Treatment of scars: A review

Annals of Plastic Surgery

Volumn 39, Issue 4, 1997, Pages 418-432

  Alster, Tina S ^a,b   West, Tina B ^a  

^a WASHINGTON INSTITUTE OF DERMATOLOGIC LASER SURGERY   (United States)

^b NONE   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

3 AMINOPROPIONITRILE; ALPHA TOCOPHEROL; ANTIHISTAMINIC AGENT; COLCHICINE; COLLAGEN; CORTICOSTEROID; FAT; GROWTH FACTOR; HYALURONIDASE; PENICILLAMINE; PUTRESCINE; RECOMBINANT GAMMA INTERFERON; RETINOIC ACID; SILICONE; TRANSFORMING GROWTH FACTOR BETA; TRIAMCINOLONE; ZINC;

ARGON LASER; BLOOD TOXICITY; CARBON DIOXIDE LASER; CLINICAL TRIAL; COMPRESSION THERAPY; CRYOTHERAPY; DRUG MECHANISM; HEADACHE; HUMAN; HYPERTROPHIC SCAR; INTRALESIONAL DRUG ADMINISTRATION; LIVER TOXICITY; NEODYMIUM LASER; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PULSED DYE LASER; RADIOTHERAPY; REVIEW; SCAR; SKIN ABRASION; SKIN TOXICITY; STEROID THERAPY; TOPICAL DRUG ADMINISTRATION; WOUND HEALING;

ACNE KELOID; CICATRIX, HYPERTROPHIC; HUMANS; KELOID; LASER SURGERY; SURGERY, PLASTIC;

EID: 0030765648     PISSN: 01487043     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1097/00000637-199710000-00014     Document Type: Review

References (141)

