamegai M, Tabira T. Developmental and differential expression of beta amyloid protein precursor mRNAs in mouse brain. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1990; 167: 54-60.
115. Okamoto T, Takeda S, Muruyama Y, Ogata E, Nishimoto I. Ligand-dependent G protein coupling function of amyloid transmembrane precursor. J Biol Chem 1995; 270: 4205-4208.
116. Oltersdorf T, Fritz LC, Schenk DB, Lieberburg I, Johnson-Wood KL, Beattie EC, Ward PJ, Blacher RW, Dovey HF, Sinha S. The secreted form of the Alzheimer's amyloid precursor protein with the Kunitz domain is protease nexin-II. Nature 1989; 341: 144-147.
117. Oster-Granite ML, McPhie DL, Greenan J, Neve RL. Age-dependent neuronal and synaptic degeneration in mice transgenic for the C-terminus of the amyloid precursor protein. J Neurosci 1996; 16: 6732-6741.
118. Palacios G, Palacios JM, Mengod G, Frey P. β-Amyloid precursor protein localization in the Golgi apparatus in neurons and oligodendocytes. An immunocytochemical structural and ultrastructural study in normal and axotomized neurons. Mol Brain Res 1992; 15: 195-206.
119. Palmert MR, Golde TE, Cohen ML, Kovacs DM, Tanzi RE, Gusella JF, Usiak MF, Younkin LH, Younkin SG. Amyloid protein precursor messenger RNAs: differential expression in Alzheimer's disease. Science 1988; 241: 1080-1084.
120. Perez RG, Zheng H, Van der Ploeg LHT, Koo EH. The β-amyloid precursor protein of Alzheimer's disease enhances neuron viability and modulates neuronal polarity. J Neurosci 1997; 17: 9407-9414.
121. Petryniak MA, Wurtman RJ, Slack BE. Elevated intracellular calcium concentration increases secretory processing of the amyloid precursor protein by a tyrosine phosphorylation-dependent mechanism. Biochem J 1996; 320: 957-963.
122. Ponte P, Gonzales-DeWhitt P, Schilling J, Miller J, Hsu D, Greenberg B, Davis K, Wallace W, Lieberburg I, Fuller F, Cordell B. A new A4 amyloid mRNA contains a domain homologous to serine proteinase inhibitors. Nature 1988; 331: 525-527.
123. Qiu WQ, Ferreira A, Miller C, Koo EH, Selkoe DJ. Cell surface β-amyloid precursor protein stimulates neurite outgrowth of hippocampal neurons in an isoform dependent manner. J Neurosci 1995; 15: 2157-2167.
124. Racchi M, Ianna P, Binetti G, Trabucchi M, Govoni S. Bradykinin-induced amyloid precursor protein secretion: a protein kinase C-independent mechanism that is not altered in fibroblasts from patients with sporadic Alzheimer's disease. Biochem J 1998; 330: 1271-1275.
125. Robakis NK, Wisniewski HM, Jenkins EC, Devine-Gage EA, Houck GE, Yao XL, Ramakrishna N, Wolfe G, Silverman WP, Brown WT. Chromosome 21q21 sublocalisation of gene encoding β-amyloid peptide in cerebral vessels and neuritic (senile) plaques of people with Alzheimer disease and Down syndrome. Lancet 1987; 1: 384-385.
126. Roch JM, Masliah E, Roch-Levecq AC, Sundsmo MP, Otero DAC, Veinberg I, Saitoh T. Increase of synaptic density and memory retention by a peptide representing the trophic domain of the amyloid β/A4 protein precursor. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1994; 91: 7450-7454.
127. Rowe BA, Siegel RS, Murphy MF, Vedvick TS, Wagner SL. Specific patterns of amyloid β-protein precursor isoform secretion and proteolysis in cultured human cells. Amyloid: Int J Exp Clin Invest 1996; 3: 100-109.
128. Saitoh T, Sundsmo M, Roch JM, Kimura N, Cole G, Schubert D, Oltersdorf T, Schenk DB. Secreted form of amyloid β protein precursor is involved in the growth regulation of fibroblasts. Cell 1989; 58: 625-622.
