Civil-military relations

Annual Review of Political Science

Volumn 2, Issue , 1999, Pages 211-241

  Feaver, Peter D ^a  

^a DUKE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

Armed forces; Civilian control; Coups; Defense policy; Military politics; Principal agent relations

Indexed keywords

EID: 0033473417     PISSN: 10942939     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: 10.1146/annurev.polisci.2.1.211     Document Type: Review

References (171)

1. Abrahamsson B. 1972. Military Professionalization and Political Power. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage
2. Aguero F. 1995. Soldiers, Civilians, and Democracy: Post-Franco Spain in Comparative Perspective. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins Univ. Press
3. Avant DD. 1994. Political Institutions and Military Change: Lessons from Peripheral Wars. Ithaca, NY: Cornell Univ. Press
4. Avant DD. 1996/1997. US military reluctance to respond to post-Cold War low-level threats. Secur. Stud. 6(2):51-90
5. Avant DD. 1998. Conflicting indicators of "crisis" in American civil-military relations. Armed Forces Soc. 24(3):375-88
6. Bacevich AJ. 1993. Clinton's military problem - and ours. Natl. Rev. 45(24):36-40
7. Bacevich AJ. 1994/1995. Civilian control: a useful fiction? Joint Forces Q. 6(Autumn/ Winter):76-83
8. Bacevich AJ. 1998. Absent history: a comment on Dauber, Desch and Feaver. Armed Forces Soc. 24(3):447-54
9. Bachman JG, Blair JD, Segal DR. 1977. The All-Volunteer Force. Ann Arbor: Univ. Mich. Press
10. Barrett RJ. 1965. Partners in policymaking. Mil. Rev. 45(10):84-88
11. Belkin A. 1998. Performing the national security state: civil-military relations as a cause of international conflict. PhD thesis. Univ. Calif., Berkeley. 273 pp.
12. Ben Meir Y. 1995. Civil Military Relations in Israel. New York: Columbia Univ. Press
13. Betts RK. 1977. Soldiers, Statesmen, and Cold War Crises. Cambridge, MA: Harvard Univ. Press
14. Biddle S, Zirkle R. 1996. Technology, civilmilitary relations and warfare in the developing world. J. Strat. Stud. 19:171-212
15. Bienen H. 1968. The Military Intervenes: Case Studies in Political Development. New York: Russell Sage Found.
16. Bienen H, Van de Walle N. 1990. Poverty, the coup trap, and the seizure of executive power. World Polit. 42:151-83
17. Boene B. 1990. How "unique" should the military be? A review of representative literature and outline of a synthetic formulation. Eur. J. Soc. 31(1):3-59
18. Boene B. 1997. Western-type civil-military relations revisited. Presented at Hebrew Univ. Jerus., Dec. 2-3
19. Bouchard J. 1991. Command in Crisis: Four Case Studies. New York: Columbia Univ. Press
20. Brooks RA .1998. Political-military relations and the stability of Arab regimes. Adelphi Pap., Int. Inst. Strat. Stud.
