Apoptosis and some of its medical implications

Folia Histochemica et Cytobiologica

Volumn 36, Issue 3, 1998, Pages 99-110

  Kawiak, Jerzy ^a   Hoser, Grazyna ^a   Skórski, Tomasz ^b  

^a MEDICAL CENTER FOR POSTGRADUATE EDUCATION   (Poland)

^b THOMAS JEFFERSON UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

Apoptosis; Apoptosis checkpoints; Cancer treatment; Cardiovascular diseases

Indexed keywords

FAS ANTIGEN; FAS LIGAND; PROTEIN BAX; PROTEIN BCL 2; PROTEIN P53; PROTEINASE; SERINE PROTEINASE; SPHINGOMYELIN;

APOPTOSIS; CANCER CELL; CELL PROLIFERATION; DNA REPAIR; ENZYME ACTIVITY; HEART MUSCLE CELL; LIGAND BINDING; ONCOGENE; PROTEIN DNA BINDING; PROTEIN EXPRESSION; REVIEW; TRANSCRIPTION REGULATION; TUMOR SUPPRESSOR GENE;

EID: 0031818221     PISSN: 00155586     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Review

References (126)

1. Alnemri ES, Fernandes TF, Haldar S, Croce CM, Litwack G (1992) Involvement of BCL-2 in glucocorticoid-induced apoptosis of human pre-B-leukemias. Cancer Res 52: 491-495
2. Alnemri ES, Livingston DJ, Nicholson DW, Salvesen G, Thornberry NA, Wong WW, Yuan J (1996) Human ICE/CED-3 protease nomenclature. Cell 87:171
3. Antonsson B, Conti F, Ciavatta AM, Montessuit S, Lewis S, Martinou I, Bernasconi L, Bernard A, Mermod JJ, Mazzei G, Maundrell K, Gambale F, Sadoul R, Martinou JC (1997) Inhibition of Bax channel-forming activity by Bcl-2. Science 277: 370-372
4. Bedi A, Zehnbauer BA, Barber JP, Sharkis SJ, Jones RJ (1994) Inhibition of apoptosis by Bcr-Abl in chronic myeloid leukemia. Blood 83: 2038-2044
5. Begley CG, Lopez AF, Nicola NA, Warren DJ, Vadas MA, Sanderson CJ, Metcalf D (1986) Purified colony-stimulating factors enhance the survival of human neutrophils and eosinophils in vitro: a rapid and sensitive microassay for colony-stimulating factors. Blood 68: 162-166
6. Bellgrau D, Gold D, Selawry H, Moore J, Franzusoff A, Duke RC (1995) A role of CD95 ligand in preventing graft rejection. Nature 377: 630-632
7. Bing OHL (1994) Hypothesis: Apoptosis may be a mechanism for the transition to heart failure with chronic pressure overload. J Molec Cell Cardiol 26: 943-948
8. Boersma AWM, Nooter K, Burger H, Kortland LJ, Stoter G (1997) Bax upregulation is an early event in cisplatin-induced apoptosis in human testicular germ-cell tumor cell line NT2, as quantitated by flow cytometry. Cytometry 27: 275-282
9. Boise LH, Gonzalez-Garcia M, Postema CE, Ding L, Lindsten T, Turka LA, Mao X, Nunez G, Thompson CB (1993) bcl-x, a bcl-2-Related gene that functions as a dominant regulator of apoptotic cell death. Cell 74: 597-608
10. Boldin MP, Goncharov TM, Goltsev YV, Wallach D (1996) Involvement of MACH, a novel MORT1/FADD-interacting protease, in Fas/APO1 and TNF receptor-induced cell death. Cell 85: 803-815
11. Canman CE, Gilmer TM, Coutts SB, Kastan MB (1995) Growth factor modulation of p53-mediated growth arrest versus apoptosis. Genes Develop 9: 600-611
12. Casciola-Rosen L, Nicholson DW, Chong T, Rowan KR, Thornberry NA, Miller DK, Rosen A (1996) Apopapain/CPP32 cleaves proteins that are essential for cellular repair: a fundamental principle of apoptotic death. J Exp Med 183: 1957-1964
13. Castedo M, Hirsch T, Susin SA, Zamzami N, Marchetti P, Macho A, Kroemer G (1996) Sequential acquisition of mitochondrial and plasma membrane alterations during early lymphocyte apoptosis. J Immunol 157: 512-521
14. Cheng EHY, Kirsch DG, Clem RJ, Ravi R, Kastan MB, Bedi A, Ueno K, Hardwick JM (1997) Conversion of Bcl-2 to a Bax-like death effector by caspases. Science 278: 1966-1968
