Fas (APO-1, CD95) receptor expression and new options for immunotherapy in childhood medulloblastomas

Anticancer Research

Volumn 19, Issue 4 B, 1999, Pages 3293-3314

  Bodey, Bela ^a,e   Bodey Jr , Bela ^a   Siegel, Stuart E ^b   Kaiser, Hans E ^c,d  

^a UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA   (United States)

^b CHILDREN S HOSPITAL LOS ANGELES   (United States)

^c UNIVERSITY OF MARYLAND SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^d UNIVERSITY OF VIENNA   (Austria)

^e NONE   (United States)

Author keywords

Antibodies; Apoptosis or Programmed Cell Death (PCD) or Active Cell Death (ACD); Apoptotic bodies; Bax; Bcl 2; Calcium and magnesium dependent endonucleases; Childhood medulloblastoma (MED); Condensation of cellular chromatin; DNA fragmentation; Fas (APO 1 or CD95) receptor (FasR); Fas ligand (FasL); Immunocytochemistry; Primitive neuroectodermal tumor (PNET)

Indexed keywords

ALKALINE PHOSPHATASE; BIOTIN; FAS ANTIGEN; PEROXIDASE; RECEPTOR; STREPTAVIDIN;

APOPTOSIS; ARTICLE; CANCER IMMUNOTHERAPY; CHILDHOOD CANCER; HUMAN; IMMUNOCYTOCHEMISTRY; MEDULLOBLASTOMA; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROTEIN EXPRESSION; THYMUS;

ANTIGENS, CD95; APOPTOSIS; BRAIN NEOPLASMS; CHILD; HUMANS; IMMUNOTHERAPY; MEDULLOBLASTOMA;

EID: 0033403918     PISSN: 02507005     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Article

References (254)

