On the nature of hypertrophic scars and keloids: A review

Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery

Volumn 104, Issue 5, 1999, Pages 1435-1458

  Niessen, Frank B ^a   Spauwen, Paul H M ^b   Schalkwijk, Joost ^b   Kon, Moshe ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY MEDICAL CENTER GRONINGEN   (Netherlands)

^b NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

3 AMINOPROPIONITRILE; ALPHA TOCOPHEROL; ASIATICOSIDE; CHLORMETHINE; CORTICOSTEROID; CREOSOTE; HYDROCHLORIC ACID; HYDROQUINONE; METHOTREXATE; NITRATE; PEPSIN A; THIOTEPA; TRIAMCINOLONE ACETONIDE; ZINC;

CORTICOSTEROID THERAPY; CRYOTHERAPY; CUSHINGOID SYNDROME; EPITHELIZATION; GRANULATION TISSUE; HUMAN; HYPERTROPHIC SCAR; INFLAMMATORY INFILTRATE; LASER SURGERY; PATHOGENESIS; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; SCAR FORMATION; SILICONE PROSTHESIS; SKIN SURGERY; SKIN TOXICITY; TREATMENT PLANNING;

ANIMALS; CICATRIX, HYPERTROPHIC; HUMANS; KELOID;

EID: 0032867396     PISSN: 00321052     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1097/00006534-199910000-00031     Document Type: Review

References (363)

1. Stenn, K. S., and Malhotra, R. Epithelialization. In I. K. Cohen, R. F. Diegelmann, and W. I. Lindblad (Eds.), Wound Healing. Philadelphia: Saunders, 1992. Pp. 115-127.
2. Stiernberg, J., Redin, W. R., Warner, W. S., and Carney, D. H. The role of thrombin and thrombin receptor activating peptide (TRAP-508) in initiation of tissue repair. Thromb. Haemost. 70: 158, 1993.
3. Hunt, T. K. Basic principles of wound healing. J. Trauma 30 (12 Suppl): S122, 1990.
4. Riches, D. W. H. Macrophage Involvement in Wound Repair, Remodeling and Fibrosis. In R. A. F. Clark (Ed.), The Molecular and Cellular Biology of Wound Repair. New York: Plenum, 1996. Pp. 95-141.
5. Berman, B., and Bieley, H. C. Keloids. J. Am. Acad. Dermatol. 33: 117, 1995.
6. Elliot, D., Cory-Pearce, R., and Rees, G. M. The behaviour of presternal scars in a fair-skinned population. Ann. R. Coll. Surg. Engl. 67: 238, 1985.
7. Peacock, E. E., Jr., Madden, J. W., and Trier, W. C. Biologic basis for the treatment of keloids and hypertrophic scars. South. Med. J. 63: 755, 1970.
8. Mancini, R. E., and Quaife, J. V. Histogenesis of experimentally produced keloids. J. Invest. Dermatol. 142, 1962.
9. Rockwell, W. B., Cohen, I. K., and Ehrlich, H. P. Keloids and hypertrophic scars: A comprehensive review [see comments]. Plast. Reconstr. Surg. 84: 827, 1989.
10. Pollack, S. V., and Goslen, J. B. The surgical treatment of keloids. J. Dermatol. Surg. Oncol. 8: 1045, 1982.
11. Muir, I. F. On the nature of keloid and hypertrophic scars. Br. J. Plast. Surg. 43: 61, 1990.
12. Brody, G. S. Keloids and hypertrophic scars (Letter). Plast. Reconstr. Surg. 86: 804, 1990.
13. Ehrlich, H. P., Desmouliere, A., Diegelmann, R. F., et al. Morphological and immunochemical differences between keloid and hypertrophic scar. Am. J. Pathol. 145: 105, 1994.
14. Norris, J. E. Hypertrophic scar and keloid (Letter). Plast. Reconstr. Surg. 88: 372, 1991.
15. Tuan, T. L., and Nichter, L. S. The molecular basis of keloid and hypertrophic scar formation. Mol. Med. Today 4: 19, 1998.
16. Murray, J. C. Keloids and hypertrophic scars. Clin. Dermatol. 12: 27, 1994.
17. Oluwasanmi, J. O. Keloids in the African. Clin. Plast. Surg. 1: 179, 1974.
18. Lawrence, J. C. The aetiology of scars. Burns Incl. Therm. Inj. 13 (Suppl): S3, 1987.
19. Kischer, C. W. The microvessels in hypertrophic scars, keloids and related lesions: a review. J. Submicrosc. Cytol. Pathol. 24: 281, 1992.
20. Moustafa, M. F., Abdel Fattah, M. A., and Abdel Fattah, D. C. Presumptive evidence of the effect of pregnancy estrogens on keloid growth. Case report. Plast. Reconstr. Surg. 56: 450, 1975.
21. Lewis, W. H., and Sun, K. K. Hypertrophic scar: A genetic hypothesis. Burns 16: 176, 1990.
22. Deitch, E. A., Wheelahan, T. M., Rose, M. P., Clothier, J., and Cotter, J. Hypertrophic burn scars: Analysis of variables. J. Trauma 23: 895, 1983.
23. Niessen, F. B., Spauwen, P. H. M., Robinson, P. H., et al. The use of silicone occlusive sheeting (Sil-K) and silicone occlusive gel (Epiderm) in the prevention of hypertrophic scar formation (Abstract). Plast. Reconstr. Surg. 102: 1962, 1998.
24. Curtis, A. S., and Seehar, G. M. The control of cell division by tension or diffusion. Nature 274: 52, 1978.
25. Brody, G. S., Peng, S. T., and Landel, R. F. The etiology of hypertrophic scar contracture: Another view. Plast. Reconstr. Surg. 67: 673, 1981.
26. Su, C. W., Alizadeh, K., Boddie, A., and Lee, R. C. The problem scar. Clin. Plast. Surg. 25: 451, 1998.
27. Alhady, S. M., and Sivanantharajah, K. Keloids in various races: A review of 175 cases. Plast. Reconstr. Surg. 44: 564, 1969.
28. Ketchum, L. D. Hypertrophic scars and keloids. Clin. Plast. Surg. 4: 301, 1977.
29. Buchwald, C., Nielsen, L. H., and Rosborg, J. Keloids of the external ear. ORL J. Otorhinolaryngol. Relat. Spec. 54: 108, 1992.
30. LeFlore, I., and Antoine, G. A. Keloid formation on palmar surface of hand. J. Natl. Med. Assoc. 83: 463, 1991.
31. Ramakrishnan, K. M., Thomas, K. P., and Sundararajan, C. R. Study of 1000 patients with keloids in South India. Plast. Reconstr. Surg. 51: 276, 1974.
32. Mullaney, P. B., Teichmann, K., Huaman, A., and Heinz, G. Corneal keloid from unusual penetrating trauma. J. Pediatr. Ophthalmol. Strabismus 32: 331, 1995.
33. Ford, T., and Widgerow, A. D. Umbilical keloid: An early start. Ann. Plast. Surg. 25: 214, 1990.
34. Omo-Dare, P. Genetic studies on keloid. J. Natl. Med. Assoc. 67: 428, 1975.
35. Castagnoli, C., Stella, M., Magliacani, G., Alasia, S. T., and Richiardi, P. Anomalous expression of HLA class II molecules on keratinocytes and fibroblasts in hypertrophic scars consequent to thermal injury. Clin. Exp. Immunol. 82: 350, 1990.
36. Castagnoli, C., Peruccio, D., Stella, M., et al. The HLA-DR beta 16 allogenotype constitutes a risk factor for hypertrophic scarring. Hum. Immunol. 29: 229, 1990.
37. Cohen, I. K., McCoy, B. J., Mohanakumar, T., and Diegelmann, R. F. Immunoglobulin, complement, and histocompatibility antigen studies in keloid patients. Plast. Reconstr. Surg. 63: 689, 1979.
38. Placik, O. J., and Lewis, V. L., Jr. Immunologic associations of keloids. Surg. Gynecol. Obstet. 175: 185, 1992.
39. Smith, C. J., Smith, J. C., and Finn, M. C. The possible role of mast cells (allergy) in the production of keloid and hypertrophic scarring. J. Burn Care Rehabil. 8: 126, 1987.
40. Bloch, E. F., Hall, M. G., Jr., Denson, M. J., and Slay Solomon, V. General immune reactivity in keloid patients. Plast. Reconstr. Surg. 73: 448, 1984.
41. Kazeem, A. A. The immunological aspects of keloid tumor formation. J. Surg. Oncol. 38: 16, 1988.
42. George, A. O., Akanji, A. O., Nduka, E. U., Olasode, J. B., and Odusan, O. Clinical, biochemical and morphologic features of acne keloidalis in a black population. Int. J. Dermatol. 32: 714, 1993.
43. Schierle, H. P., Scholz, D., and Lemperle, G. Elevated levels of testosterone receptors in keloid tissue: An experimental investigation. Plast. Reconstr. Surg. 100: 390, 1997.
44. Siraganian, P. A., Rubinstein, J. H., and Miller, R. W. Keloids and neoplasms in the Rubinstein-Taybi syndrome. Med. Pediatr. Oncol. 17: 485, 1989.
45. Tredget, E. E., Nedelec, B., Scott, P. G., and Ghahary, A. Hypertrophic scars, keloids, and contractures. The cellular and molecular basis for therapy. Surg. Clin. North Am. 77: 701, 1997.
46. Murray, J. C. Scars and keloids. Dermatol. Clin. 11: 697, 1993.
47. Lawrence, W. T. In search of the optimal treatment of keloids: Report of a series and a review of the literature. Ann. Plast. Surg. 27: 164, 1991.
