CD8+ Cells in human immunodeficiency virus type I pathogenesis: Cytolytic and noncytolytic inhibition of viral replication

Advances in Immunology

Volumn 66, Issue , 1997, Pages 273-311

  Yang, Otto O ^a   Walker, Bruce D ^a  

^a MASSACHUSETTS GENERAL HOSPITAL   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CD28 ANTIGEN; CD8 ANTIGEN;

CYTOTOXIC T LYMPHOCYTE; HUMAN; HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS 1; HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS INFECTION; IMMUNOMODULATION; IMMUNOREACTIVITY; IMMUNOREGULATION; INFECTION RESISTANCE; NONHUMAN; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; VIRUS INHIBITION; VIRUS REPLICATION;

EID: 0030885892     PISSN: 00652776     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: None     Document Type: Article

References (206)

1. Barre-Sinoussi, F., Chermann, J.-C., Rey, F., Nugeyre, M. T., Chamaret, S., Gruest, J., Dauguet, C., Axler-Blin, C., Vezinet-Brun, F., Rouzioux, C., Rozenbaum, W., and Montaigner, L., (1983). Isolation of a T-lymphotrophic retrovirus from a patient at risk for acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). Science 220, 868-871.
2. Gallo, R. C., Sarin, P. S., Gelmann, E. P., Robert-Guroff, M., Richardson, E., Kalyanara-man, V. S., Mann, D., Sidhu, G. D., Stahl, R. E., Zolla-Pazner, S., Leibowitch, J., and Popovic, M. (1983). Isolation of a human T-cell leukemia virus in acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). Science 220, 865-867.
3. Clark, S. J., Saag, M. S., Decker, W. D., Campbell-Hill, S., Roberson, J. L., Veldkamp, P. J., Kappes, J. C., Hahn, B. H., and Shaw, G. M. (1991). High titers of cytopathic virus in patients with symptomatic primary HIV-1 infection. N. Engl. J. Med. 324, 954-960.
4. Daar, E. S., Moudgil, T., Meyer, R. D., and Ho, D. D. (1991). Transient high levels of viremia in patients with primary human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection. N. Engl. J. Med. 324, 961-964.
5. Gaines, H., Albert, J., von Sydow, M., Sonnerborg, M., Chiodi, F., Ehrnst, A., Stranne-gard, O., and Asjo, B. (1987). HIV antigenaemia and virus isolation from plasma during primary HIV infection. Lancet 1, 1317-1318.
6. von Sydow, M., Gaines, H., Sonnerborg, A., Forsgren, M, Pehrson, P. O., and Stranne-gard, O. (1988). Antigen detection in primary HIV infection. Br. J. Med. 296, 238-240.
7. Fauci, A. S., Pantaleo, G., Stanley, S., and Weissman, D. (1996). Immunopathogenic mechanisms of HIV infection. Ann. Intern. Med. 124, 654-663. [Review].
8. Haynes, B. F., Pantaleo, G., and Fauci, A. S. (1996). Toward an understanding of the correlates of protective immunity to HIV infection. Science 271, 324-328. [Review]
9. Walker, C. M, Moody, D. J., Stites, D. P., and Levy, J. A. (1986). CD8+ lymphocytes can control HIV infection in vitro by suppressing virus replication. Science 234, 1563-1566.
10. Plata, F., Autran, B., Martins, L. P., Wain, H. S., Raphael, M., Mayaud, C., Denis, M., Guillon, J. M., and Debre, P. (1987). AIDS vims-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes in lung disorders. Nature 328, 348-351.
11. Walker, B. D., Chakrabarti, S., Moss, B., Paradis, T. J., Flynn, T., Durno, A. G., Blumberg, R. S., Kaplan, J. C., Hirsch, M. S., and Schooley, R. T. (1987). HIV-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes in seropositive individuals. Nature 328, 345-348.
12. Walker, B. D., Flexner, C., Paradis, T. J., Fuller, T. C., Hirsch, M. S., Schooley, R. T., and Moss, B. (1988). HIV-1 reverse transcriptase is a target for cytotoxic T lymphocytes in infected individuals. Science 240, 64-66.
13. Plata, F., Dadaglio, G., Chenciner, N., Hoffenbach, A., Wain, H. S., Michel, F., and Langlade, D. P. (1989). Cytotoxic T lymphocytes in HIV-induced disease: Implications for therapy and vaccination. Immunodefic. Rev. 1, 227-246.
