Life, death, and the pursuit of apoptosis

Genes and Development

Volumn 10, Issue 1, 1996, Pages 1-15

  White, Eileen ^a  

^a RUTGERS UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CYSTEINE PROTEINASE; CYTOKINE; DNA; GENE PRODUCT; GROWTH FACTOR; INTERLEUKIN 1BETA CONVERTING ENZYME; INTERMEDIATE FILAMENT PROTEIN; LAMININ; MITOCHONDRIAL DNA; MUTANT PROTEIN; PROTEIN P53; SOMATOMEDIN C;

ANIMAL CELL; ANIMAL MODEL; APOPTOSIS; B CELL LYMPHOMA; CELL DEATH; CELL TYPE; DNA BINDING; ENZYME SUBSTRATE; GENE EXPRESSION REGULATION; HUMAN; HUMAN CELL; MOUSE; MYELOID LEUKEMIA; NONHUMAN; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROTEIN PROTEIN INTERACTION; REVIEW; T LYMPHOCYTE ACTIVATION; TRANSGENIC MOUSE; TUMOR SUPPRESSOR GENE; VIRUS INFECTION;

ANIMALIA; MUS MUSCULUS;

EID: 0030046508     PISSN: 08909369     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1101/gad.10.1.1     Document Type: Review

References (193)

1. Allsopp, T.E., S. Wyatt, H.F. Paterson, and A.M. Davies. 1993. The proto-oncogene bcl-2 can selectively rescue neurotrophic factor-dependent neurons from apoptosis. Cell 73: 295-307.
2. Alnemri, E.S., T. Femandes-Alnemri, and G. Litwack. 1995. Cloning and expression of four novel isoforms of human interleukin-1β converting enzyme with different apoptotic activities. J. Biol. Chem. 270: 4312-4317.
3. Armstrong, J.F., M.H. Kaufman, D.J. Harrison, and A.R. Clarke. 1995. High-frequency developmental abnormalities in p53-deficient mice. Curr. Biol. 5: 931-936.
4. Bakhshi, A., J.P. Jensen, P. Goldman, J.J. Wright, O.W. McBride, A.L. Epstein, and S.J. Korsmeyer. 1985. Cloning the chromosomal break-point of the t[14:18] human lymphomas: Cloustering around JH on Chromosome 14 and near a transcriptional unit on 18. Cell 41: 889-906.
5. Bardeesy, N., J.B. Beckwith, and J. Pelletier. 1995. Clonal expansion and attenuated apoptosis in Wilms' tumors are associated with p53 gene mutations. Cancer Res. 55: 215-219.
6. Birnbaum, M.J., R.J. Clem, and L.K. Miller. 1994. An apoptosis-inhibiting gene from a nuclear polyhedrosis virus encoding a peptide with cys/his motifs. J. Virol. 68: 2521-2528.
7. Bissonnette, R.P., F. Echeverri, A. Mahboubi, and D. Green. 1992. Apoptotic cell death induced by c-myc is inhibited by bcl-2. Nature 359: 552-554.
8. Boise, L.H., M. Gonzalez-Garcia, C.E. Postema, L. Ding, T. Lindsten, L.A. Turka, X. Mao, G. Nun̄ez, and C. Thompson. 1993. bcl-x, a bcl-2-related gene that functions as a dominant regulator of apoptotic death. Cell 74: 597-608.
9. Boldin, M.P., E.E. Varfolomeev, Z. Pancer, I.L. Mett, J.H. Camonis, and D. Wallach. 1995. A novel protein that interacts with the death domain of Fas/APO1 contains a sequence motif related to the death domain. J Biol. Chem. 270: 7795-7798.
10. Boyd, J., S. Malstrom, T. Subramanian, L. Venkatesh, U. Schaeper, B. Elangovan, C. D'Sa-Eipper, and G. Chinnadurai. 1994. Adenovirus E1B 19kDa and bcl-2 proteins interact with a common set of cellular proteins. Cell 79: 341-351.
11. Boyd, J.M., G.J. Gallo, B. Elangovan, A.B. Houghton, S. Malstrom, B.J. Avery, R.G. Ebb, T. Subramanian, T. Chittenden, R.J. Lutz, and G. Chinnadurai. 1995. Bikl, a novel death-inducing protein shares a distinct sequence motif with Bcl-2 family proteins and interacts with viral and cellular survival-promoting proteins. Oncogene 11: 1921-1927.
12. Bump, N J., M. Hackett, M. Hugunin, S. Seshagiri, K. Brady, P. Chen, C. Ferenz, S. Franklin, T. Ghayur, P. Li, P. Licari, J. Mankovich, L Shi, A. Greenberg, L.K. Miller, and W.W. Wong. 1995. Inhibition of ICE family proteases by baculovirus anti-apoptotic protein p35. Science 269: 1885-1888.
13. Caelles, C., A. Helmberg, and M. Kann. 1994. p53-dependent apoptosis in the absence of transcriptional activation of p53-target genes. Nature 370: 220-223.
14. Canman, C., T.M. Gilmer, S.B. Coutts, and M.B. Kastan. 1995. Growth factor modulation of p53-mediated growth arrest versus apoptosis. Genes & Dev. 9: 600-611.
15. Chinnaiyan, A.M., K. O'Rourke, M. Tewari, and V.M. Dixit. 1995. FADD, a novel death domain-containing protein, interacts with the death domain of Fas and initiates apoptosis. Cell 81: 505-512.
16. Chiou, S.-K., L. Rao, and E. White. 1994a. Bcl-2 blocks p53-dependent apoptosis. Mol. Cell. Biol. 14: 2556-2563.
17. Chiou, S.K., C.C. Tseng, L. Rao, and E. White. 1994b. Functional complementation of the adenovirus E1B 19K protein with Bcl-2 in the inhibition of apoptosis in infected cells. J. Virol. 68: 6553-6566.
18. Chittenden, T., E.A. Harrington, R. O'Connor, C. Flemington, R.J. Lutz, G.I. Evan, and B.C. Guild. 1995a. Induction of apoptosis by the Bcl-2 homologue Bak. Nature 374: 733-736.