48. Clark, R. A. Basics of cutaneous wound repair. J. Dermatol. Surg. Oncol. 19: 693, 1993.
49. Tuan, T. L., Zhu, J. Y., Sun, B., Nichter, L. S., Nimni, M. E., and Laug, W. E. Elevated levels of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 may account for the altered fibrinolysis by keloid fibroblasts. J. Invest. Dermatol. 106: 1007, 1996.
50. Oliver, N., Babu, M., and Diegelmann, R. Fibronectin gene transcription is enhanced in abnormal wound healing. J. Invest. Dermatol. 99: 579, 1992.
51. Babu, M., Diegelmann, R., and Oliver, N. Fibronectin is overproduced by keloid fibroblasts during abnormal wound healing. Mol. Cell. Biol. 9: 1642, 1989.
52. Kurkinen, M., Vaheri, A., Roberts, P. J., and Stenman, S. Sequential appearance of fibronectin and collagen in experimental granulation tissue. Lab. Invest. 43: 47, 1980.
53. Kischer, C. W., Wagner, H. N., Jr., Pindur, J., et al. Increased fibronectin production by cell lines from hypertrophic scar and keloid. Connect. Tissue Res. 23: 279, 1989.
54. Steenfos, H. H. Growth factors and wound healing. Scand. J. Plast. Reconstr. Surg. Hand Surg. 28: 95, 1994.
55. Pierce, G. F. Macrophages: Important physiologic and pathologic sources of polypeptide growth factors (Comment). Am. J. Respir. Cell. Mol. Biol. 2: 233, 1990.
56. Elias, J. A., Rossman, M. D., and Daniele, R. P. Inhibition of human lung fibroblast growth by mononuclear cells. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 125: 701, 1982.
57. Wahl, S. M., Wahl, L. M., and McCarthy, J. B. Lymphocyte-mediated activation of fibroblast proliferation and collagen production. J. Immunol. 121: 942, 1978.
58. Castagnoli, C., Trombotto, C., Ondei, S., et al. Characterization of T-cell subsets infiltrating post-burn hypertrophic scar tissues. Burns 28: 565, 1997.
59. Dinarello, C. A. Interleukin-1 and interleukin-1 antagonism. Blood 77: 1627, 1991.
60. Lowry, S. F. Cytokine mediators of immunity and inflammation. Arch. Surg. 128: 1235, 1993.
61. Postlethwaite, A. E., Raghow, R., Stricklin, G. P., Poppleton, H., Seyer, J. M., and Kang, A. H. Modulation of fibroblast functions by interleukin 1: Increased steady-state accumulation of type I procollagen messenger RNAs and stimulation of other functions but not chemotaxis by human recombinant interleukin 1 alpha and beta. J. Cell Biol. 106: 311, 1988.
62. Postlethwaite, A. E., Lachman, L. B., Mainardi, C. L., and Kang, A. H. Interleukin 1 stimulation of collagenase production by cultured fibroblasts. J. Exp. Med. 157: 801, 1983.
63. Meyer, F. A., Yaron, I., and Yaron, M. Synergistic, additive, and antagonistic effects of interleukin-1 beta, tumor necrosis factor alpha, and gamma-interferon on prostaglandin E, hyaluronic acid, and collagenase production by cultured synovial fibroblasts. Arthritis Rheum. 33: 1518, 1990.
64. Elias, J. A., Gustilo, K., Baeder, W., and Freundlich, B. Synergistic stimulation of fibroblast prostaglandin production by recombinant interleukin 1 and tumor necrosis factor. J. Immunol. 138: 3812, 1987.
65. McCauley, R. L., Chopra, V., Li, Y. Y., Herndon, D. N., and Robson, M. C. Altered cytokine production in black patients with keloids. J. Clin. Immunol. 12: 300, 1992.
66. Heckmann, M., Adelmann-Grill, B. C., Hein, R., and Krieg, T. Biphasic effects of interleukin-1 alpha on dermal fibroblasts: Enhancement of chemotactic responsiveness at low concentrations and of mRNA expression for collagenase at high concentrations. J. Invest. Dermatol. 100: 780, 1993.
67. Cracco, C., Stella, M., Teich Alasia, S., and Filogamo, G. Comparative study of Langerhans cells in normal and pathological human scars. II. Hypertrophic scars. Eur. J. Histochem. 36: 53, 1992.
68. Castagnoli, C., Stella, M., Berthod, C., Magliacani, G., and Richiardi, P. M. TNF production and hypertrophic scarring. Cell. Immunol. 147: 51, 1993.
69. Martin, C. W., and Muir, I. F. The role of lymphocytes in wound healing. Br. J. Plast. Surg. 43: 655, 1990.
70. Linares, H. A. Proteoglycan-lymphocyte association in the development of hypertrophic scars. Burns 16: 21, 1990.
71. Ueyama, M., Maruyama, I., Osame, M., and Sawada, Y. Marked increase in plasma interleukin-6 in burn patients. J. Lab. Clin. Med. 120: 693, 1992.
72. Janssen de Limpens, A. M., and Cormane, R. H. Studies on the immunologic aspects of keloids and hypertrophic scars. Arch. Dermatol. Res. 274: 259, 1982.
73. Atkins, F. M., and Clark, R. A. Mast cells and fibrosis. Arch. Dermatol. 123: 191, 1987.
74. Craig, S. S., DeBlois, G., and Schwartz, L. B. Mast cells in human keloid, small intestine, and lung by an immunoperoxidase technique using a murine monoclonal antibody against tryptase. Am. J. Pathol. 124: 427, 1986.
75. Kischer, C. W., and Bailey, J. F. The mast cell in hypertrophic scars. Tex. Rep. Biol. Med. 30: 327, 1972.
76. Hebda, P. A., Collins, M. A., and Tharp, M. D. Mast cell and myofibroblast in wound healing. Dermatol. Clin. 11: 685, 1993.
77. Zhang, L. Q., Laato, M., Muona, P., Penttinen, R., Oikarinen, A., and Peltonen, J. A fibroblast cell line cultured from a hypertrophic scar displays selective downregulation of collagen gene expression: Barely detectable messenger RNA levels of the pro alpha 1(III) chain of type III collagen. Arch. Dermatol. Res. 287: 534, 1995.
78. Kikuchi, K., Kadono, T., and Takehara, K. Effects of various growth factors and histamine on cultured keloid fibroblasts. Dermatology 190: 4, 1995.
79. Kendall, J. C., Li, X. H., Galli, S. J., and Gordon, J. R. Promotion of mouse fibroblast proliferation by IgE-dependent activation of mouse mast cells: Role for mast cell tumor necrosis factor-alpha and transforming growth factor-beta 1. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 99: 113, 1997.
80. Kupietzky, A., and Levi-Schaffer, F. The role of mast cell-derived histamine in the closure of an in vitro wound. Inflamm. Res. 45: 176, 1996.
81. Cohen, I. K., Beaven, M. A., Horakova, Z., and Keiser, H. R. Histamine and collagen synthesis in keloid and hypertrophic scar. Snrg. Forum 23: 509, 1972.
82. Kischer, C. W., Shetlar, M. R., and Chvapil, M. Hypertrophic scars and keloids: A review and new concept concerning their origin. Scan. Electron. Microsc. Pt 4: 1699, 1982.
83. Zhou, L. J., Inoue, M., Gunji, H., Ono, I., and Kaneko, F. Effects of prostaglandin E1 on cultured dermal fibroblasts from normal and hypertrophic scarred skin. J. Dermatol. Sci. 14: 217, 1997.
84. Postlethwaite, A. E., Holness, M. A., Katai, H., and Raghow, R. Human fibroblasts synthesize elevated levels of extracellular matrix proteins in response to interleukin 4. J. Clin. Invest. 90: 1479, 1992.
85. Wegrowski, Y., Paltot, V., Gillery, P., Kalis, B., Randoux, A., and Maquart, F. X. Stimulation of sulphated glycosaminoglycan and decorin production in adult dermal fibroblasts by recombinant human interleukin-4. Biochem. J. 307: 673, 1995.
86. Linares, H. A., Kischer, C. W., Dobrkovsky, M., and Larson, D. L. The histiotypic organization of the hypertrophic scar in humans. J. Invest. Dermatol. 59: 323, 1972.
87. Andriessen, M. P., Niessen, F. B., Van de Kerkhof, P. C., and Schalkwijk, J. Hypertrophic scarring is associated with epidermal abnormalities: An immunohistochemical study. J. Pathol. 186: 192, 1998.
88. Castagnoli, C., Stella, M., Magliacani, G., Ferrone, S., and Richiardi, P. M. Similar ectopic expression of ICAM-1 and HLA class II molecules in hypertrophic scars following thermal injury. Burns 20: 430, 1994.
89. Ansel, J. C., Tiesman, J. P., Olerud, J. E., et al. Human keratinocytes are a major source of cutaneous platelet-derived growth factor. J. Clin. Invest. 92: 671, 1993.
90. Bennett, N. T., and Schultz, G. S. Growth factors and wound healing: Part II. Role in normal and chronic wound healing. Am. J. Surg. 166: 74, 1993.
91. Bennett, N. T., and Schultz, G. S. Growth factors and wound healing: Biochemical properties of growth factors and their receptors. Am. J. Surg. 165: 728, 1993.
92. McKay, I. A., and Leigh, I. M. Epidermal cytokines and their roles in cutaneous wound healing. Br. J. Dermatol. 124: 513, 1991.
93. Kessler, D. J., Duyao, M. P., Spicer, D. B., and Sonenshein, G. E. NF-kappa B-like factors mediate interleukin 1 induction of c-myc gene transcription in fibroblasts. J. Exp. Med. 176: 787, 1992.