1. Larrabee WF, East CA, Jaffe HS, et al. Intralesional interferon gamma treatment for keloids and hypertrophic scars. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1990;116:1159-1161
2. Datubo-Brown DD. Keloids: a review of the literature. Br J Plast Surg 1990;43:70-77
3. Muti E, Ponzio E. Cryotherapy in the treatment of keloids. Ann Plast Surg 1983;11:227-232
4. Kischer CW, Thies AC, Chvapil M. Perivascular myofibroblasts and microvascular occlusion in hypertrophic and keloids. Hum Pathol 1983;13:819-824
5. Cracco C, Stella M, Teich Alasla S, Filogamo G. Comparative study of Langerhans cells in normal and pathological human scars, II. Hypertrophic scars. Eur J Histochem 1992;36:53-65
6. Rockwell WB, Cohen IK, Ehrlich HP. Keloids and hypertrophic scars: a comprehensive review. Plast Reconstr Surg 1989;84:827-837
7. Scott PG, Dodd CM, Tredget EE, et al. Chemical characterization and quantification of proteoglycans in human post-burn hypertrophic and mature scars. Clin Sci 1996; 90:417-425
8. Zhang LQ, Laat0 M, Muona P, et al. Normal and hypertrophic scars: quantification and localization of messenger RNAs for type I, III and VI collagens. Br J Dermatol 1994;130:483-459
9. Ketchum LD, Cohen IK, Masters FW. Hypertrophic scars and keloids. Plast Reconstr Surg 1974;53:140-154
10. Gold MH. Topical silicone gel sheeting in the treatment of hypertrophic scares and keloids: a dermatologic experience, J Dermatol Surg Oncol 1993;19:912-916
11. O'Sullivan ST, O'Shaughnessy M. Aetiology and management of hypertrophic scars and keloids. Ann R Coll Surg Engl 1996;78:168-175
12. Cosman B, Crikelair GF, Ju DM, et al. The surgical treatment of keloids. Plast Reconstr Surg 1961;27:335-358
13. Ahn ST, Monafo WW, Mustoe TA. Topical silicone gel: a new treatment for hypertrophic scars. Surgery 1989:4: 781-787
14. Fulton JE. Silicone gel shooting for the prevention and management of evolving hypertrophic and Keloid scars. Dermatol Surg 1995;21:947-951
15. Cohen IK, Diegelmann RF. The biology of keloid and hypertrophie and the influence of corticosteroids. Clin Plast Surg 1977;4:297-299
16. Arakawa M, Hatamochi A, Mori Y, et al. Reduced collagenase gene expression in fibroblasts from hypertrophic scar tissue, Br J Dermatol 1996;134:863-868
17. Berman B, Bieley HC. Adjunct therapies to surgical management of keloids. Dermatol Surg 1996;22:126-130
18. Cohen IK, McCoy BJ. The biology and control of surface overhealing. World J Surg 1980;4:289-295
19. Peacock EE. Pharmacologic control of surface scarring in human beings. Ann Surg 1981;193:392-597
20. Topol BM, Lewis VL, Benveniste E, The use of antihistamine to retard the growth of fibroblasts derived from human skin, scar and keloid. Plast Reconstr Surg 1981; 68:227-232
21. Griffith VH. The treatment of keloids with triamcinolone acetonide. Plast Reconstr Surg 1966;38:202-208
22. Vallis CP. Intralesional injection of keloids and hypertrophic scars with the Dermo-jet. Plast Reconstr Surg 1967; 40:255-262
23. Nelson DL, Balian G. The effort of retinoic acid on collagen synthesis by human dermal fibroblasts. Coll Relat Res 1984;4:119-128
24. Janssen de Limpens AMP. The local treatment of hypertrophic scars and keloids with topical retinoic acid. Br J Dermatol 1980;103:319-323
25. Cornbleet T. Treatment of keloids with hyaluronidase. JAMA 1954;154:1161-1163
26. Soderberg T, Hallmans T, Bartholdson L. Treatment of keloids and hypertrophic scars with adhesive zinc tape, Scand J Plast Reconstr Surg 1982;16:261-266
27. Edgerton MT, Hanrahan EM, Davis WB. Use of vitamin E in the treatment of keloids. Plast Reconstr Surg 1951;8: 224-227
28. Dolynchuk KM, Ziesmann M, Serletti JM. Topical putrescine (Fibrostat) in treatment of hypertrophie scars: phase II study. Plast Reconstr Surg 1996;97:117-123
29. Engrav LH, Gottlieb JR, Millaid SP, et al. A comparison of intramarginal and extramarginal excision of hypertrophic burn scars. Plast Reconstr Surg 1988;81:40-43
