TNF receptor-associated factor-3 signaling mediates activation of p38 and Jun N-terminal kinase, cytokine secretion, and Ig production following ligation of CD40 on human B cells

Journal of Immunology

Volumn 161, Issue 3, 1998, Pages 1183-1193

  Grammer, Amrie C ^a   Swantek, Jennifer L ^a   McFarland, Richard D ^a   Miura, Yasushi ^a   Geppert, Thomas ^a   Lipsky, Peter E ^a,b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS SOUTHWESTERN MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS SOUTHWESTERN MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CD40 ANTIGEN; CYTOKINE; FAS ANTIGEN; GRANULOCYTE MACROPHAGE COLONY STIMULATING FACTOR; IMMUNOGLOBULIN; IMMUNOGLOBULIN ENHANCER BINDING PROTEIN; INTERCELLULAR ADHESION MOLECULE 1; INTERLEUKIN 10; LYMPHOTOXIN; MAJOR HISTOCOMPATIBILITY ANTIGEN CLASS 2; PROTEIN TYROSINE KINASE; TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR RECEPTOR;

AMINO TERMINAL SEQUENCE; ANTIGEN EXPRESSION; APOPTOSIS; ARTICLE; B LYMPHOCYTE; BURKITT LYMPHOMA; CONTROLLED STUDY; CYTOKINE PRODUCTION; GENE EXPRESSION REGULATION; HUMAN; HUMAN CELL; IMMUNOGLOBULIN PRODUCTION; LIGAND BINDING; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROTEIN FAMILY; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION;

ANIMALS; ANTIGENS, CD40; APOPTOSIS; B-LYMPHOCYTES; BURKITT LYMPHOMA; CA(2+)-CALMODULIN DEPENDENT PROTEIN KINASE; CD40 LIGAND; CYTOKINES; ENZYME ACTIVATION; HUMANS; IMMUNOGLOBULINS; JNK MITOGEN-ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASES; LIGANDS; MEMBRANE GLYCOPROTEINS; MICE; MITOGEN-ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASES; P38 MITOGEN-ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASES; PROTEINS; RECEPTORS, TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION; TNF RECEPTOR-ASSOCIATED FACTOR 3; TRANSFECTION; TUMOR CELLS, CULTURED;

EID: 0032146063     PISSN: 00221767     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Article

References (97)

1. van Kooten, C., and J. Banchereau. 1996. CD40-CD40 ligand: a multifunctional receptor-ligand pair. Adv. Immunol. 61:1.
2. Holder, M. J., H. Wang, A. E. Milner, M. Casamayor, R. Armitage, M. K. Spriggs, W. C. Fanslow, and I. C. MacLennan. 1993. Suppression of apoptosis in normal and neoplastic human B lymphocytes by CD40 ligand is independent of bcl2 induction. Eur. J. Immunol. 23:2368.
3. Parry, S. L., M. J. Holman, J. Hasbold, and G. G. Klaus. 1994. Hypercross-linking surface IgM or IgD receptors on mature B cells induces apoptosis that is reversed by costimulation with IL-4 and anti-CD40. Eur. J. Immunol. 24:974.
4. Bergman, M. C., J. F. Attrep, A. C. Grammer, and P. E. Lipsky. 1996. Ligation of CD40 influences the function of human Ig secreting B cell hybridomas both positively and negatively. J. Immunol. 156:3118.
5. Miyashita, T., M. J. McIlraith, A. C. Grammer, Y. Miura, J. F. Attrep, Y. Shimaoka, and P. E. Lipsky. 1997. Bidirectional regulation of human B cell responses by CD40-CD40 ligand interactions. J. Immunol. 158:4620.
6. Inui, S., T. Kaisho, H. Kikutani, I. Stamenkovic, B. Seed, E. A. Clark, and T. Kishimoto. 1990. Identification of the intracytoplasmic region essential for signal transduction through a B cell activation molecule, CD40. Eur. J. Immunol. 20:1747.
