Receptors of the low density lipoprotein (LDL) receptor family in man. Multiple functions of the large family members via interaction with complex ligands

Biological Chemistry

Volumn 379, Issue 8-9, 1998, Pages 951-964

  Gliemann, Jørgen ^a  

^a AARHUS UNIVERSITY   (Denmark)

Author keywords

Alpha 2 macroglobulin; Lipoproteins; Low density lipoprotein receptor related protein; Megalin; Urokinase receptor; Vitamin B12

Indexed keywords

CLUSTERIN; CYANOCOBALAMIN; LIPOPROTEIN; LOW DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN RECEPTOR; TRANSCOBALAMIN; UROKINASE RECEPTOR;

ALZHEIMER DISEASE; CELL SURFACE; ENDOCYTOSIS; EPENDYMA CELL; HOMEOSTASIS; HUMAN; INTESTINE; KIDNEY PROXIMAL TUBULE; LIGAND BINDING; LIVER CELL; MACROPHAGE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROTEIN TRANSPORT; REVIEW; SMOOTH MUSCLE FIBER;

HUMANS; LIGANDS; PROTEIN BINDING; RECEPTORS, LDL;

EID: 0031693494     PISSN: 14316730     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Review

References (128)

1. Andersen, G.R., Koch, T.J., Dolmer, K., Sottrup-Jensen, L., and Nyborg, J. (1995). Low resolution X-ray structure of human methylamine-treated alpha 2-macroglobulin. J. Biol. Chem. 270, 25133-25141.
2. Argraves, K.M., Battey, F.D., MacCalman, C.D., McCrae, K.R., Gafvels, M., Kozarsky, K.F., Chappell, D.A., Strauss, J.F., and Strickland, D.K. (1995). The very low density lipoprotein receptor mediates the cellular catabolism of lipoprotein lipase and urokinase-plasminogen activator inhibitor type I complexes. J. Biol. Chem. 270, 26550-26557.
3. Ashcom, J.D., Tiller, S.E., Dickerson, K., Cravens, J.L., Argraves, W.S., and Strickland, D.K. (1990). The human alpha 2-macroglobulin receptor: identification of a 420 kDa surface glycoprotein specific for binding of the activated conformation of alpha2-macroglobulin. J. Cell Biol. 110, 1041-1048.
4. Avramoglu, R.K., Nimpf, J., Mcleod, R.S., Ko, K.W.S., Wang, Y., FitzGerald, D., and Yao, Z. (1998). Functional expression of the chicken low density lipoprotein receptor-related protein in a mutant Chinese hamster ovary cell line restores toxicity of pseudomonas exotoxin A and degradation of alpha 2macroglobulin. J. Biol. Chem. 273, 6057-6065.
5. Beisiegel, U., Weber, W., and Bengtsson-Olivecrona, G. (1991). Lipoprotein lipase enhances the binding of chylomicrons to low density lipoprotein receptor-related protein. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 88, 8342-8346.
6. Biessen, E.A., van-Teijlingen, M., Vietsch, H., Barrett-Bergshoeff, M.M., Bijsterbosch, M.K., Rijken, D.C., van Berkel, T.J., and Kuiper J. (1997). Antagonists of the mannose receptor and the LDL receptor-related protien dramatioally delay the clearance of tissue plasminigen activator. Circulation 95, 46-52.
7. Birn, H., Verroust, P.J., Nexø, E., Hager, H., Jacobsen, C., Christensen, E.I., and Moestrup, S.K. (1997). Characterization of an epithelial ∼ 460-kDa protien that facilitates endocytosis of intrinsic factor-vitamin B12 and binds receptor-associated protein. J. Biol. Chem. 272, 26497-26504.
8. Brown, M.S., and Goldstein, J.L. (1986). A receptor-mediated pathway for cholesterol metabolism. Science 232, 34-47.
9. Bu, G., and Rennke, S. (1996). Receptor-associated protein is a folding chaperone for low density lipoprotein receptor-related protein. J. Biol. Chem.271, 2218-2224.
10. Bu, G., Williams, S., Strickland, D.K., and Schwartz, A.L. (1992). Low density lipoprotein receptor-related protein/alpha 2-macroglobulin receptor is an hepatic receptor for tissue-type plasminogen activator. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 89, 7427-7431.
11. Bu, G., Geuze, H.J., Strous, G.J., and Schwartz, A.L. (1995). The 39 kDa receptor-associated protein is an ER resident protein. and molecular chaperone for LDL receptor-related protein. EMBO J. 14, 2269-2280.
12. Cavallaro, U., Nykjær, A., Nielsen, M., and Soria, M.R. (1995). :Alpha 2-macroglobulin receptor mediates binding and cytotokicity of plant ribosome-inactivating proteins. Eur. J. Biochem. 232, 165-171.