21. Brooks RA. 1999. The domestic origins and international effects of political-military institutions. PhD thesis. Univ. Calif., San Diego
22. Bueno de Mesquita B, Siverson R. 1995. War and the survival of political leaders: a comparative study of regime types and political accountability. Am. Polit. Sci. Rev. 89: 841-56
23. Burk J. 1993. Morris Janowitz and the origins of sociological research on armed forces and society. Armed Forces Soc. 19(2): 167-86
24. Burk J. 1998. The logic of crisis and civilmilitary relations theory: a comment on Desch, Feaver, and Dauber. Armed Forces Soc. 24(3):455-62
25. Burk J. 1999. Military culture. In Encyclopedia of Violence, Peace and Conflict, ed. L Kurtz. San Diego, CA: Academic
26. Busza E. 1996. Transition and civil-military relations in Poland and Russia. Communist Post-Communist Stud. 29(2):167-84
27. Campbell K. 1991. All rise for chairman Powell. Natl. Interest 23(Spring): 51-60
28. Campbell R. 1990. Resource stringency and civil-military resource allocation. In Soldiers and the Soviet State, ed. TJ Colton, T Gustafson, pp. 126-63. Princeton, NJ: Princeton Univ. Press
29. Clausewitz KV. 1976. On War. Ed./Transl. M Howard, P Paret. Princeton, NJ: Princeton Univ. Press
30. Cohen EA. 1985. Citizens and Soldiers: The Dilemmas of Military Service. Ithaca, NY: Cornell Univ. Press
31. Colton TJ. 1979. Commissars, Commanders and Civilian Authority: The Structure of Soviet Military Politics. Cambridge, MA: Harvard Univ. Press
32. Colton TJ, Gustafson T, eds. 1990. Soldiers and the Soviet State: Civil-Military Relations from Brezhnev to Gorbachev. Princeton, NJ: Princeton Univ. Press
33. Dahl R. 1985. Controlling Nuclear Weapons. Syracuse, NY: Syracuse Univ. Press
34. Damrosch L. 1995. Constitutional control over war powers: a common core of accountability in democratic societies? Univ. Miami Law Rev. 50(Oct.):181-99
35. Danopoulos CP. 1988a. The Decline of Military Regimes: The Civilian Influence. Boulder, CO: Westview
36. Danopoulos CP. 1988b. Military Disengagement from Politics. New York: Routledge
37. Danopoulos CP. 1992. From Military to Civilian Rule. New York: Routledge
38. Danopoulos CP, Watson C. 1996. The Political Role of the Military: An International Handbook. Westport, CT: Greenwood
39. Danopoulos CP, Zirker D. 1996. Civil-Military Relations in the Soviet and Yugoslav Successor States. Boulder, CO: Westview
40. Dauber C. 1998. The practice of argument: reading the condition of civil-military relations. Armed Forces Soc. 24(3):435-46
41. Desch MC. 1998a. Soldiers, states, and structures: the end of the Cold War and weakening US civilian control. Armed Forces Soc. 24(3):389-406
42. Desch MC. 1998b. A historian's fallacies: a reply to Bacevich. Armed Forces Soc. 24(4):587-92
43. Desch MC. 1999. Soldiers, States, and Structure: Civilian Control of the Military in a Changing Security Environment. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins Univ. Press
44. Diamond L, Plattner MF, eds. 1996. Civil-Military Relations and Democracy. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins Univ. Press
45. Downing B. 1991. The Military Revolution and Political Change: Origins of Democracy and Autocracy in Early Modern Europe. Princeton, NJ: Princeton Univ. Press
46. Dunlap C. 1992/1993. The origins of the American military coup of 2012. Parameters 22(Winter):2-20
47. Dunlap C. 1994. Welcome to the junta: the erosion of civilian control of the US military. Wake Forest Law Rev. 29(2):341-92
48. Edmonds M. 1988. Armed Services and Society. Boulder, CO: Westview
49. Ekirch AA Jr. 1956. The Civilian and the Military. New York: Oxford Univ. Press
50. Enloe CH. 1980. Ethnic Soldiers: State Security in Divided Societies. Athens: Univ. Georgia Press
51. Feaver PD. 1992. Guarding the Guardians: Civilian Control of Nuclear Weapons in the United States. Ithaca, NY: Cornell Univ. Press
52. Feaver PD. 1992/1993. Command and control in emerging nuclear nations. Int. Secur. 17(3): 160-87
53. Feaver PD. 1995. Civil-military conflict and the use of force. In U.S. Civil-Military Relations: In Crisis or Transition?, ed. D Snider, MA Carlton-Carew, pp. 113-44. Washington, DC: Cent. Strat. Int. Stud.