94. Lawrence, W. T., and Diegelmann, R. F. Growth factors in wound healing. Clin. Dermatol. 12: 157, 1994.
95. Mellin, T. N., Mennie, R. J., Cashen, D. E., et al. Acidic fibroblast growth factor accelerates dermal wound healing. Growth Factors 7: 1, 1992.
96. Mustoe, T. A., Pierce, G. F., Morishima, C., and Deuel, T. F. Growth factor-induced acceleration of tissue repair through direct and inductive activities in a rabbit dermal ulcer model. J. Clin. Invest. 87: 694, 1991.
97. Pierce, G. F., Tarpley, J. E., Yanagihara, D., Mustoe, T. A., Fox, G. M., and Thomason, A. Platelet-derived growth factor (BB homodimer), transforming growth factor-beta 1, and basic fibroblast growth factor in dermal wound healing. Neovessel and matrix formation and cessation of repair. Am. J. Pathol. 140: 1375, 1992.
98. Pierce, G. F., Vande Berg, J., Rudolph, R., Tarpley, J., and Mustoe, T. A. Platelet-derived growth factor-BB and transforming growth factor beta 1 selectively modulate glycosaminoglycans, collagen, and myofibroblasts in excisional wounds. Am. J. Pathol. 138: 629, 1991.
99. Quaglino, D., Jr., Nanney, L. B., Ditesheim, J. A., and Davidson, J. M. Transforming growth factor-beta stimulates wound healing and modulates extracellular matrix gene expression in pig skin: Incisional wound model. J. Invest. Dermatol. 97: 34, 1991.
100. Shah, M., Foreman, D. M., and Ferguson, M. W. Neutralisation of TGF-beta 1 and TGF-beta 2 or exogenous addition of TGF-beta 3 to cutaneous rat wounds reduces scarring. J. Cell Sci. 108: 985, 1995.
101. Machesney, M., Tidman, N., Waseem, A., Kirby, L., and Leigh, I. Activated keratinocytes in the epidermis of hypertrophic scars. Am. J. Pathol. 152: 1133, 1998.
102. Niessen, F. B., Andriessen, M. P., Schalkwijk, J., Visser, L., and Timens, W. Keratinocyte derived cytokines play a role in the formation of hypertrophic scars. Submitted for publication.
103. Dinarello, C. A. Inflammatory cytokines: Interleukin-1 and tumor necrosis factor as effector molecules in autoimmune diseases. Curr. Opin. Immunol. 3: 941, 1991.
104. Heldin, C. H., and Westermark, B. Role of Platelet-Derived Growth Factor in Vivo. In R. A. F. Clark (Ed.), The Molecular and Cellular Biology of Wound Repair. New York: Plenum, 1996. Pp. 249-273.
105. Kanzler, M. H., Gorsulowsky, D. C., and Swanson, N. A. Basic mechanisms in the healing cutaneous wound. J. Dermatol. Surg. Oncol. 12: 1156, 1986.
106. Kischer, C. W., Pindur, J., Krasovitch, P., and Kischer, E. Characteristics of granulation tissue which promote hypertrophic scarring. Scanning Microsc. 4: 877, 1990.
107. Knighton, D. R., Silver, I. A., and Hunt, T. K. Regulation of wound-healing angiogenesis-effect of oxygen gradients and inspired oxygen concentration. Surgery 90: 262, 1981.
108. Sloan, D. F., Brown, R. D., Wells, C. H., and Hilton, J. G. Tissue gases in human hypertrophic burn scars. Plast. Reconstr. Surg. 61: 431, 1978.
109. Knighton, D. R., Hunt, T. K., Scheuenstuhl, H., Halliday, B. J., Werb, Z., and Banda, M. J. Oxygen tension regulates the expression of angiogenesis factor by macrophages. Science 221: 1283, 1983.
110. Kischer, C. W., Thies, A. C., and Chvapil, M. Perivascular myofibroblasts and microvascular occlusion in hypertrophic scars and keloids. Hum. Pathol. 13: 819, 1982.
111. Kischer, C. W. Contributions of electron microscopy to the study of the hypertrophic scar and related lesions. Scanning Microsc. 7: 921, 1993.
112. Kischer, C. W., and Hendrix, M. J. Fibronectin (FN) in hypertrophic scars and keloids. Cell Tissue Res. 231: 29, 1983.
113. Kuwabara, K., Ogawa, S., Matsumoto, M., et al. Hypoxia-mediated induction of acidic/basic fibroblast growth factor and platelet-derived growth factor in mononuclear phagocytes stimulates growth of hypoxic endothelial cells. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 92: 4606, 1995.
114. Matsuoka, L. Y., Uitto, J., Wortsman, J., Abergel, R. P., and Dietrich, J. Ultrastructural characteristics of keloid fibroblasts. Am. J. Dermatopathol. 10: 505, 1988.
115. Nakaoka, H., Miyauchi, S., and Miki, Y. Proliferating activity of dermal fibroblasts in keloids and hypertrophic scars. Acta Derm. Venereol. 75: 102, 1995.
116. Calderon, M., Lawrence, W. T., and Banes, A. J. Increased proliferation in keloid fibroblasts wounded in vitro. J. Surg. Res. 61: 343, 1996.
117. Oku, T., Takigawa, M., and Yamada, M. Cell proliferation kinetics of cultured human keratinocytes and fibroblasts measured using a monoclonal antibody. Br. J. Dermatol. 116: 673, 1987.
118. Oku, T., Takigawa, M., Fukamizu, H., Inoue, K., and Yamada, M. Growth kinetics of fibroblasts derived from normal skin and hypertrophic scar. Acta Derm. Venereol. 67: 526, 1987.
119. Russell, J. D., and Witt, W. S. Cell size and growth characteristics of cultured fibroblasts isolated from normal and keloid tissue. Plast. Reconstr. Surg. 57: 207, 1976.
120. Younai, S., Nichter, L. S., Wellisz, T., Reinisch, J., Nimni, M. E., and Tuan, T. L. Modulation of collagen synthesis by transforming growth factor-beta in keloid and hypertrophic scar fibroblasts. Ann. Plast. Surg. 33: 148, 1994.
121. Bettinger, D. A., Yager, D. R., Diegelmann, R. F., and Cohen, I. K. The effect of TGF-beta on keloid fibroblast proliferation and collagen synthesis. Plast. Reconstr. Surg. 98: 827, 1996.
122. Babu, M., Diegelmann, R., and Oliver, N. Keloid fibroblasts exhibit an altered response to TGF-beta. J. Invest. Dermatol. 99: 650, 1992.
123. Russell, S. B., Trupin, J. S., Kennedy, R. Z., Russell, J. D., and Davidson, J. M. Glucocorticoid regulation of elastin synthesis in human fibroblasts: Down-regulation in fibroblasts from normal dermis but not from keloids. J. Invest. Dermatol. 104: 241, 1995.
124. Palmieri, B., Gozzi, G., and Palmieri, G. Vitamin E added silicone gel sheets for treatment of hypertrophic scars and keloids. Int. J. Dermatol. 34: 506, 1995.
125. Braunstein, S., Kaplan, G., Gottlieb, A. B., et al. GM-CSF activates regenerative epidermal growth and stimulates keratinocyte proliferation in human skin in vivo. J. Invest. Dermatol. 103: 601, 1994.
126. Meyer, L. J., and Stern, R. Age-dependent changes of hyaluronan in human skin. J. Invest. Dermatol. 102: 385, 1994.
127. Bertolami, C. N., Berg, S., and Messadi, D. V. Binding and internalization of hyaluronate by human cutaneous fibroblasts. Matrix 12: 11, 1992.
128. Docherty, R., Forrester, J. V., Lackie, J. M., and Gregory, D. W. Glycosaminoglycans facilitate the movement of fibroblasts through three-dimensional collagen matrices. J. Cell Sci. 92: 263, 1989.
129. Burcl, D. A., Greco, R. M., Regauer, S., Longaker, M. T., Siebert, J. W., and Garg, H. G. Hyaluronan and wound healing: A new perspective. Br. J. Plast. Surg. 44: 579, 1991.
130. Clark, R. A. F. Wound Repair, Overview and General Considerations. In R. A. F. Clark (Ed.), The Molecular and Cellular Biology of Wound Repair. New York: Plenum, 1996. Pp. 3-50.
131. Alaish, S. M., Yager, D. R., Diegelmann, R. F., and Cohen, I. K. Hyaluronic acid metabolism in keloid fibroblasts. J. Pediatr. Surg. 30: 949, 1995.
132. Bertheim, U., and Hellstrom, S. The distribution of hyaluronan in human skin and mature, hypertrophic and keloid scars. Br. J. Plast. Surg. 47: 483, 1994.
133. Benton, L. D., Khan, M., and Greco, R. S. Integrins, adhesion molecules and surgical research. Surg. Gynecol. Obstet. 177: 311, 1993.
134. Yoneda, M., Suzuki, S., and Kimata, K. Hyaluronic acid associated with the surfaces of cultured fibroblasts is linked to a serum-derived 85-kDa protein. J. Biol. Chem. 265: 5247, 1990.
135. Mast, B. A., Diegelmann, R. F., Krummel, T. M., and Cohen, I. K. Hyaluronic acid modulates proliferation, collagen and protein synthesis of cultured fetal fibroblasts. Matrix 13: 441, 1993.
136. Shah, M., Foreman, D. M., and Ferguson, M. W. Control of scarring in adult wounds by neutralising antibody to transforming growth factor beta. Lancet 339: 213, 1992.