13. Chapman, H.A. (1997). Plasminogen activators, integrins, and the coordinated regulation of cell adhesion and migration. Curr. Opin. Cell Biol. 9, 714-724.
14. Christensen, E.I., Birn, H., Verroust, P., and Moestrup, S.K. (1908). Membrane receptors for endocytosis in the renal proximal tubule. Int. Rev. Cytol. 180, 237-284.
15. Christensen, E.I., Gliemann, J., and Moestrup, S.K. (1992). Renal tubule gp330 is a calcium binding receptor for endocytic uptake of protein. J. Histochem. Cytochem 40, 1481-1490.
16. Citron, M., Westaway, D., Xia, W., Carlson, G., Diehl, T., and Levesque, G., et al. (1997). Mutant presenilins of Alzheimer's disease increase production of 42-residue amyloid β-protein in both transfected cells and transgenic mice. Nature Med. 3, 67-72.
17. 2-macroglobulin receptor/LDL receptor-related protein (LRP)-dependent internalization of the urokinase receptor. J. Cell Biol. 131, 1609-1622.
18. 2-macroglobulin-cytokine interactions based on affinity of noncovalent association in solution under apparent equilibrium conditions. J. Biol. Chem. 269, 1533-1540.
19. Cui, S., Verroust, P.J., Moestrup, S.K., and Christensen, E.I. (1996). Megalin mediates uptake of albumin in renal proximal tubules. Am. J. Physiol. 271, F900-F907.
20. Davis, C.G., Goldstein, J.L., Sudhof, T.C., Anderson, R.G., Russell, D.W., and Brown, M.S. (1987). Acid-dependent ligand dissociation and recycling of LDL receptor mediated by growth factor homology region. Nature 326, 760-765.
21. Dicheck, H.L. Brecht, W., Fan, J., Ji Z.S., McCormic S.P., Akeefe, S.P., Conzo, L., Sanan, D.A., Weisgraber, K.H., Young, S.G., Tayler, J.M., and Mahley, R.W. (1998). Overexpression of hepatic lipase in transgenic mice decreases apolipoprotein B-containing and high density lipoproteins. Evidence that hepatic lipase acts as a ligand for lipoprotein uptake. J. Biol. Chem. 273, 1896-1903.
22. Ellgaard, L., Holtet, T.L., Nielsen, P.R., Etzerodt, M., Gliemann, J., and-Thøgersen, H.C. (1997). Dissection of the domain archi- tecture of the alpha 2-macroglobulin receptor associated protein. Eur. J. Biochem. 244, 544-551.
23. Fagan, A.M., Bu, G., Sun, Y., Daugherty, A., and Holtzman, D.M. (1996), Apolipoprotein E-containing high density lipoprotein promotes neurite outgrowth and is a ligand for the low density lipoprotein receptor-related protein. J. Biol. Chem. 271, 30121-30125.
24. Fass, D., Blacklow, S., Kim, P.S., and Berger, J.M. (1997). Molecular basis of familial hypercholesterolemia from structure of LDL receptor module. Nature 388, 691-693.
25. Franke, I., Buck, F., and Hampe, W. (1997). Purification of headacfivstor receptor from hydra. Eur. J. Biochem. 244, 940-945.
26. Frykman, P,K., Brown, M.S., Yamamoto, T., Goldstein, J.L, and Herz, J. (1995). Normal plasma lipoproteins and fertility in gene-targeted mice homozygous for a disruption in the gene encoding very low density lipoprotein receptor. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci, USA. 92, 8453-8457.
27. Fuki, I.V., Kuhn, K.M., Lomazov, I.R., Rothman, V.L., Tuszynski, G.P., lozzo, R.V., Swenson, T.L., Fisher, E.A., and Williams, K.J. (1997). The syndecan family of proteoglycans. Novel receptors mediating internalization of atherogenic lipoproteins in vitro. J. Clin. Invest. 100, 1611-1622.
28. Fyfe J.C., Ramanujam, K.S., Ramaswamy, K., Patterson, D.F., and Seetharam, B. (1991). Defective brush-border expression of intrinsic factor-cobalamin receptor in canine inherited intestinal cobalamin malabsorption. J. Biol. Chem. 266, 4489-4594.
29. Gliemann, J., Nykjær, A., Petersen, C.M.., Jørgensen, K.E., Nielsen, M., Andreasen, P.A., Christensen, E.I., Lookene, A., Qlivecrona, G., and Moestrup, S.K. (1994). Binding and endocytosis of fluid phase and membrane-associated ligands. Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 737, 20-38.
