Lipid peroxidation and atherosclerosis in type II diabetes

Journal of Laboratory and Clinical Medicine

Volumn 134, Issue 1, 1999, Pages 19-32

  Oranje, W A ^a   Wolffenbuttel, B H R ^b  

^a MAASTRICHT UNIVERSITY MEDICAL CENTER   (Netherlands)

^b NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0033166388     PISSN: 00222143     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S0022-2143(99)90050-1     Document Type: Article

References (183)

1. 1. Garcia MJ, McNamara PM, Gordon T, Kannell WB. Morbidity and mortality in diabetics in the Framingham population. Diabetes 1974;23:105-11.
2. 2. Stamler J, Vaccaro O, Neaton JD, Wentworth D. Diabetes, other risk factors, and 12-yr cardiovascular mortality for men screened in the multiple risk factor intervention trial. Diabetes Care 1994;16:434-44.
3. 3. Kannel WB, McGee DL. Diabetes and cardiovascular disease. JAMA 1979;241:2035-8.
4. 4. Uusitupa MIJ, Niskanen LK, Siitonen O, Vvoutilainen E, Pyorala K. Ten-year cardiovascular mortality in relation to risk factors and abnormalities in lipoprotein composition in type II (non-insulin-dependent) diabetic and non-diabetic subjects. Diabetologia 1993;36:1175-84.
5. 5. Bierman EL. Atherogenesis in diabetes. Arteriosclerosis 1992;12:647-56.
6. 6. Betteridge DJ. Diabetic dyslipidemia. Am J Med 1994;96(suppl 6A):25S-31.
7. 7. Semenkovich CF, Heinecke JW. The mystery of diabetes and atherosclerosis. Diabetes 1997;46:327-34.
8. 8. Steinberg D. Arterial metabolism of lipoproteins in relation to atherogenesis. Ann NY Acad Sci 1990;598:125-35.
9. 9. Witztum JL. The oxidation hypothesis of atherosclerosis. Lancet 1994;344:793-5.
10. 10. Bergmark C, Wu R, Faire Ud, Lefvert AK, Swedenborg J. Patients with early-onset peripheral vascular disease have increased levels of autoantibodies against oxidized LDL. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 1995;15:441-5.
11. 11. Maggi E, Chiesa R, Melissano G, et al. LDL oxidation in patients with severe carotid atherosclerosis. Arteriosclerosis 1994;14:1892-9.
12. 12. Bellomo G, Maggi E, Poli M, Agosta FG, Bollati P, Finardi G. Auto-antibodies against oxidatively modified low-density lipoproteins in NIDDM. Diabetes 1995;44:60-6.
13. 13. Uusitupa MIJ, Niskanen L, Luoma J, et al. Autoantibodies against oxidized LDL do not predict atherosclerotic vascular disease in non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 1996;16:1236-42.
14. 14. Palinski W, Rosenfeld ME, Yla-Herttuala S, et al. Low density lipoprotein undergoes oxidative modification in vivo. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1989;86:1372-6.
15. 15. Stalenhoef AFH, Kleinveld HA, Kosmeijer-Schuil TG, Demacker PNM, Katan MB. In vivo oxidised cholesterol in atherosclerosis. Atherosclerosis 1993;98:113-4.
16. 16. Chisolm GM, Ma G, Irwin KC, et al. 7α-hydroperoxycholest-5-en-3α-ol, a component of human atherosclerotic lesions, is the primary cytotoxin of oxidized human low density lipoprotein. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1994;91:11452-6.
17. 17. Haberland M, Fong D, Cheng L. Malondialdehyde-altered protein occurs in atheroma of Watanabe heritable hyperlipidemic rabbits. Science 1988:241:215-8.
18. 18. Palinski W, Koschinsky T, Buttler SW, et al. Immunological evidence for the presence of advanced glycosylation end products in atherosclerotic lesions of euglycemic rabbits. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 1995;15:571-82.
19. 19. Salonen JT, Yla-Herttuala S, Yamamoto R, et al. Autoantibodies against oxidised LDL and progression of carotid atherosclerosis. Lancet 1992;339:883-7.
20. 20. Virella G, Virella I, Leman RB, Pryor MB, Lopes-Virella MF. Anti-oxidized low-density lipoprotein antibodies in patients with coronary heart disease and normal healthy volunteers. Int J Clin Lab Res 1993;23:95-101.
21. 21. Vijver LPL, Steyger R, Poppel G, et al. Autoantibodies against MDA-LDL in subjects with severe and minor atherosclerosis and healthy population controls. Atherosclerosis 1996;122:245-53.
22. 22. O'Leary VJ, Tilluing L, Fleetwood G, Stone D, Darley-Usmar V. The resistance of low density lipoprotein to oxidaton promoted by copper and its use as an index of antioxidant therapy. Atherosclerosis 1996;119:169-79.