15. Cheng L, Liu C, Koopman WJ, Mountz JD (1995) Charaterization of human fas-gene exon/intron organization and promoter region. J Immunol 154:1239-1245
16. Cheng W, Li B, Kajstura J, Li P, Wolin MS, Sonnenblick EH, Hintze TH, Olivetti G, Anversa P (1995) Stretch-induced programmed myocyte cell death. J Clin Invest 96: 2247-2259
17. Chin LP, Momand J, Pfeifer GP (1997) In vivo evidence for binding of p53 to consensus binding sites in the p21 and GADD45 genes in response to ionizing radiation. Oncogene 15: 87-99
18. Chinnaiyan AM, O'Rourke K, Yu GL, Lyons RH, Garg M, Duan DR, Xing L, Gentz R, Ni J, Dixit VM (1996) Signal transduction by DR3,a death domain (DD)-containing receptor related to TNFR-1 and CD95. Science 274: 990-992
19. Chresta CM, Masters JRW, Hickman JA (1996) Hypersensitivity of human testicular tumors to etoposide-induced apoptosis is associated with functional p53 and high Bax/Bcl-2 ratio. Cancer Res 56: 1834-1841
20. Clarke AR, Purdie CA, Harrison DJ, Morris RG, Bird CC, Hooper ML, Wyllie AH (1993) Thymocyte apoptosis induced by p53-dependent and independent pathways. Nature 362: 849-852
21. Connor J, Sawczuk IS, Benson MC, Tomashefsky P, O'Toole KM, Olsson CA, Buttyan R (1988) Calcium channel antagonists delay regression of androgen-dependent tissues and suppress gene activity associated with cell death. Prostate 13:119-130
22. Cossarizza A, Kalashnikova G, Grassilli E, Chiappelli F, Salvioli S, Capri M, Barbieri D, Troiano L, Monti D, Franceschi C (1994) Mitochondrial modifications during rat thymocyte apoptosis: a study at a single cell level. Exp Cell Res 214: 323-330
23. Cryns VL, Bergeron L, Zhu H, Li H, Yuan J (1996) Specific cleavage of a-fodrin during Fas- and tumor necrosis factor-induced apoptosis is mediated by an interleukin-1b-converting enzyme/Ced-3 protease distinct from the poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase protease. J Biol Chem 271: 31277-31282
24. Darmon AJ, Nicholson DW, Bleackley RC (1995) Activation of the apoptotic protease CPP32 by cytotoxic T-cell-derived granzyme B. Nature 377: 446-448
25. Darzynkiewicz Z, Bruno S, Del-Bino G, Gorczyca W, Hotz MA, Lassota P, Traganos F (1992) Features of apoptotic cells measured by flow cytometry. Cytometry 13: 795-808
26. Darzynkiewicz Z, Juan G, Li X, Gorczyca W, Murakami T, Traganos F (1997) Cytometry in cell necrobiology: Analysis of apoptosis and accidental cell death (necrosis). Cytometry 27: 1-20
27. Enart M, Hug H, Nagata S (1995) Involvement of an ICE-like protease in Fas-mediated apoptosis. Nature 375: 78-80
28. Endresen PC, Prytz PS, Aarbakke J (1995) A new flow cytometric method for discrimination of apoptotic cells and detection of their cell cycle specificity through staining of F-actin and DNA. Cytometry 20: 162-171
29. Enoch T, Norbury C (1995) Cellular responses to DNA damage: cell cycle checkpoints, apoptosis and the roles of p53 and ATM. TIBS 20: 426-434
30. Fernandes-Alnemri T, Armstrong RC, Krebs J, Srinivasula SM, Wang L, Bulrich F, Fritz LC, Trapani JA, Tomaselli KJ, Litwack G, Alnemri ES (1996) In vitro activation of CPP32 and Mch3 by Mch4, a novel human apoptotic cysteine protease containg two FADD-like domains. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 93: 7464-7469
31. Furnace AJ, Nebert DW, Hollander MC, Luethy JD, Papathanasiou M, Fargnoli J, Holbrook NJ (1989) Mammalian genes coordinately regulated by growth arrest signals and DNA-damaging agents. Mol Cell Biol 9: 4196-4203