30. Godyna, S., Liau, G., Popa, I., Stefansson, S., and Argraves, W.S. (1995). identification of the low density lipoprotein receptorrelated protein (LRP) as an endocytic receptor for thrombospondin-1.J. Cell Biol. 129, 1403-1410.
31. Hammad, S.M., Ranganathan, S., Loukinova, E., Twal, W.O., and Argraves, W.S. (1997). Interaction of apolipoprotein J-amyloid beta-peptide complex with low density lipoprotein receptor-related protein-2/megalin. A mechanism to prevent pathological accumulation of amyloid beta-peptide. J. Biol. Chem. 272, 18644-18649.
32. Heegaard, C.V., Simonsen, A.C., Oka, K., Kjøller, L., Christensen, A., Madsen, B., Ellgaard, L., Chan, L., and Andreasen, P.A. (1995). Very low density lipoprotein receptor binds and mediates endocytosis of urokinase-type plasminogen activator-type-1 plasminogen activator inhibitor complex. J. Biol. Chem. 270, 20855-20861.
33. Hermans-Borgmeyer. I., Hampe, H., Schinke, B., Methner, A., Nykjær, A., Süsens, U., Fenger, U., Herbarth, B., and Schaller, H.C. (1998). Unique expression pattern of a novel mosaic receptor in developing cerebral cortex. Mech. Develop. 70, 65-76.
34. Herz, J., and Willnow, T.E. (1995). Lipoprotein and receptor interactions in vivo. Curr. Opin. Lipidol 6, 97-103.
35. Herz, J., Hamann, U., Rogne, S., Myklebost, O., Gausepohl, H., and Stanley, K.K. (1988). Surface location and high affinity for calcium of a 500-kd: liver membrane protein closely related to the LDL-receptor suggest a physiological role as lipoprotein receptor. EMBO J. 7, 4119-4127.
36. Herz, J., Cloutheir, D.E., and Hammer, R.E. (1992). LDL receptorrelated protein internalizes and degrades uPA-PAI-1 complexes and is essential for embryo implantation. Cell 71, 411-421. (Erratum appeared in Cell 73, 428, 1993).
37. Hiesberger, T., Hermann, M., Jacobsen, L., Novak, K., Hodlts, R.A., Bujo, H., Meilinger, M., Huttinger, M., Schneider, W.J., and Nimpf, J. (1995). The chicken oocyte receptor for yolk precur sors as a model for studying the action of receptor-associated protein and lactoferrin. J. Biol. Chem. 270, 18219-18226.
38. Hofer, F., Gruenberger, M., Kowalski, H., Machat, H., Huettinger, M., Kuechler, E., and Blass, D. (1994). Members of the low density lipoprotein receptor family mediate entry of a minor-group common cold virus. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 91, 1839-1842.
39. Hodits, R.A., Nimpf, J., Pfistermueller, D.M., Hiesberger, T., Schneider, W.J., Vaughan, T.J., Johnson, K.S., Haumer, M., Kuechler, E., and Winter, G. (1995). An antibody from a phage display library competes for ligand binding to the low density lipoprotein receptor-related protein and inhibits rhinovirus infection. J. Biol. Chem. 270, 24078-24085.
40. Horn, I.R., van den Berg, B.M., van der Meijden, P.Z., Pannekoek, H., and van Zonneveld, A.J. (1997). Molecular analysis of ligand binding to the second cluster of complement-type repeats of the low density lipoprotein receptor-related protein. J. Biol. Chem. 272, 13608-13613.
41. 2-macroglobulin receptor. Brain Res. 737, 269-274.
42. 2-macroglobulin receptor-associated protein. J. Biol. Chem. 277, 31379-31383.
43. Jensen, P.M., Moestrup, S.K., and Gliemann, J. (1989). Purification of the human placental alpha 2-macroglobulin receptor. FEBS Lett. 255, 275-280.
44. Jokhadze, G.G., Oleinikov, A.V., Kanalas, J.J., and Makker, S.P. (1995). Different molecular forms of rat kidney gp330, the dominant autoantigen of active Heymann nephritis. Biochem. J. 305, 711-713.
45. Jung, F.F., Bachinsky, D.R., Tang, S.S., Zheng, G., Diamant, D., Haveran, L., McCluskey, R.T., and Ingelfinger, J.R. (1998). Immortalized rat proximal tubule cells produce membrane bound and soluble megalin. Kidney Int. 53, 358-366.
46. Kanalas, J.J., and Makker, S.R (1991). Identification of the rat Heymann nephritis autoantigen (gp330) as a receptor site for plasminogen. J. Biol. Chem. 266, 10825-10829.
47. Kang, D.E., Saitoh, T., Chen, X., Xia, Y., Masliah, E., Hansen, L.A., Thomas, R.G., Thal, L.J., and Katzman, R. (1997). Genetic association of the low density lipoprotein receptor-related protein gene (LRP), an apolipoprotein E receptor, with late-onset Alzheimer's disease. Neurology, 49, 56-61.