23. 23. Rimm EB, Stampfer MJ, Ascherio A, Giovannucci E, Colditz GA, Willett WC. Vitamin E consumption and the risk of coronary heart disease in men. N Engl J Med 1993;328:1450-6.
24. 24. Stampfer MJ, Hennekens CH, Manson JE, Colditz GA, Rosner B, Willett WC. Vitamin E consumption and the risk of coronary disease in women. N Engl J Med 1993;328:1444-9.
25. 25. Stephens NG, Parsons A, Schofield PM, et al. Randomised controlled trial of vitamin E in patients with coronary disease: Cambridge heart antioxidant study (CHAOS). Lancet 1996;347:781-6.
26. 26. Rapola J, Virtamo J, Ripatti S, Huttunen J, Albanes D, Taylor P. Randomised trial of alfa-tocopherol and beta-carotene supplements on incidence of major coronary events in men with previous myocardial infarction. Lancet 1997;349:1715-20.
27. 27. Albanes D, Heinonen O. The effect of vitamin E and beta carotene on cancer in smokers. N Engl J Med 1994;330:1029-35.
28. 28. Rapola J, Virtamo J, Haukka J, et al. Effect of vitamin E and beta carotene on the incidence of angina pectoris. JAMA 1996;275:693-8.
29. 29. Reaven P, Grasse B, Barnett J. Effect of antioxidants alone and in combination with monounsaturated fatty acid-enriched diets on lipoprotein oxidation. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 1996;16:1465-72.
30. 30. Fuller C, Chandalia M, Garg A, Grundy SM, Jialal I. RRR-alfa-tocopheryl acetate supplementation at pharmacologic doses decreases low-density-lipoprotein oxidative susceptibility but not protein glycation in patients with diabetes melllitus. Am J Clin Nutr 1996;63:753-9.
31. 31. Goldstein JL, Ho YK, Basu SK, Brown MS. Binding site on macrophages that mediates uptake and degradation of acetylated low density lipoprotein, producing massive cholesterol deposition. Cell Biology 1979;1:333-7.
32. 32. Brown MS, Goldstein JL. Lipoprotein metabolism in the macrophage: implications for cholesterol deposition in atherosclerosis. Ann Rev Biochem 1983;52:223-61.
33. 33. Ross R. Cell biology of atherosclerosis. Ann Rev Phys 1995;57:791-804.
34. 34. Steinberg. Beyond cholesterol. N Engl J Med 1989;320:915-23.
35. 35. Henriksen T, Mahoney EM, Steinberg D. Enhanced macrophage degradation of low density lipoprotein previously incubated with cultured endothelial cells: recognition by receptors for acetylated low density lipoproteins. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1981;78:6499-503.
36. 36. Steinbrecher UP, Parthasarathy S, Leake DS, Wilztum JL, Steinberg D. Modification of low density lipoprotein by endothelial cells involves lipid peroxidation and degradation of low density lipoprotein phospholipids. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1984;81:3883-7.
37. 37. Morel DW, DiCorleto PE, Chisolm GM. Endothelial and smooth muscle cells alter low density lipoprotein in vitro by free radical oxidation. Arteriosclerosis 1984;4:357-64.
38. 38. Parthasarathy S, Rankin SM. Role of oxidized low density lipoprotein in atherogenesis. Progr Lipid Res 1992;31:127-43.
39. 39. Esterbauer H, Dieber-Rotheneder M, Waeg G, Striegl G, Jurgens G. Biochemical, structural, and functional properties of oxidized low-density lipoprotein. Chem Res Toxicol 1990:3:77-92.
40. 40. Esterbauer H, Wag G, Puhl H. Lipid peroxidation and its role in atherosclerosis. Br Med Bull 1993;49:566-76.
41. 41. Halliwell B, Chirico S. Lipid peroxidation: its mechanism, measurement, and significance. Am J Clin Nutr 1993;57(suppl):715S-25.
42. 42. Gutteridge JMC. Aspects to consider when detecting and measuring lipid peroxidation. Free Radic Res Commun 1986;1:173-84.
43. 43. Halliwell B, Gutteridge J. Free radicals in biology and medicine. 2nd ed. New York: Oxford University Press; 1989.
44. 44. Kritharides L, Jessup W. Gifford J, Dean RT. A method for defining the stages of low-density lipoprotein oxidation by the separation of cholesterol- and cholesteryl ester-oxidation products using HPLC. Anal Biochem 1993;213:79-89.
45. 45. Steinbrecher UP. Oxidation of human low density lipoprotein results in derivatization of lysine residues of apolipoprotein B by lipid peroxide decomposition products. J Biol Chem 1987;262:3603-8.