30. Sclafani AP, Gordon L, Chadha M, Romo T. Prevention of earlobe keloid recurrence with postoperative corticosteroid injections versus radiation therapy. Dormatol Surg 1996;22:568-574
31. Borok TL, Bray M, Sinclair I, et al. Role of ionizing irradiation for 393 keloids. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 1988;15:885-870
32. Linares HA, Kischer CW, Dobrovsky M, Larson DL. On the origin of the hypertrophic scar. J Trauma 1973;13: 70-75
33. Gold MH. A controlled clinical trial of topical silicone gal sheeting in the treatment of hypertrophie scars and keloids. J Am Acad Dermatol 1994;30:506-507
34. Mercer NSG. Silicone gel in the treatment of keloid scars. Br J Plast Surg 1989;42:83-87
35. Sawada Y, Sone K. Treatment of and keloids with a cream containing silicone oil. Br J Plast Surg 1990;43: 683-688
36. Sawada Y, Sone K. Beneficial of silicone cream on grafted skin, Br J Plast Surg 1992;45:105-108
37. Sawada Y, Sone K. Hydration and occlusion treatment for hypertrophie and keloids. Br J Plast Surg 1992; 45:599-603
38. Layton AM, Yip J, Cunliffe WJ. A comparison of intralesional triamdnolone and cryosurgery in the treatment of acne keloids. Br J Darmatol 1994;130:498-501
39. Zouboulis CC, Blume U, Buttner P, Orfanos CE. Outcome of cryosurgery in keloids and hypertrophie scars. Arch Dermatol 1993;129:1146-1151
40. Rusciani L, Rosse G, Bono R. Use of cryotherapy in the treatment of keloids. J Dermatol Surg Oncol 1993;19: 529-534
41. Alster TS. Improvement of erythematous and hypertrophic by the 585 nm pulsed dye laser. Ann Plast Surg 1994;32:186-190
42. Alster TS. Laser treatment of erythematous/hypertrophic and pigmented scars in 26 patients - a discussion. Plast Reconstr Surg 1995;95:91-92
43. Alster TS. Laser treatment of hypertrophic scars, Fac Plast Surg Clin North Am 1996;4:267-274
44. Alster TS. Laser treatment of scars. In: Alster TS, Apfelberg DB, eds. Cosmetic laser surgery. New York: John Wiley, 1996;81-92
45. Alster TS. Laser treatment of hypertrophie scars, keloids, and striae. Dermatol Clin 1987;15:418-429
46. Alster TS. Manual of cutaneous laser techniques. Philadelphia: Lippincott Raven, 1997
47. Alster TS, Kurban AK, Grove GL, et al. Alteration of argon, laser-induced scars by the pulsed dye laser. Lasers Surg Med 1993;18:368-373
48. 2 laser singly and in combination with a 585 nm pulsed dye laser in the treatment of scars. Lasers Surg Med Suppl 1996;8:31-32 [abstract]
49. Alster TS, McMeekin TO. Improvement of facial acne scars by the 585 nm flashlamp-pumped pulsed dye laser. J Am Acad Dermatol 1998;35:79-81
50. Alster TS, Nanni CA. Pulsed dye laser treatment of hypertrophie burn scars. J Am Acad Dermatol 1997 [in press]
51. Alster TS, Williams CM. Treatment of keloid stemotomy scars with the 585 nm flashalamp-pumped pulsed dye laser. Lancet 1995;345:1198-1200
52. Dierickx C, Goldman MP, Fitzpatrick RE, Lasar treatment of etrythematous/hypertrophic and pigmented scars in 26 patients. Plast Reconstr Surg 1995;95:84-90
53. Apfelberg DB, Maser MR, Lash H, et al. Preliminary results of argon and carbon dioxide laser treatment of keloid scars. Lasers Surg Med 1984;4:283-280
54. Apfelberg DB, Maser MR, White DN, Lash H. Failure of carbon dioxide laser excision of keloids. Lasers Surg Med 1989;9:382-388
55. Henderson DL, Cromwell TA, Mes LG. Argon and carbon dioxide laser treatment of hypertrophic and keloid scars. Lasers Surg Med 1984;3:271-277
56. Abergel RP, Dwyer RM, Meeker CA, et al. Laser treatment of keloids: a clinical trial and an in vitro study with Nd:YAG laser. Lasers Surg Med 1984;4:291-295
57. Hulsbergen-Henning JP, Roskani Y, van Gemert MJ. Treatment of keloids and hypertrophic with an laser. Lasers Surg Med 1988;6:72-75
58. Norris JE. The effect of carbon dioxide surgery on the recurrence of keloids. Plast Reconstr Surg 1991;87: 44-49