129. Sato M, Kawarabayashi T, Shoji M, Kobayashi T, Tada N, Matsubara E, Hirai S. Neurodegeneration and gliosis in transgenic mice overexpressing a carboxy-terminal fragment of Alzheimer amyloid-β protein precursor. Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord 1997; 8: 296-307.
130. Schubert D, Jin LW, Saitoh T, Cole G. The regulation of amyloid β protein precursor secretion and its modulatory role in cell adhesion. Neuron 1989; 3: 689-694.
131. Schubert D, LaCorbière M, Saitoh T, Cole G. Characterization of an amyloid beta precursor protein that binds heparin and contains tyrosine sulfate. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1989; 86: 2066-2069.
132. Selkoe DJ. Cell biology of the amyloid β-protein precursor and the mechanism of Alzheimer's disease. Ann Rev Cell Biol 1994; 10: 373-403.
133. Selkoe DJ, Podlisny MB, Joachim CL, Vickers EA, Lee G, Fritz LC, Oltersdorf T. β-Amyloid precursor protein of Alzheimer disease occurs as 110-to 135-kilodalton membrane-associated proteins in neural and nonneural tissues. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1988; 85: 7341-7345.
134. Seubert P, Oltersdorf T, Lee MG, Barbour R, Blomquist C, Davis D, Bryant K, Fritz LC, Galasko D, Thai LJ, Lieberburg I, Schenk DB. Secretion of β-amyloid precursor protein cleaved at the amino terminus of the β-amyloid peptide. Nature 1993; 361: 260-263.
135. Shivers BD, Hilbich C, Multhaup G, Salbaum M, Beyreuther K, Seeburg PH. Alzheimer's disease amyloidogenic glycoprotein: expression pattern in rat brain suggests a role in cell contact. EMBO J 1988; 7: 1365-1370.
136. Shoji M, Golde TE, Ghiso J, Cheung TT, Estus S, Shaffer LM, Cai XD, McKay DM, Tintner R, Frangione B, et al. Production of the Alzheimer amyloid beta protein by normal proteolytic processing. Science 1992; 258: 126-129.
137. Sigurdsson EM, Lee JM, Dong XW, Hejna MJ, Lorens SA. Bilateral injections of amyloid-β 25-35 into the amygdala of young Fisher rats: behavioral, neurochemical, and time dependent histopathological effects. Neurobiol Aging 1997; 18: 591-608.
138. de Silva HAR, Jen A, Wickenden C, Jen LS, Wilkinson SL, Patel AJ. Cell-specific expression of β-amyloid precursor protein isoform mRNAs and proteins in neurons and astrocytes. Mol Brain Res 1997; 47: 147-156.
139. Simons M, de Strooper B, Multhaup G, Tienari PJ, Dotti CG, Beyreuther K. Amyloidogenic processing of the human amyloid precursor protein in primary cultures of rat hippocampal neurons. J Neurosci 1996; 16: 899-908.
140. Sisodia SS. β-Amyloid precursor protein cleavage by a membrane-bound protease. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1992; 89: 6075-6079.
141. Sisodia SS, Koo EH, Beyreuther K, Unterbeck A, Price DL. Evidence that β-amyloid protein in Alzheimer's disease is not derived by normal processing. Science 1990; 248: 492-495.
142. Slack BE, Breu J, Muchnicki L, Wurtman RJ. Rapid stimulation of amyloid precursor protein release by epidermal growth factor: role of protein kinase C. Biochem J 1997; 327: 245-249.
143. 3 muscarinic acetylcholine receptor. J Biol Chem 1995; 270: 8337-8344.
144. Small DH, Clarris HL, Williamson TG, Reed G, Key B, Mok SS, Beyreuther K, Masters CL, Nurcombe V. Neurite-outgrowth regulating functions of the amyloid protein precursor of Alzheimer's disease. Alz Dis Rev 1996; 1: 21-29.
145. Small DH, Nurcombe V, Reed G, Clarris H, Moir R, Beyreuther K, Masters CL. A heparin-binding domain in the amyloid protein precursor of Alzheimer's disease is involved in the regulation of neurite outgrowth. J Neurosci 1994; 14: 2117-2127.
