Transplantation tolerance: The concept and its applicability

Pediatric Transplantation

Volumn 3, Issue 3, 1999, Pages 181-192

  Dong, Victor M ^a   Womer, Karl L ^a   Sayegh, Mohamed H ^a  

^a BRIGHAM AND WOMEN S HOSPITAL   (United States)

Author keywords

Allorecognition; Costimulatory blockade; Rejection; Tolerance; Transplantation

Indexed keywords

CD4 ANTIGEN; CD8 ANTIGEN;

ALLOIMMUNITY; ANIMAL EXPERIMENT; ANIMAL MODEL; ARTICLE; CONTROLLED STUDY; GRAFT REJECTION; GRAFT SURVIVAL; IMMUNOLOGICAL TOLERANCE; LEUKOCYTE COUNT; MAJOR HISTOCOMPATIBILITY COMPLEX; NONHUMAN; RAT; TRANSPLANTATION;

ANIMALS; ANTIGENS, CD; BONE MARROW TRANSPLANTATION; GRAFT REJECTION; GRAFT SURVIVAL; GRAFT VS HOST DISEASE; HUMANS; IMMUNE TOLERANCE; IMMUNITY, CELLULAR; IMMUNOSUPPRESSION; KIDNEY TRANSPLANTATION; MAJOR HISTOCOMPATIBILITY COMPLEX; MICE; MICE, KNOCKOUT; RATS; SELF TOLERANCE; T-LYMPHOCYTES; TRANSPLANTATION CHIMERA; TRANSPLANTATION IMMUNOLOGY;

EID: 0032812974     PISSN: 13973142     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1034/j.1399-3046.1999.00042.x     Document Type: Article

References (102)