14. Levy, J., Mackewicz, C, and Barker, E. (1996). Controlling HIV pathogenesis: The role of the noncytotoxic anti-HIV response of CD8+ T cells. Immunol. Today 17, 217-224.
15. Walker, C. M. (1993). Non-cytolytic control of HIV replication by CD8+ T cells. Sem. Immunol. 5, 195-201.
16. Kannagi, M., Chalifoux, L. V., Lord, C. I., and Letvin, N. L. (1988). Suppression of simian immunodeficiency virus replication in vitro by CDS + lymphocytes. J. Immunol. 140, 2237-2242.
17. Barker, T. D., Weissman, D., Daucher, J. A., Roche, K. M., and Fauci, A. S. (1996). Identification of multiple and distinct CD8+ T cell suppressor activities. J. Immunol. 156, 4476-4483.
18. Walker, C. M., and Levy, J. A. (1989). A diffusible lymphokine produced by CD8+ T lymphocytes suppresses HIV replication. Immunology 66, 628-630.
19. Mackewicz, C, and Levy, J. A. (1992). CD8+ cell anti-HIV activity: Nonlytic suppression of virus replication. AIDS Res. Hum. Retroviruses 8, 1039-1050.
20. Mackewicz, C. E., Ortega, H. W., and Levy, J. A. (1991). CD8+ cell anti-HIV activity correlates with the clinical state of the infected individual. J. Clin. Invest. 87, 1462-1446.
21. Walker, C. M., Thomson, H. G. A., Hsueh, F. C., Erickson, A. L., Pan, L. Z., and Leve, J. A. (1991). CDS+ T cells from HIV-1-infected individuals inhibit acute infection by human and primate immunodeficiency viruses. Cell. Immunol. 137, 420-428.
22. Landay, A. L., Mackewicz, C, and Levy, J. A. (1993). CDS+ T cell phenotype correlates with anti-HIV activity and clinical status in HIV-infected individuals. Clin Immunol. Immunopathol. 69, 106-116.
23. Levy, J. A. (1995). In "Tenth International Conference on AIDS", (Y. Shiokawa and T. Kitamura, eds.). Vancouver, Canada.
24. Mackewicz, C. E., Yang, L. C., Lifson, J. D., and Levy, J. A. (1994). Non-cytolytic CDS T-cell anti-HIV responses in primary HIV-1 infection. Lancet 344, 1671-1673.
25. Levy, J. A. (1993). AIDS 7, 1401-1410.
26. Brinchmann, J. E., Gaudernack, G., and Vartdal, F. (1990). CD8+ T cells inhibit HIV replication in naturally infected CD4+ T cells. Evidence for a soluble inhibitor. J. Immunol. 144, 2961-2966.
27. Rosok, B., Voltersvik, P., Larsson, B.-M., Albert. J., Brinchmann, J. E., and Asjo, B. (1997). CD8+ T cells from HIV type 1-seronegative individuals suppress virus replication in acutely infected cells. AIDS Res. Hum. Retroviruses 13, 79.
28. Lehmann-Grube, F., Assmann, U., Loliger, C., Moskophidis, D., and Lohler, J. (1985). Mechanism of recovery from acute virus infection. I. Role of T lymphocytes in the clearance of lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus from spleens of mice. J. Immunol. 134, 608-615.
29. Lehmann-Grube, F., Moskophidis, D., and Lohler, J. (edss). (1988). "Recovery from Acute Virus Infection: Role of Cytotoxic T Lymphocytes in the Elimination of Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis Virus from Spleens of Mice." Annals of the New York Academy of Science, New York.
30. Oldstone, M. B. A. (1986). Cytoimmunotherapy for persistent virus infection reveals a unique clearance pattern from the central nervous system. Nature 321, 239-243.
31. Reusser, P., Riddell, S. R., Meyers, J. D., and Greenberg, P. D. (1991). Cytotoxic T-lymphocyte response to cytomegalovirus after human allogeneic bone marrow transplantation: Pattern of recovery and correlation with cytomegalovirus infection and disease. Blood 78, 1373-1380.