1. Sinkovics JG, Horvath JC: Role of apoptosis in health and disease. JAMA 279: 1699, 1998.
2. Koudrine AV: Trace elements and apoptosis. J Trace Elem Med Biol 12: 65-76, 1998.
3. Hetts SW: To die or not to die: an overview of apoptosis and its role in disease. JAMA 279: 300-307, 1998.
4. Glucksmann A: Cell deaths in normal vertebrate ontogeny. Biol Rev 26: 59-86, 1951.
5. Saunders JW: Death in embryonic systems. Science 154: 604-612, 1966.
6. Walker NI, Harmon BV, Gobe GC, Kerr JFR: Patterns of cell death. Meth Achiev Exp Pathol 13: 18-54, 1988.
7. Shi L, Nishioka WK, Th'ng J, Bradbury EM, Litchfield DW, Greenberg AH: Premature p34 cdc2 activation required for apoptosis. Science 263: 1143-1145, 1994.
8. King KL, Cidlowski JA: Cell cycle and apoptosis: common pathways to life and death. J Cell Biochem 58: 175-180, 1995.
9. Meikrantz W, Schlegel R: Apoptosis and the cell cycle. J Cell Biochem 58: 160-174, 1995.
10. Dou QP, An B, Yu C: Activation of cyclin E-dependent kinase by DNA-damage signals during apoptosis. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 214: 771-780, 1995.
11. White E: Life, death, and the pursuit of apoptosis. Genes Dev 10: 1-15, 1996.
12. Sachs L, Lotem J: Control of programmed cell death in normal and leukemic cells: new implication for therapy. Blood 82: 15-21, 1993.
13. Mountz JD, Zhou T, Wu J, Wang W, Su X, Cheng J: Regulation of apoptosis in immune cells. J Clin Immunol 15: 1-16, 1995.
14. Hockenbery D: Defining apoptosis. Am J Pathol 146: 16-19, 1995.
15. Ridet A, Guillouf C, Duchaud E, Cundari E, Fiore M, Moustacchi E, Rosselli F: Deregulated apoptosis is a hallmark of the Fanconi anemia syndrome. Cancer Res 57: 1722-1730, 1997.
16. Kerr JFR, Wyllie AH, Currie AR: Apuptosis: a basic biological phenomenon with wide-ranging implications in tissue kinetics. Br J Cancer 26: 239-257, 1972.
17. Arends MJ, Wyllie AH: Apoptosis: Mechanisms and roles in pathology. Int Rev Exp Pathol 32: 223-254, 1991.
18. Patel T, Gores GJ, Kaufmann SH: The role of proteases during apoptosis. FASEB J 10: 587-597, 1996.
19. Martin SJ, Green DR, Cotter TG: Dicing with death: dissecting the components of the apoptosis machinery. Trends Biochem Sci 19: 26-30, 1994.
20. Kerr JFR, Wyllie AH, Currie AR: Apoptosis: a basic biological phenomenon with wide ranging implications in tissue kinetics. Br J Cancer 26: 239-257, 1972.
21. Wyllie AH: Glucocorticoid-induced thymocyte apoptosis is associated with endogenous endonuclease activation. Nature 284: 555-556, 1980.
22. Wyllie AH, Kerr JFR, Currie AR: Cell death: The significance of apoptosis. Int Rev Cytol 68: 251-306, 1980.
23. Morris RG, Hargreaves AD, Duvall E, Wyllie AH: Hormone-induced cell death. 2. Surface changes in thymocyles undergoing apoptosis. Am J Pathol 115: 426-436, 1984.
24. Arends MJ, Morris RG, Wyllie AH: Apoptosis: The role of the endonuclease. Am J Pathol 136: 593-608, 1990.
25. Green DR, Bissonnette RP, Cotter TG: Apoptosis and Cancer. In: Important Advances in Oncology 1994 (DeVita VT, Hellman S, Rosenberg SA, eds). Philadelphia, J.B. Lippincott, pp. 37-52, 1994.
26. Duke RC, Chervenak R, Cohen JJ: Endogenous endonuclease induced DNA fragmentation: An early event in cell mediated cytolysis. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 80: 6361-6365, 1983.
27. Cohen JJ, Duke RC: Glucocorticoid activation of a calcium-dependent endonuclease in thymocyte nuclei leads to cell death. J Immunol 132: 38-42, 1984.
28. Savill J, Fadok V, Henson P, Haslett C: Phagocyte recognition of cells undergoing apoptosis. Immunol Today 14: 131-136, 1993.
29. Chan WY, Yew DT: Apoptosis and Bcl-2 oncoprotein expression in the human fetal central nervous system. Anat Rec 1998 Oct 252(2): 165-175, 1998.
30. Trauth BC, Klas C, Peters AMJ, Matzku S, Moller P, Falk W, Debatin K-M, Krammer PH: Monoclonal antibody-mediated tumor regression by induction of apoptosis. Science 245: 301-305, 1989.
31. Itoh N, Yonehara S, Ishii A, Yonehara M, Mizushima S, Sameshima M, Hase A, Seto Y, Nagata S: The polypeptide encoded by the cDNA for human cell surface antigen Fas can mediate apoptosis. Cell 66: 233-243, 1991.
32. Shi Y, Glynn JM, Guilbert LJ, Cotter TG, Bissonnette RP, Green DR: Role for c-myc in activation-induced apoptotic cell death in T cell hybridomas. Science 257: 212-214, 1992.
33. Evan GI, Wyllie AH, Gilbert CS, Littlewood TD, Land H, Brooks M, Waters CM, Penn LZ, Hancock DC: Induction of apoptosis in fibroblasts by c-myc protein. Cell 69: 119-128, 1992.
34. Korsmeyer SJ: Bcl-2: a repressor of lymphocyte death. Immunol Today 13: 285-288, 1992.
35. Goi K, Takagi M, Iwata S, Delia D, Asada M, Donghi R, Tsunematsu Y, Nakazawa S, Yamamoto H, Yokota J: DNA damage-associated dysregulation of the cell cycle and apoptosis control in cells with germ-line p53 mutation. Cancer Res 57: 1895-1902, 1997.
36. Hoffman B, Liebermann DA: Molecular controls of apoptosis: differentiation/growth arrest primary response genes, proto-oncogenes, and tumor suppressor genes as positive and negative modulators. Oncogene 9: 1807-1812, 1994.
37. Ehl S, Hoffmann-Rohrer U, Nagata S, Hengartner H, Zinkernagel R: Different susceptibility of cytotoxic T cells to CD95 (Fas/Apo-1) ligand-mediated cell death after activation in vitro versus in vivo. J Immunol 156: 2357-2360, 1996.
38. Durkop H, Latza U, Hummel M, Eitelbach F, Seed B, Stein H: Molecular cloning and expression of a new member of the nerve growth factor receptor family that is characteristic for Hodgkin's disease. Cell 68: 421-427, 1992.
39. Calderhead DM, Buhlmann JE, van den Eertwegh AJM, Claassen E, Noelle RJ, Fell HP: Cloning of mouse Ox40: a T cell activation marker that may mediate T-B cell interactions. J Immunol 151: 5261-5271, 1993.
40. Smith CA, Farrah T, Goodwin RG: The TNF receptor superfamily of cellular and viral proteins: activation, costimulation, and death. Cell 76: 959-962, 1994.
41. Nagata S: Fas and Fas ligand: a death factor and its receptor. Adv Immunol 57: 129-144, 1994.
42. + thymocytes by the anti-Fas antibody. J Exp Med 181: 485-491, 1995.
43. Alderson MR, Armitage RJ, Maraskovsky E, Tough TW, Roux E, Schooley K, Ramsdell F, Lynch DH: Fas transduces activation signals in normal human T lymphocytes. J Exp Med 178: 2231-2235, 1993.
44. Yonehara S, Ishii A, Yonehara M: A cell-killing monoclonal antibody (anti-Fas) to a cell surface antigen co-downregulated with the receptor of tumor necrosis factor. J Exp Med 169: 1747-1756, 1989.