54. Feaver PD. 1996. An American crisis in civilian control and civil-military relations? Historical and conceptual roots. Tocqueville Rev. 17(1):159-84
55. Feaver PD. 1997a. The civil-military problematique: Huntington, Janowitz, and the question of civilian control. Armed Forces Soc. 23(2):149-78
56. Feaver PD. 1997b. El control civil en pequeñas democracias: la contribución de las ciencias politicas. See Zamora 1997, pp. 67-106
57. Feaver PD. 1998a. Crisis as shirking: an agency theory explanation of the souring of American civil-military relations. Armed Forces Soc. 24(3):407-34
58. Feaver PD. 1998b. Modeling civil-military relations: a reply to Burk and Bacevich. Armed Forces Soc. 24(4):593-600
59. Finer SE. 1962. The Man on Horseback: The Role of the Military in Politics. London: Pall Mall
60. Frazer JE. 1994. Sustaining civilian control in Africa: the use of armed counterweights in regime stability. PhD thesis. Stanford Univ., Palo Alto, CA
61. Snider DM, Gibson CP. 1997. Explaining post-Cold War civil-military relations: a new institutionalist approach. John M Olin Inst. Strat. Stud., Proj. US Post Cold-War Civil-Mil. Relat., Work. Pap. No. 8
62. Snider DM, Gibson CP. 1998. Civil-military relations and the ability to influence: a look at the national security decisionmaking process. Armed Forces Soc. 25
63. Goldstone J. 1991. Revolution and Rebellion in the Early Modern World. Berkeley: Univ. Calif. Press
64. Hahn RF. 1997. Politics for warriors: the political education of professional military officers. John M Olin Inst. Strat. Stud., Proj. US Post Cold-War Civil-Mil. Relat., Work. Pap. No. 12
65. Harrell MC, Miller LL. 1997. New Opportunities for Military Women: Effects on Readiness, Cohesion and Morale. Santa Monica, CA: RAND
66. Hendrickson D. 1988. Reforming Defense: The State of American Civil-military Relations. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins Univ. Press
67. Herspring DR. 1996. Russian Civil-Military Relations. Bloomington: Indiana Univ. Press
68. Herspring DR, Volgyes I. 1978. Civil-Military Relations in Communist Systems. Boulder, CO: Westview
69. Holsti KJ. 1996. The State, War, and the State of War. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge Univ. Press
70. Holsti O. 1997. A widening gap between the military and society? Some evidence, 1976-1996. John M Olin Inst. Strat. Stud., Proj. US Post Cold-War Civil-Mil. Relat., Work. Pap. No. 13
71. Horowitz D. 1980. Coup Theories and Officers' Motives: Sri Lanka in Comparative Perspective. Princeton, NJ: Princeton Univ. Press
72. Horowitz D. 1985. Ethnic Groups in Conflict. Berkeley: Univ. Calif. Press
73. Hunter W. 1998. Negotiating civil-military relations in post-authoritarian Argentina and Chile. Int. Stud. Q. 42:295-318
74. Huntington SP. 1957. The Soldier and the State: The Theory and Politics of Civil-Military Relations. Cambridge, MA: Harvard Univ. Press
75. Huntington SP. 1968. Political Order in Changing Societies. New Haven, CT: Yale Univ. Press
76. Jackman RW. 1976. Politicians in uniform: military governments and social change in the Third World. Am. Polit. Sci. Rev. 70: 1078-97
77. Jackman RW. 1978. The predictability of coups d'état: a model with African data. Am. Polit. Sci. Rev. 72:1262-75
78. Janowitz M. 1960. The Professional Soldier: A Social and Political Portrait. Glencoe, IL: Free
79. Janowitz M. 1977. Military Institutions and Coercion in the Developing Nations. Chicago: Univ. Chicago Press
