Control of cell growth and fate by patched genes

Cold Spring Harbor Symposia on Quantitative Biology

Volumn 62, Issue , 1997, Pages 205-215

  Johnson, R L ^a   Scott, M P ^a  

^a STANFORD UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CYCLIC AMP DEPENDENT PROTEIN KINASE; MEMBRANE PROTEIN; SONIC HEDGEHOG PROTEIN; INDICATOR; PROTEIN PATCHED;

AMINO ACID SEQUENCE; BASAL CELL CARCINOMA; BASAL CELL NEVUS SYNDROME; CANCER INHIBITION; CARCINOGENESIS; CELL GROWTH; CONFERENCE PAPER; DROSOPHILA; GENE MUTATION; GENETIC TRANSCRIPTION; GROWTH REGULATION; NIEMANN PICK DISEASE; NONHUMAN; PRIORITY JOURNAL; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION; ANIMAL CELL; ARTICLE; CELL FATE; HUMAN; MUTATION;

ERINACEIDAE;

EID: 0031448104     PISSN: 00917451     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: 10.1101/sqb.1997.062.01.026     Document Type: Conference Paper

References (97)

1. Alcedo J., Ayzenzon M., Von Ohlen T., Noll M., and Hooper J.E. 1996. The Drosophila smoothened gene encodes a seven-pass membrane protein, a putative receptor for the hedgehog signal. Cell 86: 221.
2. Alexandre C., Jacinto A., and Ingham P.W. 1996. Transcriptional activation of hedgehog target genes in Drosophila is mediated directly by the Cubitus interruptus protein, a member of the GLI family of zinc finger DNA-binding proteins. Genes Dev. 10: 2003.
3. Altschul S.F., Gish W., Miller W., Myers E.W., and Lipman D.J. 1990. Basic local alignment search tool. J. Mol. Biol. 215: 403.
4. Aza-Blanc P., Ramirez-Weber F.-A., Laget M.-P., Schwartz C., and Kornberg T.B. 1997. Proteolysis that is inhibited by Hedgehog targets Cubitus interruptus protein to the nucleus and converts it to a repressor. Cell 89: 1043.
5. Bale A.E. 1997. Variable expressivity of patched mutations in flies and humans. Am. J. Hum. Gener. 60: 10.
6. Basler K. and Struhl G. 1994. Compartment boundaries and the control of Drosophila limb pattern by hedgehog protein. Nature 368: 208.
7. Bejsovec A. and Wieschaus E. 1993. Segment polarity gene interactions modulate epidermal patterning in Drosophila embryos. Development 119: 501.
8. Bhat K.M. 1996. The patched signaling pathway mediates repression of gooseberry allowing neuroblast specification by wingless during Drosophila neurogenesis. Development 22: 2921.
9. Bhat K.M. and Schedl P. 1997. Requirement for engrailed and invected genes reveals novel regulatory interactions between engrailed/invected, patched, gooseberry and wingless during Drosophila neurogenesis. Development 124: 1675.
10. Bokor P. and DiNardo S. 1996. The roles of hedgehog, wingless and lines in patterning the dorsal epidermis in Drosophila. Development 122: 1083.
11. Bonifas J.M., Bare J.W., Kerschmann R.L., Master S.P., and Epstein Jr., E. 1994. Parental origin of chromosome 9q22.3-q31 lost in basal cell carcinomas from basal cell nevus syndrome patients. Hum. Mol. Genet. 3:447.
12. Burglin T.R. 1996. Warthog and groundhog, novel families related to hedgehog. Curr. Biol. 6: 1047.
13. Capdevila J., Estrada M.P., Sanchez-Herrero E., and Guerrero I. 1994. The Drosophila segment polarity gene patched interacts with ecapentaplegic in wing development. EMBO J. 13: 71.
14. Carstea E.D., Morris J.A., Coleman K.G., Loftus S.K., Zhang D., Cummings C., Gu J., Rosenfeld M.A., Pavan W.J., Krizman D.B., Nagle J., Polymeropoulos M.H., Sturley S.L., Ioannou Y.A., Higgins M.E., Comly M., Cooney A., Brown A., Kaneski C.R., Blanchette-Mackie E.J., Dwyer N.K., Neufeld E.B., Chang T.Y., Liscum L., Strauss J.F., Ohno K., Zeigler M., Carmi R., Sokol J., Markie D., O'Neill R.R., van Diggelen O.P., Elleder M., Patterson M.C., Brady R.O., Vanier M.T., Pentchev P.G., and Tagle D.A. 1997. Niemann-Pick Cl disease gene: Homology to mediators of cholesterol homeostasis. Science 277: 228.