7. Fluckiger, A. C., J. F. Rossi, A. Bussel, P. Bryon, J. Banchereau, and T. DeFrance. 1992. Responsiveness of chronic lymphocytic leukemia B cells activated via surface Igs or CD40 to B cell-trophic factors. Blood 80:3173.
8. Murphy, W. J., S. Funakoshi, M. Beckwith, S. E. Rushing, D. K. Conley, R. J. Armitage, W. C. Fanslow, H. C. Rager, D. D. Taub, F. W. Ruscetti, and D. L. Longo. 1995. Antibodies to CD40 prevent Epstein-Barr virus-mediated human-B cell lymphomagenesis in severe combined immune deficient mice given human peripheral blood lymphocytes. Blood 86:1946.
9. Goldstein, M. D., and T. H. Watts. 1996. Identification of distinct domains in CD40 involved in B7-1 induction or growth inhibition. J. Immunol. 157:2837.
10. Hess, S., and H. Engelmann. 1996. A novel function of CD40: induction of cell death in transformed cells. J. Exp. Med. 183:159.
11. Lens, S. M., K. Tesselaar, B. F. den Drijver, M. H. van Oers, and R. A. van Lier. 1996. A dual role for both CD40-ligand and TNF-α in controlling human B cell death. J. Immunol. 156:507.
12. Vernino, L., L. M. McNally, J. Ramberg, and P. E. Lipsky. 1992. Generation of nondividing high rate Ig-secreting plasma cells in cultures of human B cells stimulated with anti-CD3-activated T cells. J Immunol. 148:404.
13. Aagaard-Tillery, K., and D. F. Jelinek. 1996. Phosphalidylinositol 3-kinase activation in normal human lymphocytes: differential sensitivity of growth and differentiation to wortmannin, J. Immunol. 156:4543.
14. Padmore, L., S. An, R. H. Gunby, K. Kelly, G. K. Radda, and K. A. Knox. 1997. CD40-triggered protein tyrosine phosphorylation on Vav and on phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase correlates with survival of the Ramos-Burkitt lymphoma B cell line. Cell. Immunol. 177:119.
15. Hanissian, S. H., and R. S. Geha. 1997. Jak3 is associated with CD40 and is critical for CD40 induction of gene expression in B cells, immunity 6:379.
16. Karras, J. G., Z. Wang, L. Huo, D. A. Frank, and T. L. Rothstein. 1998. Induction of STAT protein signaling through the CD40 receptor in B lymphocytes. J. Immunol. 159:4350.
17. Gulbins, E., B. Brenner, K. Schlottman, U. Koppenhoefer, O. Linderkamp, K. M. Coggeshall, and F. Lang. 1996. Activation of the ras signaling pathway by the CD40 receptor, J. Immunol. 157:2844.
18. Kashiwada, M., Y. Kaneko, H. Yagita, K. Okumura, and T. Takemori. 1996. Activation of mitogen-acttvated protein kinases via CD40 from that stimulated by surface IgM on B cells. Eur. J. Immunol. 26:1451.
19. Li, Y.-Y., M. Baccam, S. B. Waters, J. E. Pessin, G. A. Bishop, and G. A. Koretzky. 1996. CD40 ligation results in protein kinase C-independent activation of ERK and JNK in resting murine splenic B cells. J. Immunol. 157: 1440.
20. Berberich, I., G. Shu, F. Siebelt, J. R. Woodgrett, J. M. Kyriakis, and E. A. Clark. 1996. Cross-linking CD40 on B cells preferentially induces stress-activated protein kinases rather than mitogen-activated protein kinases. EMBO J. 15:92.
21. Sakata, N., H. R. Patel, N. Terada, A. Aruffo, G. L. Johnson, and E. W. Gelfand. 1995. Selective activation of c-Jun kinase mitogen-activated protein kinase by CD40 on human B cells. J. Biol. Chem. 270:30823.
22. Sutherland, C. L., A. W. Heath, S. L. Pelech, P. R. Young, and M. R. Gold. 1996. Differential activation of the ERK, JNK, and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinases by CD40 and the B cell antigen receptor. J. Immunol. 157:3381.