45. Ogasawara J, Watanabe-Fukunaga R, Adachi M, Matsuzawa A, Kasugai T, Kitamura Y, Itoh N, Suda T, Nagata S: Lethal effect of the anti-Fas antibody in mice. Nature 364: 806-809, 1993.
46. Suda T, Takahashi T, Golstein P, Nagata S: Molecular cloning and expression of the Fas ligand: a novel member of the tumor necrosis factor family. Cell 75: 1164-1178, 1993.
47. Suda T, Nagata S: Purification and characterization of the Fas ligand that induces apoptosis. J Exp Med 179: 873-878, 1994.
48. Nagata S, Golstein P: The Fas death factor. Science 267: 1449-1456, 1995.
49. Schulze-Osthoff K: The Fas/APO-1 receptor and its deadly ligand. Trends Cell Biol 4: 421-426, 1995.
50. Cohen PL, Eisenberg RA: Lpr and gld: single gene models of systemic autoimmunity and lymphoproliferative disease. Annu Rev Immunol 9: 243-269, 1991.
51. Watanabe-Fukunaga R, Brannan CI, Copeland NG, Jenkins NA, Nagata S: Lymphoproliferation disorder in mice explained by defects in Fas antigen that mediates apoptosis. Nature 356: 314-317, 1992.
52. Takahashi T, Tanaka M, Brannan CI, Jenkins NA, Copeland NG, Suda T, Nagata S: Generalized lymphoproliferative disease in mice, caused by a point mutation in the Fas ligand. Cell 76: 969-976, 1994.
53. Zhou T, Bluethmann H, Eldridge J, Berry K, Mountz JD: Abnormal thymocyte development and production of autoreactive T cells in TCR transgenic autoimmune mice. J Immunol 147: 466-474, 1991.
54. Zhou T, Mountz JD, Edwards III CK, Berry K, Bluethmann H: Defective maintenance of T cell tolerance to a superantigen in MRL-lpr/lpr mouse. J Exp Med 176, 1063-1072, 1992.
55. Zhou T, Bluethmann H, Eldridge J, Berry K, Mountz JD: Origin of CD4-CD8-B220+ T cells in MRL-lpr/lpr mice. Clues from a T cell receptor beta transgenic mouse. J Immunol 150: 3651-3667, 1993.
56. Owen-Schaub LB, Yonehara S, Crump WL III, Grimm E: DNA fragmentation and cell death is selectively triggered in activated human lymphocytes by Fas antigen engagement. Cell Immunol 140: 197-205, 1992.
57. Klas C, Debatin K-M, Jonker RR, Krammer PH: Activation interferes with the APO-1 pathway in mature human T cells. Int Immunol 5: 625-630, 1993.
58. Su X, Zhou T, Wu J, Jope R, Mountz JD: Dephosphorylation of a 65kD protein associated with signaling for Fas-mediated apoptosis. (Abstract) FASEB J 8: A218, 1994.
59. Packham G, Cleveland J: c-Myc and apoptosis. Biochim Biophys Acta 1242: 11-28, 1995.
60. Clarke AR, Purdie CA, Harrison DJ, Morris RG, Bird CC, Hooper ML, Wyllie AH: Thymocyte apoptosis induced by p53-dependent and independent pathways. Nature 362: 849-852, 1993.
61. Strasser A, Harris AW, Jacks T, Cory S: DNA damage can induce apoptosis in proliferating lymphoid cells via p53-independent mechanisms inhibitable by Bel-2. Cell 79: 329-339, 1994.
62. Bodey B, Gröger AM, Bodey B Jr, Siegel SE, Kaiser HE: Immunocytochemical detection of p53 protein overexpression in primary human osteosarcomas. Anticancer Res 17: 493-498, 1997.
63. Bodey B, Gröger AM, Bodey B Jr, Siegel SE, Kaiser HE: Immunocytochemical detection of p53 protein expression in various childhood astrocytoma subtypes: Significance in tumor progression. Anticancer Res 17: 1187-1194, 1997.
64. Bodey B, Bodey B Jr, Gröger AM, Luck JV, Siegel SE, Taylor CR, Kaiser HE: Immunocytochemical detection of the p170 multidrug resistance (MDR) and the p53 tumor suppressor gene proteins in human breast cancer cells: Clinical and therapeutical significance. Anticancer Res 17: 1311-1318, 1997.
65. Fuchs EJ, McKenna KA, Bedi A: p53-dependent DNA damage-induced apoptosis requires Fas-APO-1-independent activation of CPP32ß. Cancer Res 57: 2550-2554, 1997.
66. Graeber TG, Osmanian C, Jacks T, Housman DE, Koch CJ, Lowe SW, Giaccia AJ: Hypoxia-mediated selection of cells with diminished apoptotic potential in solid tumors. Nature 379: 88-91, 1996.
67. Naumowski L, Cleary ML: Bcl-2 inhibits apoptosis associated with terminal differentiation of HL-60 myeloid leukemia cells. Blood 83: 2261-2266, 1994.
68. Reed JC: Regulation of apoptosis by bcl-2 family proteins and its role in cancer and chemoresistance. Curr Opin Oncol 7: 541-546, 1995.
69. Haldar S, Basu A, Croce CM: Bcl-2 is the guardian of microtubule integrity. Cancer Res 57: 229-233, 1997.
70. Oltvai Z, Milliman C, Korsmeyer SJ: Bcl-2 heterodimerizes in vivo with a conserved homolog Bax that accelerates programmed cell death. Cell 74: 609-619, 1993.
71. Pillai MR, Kesari AL, Chellam VG, Madhavan J, Nair P, Nair MK: Spontaneous programmed cell death in infiltrating duct carcinoma: association with p53. BCL-2, hormone receptors and tumor proliferation. Pathol Res Pract 194: 549-557, 1998.
72. Yuan J, Horvitz HR: The Caenorhabditis elegans genes ced-3 and ced-4 act cell autonomously to cause programmed cell death. Dev Biol 138: 33-41, 1990.
73. Hengartner MO, Ellis RE, Horvitz HR: Caenorhabditis elegans gene ced-9 protects cells from programmed cell death. Nature 356: 494-499, 1992.
74. Steller H: Mechanisms and genes of cellular suicide. Science 267: 1445-1448, 1995.
75. Reed JC: Bcl-2 and the regulation of programmed cell death. J Cell Biol 124: 1-6, 1994.
76. Pourzand C, Rossier G, Reelfs O, Borner C, Tyrrell RM: The overexpression of hcl-2 inhibits UVA-mediated immediate apoptosis in rat 6 fibroblasts: evidence for the involvement of bcl-2 as an antioxidant. Cancer Res 57: 1405-1411, 1997.
77. Alnemri ES, Livingston DJ, Nicholson DW, Salvesen G, Thornberry NA, Wong WW, Yuan J: Human ICE/CED-3 protease nomenclature. Cell 87: 171, 1996.
78. Kumar S, Kinoshita M, Noda M, Copeland NG, Jenkins NA: Induction of apoptosis hy the mouse Nedd 2 gene, which encodes a protein similar to the product of the Caenorhabditis elegans cell death gene ced-3 and the mammalian IL-1ß-converting enzyme. Genes Dev 8: 1613-1626, 1994.
79. Sinkovics JG: Malignant lymphoma arising from natural killer cells: report of the first case in 1970 and newer developments in the FasL →FasR system. Acta Microbiol Immunol Hung 44: 295-303, 1997.
80. Wang L, Miura M, Bergeron B, Zhu H, Yuan J: Ich-1, an ICE/Ced-3 related gene, encodes both positive and negative regulators of programmed cell death. Cell 78: 739-750, 1994.
81. Kamens J, Paskind M, Hugunin M, Talanian RV, Allen H, Banach D, Bump N, Hackett M, Johnston CG, Li P, Mankovich JA, Terranova M, Ghayur T: Identification and characterization of ICH-2, a novel member of the interleukin-1ß-converting enzyme family of cysteine proteases. J Biol Chem 270: 15250-15256, 1995.