48. Kasza, A., Petersen, H.H., Heegaard, C.W., Oka, K., Christensen, A., Dubin, A., Chan, L., and Andreasen, P.A. (1997). Specificity of serine proteinase/serpin complex binding to very-low-density lipoprotein receptor and alpha2-macroglobulin receptor/low-density-lipoprotein receptor-related protein. Eur. J. Biochem. 248, 270-281.
49. Kim, D.H., Iijima, H., Goto, K., Sakai, J., Ishii, H., Kim, H.J., Suzuki, H., Kondo, H., Saeki, S., and Yamamoto, T. (1996). Human apolipoprotein E receptor 2. A novel lipoprotein receptor of the low density lipoprotein receptor family predominantly expressed in brain. J. Biol. Ghem. 277, 8373-8380.
50. Knauer, M.F., Orlando, R.A., and Glabe C.G. (1996). Cell surface APP751 forms complexes with protease nexin 2 ligands and is internalized via the low density lipoprotein receptor-related protein. Brain Res. 740, 6-14.
51. Knauer, M.F., Kridel, S.J., Hawley, S.B., and Knauer, D.J. (1997). The efficient catabolism of thrombin-protease nexin 1 complexes is a synergistic mechanism that requires both the LDL receptor-related protein and cell surface heparins. J. Biol. Chem. 272, 29039-29045.
52. Kounnas, M.Z., Morris, R.E., Thompson, M.R., FitzGerald, D.J., Strickland, D.K., and Saelinger, C.B. (1992). The alpha 2-macroglobulin receptor/low density lipoprotein receptor-related protein binds and internalizes Pseudomonas exotoxin A. J. Biol. Chem. 267, 12420-12423.
53. Kounnas, M.Z., Loukinova, E.B., Stefansson, S., Harmony, J.A., Brewer, B.H., Stricktand, D.K., and Argraves, W.S. (1995a) Identification of glycoprotein 330 as an endocytic receptor for apolipoprotein J/clusterin. J. Biol. Chem. 270, 13070-13075. Erratum appeared in J. Biol. Chem. 270, 23234, 1995.
54. Kounnas, M.Z., Moir, R.D., Rebeck, G.W., Bush, A.I., Argraves, W.S., Tanzi, R.E., Hyman, B.T., and Strickland, D.K. (1995b). LDL receptor-related protein, a multifunctional apoE receptor, binds secreted beta-amyloid precursor protein and mediates its degradation. Cell 82, 331-340.
55. Kounnas, M.Z., Church, F.C., Argraves, W.S., and Stricktand, D.K. (1996). Cellular internalization and degradation of antithrombin III-thrombin, heparin cofactor II-thrombin and alpha 1-antitrypsin complexes is mediated by the low density lipoprotein receptor-related protein. J. Biol. Chem. 277, 6523-6529.
56. Kowal, R.C., Herz, J., Goldstein, J.L., Esser, V., and Brown, M.S. (1989). Low density lipoprotein receptor-related protein mediates uptake of cholesteryl esters derived derived from apoprotein E-enriched lipoproteins. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 86, 5810-5814.
57. Kozyraki, R., Kristiansen, M., Silahtaroglu, A., Hansen, C., Jacobsen, C., Tommerup, N., Verroust, P.J., and Moestrup, S.K. (1998). The human intrinsic factor-vitamin B12 receptor, cubilin: molecular characterization and chromosomal mapping of the gene to 10p within the autosomal recessive megaloblastic aemia (MGAI) region. Blood 91, 3593-3600.
58. Krieg, J., Glasner, W., Vicentini, A., Doucey, M.A., Loffler, A., Hess, D., and Hofsteenge, J. (1997). C-mannosylation of human RNase 2 is an intracellular process performed by a variety of cultured cells. J. Biol. Chem. 272, 26687-26692.
59. Krieger M., and Herz, J. (1994). Structures and functions of multiligand lipoprotein receptors: macrophage scavenger receptors and LDL receptor-related protein. Annu. Rev. Biochem. 63, 601-637.
60. Kristensen, T., Moestrup, S.K., Gliemann, J., Bendtsen, L., Sand, O., and Sottrup-Jensen, L. (1990). Evidence that the newly cloned low density lipoprotein receptor-related protein (LRP) is the alpha 2-macroglobulin receptor. FEBS Lett. 276, 151-155.
61. LaFerla, F.M., Troncoso, J.C., Strickland, D.K., Kawas, C.H., and Jay, G. (1997). Neuronal cell death in Alzheimer's disease correlates with apoE uptake and intracellular Abeta stabilization. J. Clin. Invest. 100, 310-320.