19. Chittenden, T., C. Flemmington, A.B. Houghton, R.G. Ebb, G J. Gallo, B. Elangovan, G. Chinnadurai, and R.J. Lutz. 1995b. A conserved domain in Bak, distinct from BH1 and BH2, mediates cell death and protein binding functions. EMBO J. (in press).
20. Christofori, G., P. Naik, and D. Hanahan. 1994. A second signal supplied by insulin-like growth factor II in oncogene-induced tumorigenesis. Nature 369: 414-418.
21. Chu, K., X.H. Niu, and L.T. Williams. 1996. A novel protein, FAF-1, potentiates Fas-mediate apoptosis. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. (in press).
22. Clarke, A.R., E.R. Mandag, M. van Roon, N.M.T. van der Lugt, M. van der Valk, M.L. Hooper, A. Berns, and H. te Riele. 1992. Requirement for a functional Rb-1 gene in murine development. Nature 359: 328-330.
23. Clarke, A.R., C.A. Purdie, D.J. Harrison, R.G. Morris, C.C. Bird, M.L. Hooper, and A.H. Wyllie. 1993. Thymocyte apoptosis induced by p53-dependent and independent pathways. Nature 362: 849-852.
24. Clarke, A., S. Gledhill, M.L. Hooper, C.C. Bird, and A.H. Wyllie. 1994. p53 dependence of early apoptotic and proliferative responses within the mouse intestinal epithelium following γ-irradiation. Oncogene 9: 1767-1773.
25. Cleary, M.L., S.D Smith, and J. Sklar. 1986. Cloning and structural analysis of cDNAs for bcl-2 and a hybrid bcl-2/immunoglobulin transcript resulting from the t(14;18) translocation. Cell 47: 19-28.
26. Clem, R.J. and L.K. Miller. 1993. Apoptosis reduces both the in vitro replication and in vivo infectivity of a baculovirus. J. Virol. 67: 3730-3738
27. _. 1994. Control of programmed cell death by the baculovirus genes p35 and iap. Mol. Cell. Biol. 14: 5212-5222.
28. Clem, R.J., M. Fechheimer, and L.K. Miller. 1991. Prevention of apoptosis by a Baculovirus gene during infection of insect cells. Science 254: 1388-1390.
29. Cleveland, J.L. and J.N. Ihle. 1995. Contenders in FasL/TNF death signaling. Cell 81: 479-482.
30. Crook, N.E., R.J. Clem, and L.K. Miller. 1993. An apoptosis-inhibiting baculovirus gene with a zinc finger-like motif. J. Virol. 67:2168-2174.
31. Debbas, M. and E. White. 1993. Wild-type p53 mediates apoptosis by E1A which is inhibited by E1B. Genes & Dev. 7: 546-554.
32. CIPI/WAFI undergo normal development, but are defective in G1 checkpoint control. Cell 82: 675-684.
33. Donehower, L.A., M. Harvey, B.L. Slagle, M.J. McArthur, C.A. Montgomery, J.S. Butel, and A. Bradley. 1992. Mice deficient for p53 are developmentally normal but susceptible to spontaneous tumors. Nature 356: 215-221.
34. El-Deiry, W.S., S.E. Kern, J.A. Pietenpol, K.W. Kinzler, and B. Vogelstein. 1992. Definition of a consensus binding site for p53. Nature Genet. 1: 45-49.
35. El-Deiry, W.S., T. Tokino, V.E. Velculescu, D.E. Levy, R. Parsons, J.M. Trent, D. Lin, E. Mercer, K.W. Kinzler, and B. Vogelstein. 1993. WAF1, a potential mediator of p53 tumor suppression. Cell 75: 817-825.
36. Ellis, H. and H.R. Horvitz. 1986. Genetic control of programmed cell death in in the nematode C. elegans Cell 44: 817-829.
37. Enarl, M., H. Hug, and S. Nagata. 1995. Involvement of an ICE-like protease in Fas-mediated apoptosis. Nature 375: 78-81.
38. Fanidi, A., E.A. Harrington, and G. Evan. 1992. Cooperative interaction between c-myc and bcl-2 proto-oncogenes. Nature 359: 554-556.
39. Farlie, P.G., R. Dringen, S.M. Rees, G. Kannourakis, and O. Bernard. 1995. Bcl-2 transgene expression can protect neurons against developmental and induced cell death. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 92: 4397-4401.
40. Farrow, S.N., J.H.M. White, I. Martinou, T. Raven, K.-T. Pun, C.J. Grinham, J -C. Martinou, and R. Brown. 1995. Cloning of a bcl-2 homologue by interaction with adenovirus E1B 19K. Nature 374: 731-733.
41. Faucheu, C., A. Diu, A.W.E. Chan, A.-M. Blanchet, C. Miossec, F. Herve, V. Collard-Dutilleul, Y. Gu, R.A. Aldape, J A. Lippke, C. Rocher, M.S.-S. Su, D.J. Livingston, T. Hercend, and J.-L. Lalanne. 1995. A novel human protease similar to the interleukin-1β converting enzyme induces apoptosis in transfected cells. EMBO J. 14: 1914-1922.
42. Fernandes-Alnemri, T., G. Litwack, and E. Alnemri. 1994. CPP32, a novel human apoptotic protein with homology to Caenorhabditis elegans cell death protein Ced-3 and mammalian Interleukin-1β-converting enzyme. J. Biol. Chem. 269: 30761-30764.
43. _. 1995. Mch2, a new member of the apoptotic Ced-3/ICE cysteine protease gene family. Cancer Res. 55: 2737-2742.
44. Fernandez-Sarabia, M.J. and J.R. Bischoff. 1994. Bcl-2 associates with the ras-related protein R-ras p23. Nature 366: 274-275.
45. Gagliardini, V., P.A. Fernandez, R.K.K. Lee, H.C.A. Drexler, R.J. Rotello, M.C. Fishman, and J. Yuan. 1994. Prevention of vertebrate neuronal death by the crmA gene. Science 263: 826-828.
46. Garcia, I., I. Martinou, Y. Tsujimoto, and J.-C. Martinou. 1992. Prevention of programmed cell death of sympathetic neurons by the bcl-2 proto-oncogene. Science 258: 302-304.