59. Sherman R, Rosenfeld H. Experience with the Nd:YAG in the treatment of keloid scars. Ann Plast Surg 1988;21:231-235
60. Stern JC, Lucente FE. Carbon dioxide laser excision of earlobe keloids. A prospective study and critical analysis of existing data. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1989; 115:1107-1111
61. Ketchum LD, Robinson DW, Masters FW. Follow-up on treatment of hypertrophie scars and keloids with triamcinolone. Plast Reconstr Surg 1971;49:256-259
62. Murray RD. Kenalog and the treatment of hypertrophic and keloids in negroes and whites. Plast Reconstr Surg 1963;31:275-280
63. Maguire HC, Treatment of keloids with triamcinolone acetonide injected intralesionally. JAMA 1956;192:325-329
64. Sproat JE, Dalcin A, Weitauer N, Roberts RS. Hypertrophic sternal scars: silicons gel sheet versus kenalog injection treatment. Plast Reconstr Surg 1992;90:988-992
65. Pittet B, Rubbia-Brandt L, Desmouliere A, et al. Effect of gamma-interferon on the clinical and biologic evolution of hypertrophic scars and Dupuytren's disease: an open pilot study. Plast Reconstr Surg 1984;93:1224-1235
66. Kahan A, Amor B, Menkes CJ, Strauch G. Recombinant Interferon gamma in the treatment of systemic sclerosis. Am J Med 1989;87:272-277
67. Duncan MR, Berman B. Gamma Interferon is the lymphokine and beta Interferon the monokine responsible for inhibition of fibroblast collagen production and late but not early fibroblast proliferation. J Exp Med 1985;162: 516-527
68. Granstein RD, Murphy GF, Margolis RJ, et al. Gamma Interferon inhibits collagan synthesis in vivo in the mouse. J Clin Invest 1987;79:1254-1258
69. Hathaway CL, Arnold AM, Rand RP, et al. Differential expression of IGFBP's by normal and hypertrophic scar fibroblasts. J Surg Res 1996;60:156-162
70. Ghahary A, Shen YJ, Nodeloc B, et al. Collagenase production is lower in post-burn hypertrophic scar fibroblasts than in fibroblasts and is reduced by insulin-like growth factor-1. J Invest Dermatol 1996;106: 478-481
71. Russell SB, Trupin KP, Rodrignez-Eaton S, et al. Reduced growth-factor requirement of keloid-derived fibroblasts may account for tumor growth. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1988;85:587-591
72. Roberts AB, Sporn MB, Assoian EK, et al. Transforming growth factor type β: rapid induction of fibrosis and angiogenesis to vivo and stimulation of collagen formation in vitro. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1986;83:4167-4171
73. Wahl SM, Hunt DA, Wakefleld LM, et al. Transforming growth factor type beta induces monocyte chemotaxis and growth, factor production. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1987;84:5788-5792
74. Parkins K, Davey RB, Walls KA. Silicone gel: a new treatment for burns and contractures. Burns 1982;9:406-410
75. Quinn KJ, Evans JH, Courtney JM, et al. Non-pressure treatment of hypertrophic scars. Burns 1985;12:102-108
76. Quinn KJ. Silicone gel in scar treatment. Burns 1987;13: 533-540
77. Carnay SA, Cason CG, Gowar JP, at al. Cica-Care gel sheeting in the management of hypertrophic scarring. Burns 1994;20:183-167
78. Dockery GL, Nilson RZ. Treatment of hypertrophic and keloid scars with silastic gel sheeting. J Foot Ankle Surg 1994;33:110-119
79. Katz BE. Silicone gel sheeting in scar therapy. Cutis 1985;56:65-67
80. Bieley HC, Berman B. Effects of a water-impermeable, non-silicone-based occlusive dressing on keloids. J Am Acad Dermatol 1996;35:113-114
81. Phillips TJ, Gerstein AD, Lordan V. A randomized controlled trial of hydrocolloid dressing in the treatment of hypertrophic scars and keloids. Dermatol Surg 1998;22: 775-778
82. Davey RB, Wallis KA, Bowering K. Adhesive contact media - an update on graft fixation and burn scar management. Burns 1991;17:313-319
83. Wood LC, Elias PM, Sequeira-Martin SM, et al. Occlusion lowers cytokine mRNA levels in essential fatty aciddeficient and normal mouse epidermis, but not after acute barrier disruption. J Invest Dermatol 1994;103: 834-838