15. Chang D.T., Lopez A., von Kessler D.P., Chiang C. Simandl B.K., Zhao R., Seldin M.F., Fallon J.F., and Beachy P.A. 1994. Products, genetic linkage and limb patterning activity of a murine hedgehog gene. Development 120: 3339.
16. Chen Y. and Struhl G. 1996. Dual roles for patched in sequestering and transducing Hedgehog. Cell 87: 553.
17. Chenevix-Trench G., Wicking C., Berkman J., Sharpe H., Hockey A., Haan E., Oley C., Ravine D., Turner A., Goldgar D., Searle J., and Wainwright B. 1993. Further localization of the gene for nevoid basal cell carcinoma syndrome (NBCCS) in 15 Australasian families: Linkage and loss of heterozygosity. Am. J. Hum. Genet. 53: 760.
18. Chidambaram A., Goldstein A.M., Gailani M.R., Gerrard B., Bale S.J., DiGiovanna J.J., Bale A.E., and Dean M. 1996. Mutalions in the human homologue of the Drosophila patched gene in Caucasian and African-American nevoid basal cell carcinoma syndrome patients. Cancer Res. 56: 4599.
19. Compton J.G., Goldstein A.M., Turner M., Bale A.E., Kearns K.S., McBride O.W., and Bale S.J. 1994. Fine mapping of the locus for nevoid basal cell carcinoma syndrome on chromosome 9q. J. Invest. Dermatol. 103: 178.
20. Concordet J.P., Lewis K.E., Moore J.W., Goodrich L.V., Johnson R.L., Scott M.P., and Ingham P.W. 1996. Spatial regulation of a zebrafish patched homologue reflects the roles of sonic hedgehog and protein kinase A in neural tube and somite patterning. Development 122: 2835.
21. Dominguez M., Brunner M., Hafen E., and Basler K. 1996. Sending and receiving the hedgehog signal: Control by the Drosophila Gli protein Cubitus interruptus (comments). Science 272: 1621.
22. Echelard Y., Epstein D.J., St.-Jacques B., Shen L., Mohler J., McMahon J.A., and McMahon A.P. 1993. Sonic hedgehog, a member of a family of putative signaling molecules, is implicated in the regulation of CNS polarity. Cell 75: 1417.
23. Epstein D.J., Marti E., Scott M.P., and McMahon A.P. 1996. Antagonizing cAMP-dependent protein kinase A in the dorsal CNS activates a conserved Sonic hedgehog signaling pathway. Development 122: 2885.
24. Ericson J., Morton S., Kawakami A., Roelink H., and Jessell T.M. 1996. Two critical periods of Sonic Hedgehog signaling required for the specification of motor neuron identity. Cell 87: 661.
25. Evans D.G., Farndon P.A., Burnell L.D., Gattamaneni H.R., and Birch J.M. 1991. The incidence of Gorlin syndrome in 173 consecutive cases of medulloblastoma. Br. J. Cancer 64: 959.
26. Felsenfeld A.L. and Kennison J.A. 1995. Positional signaling by hedgehog in Drosophila imaginai disc development. Development 121: 1.
27. Forbes A.J., Nakano Y., Taylor A.M., and Ingham P.W. 1993. Genetic analysis of hedgehog signalling in the Drosophila embryo. Development Suppl., p. 115.
28. Gailani M.R., Stahle-Backdahl M., Leffell D.J., Glynn M., Zaphiropoulos P.G., Pressman C., Unden A.B., Dean M., Brash D.E., Bale A.E., and Toftgard R. 1996. The role of the human homologue of Drosophila patched in sporadic basal cell carcinomas. Nat. Genet. 14: 78.
29. Gailani M.R., Bale S.J., Leffell D.J., DiGiovanna J.J., Peck G.L., Poliak S., Drum M.A., Pastakia B., McBride D.W., Kase R., Greene M., Mulvihill J.J., and Bale A.E. 1992. Developmental defects in Gorlin syndrome related to a putative tumor suppressor gene on chromosome 9. Cell 69: 111.