47. Golstein, P., D. Marguet, and V. Depraetere. 1995. Homology between Reaper and the cell death domains of Fas and TNFR1. Cell 81: 185-186.
48. Gooding, L.R., L. Aquino, P.J. Duerksen-Hughes, D. Day, T.M. Horton, S. Yei, and W.S.M. Wold. 1991. The E1B-19K protein of group C adenoviruses prevents cytolysis by tumor necrosis factor of human cells but not mouse cells. J. Virol. 65: 3083-3094.
49. Grether, M.E., J.M. Abrams, J. Agapite, K. White, and H. Steller. 1995. The head involution defective gene of Drospophila melanogaster functions in programmed cell death. Genes & Dev. 9: 1694-1708.
50. Haas-Kogan, D.A., S.C. Kogan, D. Levi, P. Dazin, A. T'Ang, Y.-K. Fung, and M.A. Israel. 1995. Inhibition of apoptosis by the retinoblastoma gene product. EMBO J. 14: 461-472.
51. Haldar, S., N. Jena, and C. Croce. 1995. Inactivation of Bcl-2 by phosphorylation. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 92: 4507-4511.
52. Han, J., P. Sabbatini, D. Perez, L. Rao, D. Modha, and E. White. 1996. The E1B 19K protein blocks apoptosis by interacting with and inhibiting the p53-inducible and death-promoting Bax protein. Genes & Dev. 10: (in press).
53. Harper, J.W., G.R. Adami, N. Wei, K. Keyomarsi, and S.J. Elledge. 1993. The p21 cdk-interacting protein cipl is a potent inhibitor of G1 cyclin-dependent kinases. Cell 75: 805-816.
54. Harrington, E.A., M.R. Bennett, and G. Evan. 1994. c-Myc-induced apoptosis in fibroblasts is inhibited by specific cytokines. EMBO J. 13: 3286-3295.
55. Hashimoto, S., A. Ishii, and S. Yonehara. 1991. The E1B oncogene of adenovirus confers cellular resistance to cytotoxicity of tumor necrosis factor and monoclonal anti-Fas antibody. Int. Immunol. 3:343-351.
56. Haupt, Y., S. Rowan, and M. Oren. 1995a. p53-mediated apoptosis in HeLa cells can be overcome by excess pRB. Oncogene 10: 1563-1571.
57. Haupt, Y., S. Rowan, E. Shaulian, K. Vousden, and M. Oren. 1995b. Induction of apoptosis in HeLa cells by transactivation-deficient p53. Genes &. Dev. 9: 2170-2183.
58. Hay, B.A., T. Wolff, and G.M. Rubin. 1994. Expression of baculovirus p35 prevents cell death on Drosophila. Development 120: 2121-2129.
59. Henderson, S., D. Huen, M. Rowe, C. Dawson, G. Johnson, and A. Rickinson. 1993. Epstein-Barr virus-coded BHRF1 protein, a viral homologue of Bcl-2, protects human B cells from programmed cell death. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 90: 8479-8483.
60. Hengartner, M.O. and H.R. Horvitz. 1994a. C. elegans cell survival gene ced-9 encodes a functional homolog of the mammalian proto-oncogene bcl-2. Cell 76: 665-676.
61. _. 1994b. The ins and outs of programmed cell death during C. elegans development. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. 345: 243-246.
62. 1994c. Activation of C. elegans cell death protein Ced-9 by an ammo-acid substitution in a domain conserved in Bcl-2. Nature 369: 318-320.
63. Hengartner, M.O., R.E. Ellis, and H.R. Hovitz 1992. Caenorhabditis elegans gene ced-9 protects cells from programmed cell death. Nature 356: 494-499.
64. Hermeking, H. and D. Eick. 1994. Mediation of c-Myc-induced apoptosis by p53. Science 265: 2091-2093.
65. Hockenbery, D., G. Nuñez, C. Milliman, R.D. Schreiber, and S. Korsmeyer. 1990. Bcl-2 is an inner mitochondrial membrane protein that blocks programmed cell death. Nature 348: 334-336.
66. Hockenbery, D.M., M. Zutter, W. Hickey, M Nahm, and S.J. Korsmeyer. 1991. Bcl-2 protein is topographically restricted in tissues characterized by apoptotic death. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 88: 6961-6965
67. Hockenbery, D.M., Z.N. Oltvai, X.-M. Yin, C.L. Milliman, and S.J. Korsmeyer. 1993. Bcl-2 functions in an antioxidant pathway to prevent apoptosis. Cell 75: 241-251.
68. Hollstein, M., D. Sidransky, B. Vogelstein, and C. Harris. 1991 p53 mutations in human cancers. Science 253: 49-53.
69. Howes, K.A., N. Ransom, D.S. Papermaster, J.G.H. Lasudry, D.M. Albert, and J.J. Windle. 1994. Apoptosis or retinoblastoma: Alternative fates of photoreceptors expressing the HPV-16 E7 gene in the presence or absence of p53. Genes & Dev. 8: 1300-1310.
70. Hsu, H., J. Xiong, and D.V. Goeddel. 1995. The TNF receptor 1-associated protein TRADD signals cell death and NFκB activation. Cell 81: 495-504.
71. Jacks, T., A. Frzeli, E.M. Schmitt, R.T. Bronson, M.A. Goodell, and R.A. Weinberg. 1992. Effects of an Rb mutation in the mouse. Nature 359: 295-300.
72. Jacobson, M and M C. Raff. 1995. Programmed cell death and Bcl-2 protection in very low oxygen. Nature 374: 814-816.
73. Jacobson, M D., J.F. Burne, M.P. King, T. Miyashita, J.C. Reed, and M.C Raff. 1993. Bcl-2 blocks apoptosis in cells lacking mitochondrial DNA. Nature 361: 365-369.
74. Jacobson, M.D., J.F. Burne, and M.C. Raff. 1994. Programmed cell death and Bcl-2 protection in the absence of a nucleus EMBO J. 13: 1899-1910.