137. Brennan, M. J., Oldberg, A., Ruoslahti, E., Brown, K., and Schwartz, N. Immunological evidence for two distinct chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan core proteins: Differential expression in cartilage matrix deficient mice. Dev. Biol. 98: 139, 1983.
138. Bronson, R. E., Argenta, J. G., Siebert, E. P., and Bertolami, C. N. Distinctive fibroblastic subpopulations in skin and oral mucosa demonstrated by differences in glycosaminoglycan content. In Vitro Cell. Dev. Biol. 24: 1121, 1988.
139. Swann, D. A., Garg, H. G., Jung, W., and Hermann, H. Studies on human scar tissue proteoglycans. J. Invest. Dermatol. 84: 527, 1985.
140. Yeo, T. K., Brown, L., and Dvorak, H. F. Alterations in proteoglycan synthesis common to healing wounds and tumors. Am. J. Pathol. 138: 1437, 1991.
141. Linares, H. A., and Larson, D. L. Proteoglycans and collagenase in hypertrophic scar formation. Plast. Reconstr. Surg. 62: 589, 1978.
142. Linares, H. A., and Larson, D. L. Early differential diagnosis between hypertrophic and nonhypertrophic healing. J. Invest. Dermatol. 62: 514, 1974.
143. Shetlar, M. R., Dobrkovsky, M., Linares, H., Villarante, R., Shetlar, C. L., and Larson, D. L. The hypertrophic scar: Glycoprotein and collagen components of burn scars. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 138: 298, 1971.
144. Garg, H. G., Siebert, J. W., Garg, A., and Neame, P. J. Inseparable iduronic acid-containing proteoglycan PG(IdoA) preparations of human skin and post-burn scar tissues: Evidence for elevated levels of PG(IdoA)-I in hypertrophic scar by N-terminal sequencing. Carbohydr. Res. 284: 223, 1996.
145. Garg, H. G., Lippay, E. W., Carter, E. A., Donelan, M. B., and Remensnyder, J. P. Proteoglycan synthesis in human skin and burn scar explant cultures. Burns 17: 452, 1991.
146. Clark, R. A. F. Proteoglycans and Their Role in Wound Repair. In R. A. F. Clark (Ed.), The Molecular and Cellular Biology of Wound Repair. New York: Plenum, 1996. Pp. 475-492.
147. Scott, P. G., Dodd, C. M., Tredget, E. E., Ghahary, A., and Rahemtulla, F. Chemical characterization and quantification of proteoglycans in human post-burn hypertrophic and mature scars. Clin. Sci. 90: 417, 1996.
148. Scott, P. G., Dodd, C. M., Tredget, E. E., Ghahary, A., and Rahemtulla, F. Immunohistochemical localization of the proteoglycans decorin, biglycan and versican and transforming growth factor-beta in human post-burn hypertrophic and mature scars. Histopathology 26: 423, 1995.
149. Hunzelmann, N., Anders, S., Sollberg, S., Schonherr, E., and Krieg, T. Co-ordinate induction of collagen type I and biglycan expression in keloids. Br. J. Dermatol. 135: 394, 1996.
150. Steijlen, P. M., Maessen, E., Kresse, H., et al. Expression of tenascin, biglycan and decorin in disorders of keratinization. Br. J. Dermatol. 130: 564, 1994.
151. Huttenlocher, A., Werb, Z., Tremble, P., Huhtala, P., Rosenberg, L., and Damsky, C. H. Decorin regulates collagenase gene expression in fibroblasts adhering to vitronectin. Matrix Biol. 15: 239, 1996.
152. Vogel, K. G., Paulsson, M., and Heinegard, D. Specific inhibition of type I and type II collagen fibrillogenesis by the small proteoglycan of tendon. Biochem. J. 223: 587, 1984.
153. Scott, P. G., Dodd, C. M., Ghahary, A., Shen, Y. J., and Tredget, E. E. Fibroblasts from post-burn hypertrophic scar tissue synthesize less decorin than normal dermal fibroblasts. Clin. Sci. 94: 541, 1998.
154. Ruoslahti, E., and Yamaguchi, Y. Proteoglycans as modulators of growth factor activities. Cell 64: 867, 1991.
155. Tan, E. M., Hoffren, J., Rouda, S., et al. Decorin, versican, and biglycan gene expression by keloid and normal dermal fibroblasts: Differential regulation by basic fibroblast growth factor. Exp. Cell. Res. 209: 200, 1993.
156. Haukipuro, K., Melkko, J., Risteli, L., Kairaluoma, M., and Risteli, J. Synthesis of type I collagen in healing wounds in humans. Ann. Surg. 213: 75, 1991.
157. Diegelmann, R. F., Rothkopf, L. C., and Cohen, I. K. Measurement of collagen biosynthesis during wound healing. J. Surg. Res. 19: 239, 1975.
158. Betz, P., Nerlich, A., Wilske, J., et al. The time-dependent rearrangement of the epithelial basement membrane in human skin wounds - immunohistochemical localization of collagen IV and VII. Int. J. Legal Med. 105: 93, 1992.
159. Horslev-Petersen, K., Kim, K. Y., Pedersen, L. R., et al. Serum aminoterminal type III procollagen peptide. Relation to biosynthesis of collagen type III in experimentally induced granulation tissue in rats. APMIS 96: 793, 1988.
160. Friedman, D. W., Boyd, C. D., Mackenzie, J. W., Norton, P., Olson, R. M., and Deak, S. B. Regulation of collagen gene expression in keloids and hypertrophic scars. J. Surg. Res. 55: 214, 1993.
161. Lee, K. S., Song, J. Y., and Sub, M. H. Collagen mRNA expression detected by in situ hybridization in keloid tissue. J. Dermatol. Sci. 2: 316, 1991.
162. Uitto, J., Perejda, A. J., Abergel, R. P., Chu, M. L., and Ramirez, F. Altered steady-state ratio of type I/III procollagen mRNAs correlates with selectively increased type I procollagen biosynthesis in cultured keloid fibroblasts. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 82: 5935, 1985.
163. Bailey, A. J., Bazin, S., Sims, T. J., Le Lous, M., Nicoletis, C., and Delaunay, A. Characterization of the collagen of human hypertrophic and normal scars. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 405: 412, 1975.
164. Weber, L., Meigel, W. N., and Spier, W. Collagen polymorphism in pathologic human scars. Arch. Dermatol. Res. 261: 63, 1978.
165. Di Cesare, P. E., Cheung, D. T., Perelman, N., Libaw, E., Peng, L., and Nimni, M. E. Alteration of collagen composition and cross-linking in keloid tissues. Matrix 10: 172, 1990.
166. Hayakawa, T., Hashimoto, Y., Myokei, Y., Aoyama, H., and Izawa, Y. Changes in type of collagen during the development of human post-burn hypertrophic scars. Clin. Chim. Acta 93: 119, 1979.
167. Abergel, R. P., Pizzurro, D., Meeker, C. A., et al. Biochemical composition of the connective tissue in keloids and analysis of collagen metabolism in keloid fibroblast cultures. J. Invest. Dermatol. 84: 384, 1985.
168. Ghahary, A., Shen, Y. J., Nedelec, B., Wang, R., Scott, P. G., and Tredget, E. E. Collagenase production is lower in post-burn hypertrophic scar fibroblasts than in normal fibroblasts and is reduced by insulin-like growth factor-1. J. Invest. Dermatol. 106: 476, 1996.
169. Craig, R. D., Schofield, J. D., and Jackson, D. S. Collagen biosynthesis in normal and hypertrophic scars and keloid as a function of the duration of the scar. Br. J. Surg. 62: 741, 1975.
170. Craig, R. D. Collagen biosynthesis in normal human skin, normal and hypertrophic scar and keloid. Eur. J. Clin. Invent. 5: 69, 1975.
171. Diegelmann, R. F., Cohen, I. K., and McCoy, B. J. Growth kinetics and collagen synthesis of normal skin, normal scar and keloid fibroblasts in vitro. J. Cell. Physiol. 98: 341, 1979.
172. Sollberg, S., Peltonen, J., and Uitto, J. Combined use of in situ hybridization and unlabeled antibody peroxidase anti-peroxidase methods: Simultaneous detection of type I procollagen mRNAs and factor VIII-related antigen epitopes in keloid tissue. Lab. Invest. 64: 125, 1991.
173. Kischer, C. W. Comparative ultrastructure of hypertrophic scars and keloids. Scan. Electron Microsc. Pt 1: 423, 1984.
174. Bailey, A. J., Sims, T. J., Le Lous, M., and Bazin, S. Collagen polymorphism in experimental granulation tissue. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 66: 1160, 1975.
175. Bazin, S., Pelletier, M., and Delaunay, A. The influence of chemical mediators of acute inflammation on the cells of a subacute inflammation. Agents Actions 3: 317, 1973.
176. Knapp, T. R., Daniels, R. J., and Kaplan, E. N. Pathologic scar formation. Morphologic and biochemical correlates. Am. J. Pathol. 86: 47, 1977.
177. Diegelmann, R. F., Bryant, C. P., and Cohen, I. K. Tissue alpha-globulins in keloid formation. Plast. Reconstr. Surg. 59: 418, 1977.
178. Milsom, J. P., and Craig, R. D. Collagen degradation in cultured keloid and hypertrophic scar tissue. Br. J. Dermatol. 89: 635, 1973.
179. McCoy, B. J., and Cohen, I. K. Collagenase in keloid biopsies and fibroblasts. Connect. Tissue Res. 9: 181, 1982.
180. Cohen, I. K., Diegelmann, R. F., and Keiser, H. R. Collagen Metabolism in Keloid and Hypertrophic Scar. In J. J. Longacre (Ed.), The Ultrastructure of Collagen. Springfield, Ill.: Charles C Thomas, 1976. Pp. 199-212.