30. Goldstein A.M., Stewart C., Bale A.E., Bale S.J., and Dean M. 1994a. Localization of the gene for the nevoid basal cell carcinoma syndrome. Am. J. Hum. Genet. 54: 765.
31. Goldstein A.M., Pastakia B., DiGiovanna J.J., Poliak S., Santucci S., Kase R., Bale A.E., and Bale S.J. 1994b. Clinical findings in two African-American families with the nevoid basal cell carcinoma syndrome (NBCC). Am. J. Med. Genet. 50: 272.
32. Goodrich L.V., Johnson R.L., Milenkovic L., McMahon J.A., and Scott M.P. 1996. Conservation of the hedgehog/patched signaling pathway from flies to mice: Induction of a mouse patched gene by Hedgehog. Genes Dev. 10: 301.
33. Gorlin R.J. 1995. Nevoid basal cell carcinoma syndrome. Dermatol. Clin. 13: 113.
34. Hahn H., Christiansen J., Wicking C., Zaphiropoulos P.G., Chidambaram A., Gerrard B., Vorechovsky I., Bale A.E., Toftgard R., Dean M., and Wainwright B. 1996a. A mammalian patched homolog is expressed in target tissues of sonic hedgehog and maps to a region associated with developmental abnormalities. J. Biol. Chem. 271: 12125.
35. Hahn H., Wicking C., Zaphiropoulous P.G., Gailani M.R., Shanley S., Chidambaram A., Vorechovsky I., Holmberg E., Unden A.B., Gillies S., Negus K., Smyth I., Pressman C., Leffell D.J., Gerrard B., Goldstein A.M., Dean M., Toftgard R., Chenevix-Trench G., Wainwright B., and Bale A.E. 1996b. Mutations of the human homolog of Drosophila patched in the nevoid basal cell carcinoma syndrome. Cell 85: 841.
36. Hammerschmidt M., Bitgood M.J., and McMahon A.P. 1996. Protein kinase A is a common negative regulator of Hedgehog signaling in the vertebrate embryo. Genes Dev. 10: 647.
37. Hammerschmidt M., Brook A., and McMahon A.P. 1997. The world according to hedgehog. Trends Genet. 13: 14.
38. Hepker J., Wang Q.T., Motzny C.K., Holmgren R., and Orenic T.V. 1997. Drosophila cubitus interruptus forms a negative feedback loop with patched and regulates expression of Hedgehog target genes. Development 124: 549.
39. Hidalgo A. and Ingham P. 1990. Cell patterning in the Drosophila segment: Spatial regulation of the segment polarity gene patched. Development 110: 291.
40. Hooper J.E. and Scott M.P. 1989. The Drosophila patched gene encodes a putative membrane protein required for segmental patterning. Cell 59: 751.
41. Ingham P.W. 1993. Localized hedgehog activity controls spatial limits of wingless transcription in the Drosophila embryo. Nature 366: 560
42. Ingham P.W. and Fietz M.J. 1995. Quantitative effects of hedgehog and decapentaplegic activity on the patterning of the Drosophila wing. Curr. Biol. 5: 432.
43. Ingham P.W., Taylor A.M., and Nakano Y. 1991. Role of the Drosophila patched gene in positional signalling. Nature 353: 184.
44. Jiang J. and Struhl G. 1995. Protein kinase A and hedgehog signaling in Drosophila limb development. Cell 80: 563.
45. Johnson R.L., Grenier J.K., and Scott M.P. 1995. Patched overexpression alters wing disc size and pattern: Transcriptional and post-transcriptional effects on hedgehog targets. Development 121: 4161.
46. Johnson R.L., Rothman A.L., Xie J., Goodrich L.V., Bare J.W., Bonifas J.M., Quinn A.G., Myers R.M., Cox D.R., Epstein Jr. E., and Scott M.P. 1996. Human homolog of patched, a candidate gene for the basal cell nevus syndrome. Science 272: 1668.
47. Kimonis V.E., Goldstein A.M., Pastakia B., Yang M.L., Kase R., DiGiovanna J.J., Bale A.E., and Bale S.J. 1997. Clinical manifestations in 105 persons with nevoid basal cell carcinoma syndrome. Am. J. Med. Genet. 69: 299.