75. Jayaraman, L. and C. Prives. 1995. Activation of p53 sequence-specific DNA binding by short single strands of DNA requires the p53 C-terminus. Cell 81: 1021-1029.
76. Johnson, D.J., J.K Schwarz, W.D. Cress, and J.R. Nevins. 1993. Expression of transcription factor E2F1 induces quiescent cells to enter S phase. Nature 365: 349-352.
77. Kamada, S., A.A. Shinto, Y. Tsujimura, T. Takahashi, T. Noda, Y. Kitamura, H. Kondoh, and Y. Tsujimoto. 1995. Bcl-2 deficiency in mice leads to pleiotropic abnormalities. Accelerated lymphoid cell death in the thymus and spleen, polycystic kidney, hair hypopigmentation, and distorted small intestine. Cancel Res. 55: 354-359.
78. Kamens, J., M. Paskind, M. Huguinin, R.V. Talanian, H. Allen, D Banach, N. Bump, M. Hackett, G.G. Johnston, P. Li, J.A. Mankovitch, M. Terranova, and T. Ghayur. 1995. Identification and characteriation of Ich-2, a novel member of the interleukin-1β-converting enzyme family of cysteine proteases. J. Biol. Chem. 270: 15250-15256.
79. Kane, D.J., T.A. Sarafian, R. Anton, H. Hahn, E. Butler Gralla, J. Selverstone Valentine, T. Ord, and D.E. Bredesen. 1993. Bcl-2 inhibition of neuronal death: Decreased generation of reactive oxygen radical species. Science 262: 1274-1277.
80. Kiefer, M.C., M.J. Brauer, V.C. Powers, J.J. Wu, S.R. Umansky, L.D. Tomei, and P.J. Barr. 1995. Modulation of apoptosis by the widely distributed Bcl-2 homolgue Bak. Nature 374: 736-739.
81. Knudson, C. M., K. Tung, G. Brown, and S.J. Korsmeyer. 1995. Bax deficient mice demonstrate lympoid hyperplasia but male germ cell death. Science 270: 96-99.
82. Komiyama, T., C.A. Ray, D.J. Pickup, A.D. Howard, N.A. Thornberry, E.P. Peterson, and G. Salvesen. 1994. Inhibition of interleukin-1β converting enzyme by the cowpox virus serpin CrmA. J. Biol. Chem. 269: 19331-19337.
83. Kowalik, T., J. DeGregori, J.K. Schwarz, and J. Nevins. 1995. E2F1 overexpression in quiescent fibroblasts leads to induction of cellular DNA synthesis and apoptosis. J. Virol. 69: 2491-2500.
84. Kozopas, K.M., T. Yang, H.L. Buchan, P. Zhou, and R.W. Craig. 1993. MCL1, a gene expressed in programmed myeloid cell differentiation, has sequence similarity to BCL-2. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. 90: 3516-3520.
85. Krajewski, S., M. Krajewska, A. Shabaik, T. Miyashita, H.G. Wang, and J.C. Reed. 1994. Immunohistochemical determination of in vivo distribution of Bax, a dominant inhibitor of Bcl-2. Am. J. Pathol. 145: 1323-1336.
86. Kuida, K., J.A. Lippke, G. Ku, M.W Harding, D.J. Livingston, M.S.-S. Su, and R.A. Flavell. 1995. Altered cytokine export and apoptosis in mice deficient in interleukin-1β converting enzyme. Science 267: 2000-2003.
87. Kumar, S., M. Kinoshita, M. Noda, N.G. Copeland, and N.A. Jenkins. 1994. Induction of apoptosis by the mouse Nedd2 gene, which encodes a protein similar to the product of the Caenorhabditis elegans cell death gene ced-3 and the mammalian IL-1β-converting enzyme. Genes & Dev. 8: 1613-1626.
88. Lazebnik, Y , S. Cole, C.A. Cooke, W.G. Nelson, and W.C. Earnshaw. 1993. Nuclear events of apoptosis in vitro in cell-free mitotic extracts. A model system for analysis of the active phase of apoptosis. J. Cell Biol. 123: 7-22.
89. Lazebnik, Y.A., S.H. Kaufmann, S. Desnoyers, G.G. Poirier, and W.C. Earnshaw. 1994. Cleavage of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase by a proteinase with properties like ICE. Nature 371:346-347.
90. Lazebnik, Y.A. Takahashi, R. Moir, R. Goldman, G. Poirier, S. Kaufmann, and W. Earnshaw. 1995. Studies of the lamin proteinase reveal multiple parallel biochemical pathways during apoptotic execution. Proc Natl. Acad. Sci. (in press).
91. LeBrun, D.P., R.A. Warnke, and M.L. Cleary. 1993. Expression of bcl-2 in fetal tissues suggests role in morphogenesis. Am. J. Pathol. 142: 743-753.
92. Lee, E.Y.-H.P., C.-Y. Chang, N. Hu, Y.-C.J. Wang, C.-C. Lai, K. Herrup, W.-H. Lee, and A. Bradley. 1992. Mice deficient for Rb are nonviable and show defects in neurogenesis and haematopoiesis. Nature 359: 288-294.
93. Lee, S., B Elenbass, A.J. Levine, and J. Griffith. 1995. p53 and its 14kDa C-terminal domain recognize primary DNA demage in the form of insertion/deletion mismatches. Cell 81: 1013-1020.
94. Lefebvre, S., L. Burglen, S. Reboullet, O. Clermont, P Burlet, L. Viollet, B. Benichou, C. Cruaud, Z. Millasseau, M. Zeviani, D. Le Paslier, J. Frezal, D. Cohen, J. Weissenbach, A. Munnch, and J. Melki. 1995. Identification and characterization of a spinal muscular atrophy-determining gene Cell 80: 155-165.
95. Li, P., A. Hamish, S. Banejee, S. Franklin, L. Herzog, C. Johnston, J. McDowell, M. Paskind, L. Rodman, J. Salfeld, E. Towne, D. Tracey, S. Wardwell, F.-Y. Wei, W. Wong, R. Kamen, and T. Seshardi. 1995. Mice deficient in IL-1β-converting enzyme are defective in production of mature IL-1β and resistant to endotoxic shock. Cell 80: 401-411.