82. Fernandes-Alnemri T, Litwack G, Alnemri ES: CPP32, a novel human apoptotic protein with homology to Caenorhabditis elegans cell death protein Ced-3 and mammalian interleukin-1 ß-converting enzyme. J Biol Chem 269: 30761-30764, 1995.
83. Fernandes-Alnemri T, Litwack G, Alnemri ES: Mch2, a new member of the apoptotic Ced-3/ICE cysteine protease gene family. Cancer Res 55: 2737-2742, 1995.
84. Munday NA, Vaillancourt JP, Ali A, Casano FJ, Miller DK, Molineaux SM, Yamin TT, Yu VL, Nicholson DW: Molecular cloning and pro-apoptotic activity of ICE rel II and ICE rel III members of the ICE/Ced-3 family of cysteine proteases. J Biol Chem 270: 15870-15876, 1995.
85. Duan H, Chinnaiyan AM, Hudson P, Wing JP, He WW, Dixit VM: ICE-LAP3, a novel mammalian homologue of of the Caenorhabditis elegans cell death protein Ced-3 is activated during Fas- and tumor necrosis factor-induced apoptosis. J Biol Chem 271: 1621-1625, 1996.
86. Duan H, Orth K, Chinnaiyan AM, Poirier GG, Froelich CJ, He WW, Dixit VM: ICE-LAP6, a novel member of the ICE-Ced-3 gene family, is activated by the cytotoxic T cell protease granzyme B. J Biol Chem 271: 16720-16724, 1996.
87. Boldin MP, Goncharov TM, Goltsev YV, Wallach D: Involvement of MACH, a novel MORTI/FADD-interacting protease, in Fas/APO-1 and TNF receptor-induced cell death. Cell 85: 803-815, 1996.
88. Lazebnik YA, Kaufmann SH, Desnoyers S, Poirier GG, Earnshaw WC: Cleavage of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase by a proteinase with properties like ICE. Nature 371: 346-347, 1994.
89. Nicholson DW, Ali A, Thornberry NA, Vaillancourt JP, Ding CK, Gallant M, Gareau Y, Griffin PR, Labelle M, Lazebnik YA: Identification and inhibition of the ICE/CED-3 protease necessary for mammalian apoptosis. Nature 376: 37-43, 1995.
90. Sorensen CM: Apoptosis or planning a death. Biomedical Products (September, 1996 issue), pp 38-39, 1996.
91. Bailey P, Cushing H: Medulloblastoma cerebelli, a common type of midcerebellar glioma of childhood. Arch Neurol Psychiatry 14: 192-224, 1925.
92. Schaper A: Einige kritische Bemerkungen zu Lugaro's Aufsatz: "Ueber die Histogenese der Körner der Kleinhirnrinde". Anat Anz 10: 422-426, 1895.
93. Zeltzer PM, Bodey B, Marlin A, Kemshead J: Immunophenotype profile of childhood medulloblastomas and supratentorial primitive neuroectodermal tumors using sixteen monoclonal antibodies. Cancer 66: 273-283, 1990.
94. Valtz NL, Hayes TE, Norregaard T, Liu SM, McKay RD: An embryonic origin for medulloblastoma. New Biol 3: 364-371, 1991.
95. Torres LF, Jacob GV, Reis-Filho JS, de Noronha L: Primary pediatric tumours of the central nervous system. Anatomopathological study of 623 cases. Arq Neuropsiquiatr 55: 795-800, 1997.
96. Moschovi M, Sotiris Y, Prodromou N, Tsangaris GT, Constantinidou Van-Vliet C, Kalpini-Mavrou A, Tzortzatou-Stathopoulou F: Familial medulloblastoma. Pediatr Hematol Oncol 15: 421-424, 1998.
97. Williams BP, Abney ER, Raff MC: Macroglial cell development in embryonic rat brain: studies using monoclonal antibodies, flourescence-activated cell sorting and cell culture. Dev Biol 112: 126-134, 1985.
98. Katsura S, Suzuki J, Wada T: Statistical study of brain tumours in the neurosurgical clinics in Japan. J Neurosurg 16: 570-580, 1959.
99. von Deimling A, Louis DN, Wiestler OD: Molecular pathways in the formation of gliomas. Glia 15: 328-338, 1995.
100. Cairncross JG: The biology of astrocytoma: lessons learned from chronic myelogenous leukemia-hypothesis. J Neuro-Oncol 5: 99-104, 1987.
101. Greaves M, Janossy G, Francis G, Minowada J: Membrane phenotypes of human leukemic cells and leukemic cell lines: Clinical correlates and biological implications. In: Differentiation of normal and neoplastic hemopoietic cells (Clarkson B, Marks PL, Till J, eds). Vol 5, pp 823-841. Cold Spring Harbor Conferences on Cell Proliferation. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, New York, 1977.
102. Burns BF: Molecular genetic markers in lymphoproliferative disorders. Clin Biochem 22: 33-39, 1989.
103. Bodey B, Zeltzer PM, Saldivar V, Kemshead J: Immunophenotyping of childhood astrocytomas with a library of monoclonal antibodies. Int J Cancer 45: 1079-1087, 1990.
104. Jay V, Edwards V, Halliday W, Rutka J, Lau R: "Polyphenotypic" tumors in the central nervous system: problems in nosology and classification. Pediatr Pathol Lab Med 17: 364-389, 1997.
105. Fung KM, Trojanowski JQ: Animal models of medulloblastomas and related primitive neuroectodermal tumors. A review. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 54: 285-296, 1995.
106. Scarpelli M, Montironi R, Thompson D, Bartels PH: Computer-assisted analysis of medulloblastoma. A cytologic study. Anal Ouant Cytol Histol 19: 387-392, 1997.
107. Ng HK, Lam PY: The molecular genetics of central nervous system tumors. Pathology 30: 196-202, 1998.
108. Phelan CM, Liu L, Ruttledge MH, Muntzning K, Ridderheim PA, Collins VP: Chromosome 17 abnormalities and lack of TP53 mutations in paediatric central nervous system tumours. Hum Genet 96: 684-690, 1995.
109. Provias JP, Becker LE: Cellular and molecular pathology of medulloblastoma. J Neurooncol 29: 35-43, 1996.
110. Lopez-Gines C, Cerda-Nicolas M, Gil-Benso R, Barcia-Salorio JL, Llombart-Bosch A: Involvement of the long arm of chromosome 9 in medulloblastoma in an adult. Cancer Genet Cytogenet 96: 81-84, 1997.
111. Reardon DA, Michalkiewicz E, Boyett JM, Sublett JE, Entrekin RE, Ragsdale ST, Valentine MB, Behm FG, Li H, Heideman RL, Kun LE, Shapiro DN, Look AT: Extensive genomic abnormalities in childhood medulloblastoma by comparative genomic hybridization. Cancer Res 57: 4042-4047, 1997.
112. Wilgenbus KK, Seranski P, Brown A, Leuchs B, Mincheva A, Lichter P, Poustka A: Molecular characterization of a genetically unstable region containing the SMS critical area and a breakpoint cluster for human PNETs. Genomics 42: 1-10, 1997.
113. Sinkovics JG: Malignant lymphoma arising from natural killer cells: report of the first case in 1970 and newer developments in the Fasl. →FasR system. Acta Microbiol Immunol Hung 44: 295-303, 1997.
114. Hara A, Hirose Y, Yoshimi N, Tanaka T, Mori H: Expression of Bax and bcl-2 proteins, regulators of programmed cell death, in human brain tumors. Neurol Res 19: 623-628, 1997.