46. 46. Kaplan M, Williams K, Mandel H, Aviram M. Role of macrophage glycosaminoglycans in the cellular catabolism of oxidzed LDL by macrophages. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 1998;18:542-53.
47. 47. Holvoet P, Theilmeier G, Shivalkar B, Flameng w, Collen D. LDL hypercholesterolemia is associated with accumulation of oxidized LDL, atherosclerotic plaque growth, and compensatory vessel enlargement in coronary arteries of miniature pigs. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 1998;18:415-22.
48. 48. Jialal I, Devaraj S. Low-density lipoprotein oxidation, antioxidants, and atherosclerosis: a clinical biochemistry perspective. Clin Chem 1996;42:498-506.
49. 49. Navab M, Berliner JA, Watson AD, et al. The yin and yang of oxidation in the development of the fatty streak. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 1996;16:831-42.
50. 50. Reaven P. The role of oxidation of LDL in atherogenesis. The Endocrinologist 1995;5:44-54.
51. 51. Penn MS, Chisolm GM. Oxidized lipoproteins, altered cell function and atherosclerosis. Atherosclerosis 1994;108 (suppl):S21-9.
52. 52. Jialal I, Fuller CJ. Oxidatively modified LDL and atherosclerosis: an evolving plausible scenario. Crit Rev Food Science Nutr 1996;36:341-53.
53. 53. Terkeltaub R, Banka CL, Solan J, Santoro D, Brand K, Curtiss LK, Oxidized LDL induces monocytic cell expression of interleukin-8, a chemokine with T-lymphocyte chemotactic activity. Arteriosclerosis 1994;14:47-53.
54. 54. McMurray HF, Parthasarathy S, Steinberg D. Oxidatively modified low density lipoprotein is a chemoattractant for human T-lymphocytes. J Clin Invest 1993;92:1004-8.
55. 55. Bjorkerud B, Bjorkerud S. Contrary effects of lightly and strongly oxidized LDL with potent promotion of growth versus apoptosis on arterial smooth muscle cells, macrophages, and fibroblasts. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 1996;16:416-24.
56. 56. Palinski W, Yla-Herttuala S, Rosenfeld ME, et al. Antisera and monoclonal antibodies specific for epitopes generated during oxidative modification of low density lipoprotein. Arteriosclerosis 1990;10:325-35.
57. 57. Lesnik P, Dentan C, Vonica A, Moreau M, Chapman MJ. Tissue factor pathway inhibitor activity associated with LDL is inactivated by cell-and copper-mediated oxidation. ArteriosclerThromb Vasc Biol 1995;15:1121-30.
58. 58. Chen LY, Mehta P, Mehta JL. Oxidized LDL decreases L-arginine uptake and nitric oxide symhase protein expression in human platelets. Circulation 1996;93:1740-6.
59. 59. Chin J. Inactivation of EDRF by oxidised lipoproteins. J Clin Invest 1992;89:10-108.
60. 60. Anderson TJ, Meredith IT, Charbonneau F, et al. Endothelium-dependent coronary vasomotion relates to the susceptibility of LDL to oxidation in humans. Circulation 1996;93:1647-50.
61. 61. Anderson TJ, Meredith IT, Yeung AC, Freik B, Selwyn AP, Ganz P. The effect of cholesterol-lowering and antioxidant therapy on endothelium-dependent coronary vasomotion. N Engl J Med 1995;332:488-93.
62. 62. O'Driscoll G, Green D, Taylor RR. Simvastatin, an HMG-coenzyme A reductase inhibitor, improves endothelial function within 1 month. Circulation 1997;95:1126-31.
63. 63. Kusuhara M, Chait A, Cader A, Berk BC. Oxidized LDL stimulates mitogen-activated protein kinases in smooth muscle cells and macrophages. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 1997;17:141-8.
64. 64. Keaney J, Guo Y, Cunningham D, Shwaery G, Xu A, Vita J. Vascular incorporation of alfa-tocopherol prevents endothelial dysfunction due to oxidized LDL by inhibiting protein kinase C stimulation. J Clin Invest 1996;98:386-94.
65. 65. Berliner J, Territo M, Sevanian A, et al. Minimally modified low density lipoprotein stimulates monocyte endothelial interactions. J Clin Invest 1990;85:1260-6.
66. 66. Kim JA, Territo MC, Wayner E, et al. Partial characterization of leukocyte binding molecules on endothelial cells induced by minimally oxidized LDL. Arterioscler Thromb 1994;14:427-33.
67. 67. Gebuhrer V, Murphy JF, Bordet JC, Reck MP, McGregor JLM. Oxidized low-density lipoprotein induces the expression of P-selectin (GMP140/PADGEM/CD62) on human endothelial cells. Biochem J 1995;306:293-8.