181. Ala Kokko, L., Rintala, A., and Savolainen, E. R. Collagen gene expression in keloids: analysis of collagen metabolism and type I, III, IV, and V procollagen mRNAs in keloid tissue and keloid fibroblast cultures. J. Invest. Dermatol. 89: 238, 1987.
182. Bazin, S., Nicoletis, C., Delbet, J. P., and Delaunay, A. Comparative study of water, collagen and mucopolysaccharide contents in healthy human skin, in normal and keloid cicatrix. C. R. Acad. Sci. Hebd. Seances. Acad. Sci. D. 270: 1532, 1970.
183. Honda, T., Matsunaga, E., Katagiri, K., and Shinkai, H. The proteoglycans in hypertrophic scar. J. Dermatol. 13: 326, 1986.
184. Poole, A. R., Reddi, A. H., and Rosenberg, L. C. Persistence of cartilage proteoglycan and link protein during matrix-induced endochondral bone development: An immunofluorescent study. Dev. Biol. 89: 532, 1982.
185. Fleischmajer, R., Fisher, L. W., MacDonald, E. D., Jacobs, L., Jr., Perlish, J. S., and Termine, J. D. Decorin interacts with fibrillar collagen of embryonic and adult human skin. J. Struct. Biol. 106: 82, 1991.
186. Schonherr, E., Witsch-Prehm, P., Harrach, B., Robenek, H., Rauterberg, J., and Kresse, H. Interaction of biglycan with type I collagen. J. Biol. Chem. 270: 2776, 1995.
187. Rich, A. M., Pearlstein, E., Weissmann, G., and Hoffstein, S. T. Cartilage proteoglycans inhibit fibronectin-mediated adhesion. Nature 293: 224, 1981.
188. Yamaguchi, Y., Mann, D. M., and Ruoslahti, E. Negative regulation of transforming growth factor-beta by the proteoglycan decorin. Nature 346: 281, 1990.
189. Bidanset, D. J., LeBaron, R., Rosenberg, L., Murphy-Ullrich, J. E., and Hook, M. Regulation of cell substrate adhesion: Effects of small galactosaminoglycan-containing proteoglycans. J. Cell Biol. 118: 1523, 1992.
190. Bidanset, D. J., Guidry, C., Rosenberg, L. C., Choi, H. U., Timpl, R., and Hook, M. Binding of the proteoglycan decorin to collagen type VI. J. Biol. Chem. 267: 5250, 1992.
191. Babu, M., Bai, R. P., Suguna, L., Ramachandran, K., and Ramakrishnan, K. M. Differentiation of keloid and hypertrophic scar; correlation of the water proton relaxation times with the duration of the scar. Physiol. Chem. Phys. Med. NMR 25: 113, 1993.
192. Dunn, M. G., Silver, F. H., and Swann, D. A. Mechanical analysis of hypertrophic scar tissue: Structural basis for apparent increased rigidity. J. Invest. Dermatol. 84: 9, 1985.
193. Uitto, J., Paul, J. L., Brockley, K., Pearce, R. H., and Clark, J. G. Elastic fibers in human skin: Quantitation of elastic fibers by computerized digital image analyses and determination of elastin by radioimmunoassay of desmosine. Lab. Invest. 49: 499, 1983.
194. Border, W. A., and Noble, N. A. Transforming growth factor beta in tissue fibrosis. N. Engl. J. Med. 331: 1286, 1994.
195. Peltonen, J., Hsiao, L. L., Jaakkola, S., et al. Activation of collagen gene expression in keloids: Co-localization of type I and VI collagen and transforming growth factor-beta 1 mRNA. J. Invest. Dermatol. 97: 240, 1991.
196. Tredget, E. E. The molecular biology of fibroproliferative disorders of the skin: Potential cytokine therapeutics. Ann. Plast. Surg. 33: 152, 1994.
197. Russell, S. B., Trupin, K. M., Rodriguez Eaton, S., Russell, J. D., and Trupin, J. S. Reduced growth-factor requirement of keloid-derived fibroblasts may account for tumor growth. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 85: 587, 1988.
198. Garner, W. L., Karmiol, S., Rodriguez, J. L., Smith, D. J., Jr., and Phan, S. H. Phenotypic differences in cytokine responsiveness of hypertrophic scar versus normal dermal fibroblasts. J. Invest. Dermatol. 101: 875, 1993.
199. Dustan, H. P. Growth factors and racial differences in severity of hypertension and renal diseases. Lancet 339: 1339, 1992.
200. Dustan, H. P. Does keloid pathogenesis hold the key to understanding black/white differences in hypertension severity? (Review). Hypertension 26: 858, 1995.
201. Rodland, K. D., Muldoon, L. L., and Magun, B. E. Cellular mechanisms of TGF-beta action. J. Invest. Dermatol. 94 (Suppl. 6): 33S, 1990.
202. Zhang, K., Garner, W., Cohen, L., Rodriguez, J., and Phan, S. Increased types I and III collagen and transforming growth factor-beta 1 mRNA and protein in hypertrophic burn scar. J. Invest. Dermatol. 104: 750, 1995.
203. Rusnati, M., and Presta, M. Interaction of angiogenic basic fibroblast growth factor with endothelial cell heparan sulfate proteoglycans. Biological implications in neovascularization (Review). Int. J. Clin. Lab. Res. 26: 15, 1996.
204. Kerr, L. D., Olashaw, N. E., and Matrisian, L. M. Transforming growth factor beta 1 and cAMP inhibit transcription of epidermal growth factor- and oncogene-induced transin RNA. J. Biol. Chem. 263: 16999, 1988.
205. Overall, C. M., Wrana J. L., and Sodek, J. Independent regulation of collagenase, 72-kDa progelatinase, and metalloendoproteinase inhibitor expression in human fibroblasts by transforming growth factor-beta. J. Biol. Chem. 264: 1860, 1989.
206. Leof, E. B., Proper, J. A., Goustin, A. S., Shipley, G. D., DiCorleto, P. E., and Moses, H. L. Induction of c-sis mRNA and activity similar to platelet-derived growth factor by transforming growth factor beta: A proposed model for indirect mitogenesis involving autocrine activity. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 83: 2453, 1986.
207. Lepisto, J., Laato, M., Niinikoski, J., Lundberg, C., Gerdin, B., and Heldin, C. H. Effects of homodimeric isoforms of platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF-AA and PDGF-BB) on wound healing in rat. J. Surg. Res. 53: 596, 1992.
208. Igarashi, A., Nashiro, K., Kikuchi, K., et al. Connective tissue growth factor gene expression in tissue sections from localized scleroderma, keloid, and other fibrotic skin disorders. J. Invest. Dermatol. 106: 729, 1996.
209. Haisa, M., Okochi, H., and Grotendorst, G. R. Elevated levels of PDGF alpha receptors in keloid fibroblasts contribute to an enhanced response to PDGF. J. Invest. Dermatol. 103: 560, 1994.
210. Goretsky, M. J., Harriger, M. D., Supp, A. P., Greenhalgh, D. G., and Boyce, S. T. Expression of interleukin-lalpha, interleukin-6, and basic fibroblast growth factor by cultured skin substitutes before and after grafting to full-thickness wounds in athymic mice. J. Trauma 40: 894, 1996.
211. Harper, R. A. Keloid fibroblasts in culture: Abnormal growth behaviour and altered response to the epidermal growth factor. Cell Biol. Int. Rep. 13: 325, 1989.
212. Tan, E. M., and Peltonen, J. Endothelial cell growth factor and heparin regulate collagen gene expression in keloid fibroblasts. Biochem. J. 278: 863, 1991.
213. Tan, E. M., Rouda, S., Greenbaum, S. S., Moore, J. H., Jr., Fox, J. W., IV, and Sollberg, S. Acidic and basic fibroblast growth factors down-regulate collagen gene expression in keloid fibroblasts. Am. J. Pathol. 142: 463, 1993.
214. Duncan, M. R., Hasan, A., and Berman, B. Oncostatin M stimulates collagen and glycosaminoglycan production by cultured normal dermal fibroblasts: Insensitivity of sclerodermal and keloidal fibroblasts. J. Invest. Dermatol. 104: 128, 1995.
215. Postlethwaite, A. E., and Seyer, J. M. Fibroblast chemotaxis induction by human recombinant interleukin-4. Identification by synthetic peptide analysis of two chemotactic domains residing in amino acid sequences 70-88 and 89-122. J. Clin. Invest. 87: 2147, 1991.
216. Page, R. C. The role of inflammatory mediators in the pathogenesis of periodontal disease. J. Periodontal Res. 26: 230, 1991.
217. Pejnovic, N., Lilic, D., Zunic, G., Colic, M., Kataranovski, M., and Dujic, A. Aberrant levels of cytokines within the healing wound after burn injury. Arch. Surg. 130: 999, 1995.
218. Ihn, H., Kikuchi, K., Soma, Y., et al. The stimulatory effects of PDGF and TGF-beta 1 on dermal fibroblast attachment. Acta Derm. Venereol. 75: 367, 1995.
219. Peruccio, D., Castagnoli, C., Stella, M., et al. Altered biosynthesis of tumour necrosis factor (TNF) alpha is involved in postburn hypertrophic scars. Burns 20: 118, 1994.
220. Berman, B., and Duncan, M. R. Short-term keloid treatment in vivo with human interferon alfa-2b results in a selective and persistent normalization of keloidal fibroblast collagen, glycosaminoglycan, and collagenase production in vitro. J. Am. Acad. Dermatol. 21: 694, 1989.