115. Bodey B, Bodey B Jr, Kaiser HE: Apoptosis in the mammalian thymus during its normal histogenesis and under various in vitro and in vivo experimental conditions. In vivo 12: 123-134, 1998.
116. Müllauer L, Mosberger I, Chott A: Fas ligand expression in nodal non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. Mod Pathol 11: 369-375, 1998.
117. Tachibana O, Nakazawa H, Lampe J, Watanabe K, Kleihues P, Ohgaki H: Expression of Fas/APO-1 during the progression of astrocytomas. Cancer Res 55: 5528-5530, 1995.
118. Tachibana O, Lampe J, Kleihues P, Ohgaki H: Preferential expression of Fas/APO1 (CD95) and apoptotic cell death in perinecrotic cells of glioblastoma multiforme. Acta Neuropathol 92: 431-434, 1946.
119. Dietrich P-Y, Walker PR, Saas P, de Tribolet N: Immunobiology of gliomas: new perspectives for therapy. In: Challenges and opportunities in pediatric oncology (Holmes FF. Kepes JJ, Vats TS, Schuler D, Nyary I, eds). New York. Ann NY Acad Sci. 824: 124-140, 1997.
120. Weller M, Schuster M, Pietsch T, Schabet M: CD95 ligand-inducecl apoptosis of human medullohlastoma cells. Cancer Lett 128: 121-126, 1998.
121. Schiffer D, Cavalla P, Chio A, Giordana MT, Marino S, Mauro A, Migheli A: Tumor cell proliferation and apoptosis in medulloblastoma. Acta Neuropathol 87: 362-370, 1994.
122. Schubert TE, Cervos-Navarro J: The histopathological and clinical relevance of apoptotic cell death in medulloblastomas. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 57: 10-15, 1998.
123. Krajewski S, Krajewska M, Ehrmann J, Sikorska M, Lach B, Chatten J, Reed JC: Immunohistochemical analysis of Bcl-2, Bcl-X, Mcl-l, and Bax in tumors of central and peripheral nervous system origin. Am J Pathol 150: 805-814, 1997.
124. Kernohan JW, Sayre GP: Tumors of Central Nervous System. Fascicle 35. Atlas of Tumor Pathology. Armed Forces Institute of Pathology, Washington, 1952, pp 17-129.
125. Zülch KJ: Histologic classification of tumours of the central nervous system. International Histological Classification of Tumours, No. 21, World Health Organization, Geneva, 1979.
126. Zülch KJ: Principles of the new World Health Organization (WHO) classification of brain tumors. Neuroradiology 19: 59-66, 1980.
127. Russel DS, Rubinstein LJ: Tumors of central neuroepithelial origin. In: Pathology of tumors of the Nervous System. Edward Arnold, London, 1989, p 83-247.
128. Rorke LB: The cerebellar medulloblastoma and its relationship to primitive neuroectodermal tumors. J Neuropathol Exp Neurology 42: 1-15, 1983.
129. Gilles FH: Classification of childhood brain tumors. Cancer 56 (7. Suppl): 1850-1857, 1985.
130. Dehner LP: Peripheral and central primitive neuroectodermal tumors: a nosologic concept seeking a consensus. Arch Pathol Lab Med 110: 997-1005, 1986.
131. Rorke LB, Gilles FH, Davis RL, Becker LE: Revision of the World Health Organization classification of brain tumors for childhood brain tumors. Cancer 56 (7. Suppl): 1869-1886, 1985.
132. Becker LE: An appraisal of the World Health Organization classification of tumors of the central nervous system. Cancer 56 (7 Suppl): 1858-1864, 1985.
133. Kleihues P., Burger PC, Scheithauer BW: Histological typing of tumors of the central nervous system. In: World Health Organisation International Histological Classification of Tumours. 2nd Edition, SpringerVerlag, Berlin-Heidelberg-New York, 1993.
134. Burger PC: Tumors of the central nervous system. Washington DC, 1994.
135. Szymas J: Histologic classification of central nervous system tumors by the World Health Organization. Pol J Pathol 45: 81-91, 1944.
136. Burger PC: Revising the World Health Organization (WHO) Blue Book-'Histological typing of tumours of the central nervous system'. J Neurooncol 24: 3-7, 1995.
137. Ostling O, Johanson KJ: Microelectrophoretic study of radiation-induced DNA damages in individual mammalian cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 123: 291-298, 1984.
138. Ostling O, Johanson KJ, Blomquist E, Hagelqvist E: DNA damage in clinical radiation therapy studied by microelectrophoresis in single tumour cells. A preliminary report. Acta Oncol 26: 45-48, 1987.
139. Hilton DA, Love S, Barber R: Demonstration of apoptotic cells in tissue sections by in situ hybridization using digoxigenin-labeled poly(A) oligonucleotide probes to detect thymidine-rich DNA sequences. J Histochem Cytochem 45: 13-20, 1997.
140. Lucassen PJ, Chung WC, Vermeulen JP, Van Lookeren Campagne M, Van Dierendonck JH, Swaab DF: Microwave-enhanced in situ end-labeling of fragmented DNA: parametric studies in relation to postmortem delay and fixation of rat and human brain. J Histochem Cytochem 43: 1163-1171, 1995.
141. Nuruse I, Keino H. Kawarada Y: Antibody against single-stranded DNA detects both programmed cell death and drug-induced apoptosis. Histochemistry 101: 73-78, 1994.
142. Negoescu A, Guillermet Ch, Lorimier Ph, Robert C, Lantuejoul S, Brambilla E, Labat-Moleur F: TUNEL Apoptotic Cell Detection in Archived Paraffin-embedded Tissues. Pitfalls and improvements. Biochemica # 3: 36-41, 1998.
143. Negoescu A, Guillermet C, Lorimier P, Brambilla E, Labat-Moleur F: Importance of DNA fragmentation in apoptosis with regard to TUNEL specificity. Biomed Pharmacother 52: 252-258, 1998.
144. Eastman A, Barry MA: The origins of DNA breaks: a consequence of DNA damage, DNA repair, or apoptosis? Cancer Invest 10: 229-240, 1992.
145. Barry MA, Eastman A: Identification of deoxyribonuclease II as an endonuclease involved in apoptosis. Arch Biochem Biophys 300: 440-450, 1993.
146. Eastman A: Survival factors, intracellular signal transduction, and the activation of endonucleases in apoptosis. Semin Cancer Biol 6: 45-52, 1995.
147. Reynolds JE, Li J, Eastman A: Detection of apoptosis by flow cytometry of cells simultaneously stained for intracellular pH (carboxy SNARF-1) and membrane permeability (Hoechst 33342). Cytometry 25: 349-357, 1996.
148. Wolf CM, Reynolds JE, Morana SJ, Eastman A: The temporal relationship between protein phosphatase, ICE/CED-3 proteases, intracellular acidification, and DNA fragmentation in apoptosis. Exp Cell Res 230: 22-27, 1997.
149. Wijsman JH, Jonker RR, Keijzer R, van de Velde CJ, Cornelisse CJ, van Dierendonck JH: A new method to detect apoptosis in paraffin sections: in situ end-labeling of fragmented DNA. J Histochem Cytochem 41: 7-12, 1993.
150. Migheli A, Cavalla P, Marino S, Schiffer D: A study of apoptosis in normal and pathologic nervous tissue after in situ end-labeling of DNA strand breaks. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 53: 606-616, 1994.