32. Riddell, S. R., Watanabe, K. S., Goodrich, J. M., Li, C. R., Agha, M. E., and Greenberg, P. D. (1992). Restoration of viral immunity in immunodeficient humans by the adoptive transfer of T cell clones [see Comments]. Science 257, 238-241.
33. Sethi, K. K., Omata, Y., and Schneweis, K. E. (1983). Protection of mice from fatal herpes simplex virus type 1 infection by adoptive transfer of cloned virus-specific and H-2-restricted cytotoxic T lymphocytes. J. Gen Virol.
34. Yap, K. L., Ada, G. L., and McKenzie, I. F. (1978). Transfer of specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes protects mice inoculated with influenza virus. Nature 273, 238-239.
35. Falk, K., Rotzschke, O., Deres, K., Metzger, J., Jung, G., and Rammensee, H. G. (1991). Identification of naturally processed viral nonapeptides allows their quantification in infected cells and suggests an allele-specific T cell epitope forecast. J. Exp. Med. 174, 425-434.
36. Jardetzky, T. S., Lane, W. S., Robinson, R. A., Madden, D. R., and Wiley, D. C. (1991). Identification of self peptides bound to purified HLA-B27. Nature 353, 326-329.
37. Rammensee, H. G., and Rotzschke, O. (1993). MHC molecules as peptide receptors. Curr. Opin. Immunol. 5, 35-42.
38. Rotzschke, O., Falk, K., Deres, K., Schild, H., Norda, M., Metzger, J., Jung, G., and Rammensee, H. G. (1990). Isolation and analysis of naturally processed viral peptides as recognized by cytotoxic T cells. Nature 348, 252-254.
39. Eisen, H. K., Sykulev, Y., and Tsomides, T. J. (1996). Antigen-specific T cell receptors and their reactions with complexes formed by peptides with major histocompatibility proteins. Adv. Pro. Biochem. 149, 1-52.
40. Garboczi, D. N., Ghosh, P., Utz, U., Fan, Q. R., Biddison, W. E., and Wiley, D. C. (1996). Structure of the complex between human T-cell receptor, viral peptide and HLA-A2. Nature 384, 134-141.
41. Garcia, K. C., Degano, M., Stanfleld, R. L., Brunmark, A., Jackson, M. R., Peterson, P. A., Teyton, L., and Wilson, I. A. (1996). An αβ T cell receptor structure at 2.5 A and its orientation in the TCR-MHC complex. Science 274, 209-219.
42. Brander, C, and Walker, B. D. (1995). The HLA-class I restricted CTL response in HIV-1 infection: Identification of optimal epitopes. In "Theoretical Biology and Biophysics, 1995" (B. T. M. Korber, D. Brander, and B. D. Walker, eds.). HIV Molecular Immunology Database, Los Alamos, NM.
43. Kalams, S. A., and Walker, B. D. (1994). The cytotoxic T-lymphocyte response in HIV-1 infection. Clin. Lab. Med. 14, 271-299.
44. McMichael, A. J., and Walker, B. D. (1994). Cytotoxic T lymphocyte epitopes: Implications for HIV vaccines. AIDS 8(Suppl. 1), S155-S173.
45. Johnson, R. P., Trocha, A., Yang, L., Mazzara, G. P., Panicali, D. L., Buchanan, T. M., and Walker, B. D. (1991). HIV-1 gag-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes recognize multiple highly conserved epitopes. Fine specificity of the gag-specific response defined by using unstimulated peripheral blood mononuclear cells and cloned effector cells. J. Immunol. 147, 1512-1521.
46. Kalams, S. A., Johnson, R. P., Trocha, A. K., Dynan, M. J., Ngo, H. S., D'Aquila, R. T., Kurnick, J. T., and Walker, B. D. (1994). Longitudinal analysis of T cell receptor (TCR) gene usage by human immunodeficiency virus 1 envelope-specific cytotoxic T lymphocyte clones reveals a limited TCR repertoire. J. Exp. Med. 179, 1261-1271.
47. Gotch, F. M., Nixon, D. F., Alp, N., McMichael, A. J., and Borysiewicz, L. K. (1990). High frequency of memory and effector gag specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes in HIV seropositive individuals. Int. Immunol. 2, 707-712.
