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Applications of DNA shuffling to pharmaceuticals and vaccines
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Patten P, Howard RJ, Stemmer WPC: Applications of DNA shuffling to pharmaceuticals and vaccines. Curr Opin Biotechnol 1997, 8:724-733.
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Arnold FH: Design by directed evolution. Accounts Chem Res 1998, 31:125-131.
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Arnold, F.H.1
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Rapid evolution of a protein in vitro by DNA shuffling
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Creation of drug-specific herpes simplex virus type 1 thymidine kinase mutants for gene therapy
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Improved green fluorescent protein by molecular evolution using DNA shuffling
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Crameri A, Whitehorn EA, Tate E, Stemmer WPC: Improved green fluorescent protein by molecular evolution using DNA shuffling. Nat Biotechnol 1996, 14:315-319.
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Nat Biotechnol
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Optimization of DNA shuffling for high fidelity recombination
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Zhao H, Arnold FH: Optimization of DNA shuffling for high fidelity recombination. Nucleic Acids Res 1997, 25:1307-1308.
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Nucleic Acids Res
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Combinatorial protein design: Strategies for screening protein libraries
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Zhao H, Arnold FH: Combinatorial protein design: strategies for screening protein libraries. Curr Opin Struct Biol 1997, 7:480-485.
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0030989062
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Evolution of an effective fucosidase from a galactosidase by DNA shuffling and screening
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Zhang J, Dawes G, Stemmer WPC: Evolution of an effective fucosidase from a galactosidase by DNA shuffling and screening. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1997, 94:4504-4509.
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Proc Natl Acad Sci USA
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0031587291
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Strategies for the in vitro evolution of protein function: Enzyme evolution by random recombination of improved sequences
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Moore JC, Jin HM, Kuchner O, Arnold FH: Strategies for the in vitro evolution of protein function: enzyme evolution by random recombination of improved sequences. J Mol Biol 1997, 272:336-347. DNA shuffling was used to recombine improved para-nitrobenzyl esterases. It is shown how screening requirements increase rapidly as more mutations and more parent sequences are recombined. A simple statistical analysis helps to compare various evolution strategies.
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J Mol Biol
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Moore, J.C.1
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0030984176
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Engineering a tRNA and aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase for the site-specific incorporation of unnatural amino acids into proteins in vivo
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Liu DR, Magliery TJ, Pastrnak M, Schultz PG: Engineering a tRNA and aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase for the site-specific incorporation of unnatural amino acids into proteins in vivo. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1997, 94:10092-10097. Used DNA shuffling and selection to evolve a tRNA synthelase that efficiently acylates an orthogonal tRNA. In addition, a significant decrease in the recognition of the wild type tRNA was observed, although no negative selection against wild type tRNA recognition was employed, which implies that the functions (activities towards the two tRNAs) are inversely coupled.
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Proc Natl Acad Sci USA
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Liu, D.R.1
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0030048583
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Construction and evolution of antibody-phage libraries by DNA shuffling
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Crameri A, Cwirla S, Stemmer WPC: Construction and evolution of antibody-phage libraries by DNA shuffling. Nat Med 1996, 2:100-102.
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Nat Med
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Crameri, A.1
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0030951186
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Molecular evolution of an arsenate detoxification pathway by DNA shuffling
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Crameri A, Dawes G, Rodriguez E, Silver S, Stemmer WPC: Molecular evolution of an arsenate detoxification pathway by DNA shuffling. Nat Biotechnol 1997, 15:436-438.
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Nat Biotechnol
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Crameri, A.1
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0032518266
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DNA shuffling of a family of genes from diverse species accelerates directed evolution
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Crameri AC, Raillard S, Bermudez E, Stemmer WPC: DNA shuffling of a family of genes from diverse species accelerates directed evolution. Nature 1998, 391:288-291. DNA 'family' shuffling of homologous genes yielded a sequence that confers a dramatic increase in antibiotic resistance. It is proposed that a sparse sampling of sequence space around multiple parents is more powerful than a more exhaustive sample of sequence space around any one parent.
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Nature
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Crameri, A.C.1
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0030030533
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Smoothness within ruggedness: The role of neutrality in adaptation
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0030858562
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Functional and non-functional mutations distinguished by random recombination of homologous genes
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Zhao H, Arnold FH: Functional and non-functional mutations distinguished by random recombination of homologous genes. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1997, 94:7997-8000. This paper outlines an efficient method for identifying mutations responsible for a difference in the function of two proteins by high-fidelity DNA shuffling.
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Proc Natl Acad Sci USA
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Zhao, H.1
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0032518181
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Random-priming in vitro recombination: An effective tool for directed evolution
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Shao Z, Zhao H, Giver L, Arnold FH: Random-priming in vitro recombination: an effective tool for directed evolution. Nucleic Acids Res 1998, 26:681-683. Describes a method for in vitro recombination in which fragments for reassembly are produced by extension of random-sequence primers.
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Nucleic Acids Res
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Shao, Z.1
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0031909113
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Molecular evolution by staggered extension process (StEP) in vitro recombination
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Zhao H, Giver L, Shao Z, Affholter JA, Arnold FH: Molecular evolution by staggered extension process (StEP) in vitro recombination. Nat Biotechnol 1998, 16:258-261. Describes a method for in vitro recombination based on template switching during DNA synthesis. This technically simple method is used to evolve a thermostable subtilisin.
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Nat Biotechnol
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Zhao, H.1
Giver, L.2
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Arnold, F.H.5
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