23. Salmon, R. A., I. N. Foltz, P. R. Young, and J. W. Schrader. 1997. The p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase is activated by ligation of the T and B lymphocyte antigen receptors, Fas or CD40, but suppression of kinase activity does not inhibit apoptosis induced by antigen receptors. J. Immunol. 159:5309.
24. Francis, D. A., J. G. Karras, X. Y. Ke, R. Sen, and T. L. Rothstein. 1995. Induction of the transcription factors AP-1 and NF-AT during B cell stimulation through the CD40 receptor. Int. Immunol. 7:151.
25. Berberich, I., G. L. Shu, and E. A. Clark. 1994. Cross-linking CD40 on B cells rapidly activates nuclear factor-κB. J. Immunol. 153:4357.
26. Kuhne, M. R., M. Robbins, J. E. Hambor, M. F. Mackey, Y. Kosaka, T. Nishimura, J. P. Gigley, R. J. Noelle, and D. M. Calderhead. 1997. Assembly and regulation of the CD40 receptor complex in human B cells. J. Exp. Med. 186:337.
27. Rothe, M., V. Sarma, V. M. Dixit, and D. V. Goeddel. 1995. Traf2-mediated activation of NF-κB by TNF receptor 2 and CD40. Science 269:1424.
28. Ishida, T. K., T. Tojo, T. Aoki, N. Kobayashi, T. Ohishi, T. Watanabe, T. Yamamoto, and J. Inoue. 1996. Traf5, a novel TNF receptor-associated factor family protein, mediates CD40 signaling. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 93:9437.
29. Cheng, G., A. M. Cleary, Z. S. Ye, D. I. Hong, S. Lederman, and D. Baltimore. 1995. Involvement of craf1, a relative of traf, in CD40 signaling. Science 267: 1494.
30. Hu, H. M., K. O'Rourke, M. S. Boguski, and V. M. Dixit. 1994. A novel RING finger protein interacts with the cytoplasmic domain of CD40. J. Biol. Chem. 269:30069.
31. Sato, T., S. Irie, and J. C. Reed. 1995. A novel member of the TRAF family of putative signal transducing proteins binds to the cytosolic domain of CD40. FEBS Lett. 358:113.
32. Ishida, T., S. Mizushima, S. Azuma, N. Kobayashi, T. Tojo, K. Suzuki, S. Aizawa, T. Watanabe, G. Mosialos, E. Kieff, T. Yamamoto, and J. Inoue. 1996. Identification of TRAF6, a novel TNF receptor-associated factor protein that mediates signaling from an amino-terminal domain of the CD40 cytoplasmic domain. J. Biol. Chem. 271:28745.
33. Kashiwada, M., Y. Shirakata, J. -I. Inoue, H. Nakano, K. Okazaki, K. Okumura, T. Yamamoto, H. Nagaoka, and T. Takemori. 1998. Tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factor 6 (TRAF6) stimulates extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) activity in CD40 signaling along a ras-independent pathway. J. Exp. Med 187:237.
34. Kumar, S., P. C. McDonnell, R. J. Gum, A. T. Hand, J. C. Lee, and P. R. Young. 1997. Novel homologues of CSBP/p38 MAP kinase: activation, substrate specificity and sensitivity to inhibition by pyridinyl imidazoles. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 235:533.
35. Jiang, Y., C. Chen, Z. Li, W. Guo, J.A. Gegner, S. Lin, and J. Han. 1996. Characterization of the structure and function of a new mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38β). J. Biol. Chem. 27:17920.
36. Li, Z., Y. Jiang, R. J. Ulevitch, and J. Han. 1996. The primary structure of p38 γ: a new member of the p38 group of MAP kinases. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 228:334.
37. Wang, X. S., K. Diener, C. L. Manthey, S. Wang, B. Rosenzweig, J. Bray, J. Delaney, C. N. Cole, P. Y. Chan-Hui, N. Mantlo, H. S. Lichenstein, M. Zukowshi, and Z. Yao. 1997. Molecular cloning and characterization of a novel p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38δ). J. Biol. Chem. 272:23668.