151. Migheli A, Attanasio A, Lee WH, Bayer SA, Ghetti B: Detection of apoptosis in weaver cerebellum by electron microscopic in situ end-labeling of fragmented DNA. Neurosci Lett 199: 53-56, 1995.
152. Migheli A, Attanasio A, Schiffer D: Ultrastructural detection of DNA strand breaks in apoptotic neural cells by in situ end-labelling techniques. J Pathol 176: 27-35, 1995.
153. Sasano H, Imatani A, Shizawa S, Suzuki T, Nagura H: Cell proliferation and apoptosis in normal and pathologic human adrenal. Mod Pathol 8: 11-17, 1995.
154. Negoescu A, Lorimier P, Lahat-Moleur F, Drouet C, Robert C, Guillermet C, Brambilla C, Brambilla E: In situ apoptotic cell labeling by the TUNEL method: improvement and evaluation on cell preparations. J Histochem Cytochem 44: 959-968, 1996.
155. Rao JK, Letada P, Haverstick DM, Herman MM, Savory J: Modifications to the in situ TUNEL method for detection of apoptosis in paraffin-embedded tissue sections. Ann Clin Lab Sci 28: 131-137, 1998.
156. Yasuda M, Umemura S, Osamura RY, Kenjo T, Tsutsumi Y: Apoptotic cells in the human endometrium and placental villi: pitfalls in applying the TUNEL method. Arch Histol Cytol 58: 185-190, 1995.
157. Grasl-Kraupp B, Ruttkay-Nedecky B, Koudelka H, Bukowska K, Bursch W, Schulte-Hermann R: In situ detection of fragmented DNA (TUNEL assay) fails to discriminate among apoptosis, necrosis, and autolytic cell death: a cautionary note. Hepatology 21: 1465-1468, 1995.
158. Cervos-Navarro J, Schubert TE: Pitfalls in the evaluation of apoptosis using TUNEL. Brain Pathol 6: 347-348, 1996.
159. Gold R, Schmied M, Giegerich G, Breitschopf H, Hartung HP, Toyka KV, Lassmann H: Differentiation between cellular apoptosis and necrosis by the combined use of in situ tailing and nick translation techniques. Lab Invest 71: 219-225, 1994.
160. Mundle SD, Raza A: The two in situ techniques do not differentiate between apoptosis and necrosis but rather reveal distinct patterns of DNA fragmentation in apoptosis. Lab Invest 72: 611-613, 1995.
161. Mundle SD, Gao XZ, Khan S, Gregory SA, Preisler HD, Raza A: Two in situ labeling techniques reveal different patterns of DNA fragmentation during spontaneous apoptosis in vivo and induced apoptosis in vitro. Anticancer Res 15: 1895-904, 1995.
162. Itoh N, Yonehara S, Ishii A, Yonehara M, Mizushima S, Sameshima M, Hase A, Seto Y, Nagata S: The polypeptide encoded by the cDNA for human cell surface antigen Fas can mediate apoptosis. Cell 66: 233-243, 1991.
163. Oehm A, Behrmann I, Falk W, Pawlita M, Maier G, Klas C, Li-Weber M, Richards S, Dhein J, Trauth BC: Purification and molecular cloning of the APO-1 cell surface antigen, a member of the tumor necrosis factor/nerve growth factor receptor superfamily. Sequence identity with the Fas antigen. J Biol Chem 267: 10709-10715, 1992.
164. Dhein J, Daniel PT, Trauth BC, Oehm A, Moller P, Krammer PH: Induction of apoptosis by monoclonal antibody anti-APO-1 class switch variants is dependent on cross-linking of APO-1 cell surface antigens. J Immunol 149: 3166-3173, 1992.
165. Korsmeyer SJ: Bcl-2 initiates a new category of oncogenes: regulators of cell death. Blood 80: 879-886, 1992.
166. Silvestrini R, Veneroni S, Daidone MG, Benini E, Boracchi P, Mezzetti M, Di Fronzo G, Rilke F, Veronesi U: The bcl-2 protein: a prognostic indicator strongly related to p53 protein in lymph node-negative breast cancer patients. J Natl Cancer Inst 86: 499-504, 1994.
167. Pezzella F, Mason DY: The bcl-2 gene and 14; 18 translocation in lymphoproliferative disorders. Nouv Rev Fr Hematol 32: 397-399, 1990.
168. Itoh N, Tsujimoto Y, Nagata S: Effect of Bcl-2 on Fas Antigen Mediated Cell Death. J Immunol 151: 621-627, 1993.
169. Haldar S, Jena N, Croce CM: Inactivation of bcl-2 by phosphorylation. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 92: 4507-4511, 1995.
170. Haldar S, Chintapalli J, Croce CM: Taxol-induced bcl-2 phosphorylation and death of prostate cancer cells. Cancer Res 56: 1253-1255, 1996.
171. Blagosklonny MV, Schulte T, Nguyen P, Trepel J, Neckers LM: Taxol-induced apoptosis and phosphorylation of bcl-2 protein involves c-Raf-1 signal transduction pathway. Cancer Res 56: 1851-1854, 1996.
172. Vaux DL, Cory S, Adams JM: Bcl-2 gene promotes hematopoietic cell survival and cooperates with c-myc to immortalize pre-B cells. Nature 355: 440-442, 1988.
173. Hockenbery DM, Nunez G, Milliman C, Schreiber RD, Korsmeyer SJ: Bcl-2 is an inner mitochondrial membrane protein that blocks programmed cell death. Nature 348: 334-336, 1990.
174. Hockenbery DM, Oltvai ZN, Yin X-M, Milliman CL, Korsmeyer SJ: Bcl-2 functions in an antioxidant pathway to prevent apoptosis. Cell 75: 241-251, 1993.
175. Boise LH, Gonzalez-Garcia M, Postema CF, Ding L, Lindstein T, Turka LA, Mao X, Nunez G, Thompson CB: Bcl-X, a bcl-2 related gene that functions as a dominant regulator of apoptotic cell death. Cell 74: 597-608, 1993.
176. Hsu YT, Wolter KG, Youle RJ: Cytosol-to-membrane redistribution of Bax and Bcl-X(L) during apoptosis. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 94: 3668-3672, 1997.
177. Hsu YT, Youle RJ: Nonionic detergents induce dimerization among members of the Bcl-2 family. J Biol Chem 272: 13829-13834, 1997.
178. Wolter KG, Hsu YT, Smith CL, Nechushtan A, Xi XG, Youle RJ: Movement of Bax from lhe cytosol to mitochondria during apoptosis. J Cell Biol 139: 1281-1292, 1997.
179. 2+ Ions. J Cell Biol 143: 217-224, 1998.
180. Hsu YT, Youle RJ: Bax in murine thymus is a soluble monomeric protein that displays differential detergent-induced conformations. J Biol Chem 273: 10777-10783, 1998.
181. Shi S-R, Key ME, Kalra KL: Antigen retrieval in formalin fixed, paraffin-embedded tissues: an enhancement method for immunohistochemical staining based on microwave oven heating of tissue sections. J Histochem Cytochem 39: 741-748, 1991.
182. Shi S-R, Cote C, Kalra KL, Taylor CR, Tandon AK: A technique for retrieving antigens in formalin-fixed, routinely acid-decalcified, celloidin-embedded human temporal bone sections for immunohistochemistry. J Histochem Cytochem 40: 787-792, 1992.
183. Key ME, Shi S-R, Kalra KL: Antigen retrieval in formalin fixed tissues using microwave energy. US Patent # 5,244,787; 14 September 1993.
184. Beckstead JH: Improved antigen retrieval in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissues. Appl Immunohistochem 2: 274-281, 1994.