48. Koup, R. A., Pikora, C. A., Luzuriaga, K., Brettler, D. B., Day, E. S., Mazzara, G. P., and Sullivan, J. L. (1991). Limiting dilution analysis of cytotoxic T lymphocytes to human immunodeficiency virus gag antigens in infected persons: In vitro quantitation of effector cell populations with pl7 and p24 specificities. J. Exp. Med. 174, 1593-1600.
49. Buseyne, F., McChesney, M., Porrot, F., Kovarik, S., Guy, B., and Riviere, Y. (1993). Gag-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes from HIV-1 infected individuals: Gag epitopes are clustered in three regions of the p24 gag protein. J. Virol. 67, 694-702.
50. Riviere, Y. (1989). The cellular immune response to the human immunodeficiency virus. Curr. Opin. Immunol. 2, 424-427.
51. Brander, C, and Walker, B. D. (1996). The HLA class I restricted CTL response in HIV-1 infection: Systematic identification of optimal epitopes. In "Theoretical Biology and Biophysics, 1996" (B. T. M. Korber, C. Brander, and B. D. Walker, eds.). HIV Molecular Immunology Database, Los Alamos, NM.
52. Johnson, R. P., and Walker, B. D. (1991). Identification of HIV-1 cytotoxic T-lymphocyte epitopes and implications for vaccine development. Biotechnol. Ther. 2(1-2), 137-146.
53. Johnson, R. P., Hammond, S. A., Trocha, A., Siliciano, R. F., and Walker, B. D. (1994). Epitope specificity of MHC restricted cytotoxic T lymphocytes induced by candidate HIV-1 vaccine. AIDS Res. Hum. Retroviruses 10, S73-S75.
54. Kalams, S. A., Johnson, R. P., Dynan, M. J., Hartman, K. E., Harrer, T., Harrer, E., Trocha, A. K., Blattner, W. A., Buchbinder, S. P., and Walker, B. D. (1996). T cell receptor usage and fine specificity of human immunodeficiency virus 1-specific cytotoxic T lymphocyte clones: Analysis of quasispecies recognition reveals a dominant response directed against a minor in vivo variant. J. Exp. Med. 183, 1-11.
55. Moss, P. A., Rowland-Jones, S. L., Frodsham, P. M., McAdam, S., Giangrande, P., McMichael, A. J., and Bell, J. I. (1995). Persistent high frequency of human immunodeficiency virus-specific cytotoxic T cells in peripheral blood of infected donors. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 92, 5773-5777.
56. Carmichael, A., Jin, X., Sissons, P., and Borysiewicz, L. (1993). Quantitative analysis of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-l)-specific cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) response at different stages of HIV-1 infection: Differential CTL responses to HIV-1 and Epstein-Barr virus in late disease. J. Exp. Med. 177, 249-256.
57. Klein, M. R., van Baalan, C. A., Holwerda, A. ML, Kerkhof Garde, S. R., Bende, R. J., Keet, I. P., Eeftinck-Schaffenkerk, J. K., Osterhaus, A. D., Schuitemaker, H., MiedemaF., and van Baalen, C. A. (1995). Kinetics of Gag-specific cytotoxic T lymphocyte responses during the clinical course of HIV-1 infection: A longitudinal analysis of rapid progressors and long-term asymptomatics. J. Exp. Med. 181, 1356-1372.
58. Harrer, E., Harrer, T., Buchbinder, S., Mann, D. L., Feinberg, M., Yilma, T., Johnson, R. P., and Walker, B. D. (1994). HIV-1-specific cytotoxic T lymphocyte response in healthy, long-term nonprogressing seropositive persons. AIDS Res. Hum. Retroviruses 10, S77-S78.
59. Harrer, T., Harrer, E., Kalams, S. A., Barbosa, P., Trocha, A., Johnson, R. P., Elbeik, T., Feinberg, M. B., Buchbinder, S. P., and Walker, B. D. (1996). Cytotoxic T lymphocytes in asymptomatic long-term nonprogressing HIV-1 infection. Breadth and specificity of the response and relation to in vivo viral quasispecies in a person with prolonged infection and low viral load. J. Immunol. 156, 2616-2623.
60. Harrer, T., Harrer, E., Kalams, S. A., Elbeik, T., Staprans, S. I., Feinberg, M. B., Cao, Y., Ho, D. D., Yilma, T., Caliendo, A. M., Johnson, R. P., Buchbinder, S. P., and Walker, B. D. (1996). Strong cytotoxic T cell and weak neutralizing antibody responses in a subset of persons with stable nonprogressing HIV type 1 infection. AIDS Res. Hum. Retroviruses 12, 585-592.