38. Stein, B., M. X. Yang, D. B. Young, R. Janknecht, T. Hunter, B. W. Murray, and M. S. Barbosa. 1997. P38-2, a novel mitogen-activated protein kinase with distinct properties. J. Biol. Chem. 272:19509.
39. Grammer, A. C., Bergman, M. C., Y. Miura, K. Fujita, L. S. Davis, and P. E. Lipsky. 1995. The CD40-ligand expressed by human B cells costimulales B cell responses. J. Immunol. 154:4996.
40. Gires, O., U. Zimber-Strobl, R. Gonnella, M. Ueffing, G. Marschall, R. Zeidler, D. Pich, and W. Hammerschmidt. 1997. Latent membrane protein 1 of Epstein-Barr virus mimics a constitutively active receptor molecule. EMBO J. 16:6131.
41. Hatzivassiliou, W. E. Miller, N. Raub-Traub, E. Kieff, and G. Mosialos. 1998. A fusion of the EBV latent membrane protein (LMP1) transmembrane domains to the CD40 cytoplasmic domain is similar to LMP1 in constitutive activation of epidermal growth factor receptor expression, nuclear factor-κB, and stress-activated protein kinase. J. Immunol. 160:1116.
42. Ling, M. R., D. Hardie, J. Lowe, G. D. Johnson, M. Khan, and I. C. MacLennan. 1989. A phenotypic study of cells from Burkitt lymphoma and EBV-B-lympho- blastoid lines and their relationship to cells in normal lymphoid tissue. Int. J. Cancer 43:112.
43. Baeuerle, P. A., and D. Baltimore. 1996. NF-κB: ten years after. Cell 87:13.
44. Baldwin, A. S. 1996. The NF-κB and IκB proteins: new discoveries and insights. Annu. Rev. Immunol. 14:649.
45. Liu, Z. G., H. Hsu, D. V. Goeddel, and M. Karin. 1996. Dissection of TNF receptor 1 effector functions: JNK activation is not linked to apoptosis while NF-κB prevents cell death. Cell 87:565.
46. Reinhard, C., B. Shamoon, V. Shyamala, and L. T. Williams. 1997. Tumor necrosis factor α-induced activation of c-jun N-terminal kinase is mediated by TRAF2. EMBO J. 16:1080.
47. Natoli, G., A. Costanzo, A. Ianni, D. J. Templeton, J. R. Woodgett, C. Balsano, and M. Levrero. 1997. Activation of SAPK/JNK by TNF receptor 1 through a noncytotoxic TRAF2-dependent pathway. Science 275:200.
48. Lee, S. Y., A. Reichlin, A. Santana, K. A. Sokol, M. C. Nussenzweig, and Y. Choi. 1997, TRAF2 is essential for JNK but not NF-κB activation and regulates proliferation and survival. Immunity 7:703.
49. Song, H. Y., C. H. Regnier, C. J. Kirschning, D. V. Goeddel, and M. Rothe. 1997. Tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-mediated kinase cascades: bifurcation of nuclear factor-kappaB and c-jun N-terminal kinase (JNK/SAPK) pathways at TNF receptor-associated factor 2. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 94:9792.
50. Brodeur, S. R., G. Cheng, D. Baltimore, and D. A. Thorley-Lawson. 1997. Localization of the major NF-κB-activating site and the sole TRAF3 binding site of LMP-1 defines two distinct signaling motifs. J. Biol. Chem. 272:19777.
51. Miller, W. E., G. Mosialos, E. Kieff, and N. Raab-Traub. 1997. Epstein-Barr virus LMP1 induction of the epidermal growth factor receptor is mediated through a TRAF signaling pathway distinct from NF-κB activation. J. Virol. 71:586.
52. Eliopoulos, A. G., M. Stack, C. W. Dawson, K. M. Kaye, L. Hodgkin, S. Sihota, M. Rowe, and L. S. Young. 1997. Epstein-Barr virus-encoded LMP1 and CD40 mediated IL6 production in epithelial cells via an NF-κB pathway involving TNF receptor-associated factors. Oncogene 14:2899.