80. Johnson DE. 1996. Wielding the terrible swift sword: the American military paradigm and civil-military relations. John M Olin Inst. Strat. Stud., Proj. US Post Cold-War Civil-Mil. Relat., Work. Pap. No. 7
81. Johnson DV II, Metz S. 1995. American civil-military relations: new issues, enduring problems. Strat. Stud. Inst. 24 (April)
82. Johnson TH, Slater RO, McGowan P. 1984. Explaining African military coups d'état. Am. Polit. Sci. Rev. 78:622-40
83. Kemp KW, Hudlin C. 1992. Civil supremacy over the military: its nature and limits. Armed Forces Soc. 19(1):7-26
84. Kerwin JG. 1948. Civil-Military Relationships in American Life. Chicago: Univ. Chicago Press
85. Kier E. 1997. Imagining War: French and British Military Doctrine Between the Wars. Princeton, NJ: Princeton Univ. Press
86. Kohn RH. 1994. Out of control: the crisis in civil-military relations. Nat. Interest 35: 3-18
87. Kohn RH. 1997. How democracies control the military. J. Democr. 8:140-53
88. Kohn RH, Bacevich AJ. 1997. Grand army of the Republicans. New Republic 4,325: 22-25
89. Kolkowicz R. 1966. The Soviet Military and the Communist Party. Princeton, NJ: Princeton Univ. Press
90. Kolodziej E. 1966. The Uncommon Defense and Congress, 1945-1963. Columbus: Ohio State Univ. Press
91. Korb L. 1996. The military and social change. John M Olin Inst. Strat. Stud., Proj. US Post Cold-War Civil-Mil. Relat., Work. Pap. No. 5
92. Lane C. 1995. The legend of Colin Powell. New Republic 17(April):20-32
93. Larson AD. 1974. Military professionalism and civil control: a comparative analysis of two interpretations. J. Polit. Mil. Sociol. 2:57-72
94. Lasswell HD. 1941. The garrison state and specialists on violence. Am. J. Sociol. 46: 455-68
95. Lasswell HD. 1950. National Security and Individual Freedom. New York: McGraw-Hill
96. Londregan JB, Poole KT. 1990. Poverty, the coup trap and the seizure of executive power. World Polit. 42:151-83
97. Lovell JP, Albright DE. 1997. To Sheathe the Sword: Civil-Military Relations in the Quest for Democracy. Westport, CT: Greenwood
98. Luttwak E. 1979. Coup d'Etat: A Practical Handbook. Cambridge, MA: Harvard Univ. Press
99. Luttwak E. 1994. Washington's biggest scandal. Commentary 100(5):29-33
100. Lyons GM. 1961. The new civil-military relations. Am. Polit. Sci. Rev. 55:153-63
101. Michta AA. 1997. The Soldier-Citizen: The Politics of the Polish Army After Communism. New York: St. Martin's
102. Miller LL. 1994. Fighting for a just cause: soldiers' attitudes on gays in the military. In Gays and Lesbians in the Military: Issues, Concerns, and Contrasts, ed. WJ Scott, SC Stanley, pp. 69-85. New York: Aldine de Gruyter
103. Miller LL. 1997a. Not just weapons of the weak: gender harassment as a form of protest for army men. Soc. Psychol. Q. 60: 32-51
104. Miller LL. 1997b. Do soldiers hate peacekeeping? The case of preventive diplomacy operations in Macedonia. Armed Forces Soc. 23:415-50
105. Miller LL. 1998. Feminism and the exclusion of army women from combat. Gender Issues 16:33-64
106. Miller LL, Moskos CC. 1995. Humanitarians or warriors? Race, gender and combat status in Operation Restore Hope. Armed Forces Soc. 21:615-37
107. Millis CW. 1956. The Power Elite. New York: Oxford Univ. Press
108. Millis W, Mansfield H, Stein H. 1958. Arms and the State: Civil-Military Elements in National Policy. New York: 20th Cent. Fund.