68. 68. Weidimann A, Scheithe R, Hrboticky N, Pietsch A, Lorenz R, Siess W. Mildly oxidized LDL induces platelet aggregation through activation of phospholipase A. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 1995;15:1131-8.
69. 69. Dimitriadis E, Griffin M, Collins P, Johnson A, Owens D, Tomkin GH. Lipoprotein composition in NIDDM: effects of dietary oleic acid on the composition, oxidisability and function of low and high density lipoproteins. Diabetologia 1996;39:667-76.
70. 70. Dimitriadis E, Griffin M, Owens D, Johnson A, Collins P, Tomkin GH. Oxidation of low-density lipoprotein in NIDDM: its relationship to fatty acid composition. Diabetologia 1995;38:1300-6.
71. 71. Reaven P, Parthasarathy S, Grasse B, Miller E, Steinberg D, Witztum J. Effects of oleate-rich and linoleatc-rich diets on the susceptibility of low density lipoprotein to oxidative modification in mildly hypercholesterolemic subjects. J Clin Invest 1993;9:668-76.
72. 72. Griffin M, McInerney D, Fraser A, et al. Autoantibodies to oxidized low density lipoprotein: the relationship to low density lipoprotein fatty acid composition in diabetes. Diabetic Med 1997;14:741-7.
73. 73. De Graaf J, Hendriks JCM, Demacker PNM, Stalenhoef AFH. Identification of multiple dense LDL subfractions with enhanced susceptibility to in vitro oxidation among hypertriglyceridemic subjects. Arterioscler Thromb 1993;13:712-9.
74. 74. Lyons T, Jenkins A. Lipoprotein glycation and its metabolic consequences. Curr Opin Lipidol 1997:8:174-80.
75. 75. Bowie A, Owens D, Collins P, Johnson A, Tomkin G. Glycosylated low density lipoprotein is more sensitive to oxidation: implications for the diabetic patient. Atherosclerosis 1993;102:63-7.
76. 76. Fu M, Requena J, Jenkins A, Lyons T, Baynes J, Thorpe S. The advanced glycation end product, N-(carboxymethyl)lysine, is a product of both lipid peroxidation and glycoxidation reactions. J Biol Chem 1996;271:9982-6.
77. 77. Vlassara H. Recent progress in advanced glycation end products and diabetic complications. Diabetes 1997;46:S19-25.
78. 78. Esterbauer H, Striegl G, Puhl H, Rotheneder M. Continuous monitoring of in vitro oxidation of human low density lipoprotein. Free Radic Res Commun 1989;6:67-75.
79. 79. Kim JM, Dawes J, Jessup W. Transendothelial transport of modified low-density lipoproteins. Atherosclerosis 1994;108:5-17.
80. 80. Nielsen LB. Transfer of low density lipoprotein into the arterial wall and risk of atherosclerosis. Atherosclerosis 1996;123:1-15.
81. 81. Guretzki HJ, Gerbitz KD, Olgemoller B, Schleicher E. Atherogenic levels of low density lipoprotein alter the permeability and composition of the endothelial barrier. Atherosclerosis 1994;107:15-24.
82. 82. Hurt-Camejo E, Wiklund O, Bondjers G, Camejo G. Cellular consequences of the association of apo B lipoproteins with proteoglycans. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 1997;17:1011-7.
83. 83. Camejo G, Hurt-Camejo E, Wiklund O, Bondjers G. Association of apo B lipoproteins with arterial proteoglycans: pathological significance and molecular basis. Atherosclerosis 1998;139:205-22.
84. 84. Lynch SM, Frei B. Mechanisms of copper- and iron-dependent oxidative modification of human low density lipoprotein. J Lipid Res 1993;34:1745-53.
85. 85. Aviram M, Rosenblat M. Macrophage-mediated oxidation of extra-cellular low density lipoprotein requires an initial binding of the lipoprotein to its receptor. J Lipid Res 1994;35:385-98.
86. 86. Heinecke JW, Baker L, Rosen H, Chait A. Superoxide-mediated modification of low density lipoprotein by arterial smooth muscle cells. J Clin Invest 1986;77:757-61.
87. 87. Hiramatsu K, Rosen H, Heinecke JW, Wolfbauer G, Chait A. Superoxide initiates oxidation of low density lipoprotein by human monocytes, Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 1987;7:55-60.
88. 88. McNally AK, Chisolm GM, Morel DW, Cathcart MK. Activated human monocytes oxidize low-density lipoprotein by a lipoxygenase-dependent pathway. J Immunol 1990;145:254-9.
89. 89. Camejo G, Halberg C, Manschik-Lundin A, et al. Hemin binding and oxidation of lipoproteins in serum: mechanisms and effect on the interaction of LDL with human macrophages. J Lipid Res 1998;39:755-66.