48. Kinzler K.W., Bigner S.H., Bigner D.D., Trent J.M., Law M.L., O'Brien S.J., Wong A.J., and Vogelstein B. 1987. Identification of an amplified, highly expressed gene in a human glioma. Science 236: 70.
49. Kojima T., Michiue T., Orihara M., and Saigo K. 1994. Induction of a mirror-image duplication of anterior wing structures by localized hedgehog expression in the anterior compartment of Drosophila melanogaster wing imaginal discs. Gene 148: 211.
50. Lacombe D., Chateil J.F., Fontan D., and Battin J. 1990. Medulloblastoma in the nevoid basal-cell carcinoma syndrome: Case reports and review of the literature. Genet. Couns. 1: 273.
51. Li W., Ohlmeyer J.T., Lane M.E., and Kalderon D. 1995. Function of protein kinase A in hedgehog signal transduction and Drosophila imaginal disc development. Cell 80: 553.
52. Liscum L. and Faust J.R. 1987. Low density lipoprotein (LDL)-mediated suppression of cholesterol synthesis and LDL uptake is defective in Niemann-Pick type C fibroblasts. J Biol. Chem. 262: 17002.
53. Loftus S.K., Morris J.A., Carstea E.D., Gu J.Z., Cummings C., Brown A., Ellison J., Ohno K., Rosenfeld M.A., Tagle D.A., Pentchev P.G., and Pavan W.J. 1997. Murine model of Niemann-Pick C disease: Mutation in a cholesterol homeostasis gene. Science 277: 232.
54. Marigo V. and Tabin C.J. 1996. Regulation of patched by Sonic hedgehog in the developing neural tube. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. 93: 9346.
55. Marigo V., Johnson R.L., Vortkamp A., and Tabin C.J. 1996a. Sonic hedgehog differentially regulates expression of GLI and GLI3 during limb development. Dev. Biol. 180: 273.
56. Marigo V., Davey R.A., Zuo Y., Cunningham J.M., and Tabin C.J. 1996b. Biochemical evidence that patched is the Hedgehog receptor. Nature 384: 176.
57. Marigo V., Scott M.P., Johnson R.L., Goodrich L.V., and Tabin C.J. 1996c. Conservation in hedgehog signaling: Induction of a chicken patched homolog by Sonic hedgehog in the developing limb. Development 122:1225.
58. Miller D.L. and Weinstock M.A. 1994. Nonmelanoma skin cancer in the United States: Incidence. J. Am. Acad. Dermatol. 30: 774
59. Miller S.J. 1991. Biology of basal cell carcinoma (part I). J. Am. Acad. Dermatol. 24: 1.
60. Motzny C.K. and Holmgren R. 1995. The Drosophila cubitus interruptus protein and its role in the wingless and hedgehog signal transduction pathways. Mech. Dev. 52: 137.
61. Nakano Y., Guerrero I., Hidalgo A., Taylor A., Whittle J.R., and Ingham P.W. 1989. A protein with several possible membrane-spanning domains encoded by the Drosophila segment polarity gene patched. Nature 341: 508.
62. Orenic T.V., Slusarski D.C., Kroll K.L., and Holmgren R.A. 1990. Cloning and characterization of the segment polarity gene cubitus interruptus Dominant of Drosophila. Genes Dev. 4: 1053.
63. Oro A.E., Higgins K.M., Hu Z., Bonifas J.M., Epstein Jr. E., and Scott M.P. 1997. Basal cell carcinomas in mice overexpressing Sonic hedgehog. Science 276: 817.
64. Padgett R.W., St. Johnston R.D., and Gelbart W.M. 1987. A transcript from a Drosophila pattern gene predicts a protein homologous to the transforming growth factor-beta family. Nature 325: 81
65. Pan D. and Rubin G.M. 1995. cAMP-dependent protein kinase and hedgehog act antagonistically in regulating decapentaplegic transcription in Drosophila imaginal discs. Cell 80: 543.
66. Pham A., Therond P., Alves G., Tournier F.B., Busson D., Lamour-Isnard C., Bouchon B.L., Preat T., and Tricoire H. 1995. The Suppressor of fused gene encodes a novel PEST protein involved in Drosophila segment polarity establishment. Genetics 140: 587
67. Pietsch T., Waha A., Koch A., Kraus J., Albrecht S., Tonn J., Sorensen N., Berthold F., Henk B., Schmandt N., Wolf H.K., von Deimling A., Wainwright B., Chenevix-Trench G., Wiestler O.D., and Wicking C. 1997. Medulloblastomas of the desmoplastic variant carry mutations of the human homologue of Drosophila patched. Cancer Res. 57: 2085.