185. Cuevas EC, Bateman AC, Wilkins BS, Johnson PA, Williams JH, Lee AH, Jones DB, Wright DH: Microwave antigen retrieval in immunocytochemistry: a study of 80 antibodies. J Clin Pathol 47: 448-452, 1994.
186. Chen T, Zhang D, Shi S-R, Taylor CR: Antigen retrieval pretreatment: microwaving procedures and alternative heating methods. BioLink 4: 2, 1995.
187. Taylor CR, Shi SR, Chen C, Young L, Yang C, Cote RJ: Comparative study of antigen retrieval heating methods: microwave, microwave and pressure cooker, autoclave, and steamer. Biotech Histochem 71: 263-270, 1996.
188. Shi SR, Cote RJ, Young L, Imam SA, Taylor CR: Use of pH 9.5 Tris-HCl buffer containing 5% urea for antigen retrieval immunohistochemistry. Biotech Histochem 71: 190-196, 1996.
189. Shi SR, Cote RJ, Yang C, Chen C, Xu HJ, Benedict WF, Taylor CR: Development of an optimal protocol for antigen retrieval: a 'test battery'
190. Shi SR, Cote RJ, Taylor CR: Antigen retrieval immunohistochemistry: past, present, and future. J Histochem Cytochem 45: 327-343, 1997.
191. Labat-Moleur F, Guillermet C, Lorimier P, Robert C, Lantuejoul S, Brambilla E, Negoescu A: TUNEL apoptotic cell detection in tissue sections: critical evaluation and improvement. J Histochem Cytochem 46: 327-334, 1998.
192. Strater J, Gunthert AR, Bruderlein S, Moller P: Microwave irradiation of paraffin-embedded tissue sensitizes the TUNEL method for in situ detection of apoptotic cells. Histochem Cell Biol 103: 157-160, 1995.
193. Strater J, Walczak H, Krammer PH, Moller P: Simultaneous in situ detection of mRNA and apoptotic cells by combined hybridization and TUNEL. J Histochem Cytochem 44: 1497-1499, 1996.
194. Shi SR, Imam SA, Young L, Cote RJ, Taylor CR: Antigen retrieval immunohistochemistry under the influence of pH using monoclonal antibodies. J Histochem Cytochem 43: 193-201, 1995.
195. Janckila AJ, Yam LT, Li C-Y: Immunoalkaline phosphatase cytochemistry. Am J Clin Pathol 84: 476-480, 1985.
196. Cattoretti G, Berti E, Schiro R, D' Amato L, Valeggio C, Rilke F: Improved avidin-biotin-peroxidase complex (ABC) staining. Histol J 20; 75-80, 1988.
197. Yam LT, Janckila AJ, Epremian BE, Li C-Y: Diagnostic significance of levamisole-resistant alkaline phosphatase in cytochemistry and immunocytochemistry. Am J Clin Pathol 91: 31-36, 1989.
198. Strasburger CJ, Amir-Zaltsman Y, Kohen F: The avidin-biotin reaction as an universal amplification system in immunoassays. Prog Clin Biol Res 285: 79-100, 1988.
199. Wilchek M, Bayer EA: Introduction to avidin-biotin technology. Methods Enzymol 184: 5-13, 1990.
200. Duhamel RC, Whitehead JS: Prevention of nonspecific binding of avidin. Methods Enzymol 184: 201-207, 1990.
201. Diamandis EP, Christopoulos TK: The biotin-(strept)avidin system: principles and applications in biotechnology. Clin Chem 37: 625-636, 1991.
202. Hsu SM, Raine L, Fanger H: Use of avidin-biotin-peroxidase complex (ABC) in immunopcroxidase techniques: a comparison of ABC and unlabeled antibody (PAP) procedure. J Histochem Cytoehem 29: 577-581, 1981.
203. Battifora H: The multitumor (sausage) tissue block: novel method for immunohistochemical antibody testing. Lab Invest 55: 244-248, 1986.
204. Battifora H, Mehta P: The checkerboard tissue block. An improved multitissue control block. Lab Invest 63: 722-724, 1990.
205. Strater J, Wellisch I, Riedl S, Walczak H, Koretz K, Tandara A, Krammer PH, Moller P: CD95 (APO-1/Fas)-mediated apoptosis in colon epithelial cells: a possible role in ulcerative colitis. Gastroenterology 113: 160-167, 1997.
206. Reyher von U, Strater J, Kittstein W, Gschwendt M, Krammer PH, Moller P: Colon carcinoma cells use different mechanisms to escape CD95-mediated apoptosis. Cancer Res 58: 526-534, 1998.
207. Cohen JJ: Apoptosis. Immunol Today 14: 126-130, 1993.
208. Rubinstein LJ: A commentary on the proposed revision of the World Health Organization classification of brain tumors for childhood hrain tumors. Cancer 56 (Suppl): 1887-1888, 1985.
209. Burnett ME, White EC, Sih S, von Haken MS, Cogen PH: Chromosome arm 17p deletion analysis reveals molecular genetic heterogeneity in supratentorial and infratentorial primitive neuroectodermal tumors of the central nervous system. Cancer Genet Cytogenet 97: 25-31, 1997.
210. Szymas J, Dubiel R: NEURO multimedial data base and management system for neuropathology. Folia Neuropathol 32: 113-117, 1994.
211. Thivolet J, Tack JL, Page Y, Schmitt D: Use of peroxidase-labelled antibodies in immunologic research and diagnosis. Presse Med 79: 2542-2544, 1971.
212. Szymas J: Diagnostic immunohistochemistry of tumors of the central nervous system. Folia Neuropathol 32: 209-214, 1994.
213. Schiffer D, Giordana MT, Mauro A, Migheli A: Immunohistochemistry in neuro-oncology. Basic Appl Histochem 30: 253-265, 1986.
214. Kleinman GM, Zagzag D, Miller DC: Diagnostic use of immunohistochemistry in neuropathology. Neurosurgery Clinics North Am 5: 97-126, 1994.
215. Shi SR, Prince JB, Jones CM, Kalra KL, Tandon AK: Use of monoclonal antibodies in immunohistochemistry. Methods Mol Biol 45: 84-108, 1995.
216. Provias JP, Becker LE: Cellular and molecular pathology of medulloblastoma. J Neurooncol 29: 35-43, 1996.
217. Bodey B, Cosgrove M, Gonzalez-Gomez I, Siegel SE, Martin SE, Gilles FH: Co-expression of four intermediate filament subclasses in childhood glial neoplasms. Mod Pathol 4: 742-749, 1991.
218. Gianella-Borradori A, Zeltzer PM, Bodey B, Nelson M, Britton H, Marlin A: Choroid plexus tumors in childhood: Response to chemotherapy, and immunophenotypic profile using a panel of monoclonal antibodies. Cancer 69: 804-816, 1992.
219. Bodey B, Siegel SE, Peacock SJ: Expression of carcinoembryonic or related cross reacting antigens in primary pediatric neuroectodermal brain tumors. Mod Pathol 5: 432-438, 1992.
220. Bodey B, Bodey B Jr, Siegel SE: Immunophenotypic characterization of infiltrating poly- and mononuclear cells in childhood brain tumors. Mod Pathol 8: 333-338, 1995.
221. Bodey B, Siegel SE, Kaiser HE: Human cancer detection and immunotherapy with conjugated and non-conjugated monoclonal antibodies. Anticancer Res 16: 661-674, 1996.
222. Bodey B, Bodey B Jr, Gröger AM, Siegel SE, Kaiser HE: Clinical and prognostic significance of Ki-67 and proliferating cell nuclear antigen expression in childhood primitive neuroectodermal brain tumors. Anticancer Res 17: 189-196, 1997.