146. Smith RP, Higuchi DA, Broze GJ Jr. Platelet coagulation factor XIa-inhibitor, a form of Alzheimer amyloid precursor protein. Science 1990; 248: 1126-1128.
147. Smith-Swintosky VL, Pettigrew C, Craddock SD, Culwell AR, Rydel RE, Mattson MP. Secreted forms of β-amyloid precursor protein protect against ischemic brain injury. J Neurochem 1994; 63: 781-784.
148. Solà C, Mengod G, Probst A, Palacios JM. Differential regional and cellular distribution of β-amyloid precursor protein messenger RNAs containing and lacking the Kunitz protease inhibitor domain in the brain of human, rat and mouse. Neuroscience 1993; 53: 267-295.
149. Storey A, Beyreuther K, Masters CL. Alzheimer's disease amyloid precursor protein on the surface of cortical neurons in primary culture co-localizes with adhesion patch components. Brain Res 1996; 735: 217-231.
150. Sugaya K, Chouinard M, Greene R, Robbins M, Personett D, Kent C, Gallagher M, McKinney M. Molecular indices of neuronal and glial plasticity in the hippocampal formation in a rodent model of age-induced spatial learning impairment. J Neurosci 1996; 16: 3427-3443.
151. Sweeney WA, Luedtke J, McDonald MP, Overmier JB. Intrahippocampal injections of exogenous beta-amyloid induce postdelay errors in an eight-arm radial maze. Neurobiol Learn Mem 1997; 68: 97-101.
152. Tanaka S, Nakamura S, Ueda K, Kameyama M, Shiojiri S, Takahashi Y, Kitaguchi N, Ito H. Three types of amyloid protein precursor mRNA in human brain: their differential expression in Alzheimer's disease. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1988; 157: 472-479.
153. Tanaka S, Shiojiri S, Takahashi Y, Kitaguchi N, Ito H, Kameyama M, Kimura J, Nakamura S, Ueda K. Tissue-specific expression of three types of β-protein precursor mRNA: enhancement of protease inhibitorharboring types in Alzheimer's disease brains. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1989; 165: 1406-1414.
154. Tanzi RE, Guseulla JF, Watkins PC, Bruns GA, St George-Hyslop P, Van Keuren ML, Patterson D, Pagan S, Kurnit DM, Neve RL. Amyloid beta protein gene: cDNA, mRNA distribution, and genetic linkage near the Alzheimer locus. Science 1987; 235: 880-884.
155. Tanzi RE, McClatchey AI, Lamperti ED, Villa-Komaroff L, Gusella JF, Neve RL. Protease inhibitor domain encoded by an amyloid protein precursor mRNA associated with Alzheimer's disease. Nature 1988; 331: 528-530.
156. Terranova JP, Kan JP, Storm JJ, Perreault P, Lefur G, Soubrie P. Administration of amyloid β-peptides in the rat medial septum causes memory deficits: reversal by SR 57746A, a non-peptide neurotrophic compound. Neurosci Lett 1996; 213: 79-82.
157. Tu GF, Southwell BR, Schreiber G. Species specificity and developmental patterns of expression of the β amyloid precursor protein (APP) gene in brain, liver and choroid plexus in birds. Comp Biochem Physiol 1992; 101: 391-398.
158. Van der Zee EA, Douma BRK. Historical review of research on protein kinase C in learning and memory. Prog Neuro-Psych Biol Psychiat 1997; 21: 379-406.
159. Van Nostrand WE, Wagner SL, Suzuki M, Choi BH, Farrow JS, Geddes JW, Cotman CW, Cunningham DD. Protease nexin-II, a potent anti-chymotrypsin, shows identity to amyloid β-protein precursor. Nature 1989; 341: 546-549.
160. Villareal DT, Morris JC. The diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease. Alz Dis Rev 1998; 3: 142-152.
161. Von der Kammer H, Loffler C, Hanes J, Klaudiny J, Scheit KH, Hansmann I. The gene for the amyloid precursor-like protein APLP2 is assigned to human chromosome 11q23-q25. Genomics 1994; 20: 308-311.