32. Franke TF, Cantley LC (1997) A Bad kinase makes good. Nature 390: 116-117
33. Ginsberg D, Mechta F, Yaniv M, Oren M (1991) Wild-type p53 can down modulate the activity of various promoters. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 88: 9979-9983
34. Gottlieb RA, Burleson KO, Kloner RA, Babior BM, Engler RL (1994) Reperfusion injury induces apoptosis in rabbit cardiomyocytes. J Clin Invest 94:1621-1628
35. Griffith TS, Brunner T, Fletcher SM, Green DR, Ferguson TA (1995) Fas ligand-induced apoptosis as a mechanism of immune privilege. Science 270: 1189-1192
36. Grzelakowska-Sztabert B (1997) Regulation of apoptosis - involvement of membrane proteins of Bcl-2 family (in Polish). Kosmos 46: 53-64
37. Hahne M, Rimoldi D, Schrter M, Romero P, Schreier M, French LE, Schneider P, Bornand T, Fontana A, Lienard D, Cerottini JC, Tschopp J (1996) Melanoma cell expression of Fas (Apo1/CD95) ligand: Implications for tumor immune escape. Science 274: 1363-1366
38. Haldar S, Negrini M, Monne M, Sabbioni S, Croce CM (1994) Down-regulation of bcl-2 by p53 in breast cancer cells. Cancer Res 54: 2095-2097
39. Hara S, Halicka HD, Bruno S, Gong J, Traganos F, Darzynkiewicz Z. (1996) Effect of protease inhibitors on early events of apoptosis. Exp Cell Res 232: 372-384
40. Hedley DW, McCulloch EA (1996) Generation of reactive oxygen intermediates after treatment of blasts of acute myeloblastic leukemia with cytosine arabinoside: role of bcl-2. Leukemia 10:1143-1149
41. Hockenberry DM, Oltvai ZN, Yin XM, Milliman CL, Korsmeyer SJ (1993) Bcl-2 functions in an antioxidant pathway to prevent apoptosis. Cell 75: 241-251
42. Hu Z, Yang GS, Li M, Miyamoto N, Minden MD, McCulloch (1995) Mechanism of cytosine arabinoside toxicity of the blast cells of acute myeloblastic leukemia: involvement of free radicals. Leukemia 9: 789-798
43. Jacks T, Weinberg RA (1996) Cell-cycle control and its watchman. Nature 381: 643-644
44. Jacobson MD, Raff MC (1995) Programmed cell death and Bcl-2 protection in very low oxygen. Nature 374: 814-816
45. Jałoszyński P, Kujawski M, Szyfter K (1996) Electrophoresis of single cells (comet assay) - the useful technique of for assay of DNA chain breaks (in Polish). Post Biol Kom 23: 339-354
46. Janicke RU, Walker PA, Lin XY, Porter AG (1996) Specific cleavage of the retinoblastoma protein by an ICE-like protease in apoptosis. EMBO J 15: 6969-6978
47. Kajstura J, Cheng W, Reiss K, Clark WA, Sonnenblick EH, Krajewski S, Reed JC, Olivetti G, Anwersa P (1996) Apoptotic and necrotic myocyte cell deaths are independent contributing variables of infarct size in rats. Lab Invest 74: 86-107
48. Kajstura J, Mansukhani M, Cheng W, Reiss K, Krajewski S, Reed JC, Quaini F, Sonnenblick EH, Anwersa P (1995) Programmed cell death and expression of the protooncogene bcl-2 in myocytes during postnatal maturation of the heart. Exp Cell Res 219: 110-121
49. Kalemkerian GP, Ramnath N (1996) Retinoids and apoptosis in cancer therapy. Apoptosis 1: 11-24
50. Kane DJ, Sarafian TA, Anton R, Hahn H, Gralla EB, Valentine JS, Örd T, Bredesen DE (1993) Bcl-2 inhibition of neural death: decreased generation of reactive oxygen species. Science 262:1274-1277
51. Keith FJ, Bradbury DA, Zhu YM, Russell NH (195) Inhibition of bcl-2 with antisense oligonucleotides induces apoptosis and increases the sensitivity of AML blasts to Ara-C. Leukemia 9: 131-138