1. KAHAN B. Cyclosporine. N Engl J Med 1989: 321: 1725-1091.
2. DENTON MD, MAGEE CC, SAYEGH MH. Immunosuppressive strategies in transplantation. Lancet 1999: 353: 1083-1091.
3. CARPENTER CB. Long-term failure of renal transplants: Adding insult to injury. Kidney Int 1995: 48: S40-S44.
4. SUTHANTHIRAN M, STROM TB. Renal transplantation. N Eng J Med 1994: 331: 365-376.
5. NICKERSON PW, STEURER W, STEIGER J, STROM TB. In pursuit of the 'Holy Grail': Allograft tolerance. Kidney Int 1994: 45: 40-49.
6. SUTHANTHIRAN M. Transplantation tolerance: Fooling mother nature. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1996: 93: 12072-12075.
7. SAYEGH MH, CARPENTER CB. Tolerance and chronic rejection. Kidney Int 1997: 51: S8-S10.
8. BILLINGHAM RE, BRENT L, MEDAWAR P. Actively acquired tolerance to foreign cells, twin diagnosis and the Freemartin condition in cattle. Nature 1953: 172: 603-606.
9. WOOD KJ. Transplantation tolerance. Curr Opin Immunol 1991: 3: 710-714.
10. SAYEGH MH, TURKA LA. The role of T cell costimulatory activation in transplant rejection. N Engl J Med 1998: 338: 1813-1821.
11. VAN PARUS L, ABBAS AK. Homeostasis and self-tolerance in the immune system: turning lymphocytes off. Science 1998: 280: 243-248.
12. KAPPLER JW, ROEHM N, MARRACK PC. T cell tolerance by clonal elimination in the thymus. Cell 1987: 49: 273-280.
13. DAVIS M, BJORKMAN P. T-cell antigen receptor genes and T-cell recognition. Nature 1988: 334: 395-402.
14. SPRENT J, GAO E, WEBB S. T cell reactivity to MHC molecules: Immunity versus tolerance. Science 1990: 248: 1357-1363.
15. BLACKMAN M, KAPPLER J, MARRACK P. The role of the T cell receptor in positive and negative selection of developing T cells. Science 1990: 248: 1335-1341.
16. ANDERSON G, MOORE N, OWEN J, JENKINSON E. Cellular interactions in thymocye development. Annu Rev Immunol 1996: 14: 73-99.
17. CHARLTON B, AUCHINCLOSS HJ, FATHMAN CG. Mechanisms of transplantation tolerance. Annu Rev Immunol 1994: 12: 207-234.
18. ILDSTAD ST, SACHS DH. Reconstitution with syngeneic plus allogeneic or xenogeneic bone marrow leads to specific acceptance of allografts or xenografts. Nature 1984: 307: 168-170.
19. WEKERLE T, SAYEGH MH, HILL J, et al. Extrathymic T cell deletion and allogeneic stem cell engraftment induced with costimulatory blockade is followed by central T cell tolerance. J Exp Med 1998: 187: 2037-2044.
20. TOMITA Y, KHAN A, SYKES M Intrathymic clonal deletion and peripheral anergy in transplantation tolerance induced by bone marrow transplantation in mice conditioned with a non-myeloablative regimen. J Immunol 1994: 153: 1087-1098.
21. THOMAS JM, CARVER FM, CUNNINGHAM RC, OLSON LC, THOMAS FT. Kidney allograft tolerance in primates without chronic immunosuppression - the role of veto cells. Transplantation 1991: 51: 198-207.
22. THOMAS JM, CARVER FM, KASTEN-JOLLY J, et al. Further studies of veto activity in rhesus monkey bone marrow relative to allograft tolerance and chimerism. Transplantation 1994: 57: 101-115.
23. STARZL TE, DEMETRIS AJ, MURASE N, THOMSON AW, TRUCOO M, RICORDI C. Donor cell chimerism permitted by immunosuppressive drugs: A new view of organ transplantation. Immunol Today 1993: 14: 326-332.
24. FRASER CC, SYKES M, LEE RS, SACHS DH, LE GUERN C. Specific unresponsiveness to a retroviral-transfected class I antigen is controlled by the helper pathway. J Immunol 1995: 154: 1587-1594.
25. SCHWARTZ RH. A cell culture model for T lymphocyte clonal anergy. Science 1990: 248: 1349-1356.
26. JUDGE TA, TANG A, SPAIN LM, GRATIOT-DEANS J, SAYEGH MH, TURKA LA. The in vivo mechanisms of action of CTLA4Ig. J Immunol 1996: 156: 2294-2299.
27. CHEN W, ISSAZADEH S, SAYEGH MH, KHOURY SJ. In vivo mechanisms of acquired thymic tolerance. Cell Immunol 1997: 179: 165-173.
28. DALLMAN M, SHIHO O, PAGE T, WOOD K, MORRIS P. Peripheral tolerance to alloantigen results from altered regulation of the interleukin 2 pathway. J Exp Med 1991: 173: 79-87.
29. GIANELLO PR, BLANCHO G, FISHBEIN JF, et al. Mechanism of cyclosporin-induced tolerance to primarily vascularized allografts in miniature swine. J Immunol 1994: 153:4788-4797.
30. SAYEGH MH, PERICO N, GALLON L, et al. Mechanisms of acquired thymic unresponsiveness to renal allografts: Thymic recognition of immunodominant allo-MHC peptides induces peripheral T cell anergy. Transplantation 1994: 58: 125-132.