90. 90. Yagi K. A simple fluorometric assay for lipoperoxide in blood plasma. Biochem Med 1976;15:212-6.
91. 91. Gutteridge JMC, Halliwell B. The measurement and mechanism of lipid peroxidation in biological systems. Trends Biochem Sci 1990;15:129-35.
92. 92. Halliwell B. Free radicals, antioxidants, and human disease: curiosity, cause, or consequence? Lancet 1994;344:721-4.
93. 93. Nyyssonen K, Porkkala-Sarataho E, Kaikkonen J, Salonen JT. Ascorbate and urate are the strongest determinants of plasma antioxidative capacity and serum lipid resistance to oxidation in Finnish men. Atherosclerosis 1997;130:223-33.
94. 94. Jansen H, Ghanem H, Kuypers JHSAM, Birkenhager JC. Autoantibodies against malondialdehyde-modified LDL are elevated in subjects with an LDL subclass pattern B. Atherosclerosis 1995;115:255-62.
95. 95. Lopes-Virella MF, Virella G. Cytokines, modified lipoproteins, and arteriosclerosis in diabetes. Diabetes 1996;45(suppl 3):S40-4.
96. 96. Lopes-Virella MF, Virella G. Atherosclerosis and autoimmunity. Clin Immunol Immunopathol 1994;73:155-67.
97. 97. Lopes-Virella M, Binzafar N, Rackley S, Takei A, La Via M, Virella G. The uptake of LDL-IC by human macrophages: predominant involvement of the Fc gamma RI receptor. Atherosclerosis 1997;135:161-70.
98. 98. Mol MJTM, De Rijke YB, Demacker PNM, Stalenhoef AFH. Plasma levels of lipid and cholesterol oxidation products and cytokines in diabetes mellitus and cigarette smoking: effects of vitamin E treatment. Atherosclerosis 1997;129:169-76.
99. 99. Smith L, Johnson B. Biological activities of oxysterols. Free Radic Biol Med 1989;7:285-332.
100. 100. Patrono C, Fitzgerald G. Isoprostanes: potential markers of oxidant stress in atherothrombotic disease. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 1997;17:2309-15.
101. 101. Jackson Roberts L, Morrow J. The generation and actions of isoprostanes. Biochim Biophys Acta 1997;1345:121-35.
102. 102. Leake DS. Does an acidic pH explain why low density lipoprotein is oxidised in atheroscerotic lesions? Atherosclerosis 1997;129:149-57.
103. 103. Giugliano D, Ceriello A. Oxidative stress and diabetic vascular complications. Diabetes Care 1996;19:257-67.
104. 104. Ceriello A, Bortolotti N, Falleti E, et al. Total radical-trapping anti-oxidant parameter in NIDDM patients. Diabetes Care 1997;20:194-7.
105. 105. Mezetti A, Lapenna D, Pierdomenico S, et al. Vitamins E, C and lipid peroxidation in plasma and arterial tissue of smokers and non-smokers. Atherosclerosis 1995;112:91-9.
106. 106. Wolff SP. Diabetes mellitus and free radicals. Br Med Bull 1993;49:642-52.
107. 107. Wolff SP, Jiang ZY, Hunt JV. Protein glycation and oxidative stress in diabetes mellitus and ageing. Free Radic Biol Med 1991;10:339-52.
108. 108. Ceriello A, Bortolotti N, Motz E, et al. Meal-generated oxidative stress in type II diabetic patients. Diabetes Care 1998;21:1529-33.
109. 109. Ceriello A. Acute hyperglycaemia and oxidative stress generation. Diabetic Med 1997;14:S45-9.
110. 110. Bucala R, Makita Z, Koschinsky T, Cerami A, Vlassara H. Lipid advanced glycosylation: pathway for lipid oxidation in vivo. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1993;90:6434-8.
111. 111. Williamson JR, Chang K, Frangos M, et al. Hyperglycemic pseudo-hypoxia and diabetic complications. Diabetes 1993;42:801-13.
112. 112. Rifici VA, Schneider SH, Khachadurian AK. Stimulation of low-density lipoprotein oxidation by insulin and insulin-like growth factor I. Atherosclerosis 1994;107:99-108.
113. 113. Paolisso G, Giugliano D. Oxidative stress and insulin action: is there a relationship? Diabetologia 1996;39:357-63.
114. 114. Iwai M, Yoshino G, Matsushita M. Abnormal lipoprotein composition in normolipidemic diabetic patients. Diabetes Care 1990;13:792-6.
115. 115. Bagdade JD, Buchanan WE, Kuusi T, Taskinen MR. Persistent abnormalities in lipoprotein composition in noninsulin dependent diabetes after intensive insulin therapy. Arteriosclerosis 1990;10:232-9.