109. Mills CW. 1956. The Power Elite. New York: Oxford Univ. Press
110. Moskos CC. 1970. The American Enlisted Man: The Rank and File in Today's Military. New York: Russell Sage Found.
111. Moskos CC, ed. 1971. Public Opinion and the Military Establishment. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage
112. Moskos CC. 1977. From institution to occupation: trends in the military organization. Armed Forces Soc. 4(1):41-50
113. Moskos CC, Butler JS. 1996. All That We Can Be: Black Leadership and Racial Integration the Army Way. New York: Basic Books
114. Moskos CC, Wood FR, eds. 1988. The Military: More Than Just a Job? Washington, DC: Pergamon-Brassey's
115. Nordlinger E. 1977. Soldiers in Politics: Military Coups and Governments. New York: Prentice-Hall
116. O'Donnell G, Schmitter PC, Whitehead L, eds. 1986. Transitions from Authoritarian Rule: Comparative Perspectives. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins Univ. Press
117. O'Kane R. 1981. A probabilistic approach to the causes of coups d'état. Br. J. Polit. Sci. 11:287-308
118. Owen MT. 1994/1995. Civilian control: a national crisis? Joint Forces Q. Winter: 80-83
119. Pape RA. 1996. Bombing to Win: Air Power and Coercion in War. Ithaca, NY: Cornell Univ. Press
120. Perlmutter A. 1977. The Military and Politics in Modern Times: On Professionals, Praetorians, and Revolutionary Soldiers. New Haven, CT: Yale Univ. Press
121. Petraeus DH. 1987. The American military and the lessons of Vietnam. PhD dissertation. Princeton Univ., Princeton, NJ
122. Pion-Berlin D. 1992. Military autonomy and emerging democracies in South America. Comp. Polit. 25:83-103
123. Posen BR. 1984. The Sources of Military Doctrine: France, Britain, and Germany Between the World Wars. Ithaca, NY: Cornell Univ. Press
124. Rice C. 1984. The Soviet Union and the Czechoslovak Army, 1948-1983: Uncertain Allegiance. Princeton, NJ: Princeton Univ. Press
125. Ricks T. 1997. Making the Corps. New York: Scribner
126. Roman PJ, Tarr DW. 1995. Soldiers, presidents, and the use of force in the post Cold War. Presented at Am. Polit. Sci. Assoc. Annu. Meet., Chicago, Aug. 31-Sept. 3
127. Rosen S. 1973. Testing the Theory of the Military-Industrial Complex. Lexington, MA: Lexington Books
128. Rosen SP. 1991. Winning the Next War. Ithaca, NY: Cornell Univ. Press
129. Rosen SP. 1996. Societies and Military Power: India and Its Armies. Ithaca, NY: Cornell Univ. Press
130. Rouquie A. 1982. The Military and the State in Latin America. Transl. PE Sigmund. Berkeley: Univ. Calif. Press
131. Russett BM. 1990. Controlling the Sword: The Democratic Governance of National Security. Cambridge, MA: Harvard Univ. Press
132. Russett BM, Hanson EC. 1975. Interest and Ideology: The Foreign Policy Beliefs of American Businessmen. San Francisco: Freeman
133. Russett BM, Stepan A. 1973. Military Force and American Society. New York: Harper & Row
134. Sagan SD. 1994. The perils of proliferation: organization theory, deterrence theory, and the spread of nuclear weapons. Int. Secur. 18(4):66-107
135. Sapin BM, Snyder RC. 1954. The Role of the Military in American Foreign Policy. Garden City, NY: Doubleday
136. Sarkesian SC. 1975. The Professional Army Officer in a Changing Society. Chicago: Nelson-Hall
137. Sarkesian SC, Williams JA, Bryant FB. 1995. Soldiers, Society and National Security. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner
138. Schiff R. 1995. Civil-military relations reconsidered: a theory of concordance. Armed Forces Soc. 22(1):7-24
139. Segal DR. 1975. Civil-military relations in the mass public. Armed Forces Soc. 1:215-29
140. Segal DR. 1986. Measuring the institutional/occupational change thesis. Armed Forces Soc. 12(3): 351-76
141. Segal DR, Blair J, Newport F, Stephens S. 1974. Convergence, isomorphism, and interdependence at the civil-military interface. J. Polit. Mil. Soc. 2:157-72
142. Sherry MS. 1995. In the Shadow of War: The United States Since the 1930s. Princeton, NJ: Princeton Univ. Press
143. Slater J. 1977. Apolitical warrior or soldier-statesman: the military and the foreign policy process in the post-Vietnam era. Armed Forces Soc. 4(1):101-18
144. Smith L. 1951. American Democracy and Military Power. Chicago: Univ. Chicago Press
145. Snider D, Carlton-Carew MA. 1995. US Civil-Military Relations: In Crisis or Transition? Washington, DC: Cent. Strat. Int. Stud.