53. Xu, Y., G. Cheng, and D. Baltimore. 1996. Targeted disruption of TRAF3 leads to postnatal lethality and defective T-dependent immune responses. Immunity 5:407.
54. Rothe, M., J. Xiong, H. B. Shu, K. Williamson, A. Goddard, and D. V. Goeddel. 1996. I-TRAF is a novel TRAF-interacting protein that regulates TRAF-mediated signal transduction. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 93:8241.
55. Cheng, G., and D. Baltimore. 1996. TANK, a co-inducer with TRAF2 of TNF-and CD40L-mediated NF-κB activation. Genes Dev. 10:963.
56. Moriguchi, T., H. Kawasaki, S. Matsuda, Y. Gotoh, and E. Nishida. 1995. Evidence for multiple activators for stress-activated protein kinase/c-Jun amino terminal kinases: evidence of novel activators. J. Biol. Chem. 270:12969.
57. Yang, D., C. Tournier, M. Wysk, H.-T. Lu, J. Xu, R. J. Davis, and R. A. Flavell. 1997. Targeted disruption of the MKK4 gene causes embryonic death, inhibition of c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase activation, and defects in AP-1 transcriptional activity. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 94:3004.
58. Han, J., X. Wang, Y. Jiang, R. J. Ulevitch, and S. Lin. 1997. Identification and characterization of a predominant isoform of human MKK3. FEBS Lett. 403:19.
59. Cuenda, A., G. Alonso, N. Morrice, M. Jones, R. Meier, P. Cohen, and A. R. Nebreda. 1996. Purification and cDNA cloning of SAPKK3, the major activator of RK/p38 in stress- and cytokine-stimulated monocytes and epithelial cells. EMBO J. 15:4156.
60. Moriguchi, T., F. Toyoshima, Y. Gotoh, A. Iwamatsu, K. Irie, E. Mori, N. Kuroyanagi, M. Hagiwara, K. Matsumoto, and E. Nishida. 1996. Purification and identification of a major activator for p38 from osmotically shocked cells: activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 6 by osmotic shock, TNF-α, and H202. J. Biol. Chem. 271:26981.
61. Moriguchi, T., N. Kuroyanagi, K. Yamaguchi, Y. Gotoh, K. Irie, T. Kano, K. Shirakabe, Y. Muro, H. Shibuya, K. Matsumoto, E. Nishida, and M. Hagiwara. 1996. A novel kinase cascade mediated by mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 6 and MKK3. J. Biol. Chem. 271:13675.
62. Zanke, B. W., E. A.Rubie, E.Winnett, J. Chan, S. Randall, M. Parsons, X. Boudreaqu, M. McInnis, M. Yan, D. J. Templeton, and J. R. Woodgett. 1996. Mammalian mitogen-activated protein kinase pathways are regulated through formation of specific-activator complexes. J. Biol. Chem. 271:29876.
63. Raingeaud, J., A. J. Whitmarsh, T. Barren, B. Derijard, and R. J. Davis. 1996. MKK3- and MKK6-regulated gene expression is mediated by the p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase signal transduction pathway. Mol. Cell. Biol. 16:1247.
64. Han, J., J. D. Lee, Y. Jiang, Z. Li, L. Feng, and R. J. Ulevitch. 1996. Characterization of the structure and function of a novel MAP kinase kinase (MKK6). J. Biol. Chem. 271:2886.
65. Stein, B., H. Brady, M. X. Yang, D. B. Young, and M. S. Barbosa. 1996. Cloning and characterization of MEK6, a novel member of the mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase cascade. J. Biol. Chem. 271:11427.
66. Tournier, C., A. J. Whitmarsh, J. Cavanagh, T. Barrett, and R. J. Davis. 1997. Mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 7 is an activator of the c-Jun NH2-terminal kianse. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 94:7337.
67. Holland, P. M., M. Suzanne, J. S. Campbell, S. Noselli, and J. A. Cooper. 1997. MKK7 is a stress-activated mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase functionally related to hemipterous. J. Biol. Chem. 272:24994.