116. 116. Yoshida H, Ishikawa T, Nakamura H. Vitamin E/lipid peroxide ratio and susceptibility of LDL to oxidative modification in non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 1997;17:1438-46.
117. 117. Tilly-Kiesi M, Syvanne M, Kuusi T, Lahdenpera S, Taskinen M. Abnormalities of low density lipoproteins in normolipidemic type II diabetic and nondiabetic patients with coronary artery disease. J Lipid Res 1992;33:333-43.
118. 118. Lahdenpera S, Sane T, Vuorinen-Markkola H, Knudsen P, Taskinen M. LDL particle size in mildly hypertriglyceridemic subjects: no relation to insulin resistance or diabetes. Atherosclerosis 1995;113:227-36.
119. 119. Jensen T. Pathogenesis of diabetic vascular disease: evidence for the role of reduced heparan sulfate protcoglycan. Diabetes 1997;46:S98-100.
120. 120. Halliwell B. The role of oxygen radicals in human disease, with particular reference to the vascular system. Haemostasis 1993;23:118-26.
121. 121. Bucala R. What is the effect of hyperglycemia on atherogenesis and can it be reversed by aminoguanidine? Diabetes Res Clin Pract 1996;20:S123-30.
122. 122. Airaksinen KEJ, Salmela PI, Linnaluoto MK, Ikoheimo MJ, Ahola K, Ryhunen LJ. Diminished arterial elasticity in diabetes: association with fluorescent advanced glycosylation end products in collagen. Cardiovasc Res 1993;27:942-5.
123. 123. Bruel A, Oxlund H. Changes in biomechanical properties, composition of collagen and elastin, and advanced glycation endproducts of the rat aorta in relation to age. Atherosclerosis 1996;127:155-65.
124. 124. Frei B. Cardiovascular disease and nutrient antioxidants: role of low-density lipoprotein oxidation. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 1995;35:83-98.
125. 125. Goldwasser P, Feldman J. Associaton of serum albumin and mortality risk. J Clin Epidemiol 1997;50:693-703.
126. 126. Frei B, England L, Ames B. Ascorbate is an outstanding antioxidant in human blood plasma. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1989;86:6377-81.
127. 127. Halliwell B. Vitamin C: antioxidant or pro-oxidant in vivo? Free Radic Res 1996;25:439-54.
128. 128. MacRury S, Gordon D, Wilson R, et al. A comparison of different methods of assessing free radical activity in type II diabetes and peripheral vascular disease. Diabet Med 1993;10:331-5.
129. 129. Daimon M, Susa S, Yamatani K, et al. Hyperglycemia is a factor for an increase in serum ceruloplasmin in type II diabetes. Diabetes Care 1998;21:1525-8.
130. 130. Hughes K, Choo M, Kuperan P, Ong C, Aw T. Cardiovasacular risk factors in non-insulin-dependent diabetics compared to non-diabetic controls: a population-based survey among Asians in Singapore. Atherosclerosis 1998;136:25-31.
131. 131. Armstrong A, Chestnut J, Gormley M, Young I. The effect of dietary treatment on lipid peroxidation and antioxidant status in newly diagnosed noninsulin dependent diabetes. Free Radic Biol Med 1996;21:719-26.
132. 132. Ceriello A, Russo P, Amstad P, Cerutti P. High glucose induces antioxidant enzymes in human endothelial cells in culture. Diabetes 1996;45:471-7.
133. 133. Costagliola C. Oxidative state of glutathione in red blood cells and plasma of diabetic patients: in vivo and in vitro study. Clin Physiol Biochem 1990;8:204-10.
134. 134. Chari SN, Nath N, Rathi AB. Glutathione and its redox system in diabetic polymorphonuclear leukocytes. Am J Med Sci 1984;287:14-5.
135. 135. Neri S, Bruno CM, Raciti C, D'Angelo G, D'Amico R, Cristaldi R. Alteration of oxide reductive and haemostatic factors in type II diabetics. J Int Med 1994;236:495-500.
136. 136. Kaji H, Kurasaki M, Ito K, et al. Increased lipoperoxide value and glutathione peroxidase activity in blood plasma of type II diabetic women. Klin Wochenschr 1985;63:765-8.
137. 137. Vijayalingam S, Parthiban A, Shanmugasundaram KR, Mohan V. Abnormal antioxidant status in impaired glucose tolerance and non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Diabet Med 1996;13:715-9.
138. 138. Douillet C, Bost M, Accominoti M, Borson-Chazot F, Ciavatti M. Effect of selenium and vitamin E supplements on tissue lipids, peroxides, and fatty acid distribution in experimental diabetes. Lipids 1998;33:393-9.
139. 139. Chausmer A. Zinc, insulin and diabetes. J Am Coll Nutr 1998;17:109-15.