96. Lin, E.Y., A. Orlofsky, M.S. Berger, and M.B. Prystowsky. 1993. Characterization of A1, a novel hemopoietic-specific early response gene with sequence similarity to bcl-2. J. Immunol. 151: 1979-1988.
97. Lin, H.-J.L., V. Eivner, G.C. Prendergast, and E. White. 1995. Activated H-ras rescues E1A-induced apoptosis and cooperates with E1A to overcome p53-dependent growth arrest. Mol. Cell. Biol. 15: 4536-4544.
98. Lin, J., J. Chen, B. Elenbaas, and A.J. Levine. 1994. Several hydrophobic amino acids in the p53 amino-terminal domain are required for transcriptional activation, binding to mdm-2 and the adenovirus 5 E1B 55-kD protein. Genes &. Dev. 8: 1235-1246.
99. Los, M., M. Van de Craen, L.C. Penning, H. Schenk, M. Westendorp, P. Baeuerle, W. Droge, P.H. Krammer, W. Fiers, and K. Schulze-Osthoff. 1995. Requirement of an ICE/CED-3 protease for Fas/APO-1-mediated apoptosis. Nature 375: 81-83.
100. Lowe, S. and H.E. Ruley. 1993. Stabilization of the p53 tumor suppressor is induced by adenovirus-5 E1A and accompanies apoptosis. Genes & Dev. 7: 535-545.
101. Lowe, S.W., H.E. Ruley, T. Jacks, and D.E. Housman. 1993a. p53-dependent apoptosis modulates the cytotoxicity of anticancer agents. Cell 74: 957-967.
102. Lowe, S.W., E.M. Schmitt, S.W. Smith, B.A. Osborne, and T. Jacks. 1993b. p53 is required for radiation-induced apoptosis in mouse thymocytes. Nature 362: 847-849.
103. Mack, D.H., J. Vartikar, J.M. Pipas, and L. Laimins. 1993. Specific repression of TATA-mediated but not initiator-mediated transcription by wild-type p53. Nature 363: 281-283.
104. McDonnell, T.J. and S.J. Korsmeyer. 1991. Progression from lymphoid hyperplasia to high-grade malignant lymphoma in mice transgenic for the t[14:18]. Nature 349: 254-256.
105. McDonnell, T.J., N. Deane, F.M. Platt, G. Nunez, U. Jaeger, J.P. McKearn, and S.J. Korsmeyer. 1989. bcl-2-immunoglobulin transgenic mice demonstrate extended B cell survival and follicular lymphoproliferation. Cell 57: 79-88.
106. McKeon, F. 1991. Nuclear lamin proteins: domains required for nuclear targeting, assembly, and cell-cycle-regulated dynamics. Curr. Opin. Cell Biol. 3: 82-86.
107. Merritt, A.J., C.S. Potten, C.J. Kemp, J.A. Hickman, A. Balmain, D.P. Lane, and P.A. Hall. 1994. The role of p53 in spontaneous and radiation-induced apoptosis in the gastrointestinal tract of normal and p53-deficient mice Cancer Res. 54: 614-617.
108. Miura, M., H. Zhu, R. Rotello, E.A. Hartwieg, and J. Yuan. 1993. Induction of apoptosis in fibroblasts by IL-1β-converting enzyme, a mammalian homolog of the C. elegans cell death gene ced-3. Cell 75: 653-660.
109. Miyashita, T. and J.C. Reed. 1995. Tumor suppressor p53 is a direct transcriptional activator of the human bax gene. Cell 80: 293-299.
110. Miyashita, T., S. Krajewski, M. Krajewska, H.G. Wang, H.K. Lin, D.A. Liebermann, B. Hoffman, and J.C. Reed. 1994. Tumor suppressor p53 is a regulator of bcl-2 and bax gene expression in vitro and in vivo. Oncogene 9: 1799-1805.
111. Momand, J., G.P. Zambetti, D.C Olson, D. George, and A.J. Levine. 1992. The mdm-2 oncogene product forms a complex with the p53 protein and inhibits p53-mediated transactivation. Cell 69: 1237-1245.
112. Morgenbesser, S.D., B.O. Williams, T Jacks, and R.A. DePinho. 1994. p53-dependent apoptosis produced by Rb-deficiency in the developing mouse lens. Nature 371: 72-74.
113. Motoyama, N., F. Wang, K A. Roth, H. Sawa, K. Nakayama, K. Nakayama, I. Negishi, S. Senju, Q. Zhang, S Fujii, and D. Loh. 1995. Massive cell death of immature hematopoeitic cells and neurons in Bcl-x-deficient mice. Science 267: 1506-1510.
114. Munday, N A., J.P. Vaillancourt, A. Ali, F.J. Casano, D.K. Miller, S.M. Molineaux, T.-T. Yamin, V.L. Yu, and D.W. Nicholson. 1995. Molecular cloning and pro-apoptotic activity of ICErel-II and ICErel-III, members of the ICE/CED-3 family of cysteine proteases. J. Biol. Chem. 270: 15870-15876.
115. Nagata, S. and P. Golstcin. 1995. The Fas death factor. Science 267: 1499-1456.
116. Nakashima, T., T. Sekiguchi, A. Kuraoka, K. Fukushima, Y. Shibata, S. Komiyama, and T. Nishimoto. 1993. Molecular cloning of a human cDNA encoding a novel protein, DAD1, whose defect causes apoptotic cell death in hamster BHK21 cells. Mol Cell. Biol 13: 6367-6374.
117. Nakayama, K.-I., K. Nakayama, I. Negishi, K. Kuida, Y. Shinkai, M.C. Louie, L.E. Fields, P.J. Lucas, V. Stewart, F.W. Alt, and D.Y. Loh. 1993. Disappearance of the lymphoid system in bcl-2 homozygous mutant chimeric mice. Science 261: 1584-1588.
118. Nakayama, K., K. Nakayama, I. Negishi, K. Kuida, H. Sawa, and D.Y. Loh. 1994. Targeted disruption of bcl-2 alpha beta in mice- occurrence of grey hair, polycystic kidney disease, and lymphocytopenia. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 91:3700-3704.