61. Rinaldo, C., Huang, X.-L., Fan, Z., Ding, M., Beltz, L., Panicali, D., Mazzara, G., Leibmann, J., Cottrill, M., and Gupta, P. (1995). High levels of anti-human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) memory cytotoxic T-lymphocyte activity and low viral load are associated with lack of disease in HIV-1-infected long-term nonprogressors. J. Virol. 69, 5838-5842.
62. Ferbas, J., Kaplan, A. H., Hausner, M. A., Hultin, L. E., Matud, J. L., Liu, Z., Panicali, D. L., Nerng-Ho, H., Detels, R., and Giorgi, J. V. (1995). Virus burden in long-term survivors of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection is a determinant of anti-HIV CD8+ lymphocyte activity. J. Infect. Dis. 172, 329-339.
63. Nowak, M., May, R. M., Phillips, R. E., Rowland-Jones, S., Lalloo, D. G., McAdam, S., Klenerman, P., Koeppe, B., Sigmund, K., Bangham, C. R. M., and McMichael, A. J. (1995). Antigenic oscillations and shifting immunodominance in HIV-1 infections. Nature 375, 606-611.
64. Sipsas, N. (1997). J. Cell. Immunol, in press.
65. Borrow P., Lewicki, H., Hahn, B. H., Shaw, G. M., Oldstone, M. B. A. (1994). Virus-specific CD8+ cytotoxic T-lymphocyte activity associated with control of viremia in primary human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection. J. Virology 68, 6103-6110.
66. Koup, R. A., Safrit, J. T., Cao, Y., Andrews, C. A., McLeod, G., Borkowsky, W., Farthing, C, and Ho, D. D. (1994). Temporal association of cellular immune responses with the initial control of viremia in primary human immunodeficiency virus type 1 syndrome. J. Virol. 68, 4650-4655.
67. Borrow, P., Lewieki, H., Wei, X., Horwitz, M. S., Peffer, N., Meyers, H., Nelson, J. A., Gairin, J. E., Hahn, B. H., Oldstone, M. B. A., and Shaw, G. M. (1997). Antiviral pressure exerted by HIV-1-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) during primary infection demonstrated by rapid selection of CTL escape virus. Nature Med. 3.
68. Pantaleo, G., Demarest, J. F., Schacker, T., Vaccarezza, M., Cohen, O. J., Daucher, M., Graziosi, C., Schnittman, S. S., Quinn, T. C., Shaw, G. M., Perrin, L., Tambussi, G., Lazzarin, A., Sekaly, R. P., Soudeyns, H., Corey, L., and Fauci, A. S. (1997). The qualitative nature of the primary immune response to HIV infection is a prognosticator of disease progression independent of the initial level of plasma viremia. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 94, 254-258.
69. Pantaleo, G., Demarest, J. F., Soudeyns, H., Graziosi, C., Denis, F., Adelsberger, J. W., Borrow, P., Saag, M. S., Shaw, G. M., Sekaly, R. P., etal. (1994). Major expansion of CD8+ T cells with a predominant V beta usage during the primary immune response to HIV [see Comments]. Nature 370, 463-467.
70. Pinto, L. A., Sullivan, J., Berzofsky, J. A., Clerici, M., Kessler, H. A., Landay, A. L., and Shearer, G. M. (1995). ENV-specific cytotoxic T lymphocyte responses in HIV seronegative health care workers occupationally exposed to HIV-contaminated body fluids. J. Clin. Invest. 96, 867-876.
71. Langlade-Demoyen, P., Ngo-Giang-Huong, N., Ferchal, F., and Oksenhendler, E. (1993). Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) nef-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes in noninfected heterosexual contacts of HIV-infected patients. J. Clin. Invest. 93, 1293-1297.
72. Rowland-Jones, S., Sutton, J., Ariyoski, K., Dong, T., Gotch, F., McAdam, S., Whitby, D., Sabally, S., Gallimore, A., Corrah, T., Takiguchi, M., Schultz, T., McMichael, A., and Whittle, H. (1995). HIV-speciflc cytotoxic T-cells in HIV-exposed but uninfected Gambian women. Nature Med. 1, 59-64.