31. CHEN W, SAYEGH MH, KHOURY SJ. Mechanisms of acquired thymic tolerance in vivo: intrathymic injection antigen induces apoptosis of thymocytes and peripheral T cell anergy. J Immunol 1998: 160: 1504-1508.
32. KONIECZNY BT, DAI Z, ELWOOD ET, et al. IFN-gamma is critical for long-term allograft survival induced by blocking the CD28 and CD40 ligand T cell costimulation pathways. J Immunol 1998: 160: 2059-2064.
33. DAI Z, KONIECZNY BT, BADDOURA FK, LAKKIS FG. Impaired alloantigen-mediated T cell apoptosis and failure to induce long-term allograft survival in IL-2-deficient mice. J Immunol 1998: 161: 1659-1663.
34. SCHWARTZ RH. Costimulation of T lymphocytes. The role of CD28, CTLA-4, and B7/BB1 in interleukin-2 production and immunotherapy. Cell 1992: 71: 1065-1068.
35. BOUSSIOTIS VA, FREEMAN GJ, GRAY G, et al. B7 but not intercellular adhesion molecule-1 costimulation prevents the induction of human alloantigen-specific tolerance. J Exp Med 1993: 178: 1753-1763.
36. RADVANYI LG, SHI Y, VAZIRI H, et al. CD28 costimulation inhibits TCR-induced apoptosis during primary T cell responses. J Immunol 1996: 156: 1788-1798.
37. LINSLEY PS, BRADY W, URNES M, GROSMAIRE LS, DAMLE NK, LEDBETTER JA. CTLA-4 is a second receptor for the B cell activation antigen B7. J Exp Med 1991: 174: 561-569.
38. WALUNAS TL, LENSCHOW DJ, BAKKER CY, et al. CTLA-4 can function as a negative regulator of T cell activation. Immunity 1994: 1: 405-413.
39. WALUNAS TL, BARKER CY, BLUESTONE JA. CTLA-4 ligation blocks CD28-dependent T cell activation. J Exp Med 1996: 183: 2541-2550.
40. TIVOL EA, BORRIELLO F, SCHWEITZER AN, LYNCH WP, BLUESTONE JA, SHARPE AH. Loss of CTLA-4 leads to massive lymphoproliferation and fatal multiorgan tissue destruction, revealing a critical negative regulatory role of CTLA-4. Immunity 1995: 3: 541-547.
41. KARANDIKAR NJ, VANDERLUGT CL, WALUNAS TL, MILLER SD, BLUESTONE JA. CTLA-4: A negative regulator of autoimmune disease. J Exp Med 1996: 184: 783-788.
42. PEREZ V, PARUS LV, BIUCKIANS A, ZHENG X, STROM T, ABBAS A. Induction of peripheral T cell tolerance in vivo required CTLA-4 engagement. Immunity 1997: 6: 411-417.
43. BLUESTONE JA. Is CTLA-4 a master switch for peripheral T cell tolerance? J Immunol 1997: 158: 1989-1993.
44. QIN S, COBBOLD S, POPE H, et al. 'Infectious' transplantation tolerance. Science 1993: 259: 974-976.
45. ONODERA K, LEHMANN M, AKALIN E, VOLK HD, SAYEGH MH, KUPIEC-WEGLINSKI JW. Induction of infectious tolerance to MHC-incompatible cardiac allografts in CD4 monoclonal antibody treated sensitized rat recipients. J Immunol 1996: 157: 1944-1950.
46. ONODERA K, HANCOCK WW, GRASE E, et al. Type 2 helper T cell-type cytokines and the development of 'infectious' tolerance in rat cardiac allograft recipients. J Immunol 1997: 158: 1572-1581.
47. NICKERSON P, STEURER W, STEIGER J, ZHENG X, STEELE AW, STROM TB. Cytokines and the Th1/Th2 paradigm in transplantation. Curr Opin Immunol 1994: 6: 757-764.
48. NICKERSON P, STEIGER J, ZHENG XX, et al. Manipulation of cytokine networks in transplantation: false hope or realistic opportunity for tolerance? Transplantation 1997: 63:489-494.
49. PICCOTTI JR, CHAN SY, VANBUSKIRK AM, EICHWALD EJ, BISHOP DK. Are Th2 helper lymphocytes beneficial, deleterious, or irrelevant in promoting allograft survival. Transplantation 1997: 63: 619-624.
50. FIELD E, GAO Q, CHEN N, ROUSE T. Balancing the immune system for tolerance: A case for regulatory CD4 cells. Transplantation 1997: 64: 1-7.
51. SAYEGH MH, AKALIN E, HANCOCK WW, et al. CD28-B7 blockade after alloantigenic challenge in vivo inhibits Th1 cytokines but spares Th2. J Exp Med 1995: 181: 1869-1874.
52. HANCOCK WW, SAYEGH MH, PEACH R, LINSLEY PS, TURKA LA. Costimulatory function of CD40L, CD80 and CD86 in vascularized murine cardiac allograft rejection. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1996: 93: 13967-13972.
53. STEIGER J, NICKERSON PW, STEURER W, MOSCOVITCH-LOPATIN M, STROM TB. IL-2 knockout recipient mice reject islet cell allografts. J Immunol 1995: 155: 489-498.
54. LAKKIS F, KONIECZNY B, SALEEM S, et al. Blocking the CD28-B7 T cell costimulation pathway induces long term cardiac allograft acceptance in the absence of IL-4. J Immunol 1997: 158: 2443-2448.