119. Neamati, N., A. Fernandez, S. Wright, J. Kiefer, and D.J. McConkey. 1994. Degradation of Lamin B1 precedes oligonucleosomal DNA fragmentation in apoptotic thymocytes and isolated thymocyte nuclei. J. Immunol. 154: 1693-1700.
120. Neilan, J.G., Z. Lu, C.L. Afonzo, G F. Kutish, M.D. Sussman, and D.L. Rock. 1993. An African swine fever virus gene with similarity to the proto-oncogene bcl-2 and the Epstein-Barr virus gene BHRF1. J Virol. 67: 4391-4394.
121. Nevins, J.R. 1992. E2F: A link between the Rb tumor suppressor protein and viral oncoproteins. Science 258: 424-428.
122. Newmeyer, D.D., D.M. Farschon, and J.C. Reed. 1994. Cell-free apoptosis in Xcnopus egg extracts: Inhibition by Bcl-2 and requirement for an organelle fraction enriched in mitochondia. Cell 79: 353-364.
123. Nicholson, D.W., A. Ali, N.A. Thornberry, J.P. Vaillancourt, C.K. Ding, M. Gallant, Y. Gareau, P.R. Griffin, M. Labelle, Y A. Lazebnik, N.A. Munday, S.M. Raju, M.E. Smulson, T.-T. Yamin, V.L. Yu, and D.K. Miller. 1995. Identification and inhibition of the ICE/CED-3 protease necessary for mammalian apoptosis. Nature 376: 37-43.
124. Novack, D.V. and S.J. Korsmeyer. 1994. Bcl-2 protein expression during murine development. Am. J. Pathol. 145: 61-73.
125. Nuñez, G., D. Hockenbery, T.J. McDonnell, C.M. Sorensen, and SJ. Korsmeyer. 1991. Bcl-2 maintains B cell memory. Nature 353: 71-73.
126. Oberhammer, F.A., K. Hochegger, G. Froschl, R. Tiefenbacher, and M. Pavelka. 1994. Chromatin condensation during apoptosis is accompanied by degradation of lamin A+ B, without enhanced activation of cdc2 kinase. J. Cell Biol. 126: 827-837.
127. Oliner, J.D., J. Pietenpol, S. Thiagalingam, J. Gyuris, K.W. Kinzler, and B. Vogelstein. 1993. Oncoprotein MDM2 conceals the activation domain of tumor suppressor p53. Nature 362: 857-860.
128. Oltvai, Z.N., C.L. Millman, and S.J. Korsmeyer. 1993 Bcl-2 heterodimerizes in vivo with a conserved homolog, Bax, that accelerates programmed cell death. Cell 74: 609-619.
129. Owen-Schaub, L., W. Zhang, J.C. Cusack, L.S. Angelo, S.M. Santee, T. Fujiwara, J.A. Roth, A.B. Deisseroth, W.-W. Zhang, E. Kruzel, and R. Radinsky. 1995. Wild-type human p53 and a temperature-sensitive mutant induce Fas/Apo-1 expression. Mol. Cell Biol. 15: 3032-3040.
130. Pan, H. and A.E. Griep. 1994. Altered cell cycle regulation in the lens of HPV-16 E6 or E7 transgenic mice: Implications for tumor suppressor gene function in development Genes & Dev 8: 1285-1299.
131. _. 1995. Temporally distince patterns of p53-dependent and p53-independent apoptosis during mouse lens development. Genes &. Dev. 9: 2157-2169.
132. Prives, C. 1994. How loops, β sheets, and α helices help us to understand p53. Cell 78: 543-546.
133. Qin, X.-Q., D M. Livingston, W.G. Kaelin, and P.D. Adams. 1994. Deregulated transcription factor E2F-1 expression leads to S-phase entry and p53-mediated apoptosis. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 91: 10918-10922.
134. Rabizadeh, S., D J. LaCount, P.D. Friesen, and D.E. Bredesen. 1993. Expression of the baculovirus p35 gene inhibits mammalian neuronal cell death. J. Neurochem. 61: 2318-2321.
135. Raff, M C. 1992. Social controls on cell survival and cell death. Nature 356: 398-400.
136. Rao, L., M. Debbas, P. Sabbatini, D. Hockenberry, S. Korsmeyer, and E. White. 1992. The adenovirus E1A proteins induce apoptosis which is inhibited by the E1B 19K and Bcl-2 proteins. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 89: 7742-7746.
137. Ray, C.A., R.A. Black, S.R. Kronheim, T.A. Greenstreet, P.R Sleath, G.S. Salvesen, and D.J. Pickup. 1992. Viral inhibition of inflammation: Cowpox virus encodes an inhibitor of the interleukin-1β converting enzyme. Cell 69: 597-604.
138. Reynolds, J.E., T. Yang, L.P. Qian, J.D. Jenkinson, P. Zhou, A. Eastman, and R.W. Craig. 1994. MCL-1, a member of the bcl-2 family, delays apoptosis induced by c-myc overexpression in Chinese hamster ovary cells. Cancer Res. 54: 6348-6352.
139. Roy, N., M.S. Mahadevan, M. McLean, G. Shutler, Z. Yaraghi, R. Farahani, S. Baird, A. Besner-Johnston, C. Lefebvre, X. Kang, M. Salih, H. Aubry, K. Tamai, X. Guan, P. Ioannoou, T.O. Crawford, P. de Jong, L. Surh, J. Ikeda, R.G Korneluk, and A. MacKenzie. 1995. The gene for neuronal apoptosis inhibtory protein is partially deleted in indivduals with spinal muscular atrophy. Cell 80: 167-178.
140. Sabbatini, P., S.-K. Chiou, L. Rao, and E. White. 1995a. Modulation of p53-mediated transcription and apoptosis by the adenovirus E1B 19K protein. Mol. Cell. Biol. 15: 1060-1070.
141. Sabbatini, P., J. Lin, A.J. Levine, and E. White. 1995b. Essential role for p53-mediated transcription in apoptosis but not growth suppression. Genes & Dev. 9: 2184-2192.
