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The further delay of phases with decreasing temperature is not due to a long time being needed for warming of the culture; warming of the race tubes from 4° to 30°C occurs in less than 20 min. To confirm this, in another set of experiments, we first transferred the cultures to 30°C LL for 20 min before the light was turned off, and the same amount of phase delay was observed (19).
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Cultures of bdA were inoculated into 14 sets of six race tubes each prepared as previously described (18, 24). The cultures were grown in constant light for ∼24 hours and then were transferred into constant darkness either at 21°C (seven sets) or 28°C (seven sets). After 48 hours and at five 4-hour intervals thereafter, groups of race tubes were reciprocally shifted from 21° to 28°C or vice versa; for two control sets, there was no temperature step given after they were transferred into darkness. As a result of the difference in temperature, there were slight differences in the period length between the two sets: the average period length was 22.3 hours at 21°C and 20.5 hours at 28°C.
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The bdA (wild-type clock) strain was used in all the experiments described in this study. Conditions used for liquid culture experiments were as described (3, 24). For the experiment shown in Fig. 1A, after the cultures were grown in LL at 25°C for a few hours, they were transferred from L to D and from 25°C to either 21° or 28°C at hour 0. Thirteen hours later and, subsequently, at 5-to 6-hour intervals, samples were collected and used as a source for RNA and protein (3, 17, 23, 24). Equal amounts of total RNA (40 μg) or protein (100 μg) were loaded onto agarose or acrylamide gels for electrophoresis as previously described (3, 18, 23), and the gels were blotted and probed as appropriate either with a frq RNA-specific probe (3) or with an antibody to FRQ (17). Equal loading among lanes was confirmed by probing the RNA blot with a ribosomal DNA probe (3) and by staining the protein blot with amido black (18). After developing the blots, densitometry was performed (17, 18).
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We thank C. H. Johnson for seminal discussions and members of our laboratories for help and advice. This work was supported by grants from NIH (GM34985 and MH01186 to J.C.D and MH44651 to J.C.D and J.J.L.), the Air Force Office of Scientific Research (F49620-94-1-0260 to J.J.L.), NSF (MCB-9307299 to J.J.L.), and the Norris Cotton Cancer Center core grant at Dartmouth Medical School.
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