146. Snyder J. 1984. The Ideology of the Offensive: Military Decisionmaking and the Disasters of 1914. Ithaca, NY: Cornell Univ. Press
147. Stepan A. 1971. The Military in Politics: Changing Patterns in Brazil. Princeton, NJ: Princeton Univ. Press
148. Stepan A. 1988. Rethinking Military Politics: Brazil and the Southern Cone. Princeton, NJ: Princeton Univ. Press
149. Stiehm JH. 1981. Bring Me Men and Women: Mandated Change at the US Air Force Academy. Berkeley: Univ. Calif. Press
150. Stiehm JH. 1989. Arms and the Enlisted Woman. Philadelphia: Temple Univ. Press
151. Stiehm JH. 1996. It's Our Military, Too!: Women and the US Military. Philadelphia: Temple Univ. Press
152. Tarr DW, Roman PJ. 1995. Serving the commander-in-chief: advice and dissent. Presented at Am. Polit. Sci. Assoc. Annu. Meet., Chicago, Aug. 31-Sept. 3
153. Thompson WR. 1975. Regime vulnerability and the military coup. Comp. Polit. 7: 459-87
154. Thompson WR. 1976. Organizational cohesion and military coup outcomes. Comp. Polit. 9:255-76
155. Tilly C, ed. 1975. The Formation of National States in Western Europe. Princeton, NJ: Princeton Univ. Press
156. Trinkunas HA. 1999. Constructing civilian control of the armed forces in new democracies: the cases of Argentina and Venezuela. PhD thesis. Stanford Univ., Palo Alto, CA
157. Vagts A. 1937. A History of Militarism: A Romance and Realities of a Profession. New York: Norton
158. Van Evera S. 1984. The cult of the offensive and the origins of the First World War. Int. Secur. 9(1):58-107
159. Weigley RF. 1993. The American military and the principle of civilian control from McClellan to Powell. J. Mil. Hist. 57: 27-58
160. Weiner SK. 1995. The changing of the guard: the role of Congress in defense organization and reorganization in the Cold War. John M Olin Inst. Strat. Stud., Proj. US Post Cold-War Civil-Mil. Relat., Work. Pap. No. 10
161. Welch C, ed. 1976. Civilian Control of the Military. New York: State Univ. New York Press
162. Williams JA. 1997. The new military professionals. Proc. Nav. Inst. Press 122:42-48
163. Yarmolinsky A. 1971. The Military Establishment: Its Impacts on American Society. New York: Harper & Row
164. Yarmolinsky A. 1974. Civilian control: new perspectives for new problems. Indiana Law J. 49:654-71
165. Zagorski PW. 1992. Democracy vs. National Security: Civil-Military Relations in Latin America. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner
166. Zagorski PW. 1996. The Latin American military and politics: retrospect and prospects. Presented at Annu. Meet. Midwest Polit. Sci. Assoc. Apr. 18-20, Chicago, IL
167. Zamora KC. 1997. Relaciones Cívico-Militares Comparadas: Entendiendo los Mecanismos de Control Civil en Pequeñas Democracias. San Jose, CR: Fund. Arias Paz Progreso Humano
168. Zegart AB. 1996. In whose interest? The making of American national security agencies. PhD thesis. Stanford Univ., Palo Alto, CA
169. Zimmermann E. 1983. Political Violence, Crises, and Revolutions: Theories and Research. Cambridge, MA: Schenkman
170. Zisk KM. 1993. Engaging the Enemy: Organization Theory and Soviet Military Innovation, 1955-1991. Princeton, NJ: Princeton Univ. Press
171. Zuk G, Thompson WR. 1982. The post-coup military spending question: a pooled cross-sectional time series analysis. Am. Polit. Sci. Rev. 76:60-74