68. Pentchev P.G., Comly M.E., Kruth H.S., Tokoro T., Butler J., Sokol J., Filling-Katz M., Quirk J.M., Marshall D.C., Patel S., et al. 1987. Group C Niemann Pick disease: Faulty regulation of low-density lipoprotein uptake and cholesterol storage in cultered fibroblasts. FASEB J. 1: 40.
69. Placzek M., Tessier-Lavigne M., Yamada T., Jessell T., and Dodd J. 1990. Mesodermal control of neural cell identity: Floor plate induction by the notochord. Science 250: 985.
70. Polakis P. 1995. Mutations in the APC gene and their implications for protein structure and function. Curr. Opin. Genet. Dev. 5: 66.
71. Porter J.A., Young K.E., and Beachy P.A. 1996a. Cholesterol modification of hedgehog signaling proteins in animal development. Science 274: 255.
72. Porter J.A., Ekker S.C., Park W.J., von Kessler D.P., Young K.E., Chen C.H., Ma Y., Woods A.S., Cotter R.J., Koonin E.V., and Beachy P.A. 1996b. Hedgehog patterning activity: Role of a lipophilic modification mediated by the carboxy-terminal autoprocessing domain. Cell 86: 21.
73. Preat T., Therond P., Limbourg-Bouchon B., Pham A., Tricoire H., Busson D., and Lamour-Isnard C. 1993. Segmental polarity in Drosophila melanogaster: Genetic dissection of fused in a Suppressor of fused background reveals interaction with costal-2. Genetics 135: 1047.
74. Preat T., Therond P., Lamour-Isnard C. Limbourg-Bouchon B., Tricoire H., Erk I., Mariol M.C., and Busson D. 1990. A putative serine/threonine protein kinase encoded by the segment-polarity fused gene of Drosophila. Nature 347: 87.
75. Raffel C., Jenkins R.B., Frederick L., Hebrink D., Alderete B., Fults D.W., and James C.D. 1997. Sporadic medulloblastomas contain PTCH mutations. Cancer Res. 57: 842.
76. Riddle R.D., Johnson R.L., Laufer E., and Tabin C. 1993. Sonic hedgehog mediates the polarizing activity of the ZPA. Cell 75: 1401.
77. Rijsewijk F., Schuermann M., Wagenaar E., Parren P., Weigel D., and Nusse R. 1987. The Drosophila homolog of the mouse mammary oncogene int-1 is identical to the segment polarity gene wingless. Cell 50: 649.
78. Robbins D.J., Nybakken K.E., Kobayashi R., Sisson J.C., Bishop J.M., and Therond P.P. 1997. Hedgehog elicits signal transduction by means of a large complex containing the kinesin-related protein Costal-2. Cell 90: 225.
79. Roelink H., Porter J.A., Chiang C., Tanabe Y., Chang D.T., Beachy P.A., and Jessell T.M. 1995. Floor plate and motor neuron induction by different concentrations of the amino-terminal cleavage product of sonic hedgehog autoproteolysis. Cell 81: 445.
80. Roelink H., Auasburger A., Heemskerk J., Korzh V., Norlin S., Ruiz i Altaba A., Tanabe Y., Placzek M., Edlund T., Jessell T.M., and Dodd J. 1994. Floor plate and motor neuron induction by vhh-1, a vertebrate homolog of hedgehog expressed by the notochord. Cell 76: 761.
81. Sasaki H., Hui C., Nakafuku M., and Kondoh H. 1997. A binding site for Gli proteins is essential for HNF-3β floor plate enhancer activity in transgenics and can respond to Shh in vitro. Development 124: 1313.
82. Schuske K., Hooper J.E., and Scott M.P. 1994. patched overexpression causes loss of wingless expression in Drosophila embryos. Dev. Biol. 164: 300.
83. Sisson J.C., Ho K.S., Suyama K., and Scott M.P. 1997. Costal-2, a novel kinesin-related protein in the Hedgehog signaling pathway. Cell 90: 235.