55. LARSEN CP, ALWOOD ET, ALEXANDER DZ, et al. Long-term acceptance of skin and cardiac allografts after blocking CD40 and CD28 pathways. Nature 1996: 381: 434-438.
56. CHANDRAKER A, RUSSELL ME, GLYSING-JENSEN T, WILLETT TA, SAYEGH MH. T cell costimulatory blockade in experimental chronic cardiac allograft rejection: Effects of cyclosporine and donor antigen. Transplantation 1997: 63: 1053-1058.
57. Li Y, ZHENG XX, Li XC, ZAND MS, STROM TB. Combined costimulation blockade plus rapamycin but not cyclosporine produces permanent engraftment. Transplantation 1998: 66: 1387-1388.
58. CHEN W, SAYEGH MH, KHOURY SJ. Mechanisms of acquired thymic tolerance in vivo: intrathymic injection of antigen induces apoptosis of thymocytes and peripheral T cell anergy. J Immunol 1998: 160: 1504-1508.
59. NAJI A. Induction of tolerance by intrathymic inoculation of alloantigen. Curr Opin Immunol 1996: 8: 704-709.
60. SAYEGH MH. Applicability of acquired thymic unresponsiveness in humans (Editorial). J Nephrol 1994: 7: 3-4.
61. SYKES M, SACHS DH. Bone marrow transplantation as a means of inducing tolerance. Semin Immunol 1990: 2: 401-417.
62. KAWAI T, COSIMI AB, COLVIN RB, et al. Mixed allogeneic chimerism and renal allograft tolerance in cynornolgus monkeys. Transplantation 1995: 59: 256-262.
63. BARBER WH, MANKIN JA, LASKOW DA, et al. Long-term results of a controlled prospective study with transfusion of donor-specific bone marrow in 57 cadaveric renal allograft recipients. Transplantation 1991: 51: 70-75.
64. RICORDI C, KARATZAS T, NERY J, et al. High-dose donor bone marrow infusions to enhance allograft survival: The effect of timing. Transplantation 1997: 63: 7-11.
65. SAYEGH MH, WATSCHINGER B, CARPENTER CB. Mechanisms of T cell recognition of alloantigen: The role of peptides. Transplantation 1994: 57: 1295-1302.
66. SHOSKES DA, WOOD KJ. Indirect presentation of MHC antigens in transplantation. Immunol Today 1994: 15: 32-38.
67. BENICHOU G, TAM RC, SOARES LRB, FEDOSEYEVA EV. Indirect T-cell allorecognition: Perspectives for peptide-based therapy in transplantation. Immunol Today 1997: 18: 67-71.
68. MAGEE CC, SAYEGH MH. Peptide-mediated immunosuppression. Curr Opin Immunol 1997: 9: 669-675.
69. SAYEGH MH, KRENSKY AM. Novel immunotherapeutic strategies using MHC derived peptides. Kidney Int 1996: Suppl. 53: S13-S20.
70. BOYTIM ML, LYU SC, JUNG R, KRENSKY AM, CLAYBERGER C. Inhibition of cell cycle progression by a synthetic peptide corresponding to residues 65-79 of an HLA class II sequence: Functional similarities but mechanistic differences with the immunosuppressive drug rapamycin. J Immunol 1998: 160: 2215-2222.
71. MURPHY B, MAGEE C, ALEXANDER S, et al. Inhibition of allorecognition by a human class II MHC-derived peptide through the induction of apoptosis. J Clin Invest 1999: 103: 859-867.
72. SAYEGH MH, KHOURY SK, HANCOCK WW, WEINER HL, CARPENTER CB. Induction of immunity and oral tolerance with polymorphic class II MHC allopeptides in the rat. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1992: 89: 7762-7776.
73. CIUBOTARIU R, LIU Z, COLOVAI AI, et al. Persistent allopeptide reactivity and epitope spreading in chronic rejection of organ allografts. J Clin Invest 1998: 101: 398-405.
74. VELLA JP, SPADAFORA-FERREIRA M, MURPHY B, et al. Indirect allorecognition of major histocompatibility complex allopeptides in human renal transplant recipients with chronic graft dysfunction. Transplantation 1997: 64: 795-800.
75. VINCENTI F, KIRKMAN R, LIGHT S, et al. Interleukin-2-receptor blockade with daclizumab to prevent acute rejection in renal transplantation. Daclizumab Triple Therapy Study Group. N Engl J Med 1998: 338: 161-165.
76. WALDMANN H, COBBOLD S. The use of monoclonal antibodies to achieve immunological tolerance, Immunol Today 1993: 14: 247-251.
77. WOOD KJ. Gene therapy and allotransplantation. Curr Opin Immunol 1997: 9: 662-668.
78. LAU HT, YU M, FONTANA A, STOECKURT CJ. Prevention of islet allograft rejection with engineered myoblasts expressing FasL in mice. Science 1996: 273: 109-112.
79. LINSLEY PS, WALLACE PM, JOHNSON J, et al. Immunosuppression in vivo by a soluble form of the CTLA-4 T cell activation molecule. Science 1992: 257: 792-795.