73. Kannagi, M., Masuda, T., Hattori, T., Kanoh, T., Nasu, K., Yamamoto, N., and Harada, S. (1990). Interference with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) replication by CD8+ T cells in peripheral blood leukocytes of asymptomatic HIV carriers in vitro. J. Immunol. 64, 3399-3406.
74. Tsubota, H., Lord, C. I., Watkins, D. I., Morimoto, C., and Letvin, N. L. (1989). A cytotoxic T lymphocyte inhibits acquired immunodeficiency syndrome virus replication in peripheral blood lymphocytes. J. Exp. Med. 169, 1421-1434.
75. Yang, O. O., Kalams, S. A., Trocha, A., Cao, H., Luster, A., Johnson, R. P., and Walker, B. D. (1997). Suppression of HIV-1 replication by CD8+ cells: Evidence for HLA class I restricted triggering of cytolytic and non-cytolytic mechanisms. J. Virol, 71, 3120-3128.
76. Jassoy, C., Harrer, T., Rosenthal, T., Navia, B. A., Worth, J., Johnson, R. P., and Walker, B. D (1993). Human immunodeficiency virus type 1-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes release gamma interferon, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha), and TNF-beta when they encounter their target antigens. J. Virol. 67, 2844-2852.
77. Price, P., Johnson, R. P., Scadden, D. T., Jassoy, C., Rosenthal, T., Kalams, S., and Walker, B. D. (1995). Cytotoxic CD8+ T lymphocytes reactive with human immunodeficiency virus-1 produce granulocyte/macrophage colony-stimulating factor and variable amounts of interleukins 2, 3, and 4 following stimulation with the cognate epitope. Clin. Immunol, hnmunopathol. 74, 100-106.
78. Mackewicz, C. E., Ortega, H., and Levy, J. A. (1994). Effect of cytokines on HIV replication in CD4+ lymphocytes: Lack of identity with the CD8+ cell antiviral factor. Cell. Immunol. 153, 329-343.
79. D'Souza, M. P., and Harden, V. A. (1996). Chemokines and HIV-1 second receptors. Nature Med. 2, 1293-1300.
80. Baier, M, Werner, A., Bannert, N., Metzner, K., and Kurth, R. (1995). HIV suppression by interleukin-16. Nature 378, 563. [Letter; comment]
81. Cocchi, F., DeVico, A. L., Garzino-Demo, A., Arya, S. K., Gallo, R. C., and Lusso, P. (1996). Identification of RANTES, MIP-1 alpha, and MIP-1 beta as the major HIV-suppressive factors produced by CD8+ T cells. Science 270, 1811-1815.
82. Alkhatib, G., Combadiere, C., Broder, C. C., Feng, Y., Kennedy, P. E., Murphy, P. M., and Berger, E. A. (1996). CC CKR5: A RANTES, MIP-1 alpha, MIP-1 beta receptor as a fusion cofactor for maerophage-tropic HIV-1. Science 272, 1955-1958.
83. Choe, H., Farzan, M., Sun, Y., Sullivan, N., Rollins, B., Ponath, P. D., Wu, L., Mackay, C. R., LaRosa, G., Newman, W., Gerard, N., Gerard, C, and Sodroski, J. (1996). The beta-chemokines receptors CCR3 and CCR5 facilitate infection by primary HIV-1 isolates. Cell 85, 1135-1148.
84. Deng, H., Lui, R., Ellmeier, W., Choe, S., Unutmaz, D., Burkhart, M., Di Marzio, P., Mannon, S., Sutton, R. E., Hill, C. M., Davis, C. B., Peiper, S. C., Schall, T. J., Littman, D. R., and Landau, N. R. (1996). Identification of a major co-receptor for primary isolates of HIV-1. Nature 381, 661-666.
85. Doranz, B. J., Rucker, J., Yi, Y., Smyth, R. J., Samson, M., Peiper, S. C., Parmentier, M., Collman, R. G., and Doms, R. W. (1996). A dual-tropic primary HIV-1 isolate that uses fusin and the beta-chemokines receptors CKR-5, CKR-3, and CKR-2b as fusion cofactors. Cell 85, 1149-1158.
86. Dragic, T., Litwin, V., Allaway, G. P., Martin, S. R., Huang, Y., Nagashima, K. A., Cayanan, C., Maddon, P. J., Roup, R. A., Moore, J. P., and Paxton, W. A. (1996). HIV-1 entry into CD4+ cells is mediated by the chemokine receptor CC-CKR-5. Nature 381, 667-673.