84. Duncan MR, Berman B. Stimulation of connective tissue related biosynthetic functions of cultured human adult dermal flbroblasts by recombinant human interfeukin 6. J Invest Dermatol 1991;97:686-692
85. Kischer CW, Shetlar MR, Shetlar CL. Alteration of hypertrophic scars induced by mechanical pressure. Arch Dermatol 1975;8:60-64
86. Kischer CW, Bunce H, Shetlar MR. Mast cell analyses in hypertrophic scars, hypertrophic scars treated with pressure and mature scars. J Invest Dermatol 1978;70:355-357
87. Sloaa DF, Brown RD, Wils CH, Hilton JG. Tissue gases in human hypertrophic burn scars. Plast Reconstr Surg 1978;61:432-436
88. Shepherd JP, Dawber RF. The response of keloid scars to cryotherapy. Plast Reconstr Surg 1982;70:677-682
89. Craig RDP, Schofield JD, Jackson DS. Collagen biosynthesis in normal and hypertrophic scars and keloids as a function of the duration of the scar. Br J Surg 1975;62:741
90. Doornbos JF, Stoffel TJ, Hass AC, et al. The role of kilovoltage irradiation in the treatment of keloids. Int J Radial Oncol Biol Phys 1990;18:833-839
91. Inalsingh CHA. An experience in treating five hundred and one patients with keloids. Johns Hopkins Med J 1974;134:284-290
92. Enhamre A, Hammer H. Treatment of keloids with excision and post-operative X-ray irradiation. Dermatologica 1983;167:90-93
93. Craig RDP, Pearson D. Early post-operative irradiation in the treatment of keloid scars. Br J Plast Surg 1965;18: 369-376
94. Hintz BL, Radiotherapy for keloid treatment. J Natl Med Assoc 1973;65:71-75
95. Ship AG, Weiss PR, Mincer FR, Wolkstein W. Sternal keloids: successful treatment employing surgery and adjunctive radiation. Ann Plast Surg 1993;31:481-487
96. Klumpar DI, Murray JC, Anscher M. Keloids treated with excision followed by radiation therapy, J Am Acad Dermatol 1994;31:225-231
97. Bilbey JH, Muller NL, Miller RR, Localized fibrous mesothelioma of pleura following external ionizing radiation therapy. Chest 1988;94:1291-1292
98. 2 laser for non-PWS cutaneous lesions. In: Arndt KA, Noe JM, Rosan S, eds. Cutaneous laser therapy: principles and methods. New York: John Wiley, 1983:187-200
99. Olbricht SM, Arndt KA. Lasers in cutaneous surgery. In: Fuller T, ed. Surgical lasers: a clinical guide. New York: MacMillan, 1987:113-146
100. Anderaon RR, Parrish JA. Selective photothermolysis: precise microsurgery by selective absorption of pulsed radiation. Science 1983;22:524-527
101. Ginsbach G, Kohnel W. The treatment of hypertrophic scars and keloids by argon-laser: clinical date and morphologic findings. Plast Surg Forum 1978;1:61-67
102. Castro DJ, Abargel RP, Johnston KJ, et al. Wound healing: biological effects of Nd:YAG laser on collagen motabolism in pig skin in comparison to thermal burn. Ann Plast Surg 1983;11:131-140
103. Goldman MP, Fitzpatrick RE. Laser treatment of scars, Dermatol Surg 1995;21:685-687
104. Fulton JE. Modern dermabrasion techniques: a personal appraisal. J Dermatol Surg Oncol 1987;13:780-789
105. Ahn ST, Monafo WM, Mustee TA. Topical silicone gel for the prevention and treatment of hypertrophic scars. Arch Surg 1991;126:499-504
106. Goldman MP, Fitzpatrick RE, Treatment of cutaneous vascular lesions. In: Goldman MP, Fitzpatrick RE, ads. Cutaneous laser surgery: the art and science of selective photothermolysis. St. Louis: Mosby, 1994:19-105
107. Nelson BR, Majmudar G, Griffiths CEM, et al. Clinical improvement following dermabrasion of photoaged skin correlates with synthesis of collagen. Arch Dermatol 1994;130:1136-1142
108. Frank W. Therapeutic dermabrasion, back to the future. Arch Dermatol 1994;130:1187-1189
109. Ellis DA, Michail MJ. Surgical treatment of acne scarring: non-linear scar revision. J Otolaryngol 1987;16:116-119
110. Johnson WC. Treatment of pitted scars: punch transplant technique, J Dermatol Surg Oncol 1986;12:260-265