68. Lawler, S., A. Cuenda, M. Goedert, and P. Cohen. 1997. SKK4, a novel activator of stress-activated protein kinase-1 (SAPK1/JNK). FEBS Lett. 414:153.
69. Whitmarsh, A. J., and R. J. Davis. 1996. Transcription factor AP-1 regulation by mitogen-activated protein kinase signal transduction pathways. J. Mol. Med. 74: 589.
70. Karin, M., Z. Liu, and E. Zandi. 1997. AP-1 function and regulation. Curr. Opin. Cell Biol. 9:240.
71. Lipsky, P. E., J. F. Attrep, A. C. Grammer, M. J. McIlraith, and Y. Nishioka. 1997. Analysis of CD40-CD40 ligand interactions in the regulation of human B cell function. Ann NY Acad. Sci. 815:372.
72. Krajewski, S., J. M. Zapata, M. Krajewska, T. VanArsdale, A. Shabaik, R. D. Gascoyne, and J. C. Reed. 1997. Immunohistochemical analysis of in vivo patterns of TRAF3 expression, a member of the TNF-receptor-associated factor family. J. Immunol. 159:5841.
73. Hostager, B. S., Y. Hsing, D.E. Harms, and G. A. Bishop. 1996. Different CD40-mediated signaling events require distinct CD40 structural features. J. Immunol. 157:1047.
74. Nishina, H., M. Bachmann, A. J. Oliveira-dos-Santos, I. Kozieradzki, K. D. Fischer, B. Odermatt, A. Wakeham, A. Shahinian, H. Takimoto, A. Bernstein, T. W. Mak, J. R. Woodgett, P. S. Ohashi, and J. M. Penninger. 1997. Impaired CD28-mediated interleukin 2 production and proliferation in stress kinase SAPK/ERK1 kinase (SEK1)/mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 4 (MKK4)-deficient T lymphocytes. J. Exp. Med. 186:941.
75. Caamano, J. H., C. A. Rizzo, S. K. Durham, D. S. Barton, C. Raventos-Suarez, C. M. Snapper, and R. Bravo. 1998. Nuclear factor (NF)-κB2 (p100/p52) is required for normal splenic microarchitecture and B cell-mediated immune responses. J. Exp. Med. 187:185.
76. Kontgen, F., R. J. Grumont, A. Strasser, D. Metcalf, R. Li, D. Tarlinton, and S. Gerondakis. 1995. Mice lacking the c-rel proto-oncogene exhibit defects in lymphocyte proliferation, humoral immunity, and interleukin-2 expression. Genes Dev 9:1965.
77. Snapper, C. M., F. R. Rosas, P. Zeiazowski, M. A. Moorman, M. R. Kehry, R. Bravo, and F. Weih. 1996. B cells lacking RelB are defective in proliferative responses, but undergo normal B cell maturation to Ig secretion and Ig class switching. J. Exp. Med. 184:1537.
78. Ware, C. F., S. VanArsdale, and T. L. VanArsdale. 1996. Apoptosis mediated by the TNF-related cytokine and receptor families. J. Cell Biochem. 60:47.
79. Shu, H.-B., D. R. Halphin, and D. V. Goeddel. 1997. Casper is a FADD- and capase-related inducer of apoptosis. Immunity 7:751.
80. Irmler, M., M. Thome, M. Hahne, P. Schneider, K. Hofman, V. Steiner, J.-L. Bodmer, M. Schroter, K. Burns, C. Mattmann, D. Rimoldi, L. E. French, and J. Tschopp, 1997. Inhibition of death receptor signals by cellular FLIP. Nature 388:190.
81. VanArsdale, T. L., S. L. VanArsdale, W. R. Force, B. N. Walter, G. Mosialos, E. Kieff, J. C. Reed, and C. F. Ware. 1997. Lymphotoxin-β receptor signaling complex: role of TNF receptor-associated factor 3 recruitment in cell death and activation of nuclear factor κB. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 94:2460.