87. Trkola, A., Dragic, T., Arthos, J., Binley, J. M., Olson, W. C., Allaway, G. P., Cheng-Mayer, C., Robinson, J., Maddon, P. J., and Moore, J. P. (1996). CD4-dependent, antibody-sensitive interactions between HIV-1 and its co-receptor CCR-5. Nature 384, 184-187.
88. Wu, L., Gerard, N. P., Wyatt, R., Choe. H., Parolin, C., Ruffing, N., Borsetti, A., Cardoso, A. A., Desjardin, E., Newman, W., Gerard, C, and Sodroski, J. (1996). CD4-induced interaction of primary HIV-1 gpl20 glycoproteins with the chemokines receptor CCR-5. Nature 384, 179-183.
89. Moore, J. P. (1996). Oral presentation. Tenth International AIDS Conference, Vancouver, Canada.
90. Mackewicz, C. E., Landay, A., Hollander, H., and Levy, J. A. (1994). Effect of zidovudine therapy on CD8+ T cell anti-HIV activity. Clin. Immunol. Imrnunopathol. 73, 80-87.
91. Moore, P. S., Kingsley, L. A., Holmberg, S. D., Spira, T., Gupta, P., Hoover, D. R., Parry, J. P., Conley, L. J., Jaffe, H. W., and Chang, Y. (1996). Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus infection prior to onset of Kaposi's sarcoma. AIDS 10, 175-180.
92. Rubbert, A., Weissman, D., Combadiere, C., Pettrone, K. A., Daucher, J. A., Murphy, P. M., and Fauci, A. S. (1997). Multifactorial nature of noncytolytic CD8+ T cell-mediated suppression of HIV replication: β-chemokine-dependent and -independent effects. AIDS Res. Hum. Retroviruses 13, 63.
93. Feng, Y., Broder, C. C., Kennedy, P. E., and Berger, E. A. (1996). HIV-1 entry cofactor: Functional cDNA cloning of a seven-transmembrane, G protein-coupled receptor [see Comments]. Science 272, 872-877.
94. Bleul, C. C., Farzan, M., Choe, H., Parolin, C., Clark-Lewis, I., Sodroski, J., and Springer, T. A. (1996). The lymphocyte chemoattractant SDF-1 is a ligand for LESTR/fusin and blocks HIV-1 entry. Nature 382, 829-832.
95. Oberlin, E., Amara, A., Bachelerie, F., Bessia, C., Verelizier, J., Arenzana-Seisdedos, F., Schwartz, O., Heard, J., Clark-Lewis, I., Legler, D. F., Loetscher, M., Baggiolini, M., and Moser, B. (1996). The CXC chemokine SDF-1 is the ligand for LESTR/fusin and prevents infection by T-cell-adapted line HIV-1. Nature 382, 833-835.
96. Lusso, P., Cocchi, F., Balotta, C., Markham, P. D., Louie, A., Farci, P., Pal, R., Gallo, R. C, and Reitz, M. S., Jr. (1995). Growth of macrophage-tropic and primary human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) isolates in a unique CD4+ T-cell clone (PM1): Failure to downregulate CD4 and to interfere with cell-line-tropic HIV-1. J. Virol. 69, 3712-3720.
97. Hsueh, F. W., Walker, C. M., Blackbourn, D. J., and Levy, J. A. (1994). Suppression of HIV replication by CD8+ cell clones derived from HIV-infected and uninfected individuals. Cell. Immunol. 159, 271-279.
98. Chen, C. H., Weinhold, K. J., Bartlett, J. A., Bolognesi, D. P., and Greenberg, M. L. (1993). CD8+ T lymphocyte-mediated inhibition of HIV-1 long terminal repeat transcription: A novel antiviral mechanism. A7DS Res. Hum. Retroviruses 9, 1079-1086.
99. Mackewicz, C. E., Blackbourn, D. J., and Levy, J. A. (1995). CD8+ T cells suppress human immunodeficiency virus replication by inhibiting viral transcription. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 92, 2308-2312.
100. Copeland, K. F. T., McKay, P. J., and Rosenthanl, K. L. (1995). Suppression of activation of HIVLTRbyCD8+ T cells. A7DS Res. Hum. Retroviruses 11, 1321-1326.