221. Elias, J. A., Jimenez, S. A., and Freundlich, B. Recombinant gamma, alpha, and beta interferon regulation of human lung fibroblast proliferation. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 135: 62, 1987.
222. Larrabee, W. F., Jr., East, C. A., Jaffe, H. S., Stephenson, C., and Peterson, K. E. Intralesional interferon gamma treatment for keloids and hypertrophic scars. Arch. Otolaryngol. Head Neck Surg. 116: 1159, 1990.
223. Harrop, A. R., Ghahary, A., Scott, P. G., Forsyth, N., Uji Friedland, A., and Tredget, E. E. Regulation of collagen synthesis and mRNA expression in normal and hypertrophic scar fibroblasts in vitro by interferon-gamma. J. Surg. Res. 58: 471, 1995.
224. Granstein, R. D., Rook, A., Flotte, T. J., et al. A controlled trial of intralesional recombinant interferon-gamma in the treatment of keloidal scarring. Clinical and histologic findings. Arch. Dermatol. 126: 1295, 1990.
225. Darby, I., Skalli, O., and Gabbiani, G. Alpha-smooth muscle actin is transiently expressed by myofibroblasts during experimental wound healing. Lab. Invest. 63: 21, 1990.
226. Sappino, A. P., Schurch, W., and Gabbiani, G. Differentiation repertoire of fibroblastic cells: expression of cytoskeletal proteins as marker of phenotypic modulations. Lab. Invest. 63: 144, 1990.
227. Gabbiani, G. The cellular derivation and the life span of the myofibroblast. Pathol. Res. Pract. 192: 708, 1996.
228. Gabbiani, G. The biology of the myofibroblast. Kidney Int. 41: 530, 1992.
229. Schmitt Graff, A., Desmouliere, A., and Gabbiani, G. Heterogeneity of myofibroblast phenotypic features: An example of fibroblastic cell plasticity. Virchows Arch. 425: 3, 1994.
230. Larrabee, W. F., Jr., Bolen, J. W., and Sutton, D. Myofibroblasts in head and neck surgery. An experimental and clinical study. Arch. Otolaryngol. Head Neck Surg. 114: 982, 1988.
231. Tsai, C., Hata, K., Torii, S., Matsuyama, M., and Ueda, M. Contraction potency of hypertrophic scar-derived fibroblasts in a connective tissue model: In vitro analysis of wound contraction. Ann. Plast. Surg. 35: 638, 1995.
232. Desmouliere, A., Geinoz, A., Gabbiani, F., and Gabbiani, G. Transforming growth factor-beta 1 induces alpha-smooth muscle actin expression in granulation tissue myofibroblasts and in quiescent and growing cultured fibroblasts. J. Cell Biol. 122: 103, 1993.
233. Younai, S., Venters, G., Vu, S., Nichter, L., Nimni, M. E., and Tuan, T. L. Role of growth factors in scar contraction: An in vitro analysis. Ann. Plast. Surg. 36: 495, 1996.
234. Tang, W. W., Van, G. Y., and Qi, M. Myofibroblast and alpha 1 (III) collagen expression in experimental tubulointerstitial nephritis. Kidney Int. 51: 926, 1997.
235. Oda, D., Gown, A. M., Vande Berg, J. S., and Stern, R. The fibroblast-like nature of myofibroblasts. Exp. Mol. Pathol. 49: 316, 1988.
236. Datubo Brown, D. D. Keloids: A review of the literature. Br. J. Plast. Surg. 43: 70, 1990.
237. Nemeth, A. J. Keloids and hypertrophic scars. J. Dermatol. Surg. Oncol. 19: 738, 1993.
238. Berman, B., and Bieley, H. C. Adjunct therapies to surgical management of keloids. Dermatol. Surg. 22: 126, 1996.
239. Cosman, B., and Wolff, M. Correlation of keloid recurrence with completeness of local excision. A negative report. Plast. Reconstr. Surg. 50: 163, 1972.
240. Sherris, D. A., Larrabee, W. F., Jr., and Murakami, C. S. Management of scar contractures, hypertrophic scars, and keloids. Otolaryngol. Clin. North Am. 28: 1057, 1995.
241. Linares, H. A., Larson, D. L., and Willis Galstaun, B. A. Historical notes on the use of pressure in the treatment of hypertrophic scars or keloids. Burns 19: 17, 1993.
242. Ward, R. S. Pressure therapy for the control of hypertrophic scar formation after burn injury: A history and review. J. Burn Care Rehabil. 12: 257, 1991.
243. Haq, M. A., and Haq, A. Pressure therapy in treatment of hypertrophic scar, burn contracture and keloid: The Kenyan experience. East Afr. Med. J. 11: 785, 1990.
244. Rose, M. P., and Deitch, E. A. The clinical use of a tubular compression bandage, Tubigrip, for burn-scar therapy: A critical analysis. Burns Incl. Therm. Inj. 12: 58, 1985.
245. Carr-Collins, J. A. Pressure techniques for the prevention of hypertrophic scar. Clin. Plast. Surg. 19: 733, 1992.
246. Sawada, Y. Alterations in pressure under elastic bandages: Experimental and clinical evaluation. J. Dermatol. 20: 767, 1993.
247. Page, R. E., Robertson, G. A., and Pettigrew, N. M. Microcirculation in hypertrophic burn scars. Burns Incl. Therm. Inj. 10: 64, 1983.
248. Vegter, F., Hage, J. J., and de Groot, P. J. [Treatment of keloids of the earlobe] Behandeling van keloid van de oorlel. Ned. Tijdschr. Geneeskd. 139: 1678, 1995.
249. Brent, B. The role of pressure therapy in management of earlobe keloids: Preliminary report of a controlled study. Ann. Plast. Surg. 1: 579, 1978.
250. Mercer, D. M., and Studd, D. M. "Oyster splints": A new compression device for the treatment of keloid scars of the ear. Br. J. Plast. Surg. 36: 75, 1983.
251. Pierce, H. E. Postsurgical acrylic ear splints for keloids. J. Dermatol. Surg. Oncol. 12: 583, 1986.
252. Kischer, C. W., Shetlar, M. R., and Shetlar, C. L. Alteration of hypertrophic scars induced by mechanical pressure. Arch. Dermatol. 111: 60, 1975.
253. Clark, J. A., Cheng, J. C., Leung, K. S., and Leung, P. C. Mechanical characterisation of human postburn hypertrophic skin during pressure therapy. J. Biomech. 20: 397, 1987.
254. Danielsen, C. C., Wiggers, H., and Andersen, H. R. Increased amounts of collagenase and gelatinase in porcine myocardium following ischemia and reperfusion. J. Mol. Cell. Cardiol. 30: 1431, 1998.
255. Boyadjiev, C., Popchristova, E., and Mazgalora, J. Histomorphologic changes in keloids treated with Kenacort. J. Trauma 38: 299, 1995.
256. Darzi, M. A., Chowdri, N. A., Kaul, S. K., and Khan, M. Evaluation of various methods of treating keloids and hypertrophic scars: A 10-year follow-up study. Br. J. Plast. Surg. 45: 374, 1992.
257. Tang, Y. W. Intra- and postoperative steroid injections for keloids and hypertrophic scars. Dr. J. Plast. Surg. 45: 371, 1992.
258. Kiil, J. Keloids treated with topical injections of triamcinolone acetonide (kenalog): Immediate and long-term results. Scand. J. Plast. Reconstr. Surg. 11: 169, 1977.
259. Friedman, S. J., Butler, D. F., and Pittelkow, M. R. Perilesional linear atrophy and hypopigmentation after intralesional corticosteroid therapy: Report of two cases and review of the literature. J. Am. Acad. Dermatol. 19: 537, 1988.
260. Sclafani, A. P., Gordon, L., Chadha, M., and Romo, T. Prevention of earlobe keloid recurrence with postoperative corticosteroid injections versus radiation therapy: A randomized, prospective study and review of the literature. Dermatol. Surg. 22: 569, 1996.
261. Salasche, S. J., and Grabski, W. J. Keloids of the ear-lobes: A surgical technique. J. Dermatol. Surg. Oncol. 9: 552, 1983.
262. Engrav, L. H., Gottlieb, J. R., Millard, S. P., Walkinshaw, M. D., Heimbach, D. M., and Marvin, J. A. A comparison of intramarginal and extramarginal excision of hypertrophic burn scars. Plast. Reconstr. Surg. 81: 40, 1988.
263. Gadson, P. F., Russell, J. D., and Russell, S. B. Glucocorticoid receptors in human fibroblasts derived from normal dermis and keloid tissue. J. Biol. Chem. 259: 11236, 1984.
264. Krusche, T., and Worret, W. I. Mechanical properties of keloids in vivo during treatment with intralesional triamcinolone acetonide. Arch. Dermatol. Res. 287: 289, 1995.
265. McCoy, B. J., Diegelmann, R. F., and Cohen, I. K. In vitro inhibition of cell growth, collagen synthesis, and prolyl hydroxylase activity by triamcinolone acetonide. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 163: 216, 1980.
266. Kauh, Y. C., Rouda, S., Mondragon, G., et al. Major suppression of pro-alphal (I) type I collagen gene expression in the dermis after keloid excision and immediate intrawound injection of triamcinolone acetonide. J. Am. Acad. Dermatol. 37: 586, 1997.
267. Lavker, R. M., and Schechter, N. M. Cutaneous mast cell depletion results from topical corticosteroid usage. J. Immunol. 135: 2368, 1985.
268. Russell, S. B., Trupin, J. S., Myers, J. C., et al. Differential glucocorticoid regulation of collagen mRNAs in human dermal fibroblasts: Keloid-derived and fetal fibroblasts are refractory to down-regulation. J. Biol. Chem. 264: 13730, 1989.