52. Kerr JFR, Searle J (1973) Deletion of cells by apoptosis during castration-induced involution of the rat prostate. Virchows Arch B Zellpathol 13: 87-102
53. Kerr JFR, Wyllie AH, Currie AR (1972) Apoptosis: a basic biological phenomenon with wide-ranging implications in tissue kinetics. Br J Cancer 26: 239-257
54. Kluck RM, Bossy-Wetzel E, Green DR, Newmeyer DD (1997) The release of cytochrome C from mitochondria: a primary site for Bcl-2 regulation of apoptosis. Science 275: 1132-1136
55. Knudson CM, Korsmeyer SJ (1997) Bcl-2 and Bax function independently to regulate cell death. Nature Genetics 16: 358-363
56. Koopman G, Reutelingsperger CPM, Kuijten GAM, Keehnen RMJ, Pals ST, van Oers MHJ (1994) Annexin V for flow cytometric detection of phosphatidylserine expression on B cells undergoing apoptosis. Blood 84: 1415-1420
57. Kroemer G, Petit P, Zamzami N, Vayssiere J-L, Mignotte B (1995) Biochemistry of programmed cell death. FASEB J 9: 1277-1287
58. Kussie PH, Gorina G, Marechal V, Elenbaas B, Moreau J, Levine AJ, Pavletich NP (1996) Crystal structure of the MDM2 oncoprotein bound to the transcription domain of the p53 tumor suppressor. Science 274: 948-953
59. Kyprianou N, Isaacs JT (1988) Activation of programmed cell death in the rat ventral prostate after castration. Endocrinology 122: 552-562
60. 2+ fluxes. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 91: 6569-6573
61. Lau HT, Yu M, Fontana A, Stoeckert CJ (1996) Prevention of islet allogtaft rejection with engineered myoblasts expressing FasL in mice. Science 273: 109-112
62. Lazebnik YA, et al (1994) Cleavage of PARP by proteinase with properties like ICE. Nature 371: 346-347
63. Levine AL (1997) p53, The cellular gatekeeper for growth and division. Cell 88: 323-331
64. Lotan R (1995) Retinoids and apoptosis: implications for cancer chemoprevention and therapy. J Natl Cancer Inst 87: 1655-1657
65. Lindahl T, Satoh MS, Poirier GG, Klungland A (1995) Posttranslational modification of poly(ADP-ribose)polymerase induced by DNA strand breaks. TIBS 20: 405-411
66. Liu Y, Cigola E, Cheng W, Kajstura J, Olivetti G, Hintze TH, Anversa P (1995) Myocyte nuclear mitotic division and programmed myocyte cell death characterize the cardiac myopathy induced by rapid ventricular pacing in dogs. Lab Invest 73: 771-787
67. Los M, Van de Crean M, Penning LC, Schenk N, Westendorp M, Baeuerle PA, Droge W, Krammer PN, Fiers W, Schultze-Osthoff K (1995) Requirement of an ICE/CED-3 protease for Fas/APO-1-mediated apoptosis. Nature 375: 81-83
68. Lu QL, Elia G, Lucas S, Thomas JA (1993) Bcl-2 proto-oncogene expression in Epstein-Barr-virus-associated nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Int J Cancer 53: 29-35
69. Lomo J, Smeland EB, Krajewski S, Reed JC, Blomhoff HK (1996) Expression of the Bcl-2 homologue Mcl-1 correlates with survival of peripheral blood lymphocytes. Cancer Res 56: 40-43
70. Majno G, Joris I (1995) Apoptosis, oncosis, and necrosis. An overview of cell death. Am J Pathol 146: 3-16
71. Mallat Z, Tedgui A, Fontaliran F, Frank R, Durigon M, Fontaine G (1996) Evidence of apoptosis in arrhytmogenic right ventricular dysplasia. N Engl J Med 335: 1190-1196
72. Martin SJ, Finucane DM, Amarante-Mendes G, O'Brien GA, Green DR (1996) Phosphatidylserine externalization during CD95-induced apoptosis of cells and cytoplasts requires ICE/CED-3 protease activity. J Biol Chem 271: 28753-28756
73. Martin SJ, O'Brien GA, Nishioka WK, McGahon AJ, Mahboubi A, Saido TC, Green DR (1995) Proteolysis of fodrin (non-erythroid spectrin) during apoptosis. J Biol Chem 270: 6425-6428