62. Mast, A.E., Higuchi, D.A., Huang, Z.F., Warshawsky, I., Schwartz, A.L., and Broze, G.J. (1997). Glypican-3 is a binding protein on the HepG2 cell surface for tissue factor pathway inhibitor. Biochem. J. 327, 577-583.
63. Medh, J.D., Bowen, S.L., Fry, G.L., Ruben, S., Andracki, M., Inoue, I., Lalouelm, J.M., Strickland, D.K., and Chappell, D.A. (1996). Lipoprotein lipase binds to low density lipoprotein receptors and induces receptor-mediated catabolism of very low density lipoproteins in vitro. J. Biol. Chem. 271, 17073-17080.
64. Mikhailenko, I., Krylov, D., Argraves, K.M., Roberts, D.D., Liau, G., and Strickland, D.K. (1997). Cellular internalization and degradation of thrombospondin-1 is mediated by the amino-terminal heparin binding domain. J. Biol. Chem. 272, 6784-6791.
65. Moestrup, S.K., and Gliemann, J. (1991). Analysis of ligand recognition by the purified alpha 2-macrogtobulin receptor (low density lipoprotein receptor-related protein). J. Biol. Chem. 266, 14011-14017.
66. Moestrup, S.K., and Gliemann, J. (1989). Purification of the rat hepatic alpha 2-macroglobulin receptor as an approximately 440 single chain protein. J. Biol. Chem. 264, 15574-15577.
67. Moestrup, S.K., Gliemann, J., and Pallesen, G. (1992). Distribution of the alpha 2-macroglobulin/low density lipoprotein receptor-related protein in human tissues. Cell Tissue Res. 269, 375-382.
68. 2-macroglobulin receptor containing a cluster of light complement type repeats. J. Biol. Chem. 268, 13691-13696.
69. Moestrup, S.K., Nielsen, S., Andreasen, P., Jørgensen, K.E., Nykjær, A., Røigaard, H., Gliemann, J., and Christensen, E.I. (1993b). Epithelial glycoprotein-330 mediates endocytosis of plasminogen activator-plasminogen activator inhibitor type-1 complexes. J. Biol. Chem. 268, 16564-16670.
70. Moestrup, S.K., Cui, S., Vorum, H., Bregengaard, C., Bjørn, S.E., Morris, K., Gliemann, J., and Christensen, E.I. (1995). Evidence that epithelial glycoprotein 330/megalin mediates uptake of polybasic drugs. J. Clin. Invest. 96, 1404-1413.
71. Moestrup, S.K., Birn, H., Fischer, P., Petersen, C.M., Verroust, P.J., Sim, R.B., Christensen, E.I., and Nexø, E. (1996). Megalin mediated endocytosis of transcobalamin-vitamin-B12 complexes suggests a role of the receptor in vitamin B12 homeostasis. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 93, 8612-8617.
72. Moestrup, S.K., Kozyraki, R., Kristiansen, M., Kaysen, J.H., Rasmussen, H.H., Brault, D., Pontillon, F., Goda, F.O., Christensen, E.I., Hammond, T.G., and Verroust, P.J. (1998a). The intrinsic factor-vitamin B12 receptor and target of teratogenic antibodies is a megalin binding peripheral membrane protein with homology to developmental proteins. J. Biol. Chem. 273, 5235-5242.
73. Moestrup S.K., Schousboe, I., Jacobsen, C., Leheste, J-R., Christensen, E.I., and Willnow, T.E. (1998b). beta2-glycoprotein-1 (apolipoprotein H) and beta2-glycoprotein 1-phospholipid complex harbor a recognition site for the endocytic receptor megalin. J. Clin. Invest., in press.
74. Morris, N.J., Ross, S.A., Lane, W., Moestrup, S.K., Petersen, C.M., Keller, S.R., and Lienhard, G.E. (1998). Sortilin is the major 110 kDa protein in GLUT4 vesicles from adipocytes. J. Biol. Chem. 273, 3582-3587.
75. Mörwald, S., Yamazaki, H., Bujo, H., Kusonoki, J., Kanki, T., Seimiya, K., Morisaki, N., Nimpf, J., Schneider, W.J., and Saito, Y. (1997). A novel mosaic protein containing LDL receptor elements is highly conserved in humans and chickens. Arte- rioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. 17, 996-1002.
76. Multhaupt, H.A., Gåfvels, M.E., Kariko, K., Jin, H., Arenas-Elliot, C., Goldman, B.I., Strauss, J.F., Angelin, B., Warhol, M.J., and McCrae, K.R. (1996). Expression of very low density lippprotein receptor in the vascular wall. Analysis of human tissues by in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry. Am. J. Pathol. 148, 1985-1997.