84. Slusarski D.C., Motzny C.K., and Holmgren R. 1995. Mutations that alter the timing and pattern of cubitus interruptus gene expression in Drosophila melanogaster. Genetics 139: 229.
85. Stone D.M., Hynes M., Armanini M., Swanson T.A., Gu Q., Johnson R.L., Scott M.P., Pennica D., Goddard A., Phillips H., Noll M., Hooper J.E., de Sauvage F., and Rosenthal A. 1996. The tumour-suppressor gene patched encodes a candidate receptor for Sonic hedgehog (comments). Nature 384: 129.
86. Tabata T. and Kornberg T. B. 1994. Hedgehog is a signaling protein with a key role in patterning Drosophila imaginai discs. Cell 76: 89
87. Takabatake T., Ogawa M., Takahashi T.C., Mizuno M., Okamoto M., and Takeshima K. 1997. Hedgehog and patched gene expression in adult ocular tissues. FEBS Lett. 410: 485.
88. Taylor A.M., Nakano Y., Mohler J., and Ingham P.W. 1993. Contrasting distributions of patched and hedgehog proteins in the Drosophila embryo. Mech. Der. 42: 89
89. Therond P.P., Knight J.D., Kornberg T.B., and Bishop J.M. 1996a. Phosphorylation of the fused protein kinase in response to signaling from hedgehog. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 93: 4224.
90. Therond P., Alves G., Limbourg-Bouchon B., Tricoire H., Guillemet E., Brissard-Zahraoui J., Lamour-Isnard C., and Busson D. 1996b. Functional domains of fused, a senne-threonine kinase required for signaling in Drosophila. Genetics 142: 1181.
91. Unden A.B., Holmberg E., Lundh-Rozell B., Stahle-Backdahl M., Zaphiropoulos P.G., Toftgard R., and Vorechovsky I. 1996. Mutations in the human homologue of Drosophila patched (PTCH) in basal cell carcinomas and the Gorlin syndrome: Different in vivo mechanisms of PTCH inactivation. Cancer Res. 56: 4562.
92. van den Heuvel M. and Ingham P.W. 1996. smoothened encodes a receptor-like serpentine protein required for hedgehog signalling. Nature 382: 547.
93. Von Ohlen T., Lessing D., Nusse R., and Hooper J.E. 1997. Hedgehog signaling regulates transcription through Cubitus interruptus, a sequence-specific DNA binding protein. Proc. Natl. Acad Sci. 94: 2404.
94. Wicking C., Berkman J., Wainwright B., and Chenevix-Trench G. 1994. Fine genetic mapping of the gene for nevoid basal cell carcinoma syndrome. Genomics 22: 505.
95. Wicking C., Shanley S., Smyth I., Gillies S., Negus K., Graham S., Suthers G., Haites N., Edwards M., Wainwnght B., and Chenevix-Trench G. 1997. Most germ-line mutations in the nevoid basal cell carcinoma syndrome lead to a premature termination of the PATCHED protein, and no genotype-phenotype correlations are evident. Am. J. Hum. Genet. 60: 21.
96. Wilson R., Ainscough R., Anderson K., Baynes C., Berks M., Bonfield J., Burton J., Connell M., Copsey T., Cooper J., Coulson A., Craxton M., Dear S., Du Z., Durbin R., Favello A Fraser A., Fulton L., Gardner A., Green P., Hawkins T., Hillier L., Jier M., Johnston L., Jones M., Kershaw J., Kirsten J., Laisster N., Latreille P., Lightning J., Lloyd C., Mortimore B., O'Callaghan M., Parsons J., Percy C., Rafken L., Roopra A., Saunders D., Shownkeen R., Sims M., Smaldon N., Smith A., Smith M., Sonnhammer E., Staden R., Sulston J., Thierry-Mieg J., Thomas K., Vaudin M., Vaughan K., Waterson R., Watson A., Weinstock L., Wilkinson-Sproat J., and Wohldman P. 1994. 2.2 Mb of contiguous nucleotide sequence from chromosome III of C. elegans. Nature 368: 32
97. Xie J., Johnson R.L., Zhang X., Bare J.W., Waldman F.M., Cogen P.H., Menon A.G., Warren R.S., Chen L., Scott M.P., and Epstein E.H. 1997. The PATCHED gene in several types of sporadic extracutaneous tumors. Cancer Res. 57: 2369.