82. Eliopoulos, A. G., C. W. Dawson, G. Mosialos, J. E. Floettman, M. Rowe, R. J. Armitage, J. Dawson, J. M. Zapata, D. J. Kerr, M. J. Wakelam, J. C. Reed, E. Kieff, and L. S. Young. 1996. CD40-induced inhibition in epithelial cells is mimicked by Epstein-Barr virus-encoded LMP1: involvement of TRAF3 as a common mediator. Oncogene 13:2243.
83. Pistoia, V. 1997. Production of cytokines by human B cells in health and disease. Immunol. Today 18:343.
84. Dechanet, J., P. Merville, I. Durand, J. Banchereau, and P. Miossec. 1995. The ability of synoviocytes to support terminal differentiation of activated B cells may explain plasma cell accumulation in rheumatoid synovium. J. Clin. Invest. 95:456.
85. DiGirolamo, N., K. Visvanathan, A. Lloyd, and D. Wakefield. 1997. Expression of TNF-α by human plasma cells in chronic inflammation. J. Leukocyte Biol. 61:667.
86. Tsai, E. Y., J. Yie, D. Thanos, and A. E. Goldfeld. 1996. Cell-type-specific regulation of the human TNF-α gene in B cells and T cells by NFATp and ATF-2/JUN. Mol. Cell Biol. 16:5232.
87. Park, J., A. Takeuchi, and S. Sharma. 1996. Characterization of a new isoform of the NFAT (nuclear factor of activated T cells) gene family member NFATc. J. Biol. Chem. 271:20914.
88. Worm, M., and R. S. Geha. 1995. CD40-mediated lymphotoxin α expression in human B cells is tyrosine kinase dependent. Eur. J. Immunol. 25:2438.
89. Boussiotis, V. A., L. M. Nadler, J. L. Strominger, and A. E. Goldfeld. 1994. Tumor necrosis factor α is an autocrine growth factor for normal human B cells, Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 91:7007.
90. Eskdale, J., D. Kube, H. Tesch, and G. Gallagher. 1997. Mapping of the human IL10 gene and further characterization of the 5′ flanking sequence. Immunogenetics 46:120.
91. Mori, N., P. S. Gill, T. Mougdil, S. Murakami, S. Eto, and D. Prager. 1996. Interleukin-10 gene expression in adult T-cell leukemia. Blood 88:1035.
92. Kuprash, D. V., O. A.Osipovich, D. K. Pokholok, M. B. Alimzhavov, A. Biragyn, R. L. Turetskaya, and S. A. Nedospasov. 1996. Functional analysis of the lymphotoxin-β promoter: sequence requirements for PMA activation. J. Immunol. 156:2465.
93. Hel, Z., E. Skamene, and D. Radzioch. 1996. Two distinct regions in the 3′ untranslated region of TNF-α mRNA form complexes with macrophage proteins. Mol. Cell. Biol. 16:5579.
94. Zubiaga, A. M., J. G. Belasco, and M. E. Greenberg. 1995. The nonamer UUAUUUAUU is the key AU-rich sequence motif that mediates mRNA degradation. Mol. Cell. Biol. 15:2219.
95. Swantek, J. L., M. H. Cobb, and T. Geppert. 1997. JNK/stress-activated protein kinase (SAPK) is required for lipopolysaccharide stimulation of TNF-α (TNFα) translation: glucocorticoids inhibit TNFα translation by blocking JNK/SAPK. Mol. Cell. Biol. 17:6274.
96. Lee, J. C., and P. R. Young. 1996. Role of CSB/p38/RK stress response kinase in LPS and cytokine signaling mechanisms. J. Leukocyte Biol. 59:152.
97. Lee, J. C., J. T. Laydon, P. C. McDonnell, T. F. Gallagher, S. Kumar, D. Green, D. McNulty, M. J. Blumenthal, J. R. Heys, S. W. Landvatter, J. E. Strickler, M. M. McLaughlin, I. R. Siemens, S. M. Fischer, G. P. Livi, J. R. White, J. L. Adams, and P. R. Young. 1994. A protein kinase involved in regulation of inflammatory cytokine biosynthesis. Nature 372:739.