140. 140. Blostein-Fujii A, diSilvestro R, Frid D, Katz C, Malarkey W. Short-term zine supplementation in women with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus: effects on plasma 5-nucleotidase activities, insulin-like growth factor I concentrations, and lipoprotein oxidation rates in vitro. Am J Clin Nutr 1997;66:639-42.
141. 141. Nourooz-Zadeh J, Rahimi A, Tajaddini-Sarmadi J, et al. Relationships between plasma measures of oxidative stress and metabolic control in NIDDM. Diabetologia 1997;40:647-53.
142. 142. Sundaram R, Bhaskar A, Vijayalingam S, Viswanathan M, Mohan R, Shanmugasundaram K. Antioxidant status and lipid peroxidation in type II diabetes mellitus with and without complications. Clin Sci 1996;90:255-60.
143. 143. Tsai EC, Hirsch IB, Brunzell JD, Chait A. Reduced plasma peroxyl radical trapping capacity and increased susceptibility of LDL to oxidation in poorly controlled IDDM. Diabetes 1994;43:1010-4.
144. 144. Maxwell S, Thomason H, Sandler D, et al. Antioxidant status in patients with uncomplicated insulin-dependent and non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Eur J Clin Invest 1997;27:484-90.
145. 145. Oranje WA, Rondas-Colbers GJWM, Swennen GNM, Wolffenbuttel BHR. Lipid peroxidation in type II diabetes: relationship with macrovascular disease? Neth J Med 1998;53:61-8.
146. 146. Diaz M. Antioxidants and atherosclerotic heart disease. N Engl J Med 1997;337:408-16.
147. 147. Beaudeux JL, Guillausseau PJ, Peynet J, et al. Enhanced susceptibility of low-density lipoprotein to in vitro oxidation in type I and type II diabetic patients. Clin Chim Acta 1995;239:131-41.
148. 148. Gugliucci A, Menini T, Stahl AJC. Susceptibility to copper-enhanced autoxidation of VLDL and LDL fractions from diabetic patients. Biochem Mol Biol Int 1994;32:139-47.
149. 149. Altomare E, Vendemiale G, Chicco D, Procacci V, Cirelli D. Increased lipid peroxidation in type II poorly controlled diabetic patients. Diabetes Metab 1992;18:264-71.
150. 150. Babiy AV, Gebicki JM, Sullivan DR, Willey K. Increased oxidizability of plasma lipoproteins in diabetic patients can be decreased by probucol therapy and is not due to glycation. Biochem Pharmacol 1992;43:995-1000.
151. 151. Jennings PE, Jones AF, Florkowski CM, Lunec J, Barnett AH. Increased diene conjugates in diabetic subjects with microangiopathy. Diabet Med 1987;4:452-6.
152. 152. Mooradian AD. Increased serum conjugated dienes in elderly diabetic patients. J Am Geriatr Soc 1991;39:571-4.
153. 153. Velasquez E, Winocour PH, Kesteven P, Alberti KGMM, Laker MF. Relation of lipid peroxides to macrovascular disease in type II diabetes. Diabet Med 1991;8:752-8.
154. 154. Dean JD, Julier K, Mackness MI, Durrington DN. The susceptibility of LDL and HDL from patients with diabetes mellitus to in vitro oxidative modification. Diabet Med 1994;11:S13.
155. 155. Breugnot C, Maziere C, Auclair M, et al. Calcium antagonists prevent monocyte and endothelial cell-induced modification of low density lipoproteins. Free Radic Res Commun 1991;15:91-100.
156. 156. Clearfield MB, Lee N, Armstrong L, DeFazio P, Kudchodkar BJ, Lacko AG. The effect of captopril on the oxidation of plasma lipoproteins. Pharmacol Toxicol 1994;75:218-21.
157. 157. Zieden B, Wuttge DM, Karlberg BE, Olsson AG. Effects of in vitro addition of captopril on copper-induced low density lipoprotein oxidation. Br J Clin Pharmacol 1995;39:201-3.
158. 158. Maziere C, Auclair M, Maziere JC. Lipophilic B-blockers inhibit monocyte and endothelial cell-mediated modification of low density lipoproteins. Biochim Biophys Acta 1992;1126:314-8.
159. 159. Croft K. Low density lipoprotein composition and oxidizability in coronary disease - apparent favourable effect of beta blockers. Atherosclerosis 1992;97:123-30.
160. 160. Luo M, O'Brien R. Antioxidant effects of sulphonylureas. Diabetes 1996;45(suppl 2):123A.
161. 161. O'Neal D, O'Brien R, Timmins K, Grieve G, Lau K, Nicholson G. Gemfibrozil treatment increases low-density lipoprotein particle size in type II diabetes mellitus but does not alter in vitro oxidizability. Diabet Med 1998;15:870-7.