269. Cruz, N. I., and Korchin, L. Inhibition of human keloid fibroblast growth by isotretinoin and triamcinolone acetonide in vitro. Ann. Plast. Surg. 33: 401, 1994.
270. Wicke, C., Halliday, B. J., Allen, D., et al. Effect of retinoids and corticosteroids on growth factors and collagen synthesis in wound healing (Abstract). European Tissue Repair Society, 1997.
271. Hoffman, S. Radiotherapy for keloids (Letter). Ann. Plast. Surg. 9: 265, 1982.
272. Norris, J. E. Superficial x-ray therapy in keloid management: A retrospective study of 24 cases and literature review. Plast. Reconstr. Surg. 95: 1051, 1995.
273. Kovalic, J. J., and Perez, C. A. Radiation therapy following keloidectomy: A 20-year experience. Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys. 17: 77, 1989.
274. Nicolai, J. P., Bos, M. Y., Bronkhorst, F. B., and Smale, C. E. A protocol for the treatment of hypertrophic scars and keloids. Aesthetic Plast. Surg. 11: 29, 1987.
275. Cohen, I. K., and McCoy, B. J. The biology and control of surface overhealing. World J. Surg. 4: 289, 1980.
276. Doornbos, J. F., Stoffel, T. J., Hass, A. C., et al. The role of kilovoltage irradiation in the treatment of keloids. Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys. 18: 833, 1990.
277. Chaudhry, M. R., Akhtar, S., Duvalsaint, F., Garner, L., and Lucente, F. E. Ear lobe keloids, surgical excision followed by radiation therapy: A 10-year experience. Ear Nose Throat J. 73: 779, 1994.
278. Durosinmi Etti, F. A., Olasinde, T. A., and Solarin, E. O. A short course postoperative radiotherapy regime for keloid scars in Nigeria. West Afr. J. Med. 13: 17, 1994.
279. Ship, A. G., Weiss, P. R., Mincer, F. R., and Wolkstein, W. Sternal keloids: Successful treatment employing surgery and adjunctive radiation. Ann Plast. Surg. 31: 481, 1993.
280. Escarmant, P., Zimmermann, S., Amar, A., et al. The treatment of 783 keloid scars by iridium 192 interstitial irradiation after surgical excision. Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys. 26: 245, 1993.
281. Rosler, H. P., Zapf, S., Kuffner, H. D., Wissen Siegert, I., and Kutzner, J. (Radiotherapy in scar-induced keloid) Strahlentherapie beim Narbenkeloid. Fortschr. Med. 111: 46, 1993.
282. Supe, S. S., Supe, S. J., Rao, S. M., Deka, A. C., and Deka, B. C. Treatment of keloids by 90Sr-90Y beta-rays. Strahlenther Onkol. 167: 397, 1991.
283. Lo, T. C., Seckel, B. R., Salzman, F. A., and Wright, K. A. Single-dose electron beam irradiation in treatment and prevention of keloids and hypertrophic scars. Radother. Oncol. 19: 267, 1990.
284. Klumpar, D. I., Murray, J. C., and Anscher, M. Keloids treated with excision followed by radiation therapy. J. Am. Acad. Dermatol. 31: 225, 1994.
285. Lee, K. S., Jung, J. B., Ro, Y. J., Ryoo, Y. W., Kim, O. B., and Song, J. Y. Effects of x-irradiation on survival and extracellular matrix gene expression of cultured keloid fibroblasts. J. Dermatol. Sci. 8: 33, 1994.
286. Borok, T. L., Bray, M., Sinclair, I., Plafker, J., LaBirth, L., and Rollins, C. Role of ionizing irradiation for 393 keloids. Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys. 15: 865, 1988.
287. Perkins, K., Davey, R. B., and Wallis, K. A. Silicone gel: A new treatment for burn scars and contractures. Burns Incl. Therm. Inj. 9: 201, 1983.
288. Perkins, K., Davey, R. B., and Wallis, K. Current materials and techniques used in a burn scar management programme. Burns Incl. Therm. Inj. 13: 406, 1987.
289. Dockery, G. L., and Nilson, R. Z. Treatment of hypertrophic and keloid scars with Silastic gel sheeting. J. Foot Ankle Surg. 33: 110, 1994.
290. Gold, M. H. Topical silicone gel sheeting in the treatment of hypertrophic scars and keloids. A dermatologic experience. J. Dermatol. Surg. Oncol. 19: 912, 1993.
291. Ahn, S. T., Monafo, W. W., and Mustoe, T. A. Topical silicone gel for the prevention and treatment of hypertrophic scar. Arch. Surg. 126: 499, 1991.
292. Ahn, S. T., Monafo, W. W., and Mustoe, T. A. Topical silicone gel: A new treatment for hypertrophic scars. Surgery 106: 781, 1989.
293. Carney, S. A., Cason, C. G., Gowar, J. P., et al. CicaCare gel sheeting in the management of hypertrophic scarring. Burns 20: 163, 1994.
294. Gibbons, M., Zuker, R., Brown, M., Candlish, S., Snider, L., and Zimmer, P. Experience with Silastic gel sheeting in pediatric scarring. J. Burn Care Rehabil. 15: 69, 1994.
295. Mercer, N. S. Silicone gel in the treatment of keloid scars. Br. J. Plast. Surg. 42: 83, 1989.
296. Ohmori, S. Effectiveness of silastic sheet coverage in the treatment of scar keloid (hypertrophic scar) (published erratum appears in Aesthetic Plast. Surg. 12: 247, 1988). Aesthetic Plast. Surg. 12: 95, 1988.
297. Quinn, K. J. Silicone gel in scar treatment. Burns Incl. Therm. Inj. 13(Suppl.): S33, 1987.
298. Quinn, K. J., Evans, J. H., Courtney, J. M., Gaylor, J. D., and Reid, W. H. Non-pressure treatment of hypertrophic scars. Burns Incl. Therm. Inj. 12: 102, 1985.
299. Hirshowitz, B., Ullmann, Y., Har-Shai, Y., Vilenski, A., and Peled, I. J. Silicone Occlusive Sheeting (SOS) in the management of hypertrophic scarring, including the possible mode of action of silicone, by static electricity. Eur. J. Plast. Surg. 5, 1993.
300. LeVier, R. R., Harrison, M. C., Cook, R. R., and Lane, T. H. What is silicone? Plast. Reconstr. Surg. 92: 163, 1993.
301. Fulton, J. E., Jr. Silicone gel sheeting for the prevention and management of evolving hypertrophic and keloid scars. Dermatol. Surg. 21: 947, 1995.
302. Katz, B. E. Silicone gel sheeting in scar therapy. Cutis 56: 65, 1995.
303. Clugston, P. A., Vistnes, M. D., Perry, L. C., Maxwell, G. P., and Fisher, J. Evaluation of silicone-gel sheeting on early wound healing of linear incisions. Ann. Plast. Surg. 34: 12, 1995.
304. Cruz-Korchin, N. I. Effectiveness of silicone sheets in the prevention of hypertrophic breast scars. Ann. Plast. Surg. 37: 345, 1996.
305. Sawada, Y., Sugawara, M., Hatayama, I., and Sone, K. A study of topical and systemic prostaglandin E1 and survival of experimental skin flaps. Br. J. Plast. Surg. 46: 670, 1993.
306. Sawada, Y., Hatayama, I., and Sone, K. Release of Ofloxacin from silicone gel sheet. Br. J. Plast. Surg. 46: 576, 1993.
307. Sawacla, Y., Ara, M., Yotsuyanagi, T., and Sone, K. Treatment of dermal depth burn wounds with an antimicrobial agent-releasing silicone gel sheet. Burns 16: 347, 1990.
308. Sproat, J. E., Dalcin, A., Weitauer, N., and Roberts, R. S. Hypertrophic sternal scars: Silicone gel sheet versus Kenalog injection treatment. Plast. Reconstr. Surg. 90: 988, 1992.
309. Chang, C. C., Kuo, Y. F., Chiu, H. C., Lee, J. L., Wong, T. W., and Jee, S. H. Hydration, not silicone, modulates the effects of keratinocytes on fibroblasts. J. Surg. Res. 59: 705, 1995.
310. Hirshowitz, B., Lindenbaum, E., Har-Shai, Y., Feitelberg, L., Tendler, M., and Katz, D. Static-electric field induction by a silicone cushion for the treatment of hypertrophic and keloid scars. Plast. Reconstr. Surg. 101: 1173, 1998.
311. Sawada, Y., and Sone, K. Hydration and occlusion treatment for hypertrophic scars and keloids. Br. J. Plast. Surg. 45: 599, 1992.
312. Sawada, Y., and Sone, K. Treatment of scars and keloids with a cream containing silicone oil. Br. J. Plast. Surg. 43: 683, 1990.
313. Davey, R. B., Wallis, K. A., and Bowering, K. Adhesive contact media - an update on graft fixation and burn scar management. Burns 17: 313, 1991.
314. Bieley, H. C., and Berman, B. Effects of a water-impermeable, non-silicone-based occlusive dressing on keloids. J. Am. Acad. Dermatol. 1: 113, 1996.
315. Lindberg, M., and Forslind, B. The effects of occlusion of the skin on the Langerhans' cell and the epidermal mononuclear cells. Acta Dern. Venereol. 3: 201, 1981.
316. Mikulowska, A. Reactive changes in human epidermis following simple occlusion with water. Contact Dermatitis 4: 224, 1992.
317. Ricketts, C. H., Martin, L., Faria, D. T., Saed, G. M., and Fivenson, D. P. Cytokine mRNA changes during the treatment of hypertrophic scars with silicone and non-silicone gel dressings. Dermatol. Surg. 11: 955, 1996.