77. Narita, M., Bu, G., Holtzman, D.M., and Schwartz, A.L. (1997a). The low density lipoprotein receptor-related protein, a multifunctional apolipoprotein E receptor, modulates neurite development. J. Neurochem. 68, 587-595.
78. Narita, M., Holtzman, D.M., Schwartz, A.L., and Bu, G. (1997b). Alpha 2-macroglobulin complexes with and mediates the endocytosis of beta-amyloid peptide via surface low density lipoprotein receptor-related protein. J. Neurochem. 69, 1904-1911.
79. Narita, M., Rudolph, A.E., Miletich, J.P., and Schwartz, A.L. (1998). The low density lipoprotein receptor-related protein (LRP) mediates clearance of coagulation factor Xa in vivo. Blood 91, 555-560.
80. Neels, J.G., Horn, I.R., van den Berg, B.M.M., Pannekoek, H., and van Zonneveld, A.-J. (1998). Ligand-receptor interactions of the low density lipoprotein receptor-related protein (LRP), an endocytic multi-ligand receptor. Fibrinolysis and Proteolysis 12, in press.
81. 2-macroglobulin receptor/LDL receptor-related protein. J. Biol. Chem. 271, 12909-12912.
82. 2-macroglobulin receptor/LDL receptor-related protein. J. Biol. Chem. 270, 23713-23719.
83. Nielsen, M.S., Brejning, J., García, R., Zhang, H., Hayden, M.R., Vilaró, S., and Gliemann, J. (1997). Segments in the C-terminal folding domain of lipoprotein lipase important for binding to the low density lipoprotein receptor-related protein and to heparan sulphate proteoglycans. J. Biol. Chem. 272, 5821-5827.
84. 2-macroglobulin receptor-associated protein. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 94, 7521-7525.
85. Nykjær, A., Petersen, C.M., Møller, B., Jensen, P.H., Moestrup, S.K., Holtet, T.L., Etzerodt, M., Thøgersen, H.C., Munch, M., Andreasen, P.A., and Gliemann, J. (1992). Purified alpha 2-macroglobulin receptor/LDL receptor-related protein binds urokinase:plasminogen activator inhibitor type-1 complex. Evidence that the alpha 2-macroglobulin receptor mediates cellular degradation of urokinase-bound complexes. J. Biol. Chem. 267, 14543-14546.
86. Nykjær, A., Bengtsson-Olivecrona, G., Lookene, A., Moestrup, S.K., Petersen, C.M., Weber, W., Beisiegel, U., and Gliemann, J. (1993). The alpha 2-macroglobulin receptor/low density lipoprotein receptor-related protein binds lipoprotein lipase and beta-migrating very low density lipoprotein associated with the lipase. J. Biol. Chem. 268, 15048-15055.
87. 2-macroglobulin receptor/LDL receptor-related protein. J. Biol. Chem. 269, 25668-25676.
88. Nykjær, A., Nielsen, M., Lookene, A., Meyer, M., Røigaard, H., Etzerodt, M., Beisiegel, U., Olivecrona, G., and Gliemann, J. (1994b). A carboxyl-terminal fragment of lipo-protein lipase binds to the low density lipoprotein receptor-related protein and inhibits lipase-mediated uptake of lipoproteins in cells. J. Biol. Chem. 269, 31747-31755.
89. Nykjæf, A., Conese, M., Christensen, E.I., Olson, D., Cremona, O., Gliemann, J., and Blasi, F. (1997). Recycling of the urokinase receptor upon internalization of the uPA:serpin complexes. EMBO J. 16, 2610-2620.
90. Nykjær, A., Christensen, E.I., Vorum, H., Hager, H., Petersen, C.M., Røigaard, H., Min, H.Y., Vilhardt, F., Møller, L.B., Kornfeld, S., and Gliemann, J. (1998). Mannose 6-phosphate/insulin-like growth factor-II receptor targets the urokinase receptor to lysosomes via a novel binding interaction. J. Cell Biol. 141, 815-828.
91. Obermoeller, L.M., Warshawsky, I., Wardell, M.R., and Bu, G. (1997). Differential functions of triplicated repeats suggest two independent roles for the receptor-associated protein as a molecular chaperone. J. Biol. Chem. 272, 10761-10768.
92. Orlando, R.A., Exner, M., Czekay, R.P., Yamazaki, H., Saito, A., Ullrich, R., Kerjaschki, D., and Farquhar, M.G. (1997). Identifi- cation of the second cluster of ligand-binding repeats in megalin as a site for receptor-ligand interaction. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 94, 2368-2373.