142. Sato, T., M. Hanada, S. Bodrug, S. Irie, N. Iwama, L. Boise, C.B. Thompson, E. Golemis, L. Fong, H.-G. Wang, and J.C. Reed. 1994. Interactions among members of the Bcl-2 family analyzed with a yeast two-hybrid system. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 91: 9238-9242.
143. Sato, T., S. Irie, S. Kitada, and J.C. Reed. 1995. FAP-1: A protein tyrosine phosphatase that associates with Fas. Science 268: 411-415.
144. Schulze-Ostoff, K., H. Walczak, W. Droge, and P.h. Krammer. 1994. Cell nucleus and DNA fragmentation are not required for apoptosis. J. Cell Biol. 127: 15-20.
145. Sentman, C.L., J.R. Shutter, D. Hockenbery, O. Kanagawa, and S.J. Korsmeyer. 1991. bcl-2 inhibits multiple forms of apoptosis but not negative selection in thymocytes. Cell 67: 879-888.
146. Shan, B. and W.H. Lee. 1994. Deregulated expression of E2F-1 induces S-phase entry and leads to apoptosis. Mol. Cell. Biol. 14: 8166-8173.
147. Shen, Y. and T. Shenk. 1994. Relief of p53 mediated transcriptional repression by the adenovirus E1B 19-kDa protein or the cellular Bcl-2 protein. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 91: 8940-8944.
148. Shimizu, S., Y. Eguchl, H. Kosaka, W. Kamiike, H. Masuda, and Y. Tsujimoto. 1995. Prevention of hypoxia-induced cell death by Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL. Nature 374: 811-813.
149. Siegel, R.M., M. Katsumata, T. Miyashita, D. Louie, M.I. Greene, and J.C. Reed. 1992. Inhibition of thymocyte apoptosis and negative antigenic selection in bcl-2 transgenic mice. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 89: 7003-7007.
150. Smith, C.A., T. Farrah, and R.G. Goodwin. 1994. The TNF receptor superfamily of cellular and viral proteins: Activation, costimulation, and death. Cell 76: 959-962.
151. Stanger, B.Z., P. Leder, T.-H. Lee, E. Kim, and B. Seed. 1995. RIP: A novel protein containing a death domain that interacts with FAS/Apo-1 (CD95) in yeast and causes cell death. Cell 81: 513-523.
152. Strasser, A., A.W. Harris, and S Cory. 1991 bcl-2 transgene inhibits T cell death and perturbs thymic self-censorship. Cell 67: 889-899.
153. Strasser, A., A.W. Harris, L.M. Corcoran, and S. Cory. 1994. Bcl-2 expression promotes B- but not T-lymphoid development in scid mice. Nature 368: 457-460.
154. Sugimoto, A.P., P.D. Friesen, and J.H. Rothman. 1994. Baculovirus p35 provents developmentally programmed cell death and rescues a ced-9 mutant in the nematode Caenorabditis elegans. EMBO J. 13: 2023-2028.
155. Sukamuro, D., V. Eviner, K.J. Elliot, L. Showe, E. White, and G.C Prendergast. 1996. c-Myc induces apoptosis in epithelial cells by both p53-dependent and p53-mdependent mechanisms. Oncogene (in press).
156. Symonds, H., L Krall, L. Remington, M. Saenz-Robies, S. Lowe, T. Jacks, and T. Van Dyke. 1994. p53-dependent apoptosis suppresses tumor growth and progression in vivo. Cell 78: 703-711.
157. Takayama, S., T. Sato, S. Krajewski, K. Kochel, S. Irie, J.A. Millan, and J.C. Reed. 1995. Cloning and functional analysis of Bag-1: A novel Bcl-2-binding protein with anti-cell death activity. Cell 80: 279-284.
158. Tewari, M. and V.M. Dixit. 1995. Fas- and TNF-induced apoptosis is inhibited by the poxvirus crmA gene product. J. Biol. Chem. 270: 3255-3260.
159. Tewari, M , L.T. Quan, K. O'Routke, S. Desnoyers, Z. Zeng, D.R. Beidler, G. Poirier, G.S. Salvesen, and V.M. Dixit. 1995. Yama/CPP32β, a mammalian homolog of CED-3, is a CrmA-inhibitable protease that cleaves the death substrate poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase. Cell 81: 801-809.
160. Thornberry, N.A., H.G. Bull, J.R. Calaycay, K.T. Chapman, A.D. Howard, M.J. Kostura, D.K. Miller, S.M. Molineaux, J.R. Weidner, and J. Aunins. 1992. A novel heterodimeric cysteine protease is required for interleukin-1β processing in monocytes. Nature 356: 768-774.
161. Tsujimoto, Y., J. Gorham, J. Cossman, E Jaffe, and C.M. Croce. 1985. The t(14;18) chromosome translocations involved in B cell neoplasms result from mistakes in VDJ joining. Science 229: 1390-1393.
162. Vaux, D.L., S. Cory, and T.M. Adams. 1988. Bcl-2 promotes the survival of haemopoietic cells and cooperates with c-myc to immortalize pre-B cells. Nature 335: 440-442.
163. Vaux, D.L., I.L. Weissman, and S.K. Kim. 1992. Prevention of programmed cell death in Caenorhabditis elegans by human bcl-2. Nature 258 1955-1957.
164. Veis, D.J., C.M. Sorenson, J.R. Shutter, and S.J. Korsmeyer. 1993. Bcl-2-deficient mice demonstrate fulminant lymphoid apoptosis, polycyctic kidneys, and hypopigmented hair. Cell 75: 229-240.
165. Vogelstein, B. 1990. A deadly inheritance. Nature 348: 681-682.
166. Wagner, A.J., J.M. Kokontis, and N Hay. 1994. Myc-mediated apoptosis requires wild-type p53 in a manner independent of cell cycle arrest and the ability of p53 to induce p21 waf1/ cip1. Genes & Dev. 8: 2817-2830.
167. 2 homodimer. Cell 78: 343-352.
168. Wang, H.-G., J.A. Milan, A.D. Cox, C.J. Der, U.R. Rapp, T Beck, H. Zha, and J.C. Reed. 1995. R-ras promotes apoptosis caused by growth factor deprivation via a Bcl-2 suppressble mechanism. J. Cell Biol. 129: 1103-1114.