318. Norris, J. E. The effect of carbon dioxide laser surgery on the recurrence of keloids. Plast. Reconstr. Surg. 87: 44, 1991.
319. Henderson, D. L., Cromwell, T. A., and Mes, L. G. Argon and carbon dioxide laser treatment of hypertrophic and keloid scars. Lasers Surg. Med. 4: 271, 1984.
320. Apfelberg, D. B., Maser, M. R., White, D. N., and Lash, H. Failure of carbon dioxide laser excision of keloids. Lasers Surg. Med. 4: 382, 1989.
321. Stucker, F. J., and Shaw, G. Y. An approach to management of keloids. Arch. Otolaryngol. Head Neck Surg. 1: 63, 1992.
322. Alster, T. S. Laser treatment of hypertrophic scars, keloids, and striae. Dermatol. Clin. 3: 419, 1997.
323. Apfelberg, D. B., Smith, T., Lash, H., White, D. N., and Maser, M. R. Preliminary report on use of the neodymium-YAG laser in plastic surgery. Lasers Surg. Med. 2: 189, 1987.
324. Abergel, R. P., Dwyer, R. M., Meeker, C. A., Lask, G., Kelly, A. P., and Uitto, J. Laser treatment of keloids: A clinical trial and an in vitro study with Nd:YAG laser. Lasers Surg. Med. 3: 291, 1984.
325. Sherman, R., and Rosenfeld, H. Experience with the Nd:YAG laser in the treatment of keloid scars. Ann. Plast. Surg. 21: 231, 1988.
326. Alster, T. S., and Williams, C. M. Treatment of keloid sternotomy scars with 585 nm flashlamp-pumped pulsed-dye laser. Lancet 8959: 1198, 1995.
327. Alster, T. S. Improvement of erythematous and hypertrophic scars by the 585-nm flashlamp-pumped pulsed dye laser. Ann. Plast. Surg. 32: 186, 1994.
328. Dierickx, C., Goldman, M. P., and Fitzpatrick, R. E. Laser treatment of erythematous/hypertrophic and pigmented scars in 26 patients. Plast. Reconstr. Surg. 95: 84, 1995.
329. Goldman, M. P., and Fitzpatrick, R. E. Laser treatment of scars. Dermatol. Surg. 8: 685, 1995.
330. Alster, T. S., and West, T. B. Treatment of scars: A review. Ann. Plast. Surg. 39: 418, 1997.
331. Hendrick, D. A., and Meyers, A. Wound healing after laser surgery. Otolaryngol. Clin. North Am. 5: 969, 1995.
332. Graham, G. F. Cryosurgery. Clin. Plast. Surg. 20: 131, 1993.
333. Ernst, K., and Hundeiker, M. (Results of cryosurgery in 394 patients with hypertrophic scars and keloids.) Ergebnisse der Kryochirurgie bei 394 Patienten mit hypertrophen Narben und Keloiden. Hautarzt 7: 462, 1995.
334. Zouboulis, C. C., Blume, U., Buttner, P., and Orfanos, C. E. Outcomes of cryosurgery in keloids and hypertrophic scars: A prospective consecutive trial of case series. Arch. Dermatol. 9: 1146, 1993.
335. Rusciani, L., Rossi, G., and Bono, R. Use of cryotherapy in the treatment of keloids. J. Dermatol. Surg. Oncol. 6: 529, 1993.
336. Johnson, J., Greenspan, B., Gorga, D., Nagler, W., and Goodwin, C. Compliance with pressure garment use in burn rehabilitation. J. Burn Care Rehabil. 2: 180, 1994.
337. Zouboulis, C. C., and Orfanos, C. E. (Cryosurgical treatment of hypertrophic scars and keloids.) Kryochirurgische Behandlung von hypertrophen Narben und Keloiden. Hautarzt. 12: 683, 1990.
338. Layton, A. M., Yip, J., and Cunliffe, W. J. A comparison of intralesional triamcinolone and cryosurgery in the treatment of acne keloids. Dr. J. Dermatol. 130: 498, 1994.
339. Van den Helder, C. J., and Hage, J. J. Sense and non-sense of scar creams and gels. Aesthetic Plast. Surg. 3: 307, 1994.
340. Soderberg, T., Hallmans, G., and Bartholdson, L. Treatment of keloids and hypertrophic scars with adhesive zinc tape. Scand. J. Plast. Reconstr. Surg. 3: 261, 1982.
341. Nyska, M., Porat, S., Nyska, A., Rousso, M., and Shoshan, S. Decreased adhesion formation in flexor tendons by topical application of enriched collagen solution - a histological study. Arch. Orthop. Trauma Surg. 3: 192, 1987.
342. Peacock, E. E., Jr. Pharmacologic control of surface scarring in human beings. Ann. Surg. 5: 592, 1981.
343. Dolynchuk, K. N., Ziesmann, M., and Serletti, J. M. Topical putrescine (Fibrostat) in treatment of hypertrophic scars: Phase II study. Plast. Reconstr. Surg. 98: 117, 1996.
344. Abergel, R. P., Meeker, C. A., Oikarinen, H., Oikarinen, A. I., and Uitto, J. Retinoid modulation of connective tissue metabolism in keloid fibroblast cultures. Arch. Dermatol. 5: 632, 1985.
345. Daly, T. J., and Weston, W. L. Retinoid effects on fibroblast proliferation and collagen synthesis in vitro and on fibrotic disease in vivo. J. Am. Acad. Dermatol. 4 Pt 2: 900, 1986.
346. Panabiere-Castaings, M. H. Retinoic acid in the treatment of keloids. J. Dermatol. Surg. Oncol. 11: 1275, 1988.
347. Hansen, D. A. Treatment of hypertrophic scars with retinoic acid. (Letter). South Afr. Med. J. 26: 1114, 1979.
348. Janssen de Limpens, A. M. The local treatment of hypertrophic scars and keloids with topical retinoic acid. Br. J. Dermatol. 3: 319, 1980.
349. Jenkins, M., Alexander, J. W., MacMillan, B. G., Waymack, J. P., and Kopcha, R. Failure of topical steroids and vitamin E to reduce postoperative scar formation following reconstructive surgery. J. Burn Care Rehabil. 4: 309, 1986.
350. Suzawa, H., Kikuchi, S., Arai, N., and Koda, A. The mechanism involved in the inhibitory action of tranilast on collagen biosynthesis of keloid fibroblasts. Jpn. J. Pharmacol. 2: 91, 1992.
351. Suzawa, H., Kikuchi, S., Ichikawa, K., and Koda, A. Inhibitory action of tranilast, an anti-allergic drug, on the release of cytokines and PGE2 from human monocytes-macrophages. Jpn. J. Pharmacol. 2: 85, 1992.
352. Yamada, H., Tajima, S., and Nishikawa, T. Tranilast inhibits collagen synthesis in normal, scleroderma and keloid fibroblasts at a late passage culture but not at an early passage culture. J. Dermatol. Sci. 1: 45, 1995.
353. Suzawa, H., Kikuchi, S., Ichikawa, K., et al. Effect of tranilast, an anti-allergic drug, on the human keloid tissues. Nippon Yakurigaku Zasshi 4: 231, 1992.
354. Berman, B., and Duncan, M. R. Pentoxifylline inhibits the proliferation of human fibroblasts derived from keloid, scleroderma and morphoea skin and their production of collagen, glycosaminoglycans and fibronectin. Br. J. Dermatol. 3: 339, 1990.
355. Lee, R. C., and Ping, J. A. Calcium antagonists retard extracellular matrix production in connective tissue equivalent. J. Surg. Res. 5: 463, 1990.
356. Doong, H., Dissanayake, S., Gowrishankar, T. R., LaBarbera, M. C., and Lee, R. C. The 1996 Lindberg Award. Calcium antagonists alter cell shape and induce procollagenase synthesis in keloid and normal human dermal fibroblasts. J. Burn Care Rehabil. 6: 497, 1996.
357. Bairy, K. L., Rao, C. M., Ramesh, K. V., and Kulkarni, D. R. Effects of antihistamines on wound healing. Ind. J. Exp. Biol. 4: 398, 1991.
358. Topol, B. M., Lewis, V. L., Jr., and Benveniste, K. The use of antihistamine to retard the growth of fibroblasts derived from human skin, scar, and keloid. Plast. Reconstr. Surg. 68: 227, 1981.
359. Tamai, K., Ishikawa, H., Mauviel, A., and Uitto, J. Interferon-gamma coordinately upregulates matrix metalloprotease (MMP)-1 and MMP-3, but not tissue inhibitor of metalloproteases (TIMP), expression in cultured keratinocytes. J. Invest. Dermatol. 3: 384, 1995.
360. Jimenez, S. A., Freundlich, B., and Rosenbloom, J. Selective inhibition of human diploid fibroblast collagen synthesis by interferons. J. Clin. Invest. 3: 1112, 1984.
361. Berman, B., and Flores, F. Recurrence rates of excised keloids treated with postoperative triamcinolone acetonide injections or interferon alfa-2b injections. J. Am. Acad. Dermatol. 37: 755, 1997.
362. Wong, T. W., Chiu, H. C., and Yip, K. M. Intralesional interferon alpha-2b has no effect in the treatment of keloids (Letter). Br. J. Dermatol. 5: 683, 1994.
363. Tredget, E. E., Shankowsky, H. A., Pannu, R., et al. Transforming growth factor-beta in thermally injured patients with hypertrophic scars: Effects of interferon alpha-2b. Plast. Reconstr. Surg. 102: 1317, 1998.