74. Martins LM, Earnshaw WC (1997) Apoptosis: alive and kicking in 1997. Trends Cell Biol 7: 111-114
75. McGahon A, Bissonnette R, Schmitt M, Cotter KM, Green DR, Cotter TG (1994) BCR-ABL maintains resistance of chronic myelogenous leukemia cells to apoptotic cell death. Blood 83: 1179-1187
76. Mercer WE, Shields MT, Lin D, Appella E, Ullrich SJ (1991) Growth suppression induced by wild-type p53 is accompanied by selective down-regulation of proliferating-cell nuclear antigen expression. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 88: 1958-1962
77. Michieli P, Chedid M, Lin D, Pierce JH, Mercer WE, Givol D (1994) Induction of WAF/CIP1 by a p53-independent pathway. Cancer Res 54: 3391-3395
78. Miyashita T, Harigai M, Hanada M, Reed JC (1994) Identification of a p53-dependent negative response element in the bcl-2 gene. Cancer Res 54: 3131-3135
79. Miyashita T, Reed JC (1995) Tumor supression p53 is a direct transcriptional activator of the human bax gene. Cell 80: 293-299
80. Muzio M, Chinnaiyan AM, Kischkel FC, O'Rourke K, Shevchenko A, Ni J, Scaffidi C, Bretz JD, Zhang M, Gentz R, Mann M, Krammer PH, Peter ME, Dixit VM (1996) FLICE, a novel FADD-homologous ICE/CED3-like protease, is recruited to the CD95 (Fas/APO1) death-inducing signaling complex. Cell 85: 817-827
81. Nagata S, Golstein P (1995) The Fas death factor. Science 267: 1449-1456
82. Narula J, Haider N, Virmani R, DiSalvo TG, Kolodgie FD, Hajjar RJ, Schmidt U, Semigran MJ, Dec GW, Khaw BA (1996) Apoptosis in myocytes in end-stage heart failure. N Engl J Med 335: 1182-1189
83. Nicholson DW, Ali A, Thornberry NA, Vaillancourt JP, Ding CK, Gallant M, Gareau Y, Griffin PR, Labelle M, Lazebnik YA, Munday NA, Raju SM, Smulson ME, Yamin TT, Yu VL, Miller DK (1995) Identification and inhibition of ICE/CED3 protease necessary for mammalian apoptosis. Nature 376: 37-43
84. Obeid LM, Hannun YA (1995) Ceramide: A stress signal and mediator of growth supression and apoptosis. J Cell Biochem 58: 191-198
85. Okan I, Wang Y, Chen F, Hu LF, Imreh S, Klein G, Wiman KG (1995) The EBV-encoded LMP1 protein inhibits p53-triggered apoptosis but not growth arrest. Oncogene 11: 1027-1031
86. Olivetti G, Quaini F, Sala R, Lagrasta C, Corradi D, Bonacina E, Gambert SR, Cigola E, Anversa P (1994) Acute myocardial infarction in humans is associated with activation of programmed myocyte cell death in the surviving portion of the heart. J Molec Cell Cardiol 28: 2005-2016
87. Oltvai ZN , Milliman CL, Korsmeyer SJ (1993) Bcl-2 hetero-dimerizes in vivo with a conserved homolog, Bax, that accelerates programmed cell death. Cell 74: 609-619
88. Ormerod MG, Sun XM, Snowden RT, Davies R, Fearnhead H, Cohen GM (1993) Increased membrane permeability of apoptotic thymocytes: a flow cytometric study. Cytometry 14: 595-602
89. Owen-Schaub LB, Zhang W, Cusack JC, Angelo LS, Santee SM, Fujiwara T, Roth JA, Deisseroth AB, Zhang WW, Kruzel E, Radinsky R (1995) Wild-type human p53 and a temperature-sensitive mutant induce Fas/APO1 expression. Mol Cell Biol 15: 3032-3040
90. Östling O, Johanson KJ (1984) Microelectrophoretic study of radiation-induced DNA damages in individual mammalian cells. Biochim Biophys Res Commun 123: 291-298
91. Park DS, Stefanis L, Yan CYI, Farinelli SE, Greene LA (1996) Ordering the cell death pathway. J Biol Chem 271: 21898-21905
92. Rao L, Perez D, White E (1996) Lamin proteolysis facilitates nuclear events during apoptosis. J Cell Biol 135: 1441-1455