223. Bodey B, Gröger AM, Bodey B Jr, Siegel SE, Kaiser HE: Immunocytochemical detection of p53 protein expression in various childhood astrocytoma subtypes: Significance in tumor progression. Anticancer Res 17: 1187-1194, 1997.
224. Bodey B, Siegel SE, Kaiser HE: Human cancer detection and immunotherapy with conjugated and non-conjugated monoclonal antibodies. Anticancer Res 16: 661-674, 1996.
225. Sit KH, Yin L, Paramanantham R: Apoptotic condensations in M-phase cells. Anat Rec 248: 149-158, 1997.
226. Kaufmann SH: Induction of endonucleolytic DNA cleavage in human acute myelogenous leukemia cells by etoposide, camptothecin, and other cytotoxic anticancer drugs: a cautionary note. Cancer Res 49: 5870-5878, 1989.
227. Martin SJ, Lennon SV, Bonham AM, Cotter TG: Induction of apoptosis (programmed cell death) in human leukemic HL-60 cells by inhibition of RNA or protein synthesis. J Immunol 145: 1859-1867, 1990.
228. Barry MA, Behnke CA, Eastman A: Activation of programmed cell death (apoptosis) by cisplatin, other anticancer drugs, toxins and hyperthermia. Biochem Pharmacol 40: 2353-2362, 1990.
229. Perotti M, Toddei F, Mirabelli F, Vairetti M, Bellomo G, McConkey DJ, Orrenius S: Calcium-dependent DNA fragmentation in human synovial cells exposed to cold shock. FEBS Lett 259: 331-334, 1990.
230. Kruman II, Matylevich NP, Beletsky IP, Afanasyev VN, Umansky SR: Apoptosis of murine BW 5147 thymoma cells induced by dexamethasone and gamma-irradiation. J Cell Physiol 148: 267-273, 1991.
231. Martin SJ, Cotter TG: Ultraviolet B irradiation of human leukaemia HL-60 cells in vitro induces apoptosis. Int J Radiat Biol 59: 1001-1016, 1991.
232. Del Bino G, Lassota P, Darzynkiewicz Z: The S-phase cytotoxicity of camptothecin. Exp Cell Res 193: 27-35, 1991.
233. Del Bino G, Darzynkiewicz Z: Camptothecin, teniposide, or 4'-(9-acridinylamino)-3 methanesulfon-m-anisidide, but not mitoxantrone or doxorubicin, induces degradation of nuclear DNA in the S phase of HL-60 cells. Cancer Res 51: 1165-1169, 1991.
234. Bertrand R, Sarang M, Jenkin J, Kerrigan D, Pommier Y: Differential induction of secondary DNA fragmentation by topoisomerase II inhibitors in human tumor cell lines with amplified c-myc expression. Cancer Res 51: 6280-6285, 1991.
235. O'Connor PM, Wassermann K, Sarang M, Magrath I, Bohr VA, Kohn KW: Relationship between DNA cross-links, cell cycle, and apoptosis in Burkitt's lymphoma cell lines differing in sensitivity to nitrogen mustard. Cancer Res 51: 6550-6557, 1991.
236. Hara A, Hirose Y, Yoshimi N, Tanaka T, Mori H: Expression of Bax and bcl-2 proteins, regulators of programmed cell death, in human brain tumors. Neurol Res 19: 623-628, 1997.
237. Schiffer D, Cavalla P, Migheli A, Chio A, Giordana MT, Marino S, Attanasis A: Apoptosis and cell proliferation in human neuroepithelial tumours. Neurosci Lett 195: 81-84, 1995.
238. Schiffer D, Cavalla P, Migheli A, Giordana MT, Chiado-Piat L: Bcl-2 distribution in neuroepithelial tumours: an immunohistochemical study. J Neurooncol 27: 101-109, 1996.
239. Krajewski S, Krajewska M, Ehrmann J, Sikorska M, Lach B, Chatten J, Reed JC: Immunohistochemical analysis of Bcl-2, Bcl-X, Mcl-I, and Bax in tumors of central and peripheral nervous system origin. Am J Pathol 150: 805-814, 1997.
240. Husain N, Chiocca EA, Rainov N, Louis DN, Zervas NT:Co-expression of Fas and Fas ligand in malignant glial tumors and cell lines. Acta Neuropathol 95: 287-290, 1998.
241. Uckan D, Steele A, Cherry, Wang BY, Chamizo W, Koutsonikolis A, Gilbert-Barness E, Good RA: Trophoblasts express Fas ligand: a proposed mechanism for immune privilege in placenta and maternal invasion. Mol Hum Reprod 3: 655-662, 1997.
242. Saas P, Walker PR, Hahne M, Quiquerez AL, Schnuriger V, Perrin G, French L, Van Meir EG, de Tribolet N, Tschopp J, Dietrich PY: Fas ligand expression by astrocytoma in vivo: maintaining immune privilege in the brain? J Clin Invest 99: 1173-1178, 1997.
243. Walker PR, Saas P, Dietrich PY: Role of Fas ligand (CD95L) in immune escape: the tumor cell strikes back. J Immunol 158: 4521-4524, 1997.
244. Hosli P, Sappino AP, de Tribolet N, Dietrich PY: Malignant glioma: should chemotherapy be overthrown by experimental treatments? Ann Oncol 9: 589-600, 1998.
245. Duffner PK, Krischer JP, Horowitz ME, Cohen ME, Burger PC, Friedman HS, Kun LE: Second malignancies in young children with primary brain tumors following treatment with prolonged postoperative chemotherapy and delayed irradiation: a Pediatric Oncology Group study. Ann Neurol 44: 313-316, 1998.
246. Fleischhack G, Popping K, Hasan C, Utsch B, Juttner J, Bode U: No title. Klin Pädiatr 210: 248-255, 1998.
247. Dunkel IJ, Boyett JM, Yates A, Rosenblum M, Garvin JH Jr, Bostrom BC, Goldman S, Sender LS, Gardner SL, Li H, Allen JC, Finlay JL: High-dose carboplatin, thiotepa, and etoposide with autologous stem-cell rescue for patients with recurrent medulloblastoma. Children's Cancer Group. J Clin Oncol 16: 222-228, 1998.
248. Fulda S, Friesen C, Los M, Scaffidi C, Mier W, Benedict M, Nunez G, Krammer PH, Peter ME, Debatin KM: Betulinic acid triggers CD95 (APO-1/Fas)- and p53-independent apoptosis via activation of caspases in neuroectodermal tumors. Cancer Res 57: 4956-4964, 1997.
249. Hoshino T, Jiang YZ, Dunn D, Paul D, Qazilbash M, Cowan K, Wang J, Barrett J, Liu J: Transfection of interleukin-12 cDNAs into tumor cells induces cytotoxic immune responses against native tumor: implications for tumor vaccination. Cancer Gene Ther 5: 150-157, 1998.
250. Debinski W, Gibo DM, Puri RK: Novel way to increase targeting specificity to a human glioblastoma-associated receptor for interleukin 13. Int J Cancer 76: 547-551, 1998.
251. Tanaka S, Okada M, Murakami M, Hirakawa M, Manaka S, Nagashima T: Human interferon-beta therapy for cerebral primitive neuroectodermal tumors-two case reports. Neurol Med Chir 35: 82-86, 1995.
252. Vaquero J, Zurita M, Oya S, Coca S: Gangliosides modulate the growth rate and cell phenotype of a murine primitive neuro-ectodermal tumour. Acta Neurochir 138: 759-762, 1996.
253. Raffel C: Gene therapy for PNET. J Neurooncol 29: 113-118, 1996.
254. Rainov NG, Dobberstein KU, Sena-Esteves M, Herrlinger U, Kramm CM, Philpot RM, Hilton J, Chiocca EA, Breakefield XO: New prodrug activation gene therapy for cancer using cytochrome P450 4B1 and 2-aminoanthracene/4-ipomeanol. Hum Gene Ther 9: 1261-1273, 1998.