162. 162. Yoshida H, Ishikawa T, Ayaori M, et al. Beneficial effect of gemfibrozil on the chemical composition and oxidative susceptibility of low density lipoprotein: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Atherosclerosis 1998;139:179-87.
163. 163. Hussein O, Schlesinper S, Rosenblat M, Keidar S, Aviram M. Reduced susceptibility of LDL to lipid peroxidation after fluvastatin therapy is associated with the hypocholesterolemic effect of the drug and its binding to the LDL. Atherosclerosis 1997;128:11-9.
164. 164. Hoffman R, Brook J, Aviram M. Hypolipidemic drugs reduce lipoprotein susceptibility to undergo lipid peroxidation: in vitro and ex vivo studies. Atherosclerosis 1992;1992:105-13.
165. 165. Pyorala K, Pedersen TR, Kjekshus J, Faergeman O, Olsson AG, Thorgeirsson G. Cholesterol lowering with simvastatin improves prognosis of diabetic patients with coronary heart disease. Diabetes Care 1997;20:614-20.
166. 166. Cominacini L, Garbin U, Pastorino AM, et al. Effects of troglitazone on in vitro oxidation of LDL and HDL induced by copper ions and endothelial cells. Diabetologia 1997;40:165-72.
167. 167. Cominacini L, Young M, Capriati A, et al. Troglitazone increases the resistance of low density lipoprotein to oxidation in healthy volunteers. Diabetologia 1997;40:1211-8.
168. 168. Cominacini L, Garbin U, Fratta Pasini A, et al. Troglitazone reduces LDL oxidation and lowers plasma E-selectin concentration in NIDDM patients. Diabetes 1998:47:130-3.
169. 169. Noguchi N, Sakai H, Kato Y, et al. Inhibition of oxidation of low density lipoprotein by troglitazone. Atherosclerosis 1996;123:227-34.
170. 170. Calara F, Dmayuga P, Niemann A, et al. An animal model to study local oxidation of LDL and its biological effects in the arterial wall. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 1998;18:884-93.
171. 171. Sato Y, Hotta N, Sakamoto N, Matsuoka S, Ohishi N, Yagi K. Lipid peroxide level in plasma of diabetic patients. Biochem Med 1979;21:104-7.
172. 172. Katoh K. Possible relevance of lipid peroxidation and thromboxane production to the initiation and/or evolution of microangiopathy in non-hyperlipidemic type II diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 1992;18:89-98.
173. 173. Taus M, Ferretti G, Curatola G, Dousset N, Solera ML, Valdiguie P. Lower susceptibility of low density lipoprotein to in vitro oxidation in diabetic patients. Biochem Int 1992;28:835-42.
174. 174. Collier A, Rumley A, Rumley AG, et al. Free radical activity and hemostatic factors in NIDDM patients with and without microalbuminuria. Diabetes 1992:41:909-13.
175. 175. Sobenin IA, Tertov VV, Koschinsky T, et al. Modified low density lipoprotein from diabetic patients causes cholesterol accumulation in human intimal aortic cells. Atherosclerosis 1993;100:41-54.
176. 176. Cestaro B, Gandini R, Viani P, et al. Fluorescence-determined kinetics of plasma high oxidisability in diabetic patients. Biochem Mol Biol Int 1994;32:983-94.
177. 177. Gallou G, Ruelland A, Campion L, et al. Increase in thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances and vascular complications in type II diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Metab 1994;20:258-64.
178. 178. Parfitt VJ, Desomeaux K, Bolton CH, Hartog M. Effects of high monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fat diets on plasma lipoproteins and lipid peroxidation in type II diabetes mellitus. Diabet Med 1994;11:85-91.
179. 179. Niskanen LK, Salonen JT, Nyyssonen K, Uusitupa MIJ. Plasma lipid peroxidation and hyperglycaemia: a connection through hyperinsulinaemia? Diabet Med 1995;12:802-8.
180. 180. Nourooz-Zadeh J, Tajaddini-Sarmadi J, McCarthy S, Betteridge J, Wolff SP. Elevated levels of authentic plasma hydroperoxides in NIDDM. Diabetes 1995;44:1054-8.
181. 181. Griesmacher A, Kindhauser M, Andert SE, et al. Enhanced serum levels of thiobarbituric-acid-reactive substances in diabetes mellitus. Am J Med 1995;98:469-75.
182. 182. Haffner SM, Agil A, Mykkanen L, Stern MP, Jialal I. Plasma oxidizability in subjects with normal glucose tolerance, impaired glucose tolerance, and NIDDM. Diabetes Care 1995;18:646-53.
183. 183. Takahara N, Kashiwagi A, Nishio Y, et al. In vivo oxidation of lipoprotein and its atherogenic activity in patients with NIDDM. Diabetes 1996;45(suppl 2):90A.