162. Von Koch CS, Lahiri DK, Mammen AL, Copeland NG, Gilbert DJ, Jenkins NA, Sisodia S. The mouse APLP2 gene. Chromosomal localization and promoter characterization. J Biol Chem 1995; 270: 25475-25480.
163. Von Koch CS, Zheng H, Chen H, Trumbauer M, Thinakaran G, van der Ploeg LH, Price DL, Sisodia SS. Generation of APLP2 KO mice and early postnatal lethality in APLP2/APP double KO mice. Neurobiol Aging 1997; 18: 661-669.
164. Wallace WC, Akar CA, Lyons WE. Amyloid precursor protein potentiates the neurotrophic activity of NGF. Mol Brain Res 1997; 52: 201-212.
165. Wallace WC, Akar CA, Lyons WE, Kole HK, Egan JM, Wolozin B. Amyloid precursor protein requires the insulin signaling pathway for neurotrophic activity. Mol Brain Res 1997; 52: 213-227.
166. Walter J, Capell A, Hung AY, Langen H, Schnölzer M, Thinakaran G, Sisodia SS, Selkoe DJ, Haass C. Ectodomain phosphorylation of β-amyloid precursor protein at two distinct cellular locations. J Biol Chem 1997; 272: 1896-1903.
167. Wasco W, Brook JD, Tanzi RE. The amyloid precursor-like protein (APLP) gene maps to the long arm of human chromosome 19. Genomics 1993; 15: 237-239.
168. Weidemann A, Konig G, Bunke D, Fisher P, Salbaum JM, Masters CL, Beyreuther K. Identification, biogenesis and localization of precursors of Alzheimer's disease A4 amyloid protein. Cell 1989; 57: 115-126.
169. Whiston JS, Glabe CG, Shintani E, Abcar A, Cotman CW. β-Amyloid protein promotes neuritic branching in hippocampal cultures. Neurosci Lett 1990; 110: 319-324.
170. Whiston JS, Selkoe DJ, Cotman CW. Amyloid β protein enhances the survival of hippocampal neurons in vitro. Science 1989; 243: 1488-1490.
171. Williamson TG, Mok SS, Henry A, Cappai R, Lander AD, Nurcombe V, Beyreuther K, Masters CL, Small DH. Secreted glypican binds to the amyloid precursor protein of Alzheimer's disease (APP) and inhibits APP-induced neurite outgrowth. J Biol Chem 1996; 271: 31215-31221.
172. Wolf BA, Wertkin AM, Jolly YC, Yasuda RP, Wolfe BB, Konrad RJ, Manning D, Ravi S, Williamson JR, Lee VMY. Muscarinic regulation of Alzheimer's disease amyloid precursor protein secretion and amyloid β-protein production in human neuronal NT2N cells. J Biol Chem 1995; 270: 4916-4922.
173. Xu H, Greengard P, Gandy S. Regulated formation of Golgi secretory vesicles containing Alzheimer β-amyloid precursor protein. J Biol Chem 1995; 270: 23243-23245.
174. Yamada K, Tanaka T, Han D, Senzaki K, Kameyama T, Nabeshima T. Protective effects of idebenone and alpha-tocopherol on β-amyloid-(1-42)-induced learning and memory deficits in rats: implication of oxidative stress in β-amyloid-induced neurotoxicity in vivo. Eur J Neurosci 1999; 11: 83-90.
175. Yamaguchi F, Richards SJ, Beyreuther K, Salbaum M, Carlson GA, Dunnett SB. Transgenic mice for the amyloid precursor protein 695 isoform have impaired spatial memory. NeuroReport 1991; 2: 781-784.
176. Yamazaki T, Koo EH, Selkoe DJ. Trafficking of cell-surface amyloid β-protein precursor. II. Endocytosis, recycling, and lysosomal targeting detected by immunolocalization. J Cell Sci 1996; 109: 999-1008.
177. Yamazaki T, Koo EH, Selkoe DJ. Cell surface amyloid β-protein precursor colocalizes with β1 integrins at substrate contact sites in neural cells. J Neurosci 1997; 17: 1004-1010.
178. Yankner BA, Duffy LK, Kirschner DA. Neurtrophic and neurotoxic effects of amyloid β protein: reversal by tachykinin neuropeptides. Science 1990; 250: 279-282.