111. Solotoff S, Treatment for pitted acne scarring - post-auricular punch grafts followed by dermabmsion. J Dermatol Surg Oncol 1986;12:1079-1084
112. Yarborough JM, Coleman WP. Dermabrasion. In: Robinson JK, Arndt KA, LeBoit PE, Wintroub BU, eds. Atlas of cutaneous surgery. Philadelphia: WB Saunders, 1996: 333-335
113. Roenigk Jr HH. Dermabrasion: state of the art. J Dermatol Surg Oncol 1985;11:306-314
114. Orentreich N, Durr NP. Rehabilitation of acne scarring. Dermatol Clin 1983;1:405-413
115. Orentreich DS, Orentreich N. Subcutaneous incisionless (subcision) surgery for the correction of depressed scars and wrinkles. Dermatol Surg 1995;21:543-549
116. Stegman SJ, Tromovitch TA. Implantation of collagen for depressed scars. J Dermatol Surg Oncol 1980:6: 450-453
117. Klein AW. Implantation techniques for injectable collagen. J Am Acad Dermatol 1983;9:224-228
118. Vamavides CK, Forster RA, Cunliffe WJ. The role of bovine collagen in the treatment of acne scars. Br J Dermatol 1987;116:199-206
119. Selmanowitz VJ, Orentreich N. Medical grade fluid silicone: a monographic review. J Dermatol Surg Oncol 1977;3:579-611
120. Pinski KS, Roenigk HH. Autologous fat transplantation. J Dermatol Surg Oncol 1992;18:179-184
121. Spangler AS. New treatment of pitted scars. Arch Dermatol 1957;76:708-711
122. Spangler AS. Treatment of depressed scars with fibrin foam - 17 year experience. J Dermatol Surg Oncol 1975;1:65-69
123. Gold MH. The Fibrel mechanism of action study. J Dermatol Surg Oncol 1994;20:586-590
124. West TB, Alster TS. Autologous human collagen and fibroblasts for soft tissue augmentation, Dermatol Surg 1997 (submitted for publication)
125. Teimourian B. Blindness following fat injections. Plast Reconstr surg 1988;80:361 [letter]
126. Anderson RR. Laser-tissue interactions. In: Goldman MP, Fitzpatrick RE, eds. Cutaneous surgary: the art science of selective photothermolysis. St. Louis: Mosby, 1994:1-18
127. Hobbs ER, Bailin PL, Wheeland RG, Ratz JL. Superpulsed lasers: minimizing thermal damage with short duration, high irradiance pulses. J Dermatol Surg Oncol 1987;13: 955-964
128. 2 laser tissue ablation: effect of tissue type and pulse duration on thermal damage. Lasers Surg Med 1988;8:108-118
129. Fitzpatrick RE, Tope WD, Goldman MP, Satur NM. Pulsed carbon dioxide laser, trichloroacetic acid, Baker-Gordon phenol, and dermabrasion: a comparative clinical and histologic study of cutaneous resurfacing in a porcine model. Arch Dermatol 1996;132:469-471
130. 2 laser resurfacing. Semin Cutan Med Surg 1996;15:189-193
131. 2 laser defended porcine skin. Dermatol Surg 1997 (in press)
132. Garrett AB, Dufresne RG, Ratz JL, Berlin AJ. Carbon dioxide laser treatment of pitted scarring. J Dermatol Surg Oncol 1990;16:737-740
133. Ho CH, Nguyen Q, Lowe NJ, at al. Laser resurfacing in pigmented skin. J Dermatol Surg Oncol 1995;21:1035-1037
134. Apfelberg DB, A critical appraisal of high-energy pulsed carbon dioxide laser facial resurfacing for acne scars. Ann Plast Surg 1997;38:95-100
135. Alster TS, West TB. Resurfacing of atrophic facial scan with a high-energy, pulsed carbon-dioxide laser. Dermatol Surg 1996;22:151-155
136. Nanni CA, Alser TS. Cutaneous carbon dioxide laser resurfacing: long term follow-up of 300 patients. Lasers Surg Med Suppl 1997;9:39 [abstract]
137. Clark RAF. Biology of dermal wound repair. Dermatol Clin 1983;11:647-666
138. Kirsner ES, Eaglstein WH. The wound healing process. Dermatol Clin 1993;11:629-640
139. Rubenstein R, Roenigk HH, Stegman SJ, Hanke CW. Atypical keloids after dermabrasion of patients taking isotretinoin. J Am Acad Darmatol 1986;15:280-285
140. Weinstein C, Alster TS. Skin resurfacing with high energy, pulsed carbon dioxide lasers. In: Alster TS, Apfelberg DB, eds. Cosmetic laser surgery. New York: John Wiley, 1996:9-27
141. Zachariae H. Delayed wound healing and keloid formation following argon laser treatment or dermabrasion during isotretinoin treatment. Br J Dermatol 1988;118: 703-706