93. Ray CA, Black RA, Kronheim SR, Greenstreet TA, Sleath PR, Salvesen GS, Pickup DJ (1992) Viral inhibition of inflammation: Cowpox virus encodes an inhibitor of the interleukin-1b converting enzyme. Cell 69: 597-604
94. Reed JC, Kitada S, Takayama S, Miyashita T (1994) Regulation of chemoresistance by the bcl-2 oncoprotein in non-Hodgkin's lymphoma and lymphocytic leukemia cell lines. Ann Oncol 5: 61-65
95. Rudel T, Bokoch GM (1997) Membrane and morphological changes in apoptotic cells regulated by caspase-mediated activation of PAK 2. Science 276:1571-1574
96. Sanchez-Garcia I, Grutz G (1995) Tumorigenic activity of the BCR-ABL oncogens is mediated by Bcl-2. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 92: 5287-5291
97. Sato T, Hanada M, Bodrug S, Irie S, Iwama N, Boise LH, Thompson CB, Golemis E, Fong L, Wang HG, Reed JC (1994) Interactions among members of the Bcl-2 protein family analyzed with a yeast two-hybrid system. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 91: 9238-9242
98. Savill J, Fadok V, Henson P, Hslett C (1993) Phagocyte recognition of cells undergoing apoptosis. Immunol Today 14: 131-136
99. Sedlak TW, Oltvai ZN, Yang E, Wang K, Boise LH, Thompson CB, Korsmeyer SJ (1995) Multiple Bcl-2 family members demonstrate selective dimerizations with Bax. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 92: 7834-7838
100. Seiter K, Feldman EJ, Halicka HD, Traganos F, Darzynkiewicz Z, Lake D, Ahmed T (1997) Phase I clinical and laboratory evaluation of topotecan and cytarabine in patients with acute leukemia. J Clin Oncol 15: 44-51
101. Shi L, Kam CM, Powers JC, Aebersold R, Greenberg AH (1992) Purification of three cytotoxic lymphocyte granule serine proteases that induce apoptosis through distinct substrate and target cell interactions. J Exp Med 176:1521-1529
102. Shi Y, Sahai BM, Green DR (1989) Cyclosporin A inhibits activation-induced cell death in T-cell hybridomas and thymocytes. Nature 339: 625-626
103. Shimizu S, Eguchi Y, Kosaka H, Kamiike W, Matsuda H, Tsujimoto Y (1995) Prevention of hypoxia-induced cell death by Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL. Nature 374: 811-813
104. Skórski T, Nieborowska-Skórska M, Warski P, Perrotti D, Hoser G, Kawiak J, Majewski M, Christensen L, Iozzo RV, Calabretta B (1997) Treatment of Philadelphia leukemia in severe combined immunodeficient mice by combination of cyclophosphamide and bcr/abl antisense oligodeoxynucleotides. J Natl Canc Inst 89: 124-133
105. Srinivasula SM, Ahmad M, Fernandes-Alnemri T, Litwack G, Alnemri ES (1996) Molecular ordering of the Fas-apoptotic pathway. The Fas/APO-1 protease Mch5 is a CrmA-inhibitable protease that activates multiple Ced-3/ICE-like cysteine proteases. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 93: 14486-14491
106. Strasser A, Harris AW, Huang DCS, Krammer PH, Cory S (1995) Bcl-2 and Fas/APO-1 regulate distinct pathways to lymphocyte apoptosis. EMBO J 14: 6136-6147
107. Susin SA, Zamzami N, Castedo M, Hirsch T, Marchetti P, Macho A, Daugas E, Geuskens M, Kroemer G (1996) Bcl-2 inhibits the mitochondrial release of an apoptogenic protease. J Exp Med 184: 1331-1342
108. Tan X, Martin SJ, Green DR, Wang JYJ (1997) Degradation of retinoblastoma protein in tumor necrosis factor- and CD95-induced cell death. J Biol Chem 272: 9613-9616
109. Tanaka M, Ito H, Adachi S, Akimoto H, Nishikawa T, Kasajima T, Marumo F, Hiroe M (1994) Hypoxia induces apoptosis with enhanced expression of Fas antigen mRNA in cultured neonatal rat cardiomyocytes. Circ Res 75: 426-433