80. TAN P, ANASETTI C, HANSEN JA, et al. Induction of alloantigen-specific hyporesponsiveness in human T lymphocytes by blocking interaction of CD28 with its natural ligand B7/BB1. J Exp Med 1993: 177: 165-173.
81. GIMMI CD, FREEMAN GJ, GRIBBEN JG, GRAY G, NADLER LM. Human T-cell clonal anergy is induced by antigen presentation in the absence of B7 costimulation. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1993: 90: 6586-6590.
82. RUSSELL ME, HANCOCK WW, AKALIN E, et al. Chronic cardiac rejection in the Lewis to F344 rat model: Blockade of CD28-B7 costimulation by CTLA4Ig modulates T cell and macrophage activation and attenuates arteriosclerosis. J Clin Invest 1996: 97: 833-838.
83. AZUMA H, CHANDRAKER A, NADEAU K, et al. Blockade of T cell costimulation prevents development of experimental chronic allograft rejection. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1996: 93: 12439-12444.
84. CHANDRAKER A, AZUMA H, NADEAU K, et al. Late blockade of T cell costimulation interrupts progression of experimental chronic allograft rejection. J Clin Invest 1998: 101: 2309-2319.
85. JUDGE T, WU Z, ZHENG X, SHARPE A, SAYEGH M, TURKA L. The role of CD80, CD86, and CTLA4 in alloimmune responses and the induction of long-term allograft survival. J Immunol 1999: 162: 1947-1951.
86. HUTLOFF A, DITTRICH A, BEIER K, et al. ICOS is an inducible T-cell co-stimulator structurally and functionally related to CD28. Nature 1999: 397: 263-266.
87. NOELLE RJ. CD40 and its ligand in host defense. Immunity 1996: 4: 415.
88. MARSHALL LS, ARUFFO A, LEDBETTER JA, NOELLE RJ. The molecular basis for T cell help in humoral immunity: CD40 and its ligand, gp39. J Clin Immunol 1993: 13: 165-174.
89. DISANTO JP, BONNEFOY JY, GAUCHAT JF, FISCHER A, DE SAINT BASILE G. CD40 ligand mutations in x-linked immunodeficiency with hyper-IgM. Nature 1993: 361: 541-543.
90. GREWAL IS, XU J, FLAVELL RA. Impairment of antigen-specific T-cell priming in mice lacking CD40 ligand. Nature 1995: 378: 617-620.
91. GREWAL IS, FOELLMER HG, GREWAL KD, et al. Requirement for CD40 ligand in costimulation induction, T cell activation, and experimental allergic encephalomyelitis. Science 1996: 273: 1864-1867.
92. RANHEIM EA, KIPPS TJ. Activated T cells induce expression of B7/BB1 on normal or leukemic B cells through a CD40-dependent signal. J Exp Med 1993: 177: 925-935.
93. KLAUS SJ, PINCHUK LM, OCHS HD, et al. Costimulation through CD28 enhances T cell-dependent B cell activation via CD40-CD40L interaction. J Immunol 1994: 152: 5643-5652.
94. LARSEN CP, ALEXANDER DZ, HOLLENBAUGH D, et al. CD40-gp39 interactions play a critical role during allograft rejection: Suppression of allograft rejection by blockade of the CD40-gp39 pathway. Transplantation 1996: 61: 4-9.
95. PARKER DC, GREINER DL, PHILLPS NE, et al. Survival of mouse pancreatic islet allografts in recipients treated with allogeneic small lymphocytes and antibody to CD40 ligand. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1995: 92: 9560-9564.
96. LEVISETTI MG, PADRID PA, SZOT GL, et al. Immunosuppressive effects of hCTLA4Ig in a non-human primate model of allogeneic pancreatic islet transplantation. J Immunol 1997: 159: 5187-5191.
97. KIRK AD, HARLAN DM, ARMSTRONG NN, et al. CTLA4-Ig and anti-CD40 ligand prevent renal allograft rejection in primates. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1997: 94: 8789-8794.
98. LIN H, BOLLING SF, LINSLEY PS, et al. Long-term acceptance of major histocompatibility complex mismatched cardiac allografts induced by CTLA4Ig plus donor-specific transfusion. J Exp Med 1993: 178: 1801-1806.
99. PEARSON T, ALEXANDER D, HENDRIX R, ELWOOD E, WINN K, LINSLEY P, LARSEN C. CTLA4-Ig plus bone marrow induces long-term allograft survival and donor specific unresponsiveness in the murine model. Evidence for hematopoietic chimerism. Transplantation 1996: 61: 997-1004.
100. SAYEGH M, ZHENG X-G, MAGEE C, HANCOCK W, TURKA L. Donor antigen is necessary for the prevention of chronic rejection in CTLA4Ig-treated murine cardiac allografts. Transplantation 1997: 64: 1646-1650.
101. ABRAMS J, LEBWOHL M, Guzzo C, et al. CTLA4Ig-mediated blockade of T cell costimulation in patients with psoriasis vulgaris. J Clin Invest 1999: 103: 1243.
102. SAYEGH M. CTLA4Ig finally graduates to the clinic. J Clin Invest 1999: 103: 1223.