169. Wang, L., M. Miura, L. Bergeron, H. Zhu, and J. Yuan. 1994. Ich-1 an ICE/ced-3-related gene, encodes both positive and negative regulators of programmed cell death. Cell 78: 739-750.
170. Wang, Z.-Q., B. Auer, L. Stingl, H. Berghammer, D. Haidacher, M. Schweiger, and E.F. Wagner. 1995. Mice lacking ADPRT and poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation develop normally but are susceptible to skin disease. Genes & Dev. 9: 509-520.
171. White, E. 1994a. Function of the adenovirus E1B oncogene in infected and transformed cells. In Seminars in virology (ed. E. Fanning), pp. 341-348. Academic Press, London, UK.
172. _. 1994b. p53, guardian of Rb. Nature 371: 21-22.
173. _. 1995. Regulation of p53-dependent apoptosis by E1A and E1B. In Current topics in microbiology and immunology: The molecular repertoire of adenovirus (ed. W Doerfler) pp. 33-58 Springer Verlag, Berlin/Heidelberg, Germany.
174. White, E. and R. Cipriani. 1990. Role of adenovirus E1B proteins in transformation: Altered organization of intermediate filaments in transformed cells that express the 19-kilodalton protein. Mol. Cell. Biol. 10: 120-130.
175. White, E. and B. Stillman. 1987. Expression of the adenovirus E1B mutant phenotypes is dependent on the host cell and on synthesis of E1A proteins. J. Virol. 61: 426-435.
176. White, E., R. Cipriani, P. Sabbatini, and A. Denton. 1991. The adenovirus E1B 19-Kilodalton protein overcomes the cytotoxicity of E1A proteins. J. Virol 65: 2968-2978.
177. White, E., P. Sabbatini, M. Debbas, W.S.M. Wold, D.I. Kusher, and L Gooding. 1992. The 19-kilodalton adenovirus E1B transforming protein inhibits programmed cell death and prevents cytolysis by tumor necrosis factor α. Mol. Cell. Biol. 12: 2570-2580.
178. White, K., M.E. Grether, J.M. Abrams, L. Young, K. Farrell, and H. Steller. 1994. Genetic control of programmed cell death in Drosophila. Science 264: 677-683.
179. Whyte, P., K. Buchkovich, J.M. Horowitz, S.H. Friend, M. Raybuck, R.A. Weinbert, and E. Harlow. 1988. Association between an oncogene and an anti-oncogene: The adenovirus E1A proteins bind to the retinoblastoma gene product. Nature 334: 124-129.
180. Williams, M.S. and P.A. Henkart. 1994. Apoptotic cell death induced by intracellular proteolysis. J. Immunol. 153: 4247-4255.
181. Wilson, K.P., J.F. Black, J.A. Thomson, E.E. Kim, J.P. Griffith, M.A. Navia, M.A. Murcko, S.P. Chambers, R.A. Aldape, S.A. Raybuck, and D.J. Livingston. 1994. Structure and mechanism of interleukin-1β converting enzyme. Nature 370: 270-275.
182. Wu, X. and A.J Levine. 1994. p53 and E2F-1 cooperate to mediate apoptosis. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 91: 3602-3606.
183. Wyllie, A.H. 1980. Cell death The significance of apoptosis. Int. Rev. Cytol 68: 251-306.
184. Xiong, Y., G. Hannon, H. Zhang, D. Casso, R. Kobayashi, and D. Beach. 1993. p21 is a universal inhibitor of cyclin kinases. Nature 366: 701-704
185. Xue, D. and H.R. Horvitz. 1995. Inhibition of the Caenorhabditis elegans cell-death protease CED-3 by a CED-3 cleavage site in baculovirus p35 protein. Nature 377: 248-251.
186. Yang, E., J. Zha, J. Jockel, L H. Boise, C.B. Thompson, and S.J. Korsmeyer. 1995. Bad, a heterodimeric partner for Bcl-xL and Bcl-2, displaces Bax and promotes cell death. Cell 80: 285-291.
187. Yang, T., K.M. Kozopas, and R.W. Craig. 1995. The intracellular distribution and pattern of expression of Mcl-2 overlap with but are not identical to, those of Bcl-2. J. Cell Biol. 128: 1173-1184.
188. Yin, X.-M, Z. Oltvai, and S. Korsmeyer. 1994. BH1 and BH2 domains of Bcl-2 are required for inhibition of apoptosis and heterodimerization with Bax. Nature 369: 321-323.
189. Yonish-Rouach, E., D. Resnitzky, J. Lotem, L. Sachs, A. Kimchi, and M. Oren. 1991. Wild-type p53 induces apoptosis of myeloid leukaemic cells that is inhibited by interleukin-6. Nature 352: 345-347.
190. Yonish-Rouach, E., V. Deguin, T. Zaitchouk, C. Breugnot, Z. Mishal, J. Jenkins, and E. May. 1996. Transcnptional activation plays a role in the induction of apoptosis by transiently-transfected wild-type p53. Oncogene (in press).
191. Yuan, J., S. Shaham, S. Ledoux, H.M. Ellis, and H.R. Horvitz. 1993. The C. elegans cell death gene ced-3 encodes a protein similar to mammalian interleukin-1β-converting enzyme. Cell 75: 641-652.
192. Zheng, H., D. Fletcher, W. Kozak, M. Jiang, K. Hofmann, C.A. Conn, D. Soszynski, C. Grablec, M. Trumbauer, A. Shaw, M.J. Kastura, K. Stevens, H. Rosen, R.J. North, H.Y. Chen, M.J. Tocci, M.J. Kluger, and L.H. Van derPloeg. 1995. Resistance to fever induction and impaired acute phase response in interleukin-1β deficient mice. Immunity 3: 9-19.
193. Ziegler, A., A.S. Jonason, D.J. Leffell, J.A. Simon, H.W. Sharma, J. Kimmelman, L. Remington, T. Jacks, and D.E. Brash. 1994. Sunburn and p53 in the onset of skin cancer. Nature 372: 773-776.