110. Tanaka S, Saito K, Reed JC (1993) Structure-function analysis of Bcl-2 oncoprotein. Addition of a heterologous transmembrane domain to portions of the Bcl-2b protein restores function as a regulator of cell survival. J Biol Chem 268: 10920-10926
111. Tartaglia LA, Ayres TM, Wong GHW, Goeddel DV (1993) A novel domain within the 55 kd TNF receptor signals cell death. Cell 74: 845-853
112. Teiger E, Dam T-V, Richard L, Wisniewsky C, Tea BS, Gaboury L, Tremblay J, Schwartz K, Hamet P (1996) Apoptosis in pressure overload-induced heart hypertrophy in the rat. J Clin Invest 97: 2891-2897
113. Thornberry NA, Bull HG, Calaycay JR, Chapman KT, Howard AD, Kostura MJ, Miller DK, Molineaux SM, Weidner JR, Aunins J, Elliston KO, Ayala JM, Casano FJ, Chin J, Ding GJF, Egger LA, Gaffney EP, Limjuco G, Palyha OC, Raju SM, Rolando AM, Salley JP, Yamin TT, Lee TD, Shively JE, MacCross M, Mumford RA, Schmidt JA, Tocci MJ (1992) A novel heterodimeric cysteine protease is required for interleukin-1b processing in monocytes. Nature 356: 768-774
114. Tishler RB, Calderwood SK, Colemen CN, Price BDC (1993) Increases in sequence specific DNA binding by p53 following treatment with chemotherapeutic and DNA damaging agents. Cancer Res 53: 2212-2216
115. Waldman T, Lengauer C, Kinzler KW, Vogelstein B. (1996) Uncoupling of S phase and mitosis induced by anticancer agents in cells lacking p21. Nature 381: 713-716
116. Wang X, Zelenski NG, Yang J, Sakai J, Brown MS, Goldstein JL (1996) Cleavage of sterol regulatory element binding proteins (SREBPs) by CPP32 during apoptosis. EMBO J 15: 1012-1020
117. Watanabe-Fukunanga R, Brannan CI, Itoh N, Yonehara S, Copeland NG, Jenkins NA, Nagata S (1992) The cDNA structure, expression, and chromosomal assignment of the mouse Fas antigen. J Immunol 148: 1274-1279
118. Webb A, Cunningham D, Cotter F, Clarke PA, diStefano F, Ross P, Corbo M, Dziewanowska Z (1997) BCL-2 antisense therapy in patients with non-Hodgkin lymphoma. Lancet 349: 1137-1141
119. White W (1993) Regulation of apoptosis by the transforming genes of the DNA tumor virus adenovirus. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 204: 30-39
120. Wójcik C, Stokłosa T, Giermasz A, Goła̧b J, Zagrożdzon R, Kawiak J, Wilk S, Komar A, Ka̧ca A, Malejczyk J, Jakóbisiak M (1997) Apoptosis induced in L1210 cells by an inhibitor of the chymotrypsin-like activity of the proteasome. Apoptosis 2: 455-462
121. Wyllie AH (1980) Glucocorticoid-induced thymocyte apoptosis is associated with endogenous endonuclease activation. Nature 284: 555-556
122. Vignaux F, Vivier E, Malissen B, Depraetere V, Nagata S, Golstein P (1995) TCR/CD3 coupling to Fas-based cytotoxicity. J Exp Med 181: 781-786
123. Zamai L, Falcieri E, Marhefka G, Vitale M (1996) Supravital exposure to propidium iodide identifies apoptotic cells in the absence of nucleosomal DNA fragmentation. Cytometry 23:303-311
124. Zamzami N, Marchetti P, Castedo M, Zanin C, Vayssiere JL, Petit PX, Kroemer G (1995) Reduction in mitochondrial potential constitutes an early irreversible step of programmed lymphocyte death in vivo. J Exp Med 181:1661-1672
125. xL. Cell 87:619-628
126. Yang Y, Mercep M, Ware CF, Ashwell JD (1995) Fas and activation-induced Fas ligand mediate apoptosis of the T cell hybridomas: Inhibition of Fas ligand expression by retinoic acid and glucocorticoids. J Exp Med 181: 1673-1682