93. Petersen, C.M., Ellgaard, L., Nykjær, A., Vilhardt, F., Vorum, H., Thøgersen, H.C., Nielsen, M.S., Jacobsen, J., Moestrup, S.K., and Gliemann, J. (1996). The receptor-associated protein (RAP) binds calmodulin and is phosphorylated by calmodulin-dependent kinase II. EMBO J. 15, 4165-4173.
94. Petersen, C.M., Nielsen, M.S., Nykjær, A., Jacobsen, L., Tommerup, N., Rasmussen, H.H., Røigaard, H., Gliemann, J., Madsen, P., and Moestrup, S.K. (1997). Molecular identification of a novel candidate sorting receptor purified from human brain by receptor-associated protein affinity chromatography. J. Biol. Chem. 272, 3599-3605.
95. Quinn, K.A., Grimsley, P.G., Dai, Y.P., Tapner, M., Chesterman, C.N., and Owensby, D.A. (1997). Soluble low density lipopro- tein receptor-related protein (LRP) circulates in human plasma. J. Biol. Chem. 272, 23946-23951.
96. Renier, G., Skamene, E., DeSanctis, J.B., and Radzioch, D. (1993). High macrophage lipoprotein lipase expression and secretion are associated in inbred murine strains with susceptibility to atherosclerosis. Arterioscler. Thromb. 13, 190-196.
97. Rodenburg, K.W., Kjøller, L., Petersen, H.H., and Andreasen, P.A. (1998). Binding of urokinase-type plasminogen activator-plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 complex to the endocytosis receptors alpha 2-macro-globulin receptor/LDL receptor-related protein and very-low-density lipoprotein receptor involves basic residues in the inhibitor. Biochem. J. 329, 55-63.
98. Rohlmann, A., Gotthardt, M., Hammer, R.E., and Herz, J. (1998). Inducible inactivation of hepatic LRP gene by cre-mediated recombination confirms the role of LRP in clearance of chylomicron remnants. J. Clin. Invest. 101, 689-695.
99. Russell, D.W., Brown, M.S., and Goldstein, J.L. (1989). Different combinations of cysteine-rich repeats mediate binding of low density lipoprotein receptor to two different proteins. J. Biol. Chem. 264, 21682-21688.
100. Saito, A., Pietromonaco, S., Loo, A.K., and Farquhar, M.G. (1994). Complete cloning and sequencing of rat gp330/"megalin", a distinctive member of the low density lipoprotein receptor gene family. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA91, 9725-9729.
101. Schneider, W.J., Nimpf, J., and Bujo, H. (1997). Novel members of the low density lipoprotein receptor superfamily and their potential roles in lipid metabolism. Curr. Opin. Lipidol. 8, 315-319.
102. Shakibaei, M., and Frevert, U. (1996). Dual interaction of the malaria circumsporozoite protein with the low density lipoprotein receptor-related protein and heparan sulfate proteoglycans. J. Exp. Med. 184, 1699-1711.
103. Sottrup-Jensen, L. (1989). Alpha-macroglobulins: structure, shape, and mechanism of proteinase complex formation. J. Biol. Chem. 264, 11539-11542.
104. Stefanson, S., Muhammad, S., Cheng, X.F., Battey, F.D., Strickland, D.K., and Lawrence, D.A. (1998). Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 contains a cryptic high affinity binding site for the low density lipoprotein receptor-related protein. J. Biol. Chem. 273, 6358-6366.
105. Stefansson, S., Chappell, D.A., Argraves, K.M., Strickland, D.K., and Argraves, W.S. (1995). Glycoprotein 330/low density lipoprotein receptor-related protein-2 mediates endocytosis of low density lipoproteins via interaction with apolipoprotein B100. J. Biol. Chem. 270, 19417-19421.
106. Stein, O., Ben Naim, M., Dabach, Y., Hollander, G., Halperin, G., and Stein, Y. (1993). Can lipoprotein lipase be the culprit in cholesteryl ester accretion in smooth muscle cells in atheroma? Atherosclerosis 99, 15-22.
107. Storm, D., Herj, J., Trinder, P., and Loos, M. (1997). C1 inhibitor-C1s complexes are internalized and degraded by the low den sity lipoprotein receptor-related protein. J. Biol. Chem. 272, 31043-31050.
108. Strickland, D.K., Ashcom, J.D., Williams, S., Burgess, W.H., Migliorini, M., and Argraves, W.S. (1990). Sequence identity between the alpha 2-macroglobulin receptor and low density lipoprotein receptor-related protein suggests that this molecule is a multifunctional receptor. J. Biol. Chem. 265, 17401-17404.
109. 2-macroglobulin receptor-associated protein. J. Biol. Chem. 266, 13364-13369.
110. Takahashi, S., Kawarabayashi, Y., Nakai, T., Sakai, J., and Yamamoto, T. (1992). Rabbit very low density lipoprotein receptor: a low density lipoprotein receptor-like protein with distinct ligand specificity. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 89, 9252-9256.
111. 2-macroglobulin receptor in Alzheimer and control post mortem human brain. Mol. Chem. Neuropathol. 18, 153-160.
112. Tauris, J., Ellgaard, L., Jacobsen, C., Nielsen, M.S., Madsen, P., Thøgersen, H.C., Gliemann, J., Petersen, C.M., and Moestrup, S.K. (1998). The carboxy-terminal domain of the receptor-associated protein binds to the Vps10p domain of sortilin. FEBS Lett., in press.
113. Warshawsky, I., Broze, G.J., and Schwartz, A.L. (1994). The low density lipoprotein receptor-related protein mediates the cellular degradation of tissue factor pathway inhibitor. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 91, 6664-6668.
114. Warshavsky, I., Bu, G., and Schwartz, A.L. (1995). Sites within the 39-kDa protein important for regulating ligand binding to the low density lipoprotein receptor-related protein. Biochemistry 34, 3404-3415.
115. Weaver, A.M., Hussaini, I.M., Mazar, A., Henkin, J., and Gonias, S.L. (1997). Embryonic fibroblasts that are genetically deficient in low density lipoprotein receptor-related protein demonstrate increased activity of the urokinase receptor system and accelerated migration on vitronectin. J. Biol. Chem. 272, 14372-14379.
116. Weaver, A.M., McCabe, M., Kim, I., Allletta, M.M., and Gonias, S.L. (1996). Epidermal growth factor and platelet derived growth factor-BB induce a stable increase in the activity of low density lipoprotein receptor-related protein in vascular smooth muscle by altering receptor distribution and recycling. J. Biol. Chem. 271, 24894-24900.
117. 2-macroglobulin. Biochem. J. 320, 551-555.
118. Willnow, T.E., Orth, K., and Herz, J. (1994). Molecular dissection of ligand binding sites on the low density lipoprotein receptor-related protein. J. Biol. Chem. 269, 15827-15832.
119. Willnow, T.E., Armstrong, S.A., Hammer, R.E., and Herz, J. (1995) Functional expression of low density lipoprotein receptor-related protein is controlled by recoptor-associated protein. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 92, 4537-4541.
120. Willnow, T.E., Hilpert J., Armstrong, S.A., Rohlmann, A., Hammer, R.E., Burns, D.K., and Herz, J. (1996a). Defective forebrain development in mice lacking gp330/megalin. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 93, 8460-8464.
121. Willnow, T.E., Moehring, J.M., Inocencio, N.M., Moehring, T.J., and Herz, J. (1996b). The low density lipoprotein receptor-related protein (LRP) is processed by furin in vivo and in vitro. Biochem. J. 313, 71-76.
122. Willnow, T.E., Rohlmann, A., Horton, J., Otani, H., Braun, J.R., Hammer, R.E., and Herz, J. (1996c). RAP, a specialized chaperone, prevents ligand-induced ER retention and degradation of LDL receptor-related endocytic receptors. EMBO J. 15, 2632-2639.
123. 2-macroglobulin receptor in human malignant astrocytomas. Cancer Res. 57, 2799-2805.
124. Yamazaki, H., Bujo, H., Kusonoki, J., Seimiya, K., Kanaki, T., Morisaki, N., Schneider, W.J., and Saito, Y. (1996). Elements of neural adhesion molecules and a yeast vacuolar protein sorting receptor are present in a novel mammalian low density lipoprotein receptor family member. J. Biol. Chem. 277, 24761 - 24768.
125. Ylä-Herttuala, S. (1996). Expression of lipoprotein receptors and related molecules in atherosclerotic lesions. Curr. Opin. Lipidol. 7, 292-297.
126. Zheng, G., Bachinsky, D.R., Stamenkovic, I., Strickland, D.K., Brown, D., Andres, G., and McCluskey, R.T. (1994). Organ distribution of the low density lipoprotein receptor gene family, gp330 and LRP/alpha 2MR, and the receptor-associated protein. J. Histochem. Cytochem. 42, 531 -542.
127. Zheng, G., Marino, M., Zhao, J., and McCluskey, R.T. (1998). Megalin (gp330): a putative endocytic receptor for thyrglobulin. Endocrinology 139, 1462-1465.
128. Zlokovic, B.V., Martel, C.L., Matsubara, E., McComb, J. G., Zheng, G., McCluskey, R.T., Frangione, B., and Ghiso, J. (1996). Glycoprotein 330/megalin: probable role in receptor-mediated transport of apolipoprotein J alone and in complex with Alzheimer disease amyloid beta at the blood-brain and blood-cerebrospinal fluid barriers. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 93, 4229-4234.