101. Powell, D. J., Bednarik, D. P., Folks, T. M., et al. (1993). Inhibition of cellular activation of retroviral replication by CD8+ T cells derived from non-human primates. Clin. Exp. Immunol. 91, 473-481.
102. Cruikshank, W. W., Center, D. M., Nisar, N., Wu, M., Natke, B., Theodore, A. C, and Kornfeld, H. (1994). Molecular and functional analysis of a lymphocyte chemoattractant factor: Association of biologic function with CD4 expression. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 91, 5109-5113.
103. Toso, J. F., Chen, C. H., Mohr, J. R., Piglia, L., Oei, C., Ferrari, G., Greenberg, M. L., and Weinhold, K. J. (1995). Oligoclonal CD8 lymphocytes from persons with asymptomatic human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) type 1 infection inhibit HIV-1 replication. J. Infect. Dis. 172, 964-973.
104. Yang, O. O., Kalams, S. A., Rosenzweig, M., Trocha, A., Koziel, M., Walker, B. D., and Johnson, R. P. (1996). Efficient lysis of HIV-1 infected cells by cytotoxic T lymphocytes. J. Virol. 70, 5799-5806.
105. Tsomides, T. J., Aldovini, A., Johnson, R. P., Walker, B. D., Young, R. A., and Eisen, H. N. (1994). Naturally processed viral peptides recognized by cytotoxic T lymphocytes on cells chronically infected by human immunodeficiency virus type 1. J. Exp. Med. 180, 1283-1293.
106. Anderson, J., Byrne, J. A., Schreiber, R., Patterson, S., and Oldstone, M. B. A. (1985). Biology of cloned cytotoxic T lymphocytes specific for lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus: Clearance of virus and in vitro properties. J. Virol. 53, 552-560.
107. Zinkernagel, R. M., and Althage, A. (1977). Antiviral protection by virus-immune cytotoxic T cells. Infected target cells are lysed before infectious virus progeny is assembled. J. Exp. Med. 145, 644-651.
108. Koenig, S., Fuerst, T. R., Wood, L. V., Woods, R. M., Suzich, J. A., Jones, G. M., de la Cruz, C. V. F., Davey, R. T. J., Venkatesan, S., Moss, B., et al. (1990). Mapping the fine specificity of a cytolytic T cell response to HIV-1 nef protein. J. Immunol. 145, 127-135.
109. Buseyne, F., Fevrier, M., Garcia, S., Gougeon, M. L., and Riviere, Y. (1996). Dual (unction of a human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-specific cytotoxic T-lymphocyte clone: Inhibition of HIV replication by noncytolytic mechanisms and lysis of HIV-infected CD4+ cells. Virology 225, 248-253.
110. van Kuyk, R., Torbett, B. E., Gulizia, R. J., Leath, S., Mosier, D. E., and Koenig, S. (1994). Cloned human CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes protect human peripheral blood leukocyte-severe combined immunodeficient mice from HIV-1 infection by an HLA-unrestricted mechanism. J. Immunol. 153, 4826-4833.
111. Zinkemagel, R. M. (1995). Are HIV-specific CTL responses salutary or pathogenic? Curr. Opin. Immunol. 7, 462-470. [Review].
112. Zinkemagel, R. M. (1995). Immunosuppression by a noncytolytic virus via T cell mediated immunopathology. Implication for AIDS. Adv. Exp. Med. Biol. 374, 165-171. [Review].
113. Barker, E., Mackewicz, C. E., and Levy, J. A. (1995). Effects of TH1 andTH2 cytokines on CD8+ cell response against human immunodeficiency virus: Implications for long-term survival. Proc. Nad. Acad. Sci. USA 92, 11135-11139.
114. Clerici, M., and Shearer, G. M. (1994). The Thl-Th2 hypothesis of HIV infection: New insights. Immunol. Today 15, 575-581. [Review].
115. Giorgi, J. V., and Detels, R. (1989). T-cell subset alterations in HIV-infected homosexual men: NIAID Multicenter AIDS cohort study. Clin. Immunol. Immunopathol. 52, 10-18.
116. Stites, D. P., Casavant, C. H., McHugh, T. M., Moss, A. R., Beal, S. L., Zeigler, J. L., Saunders, A. M., and Warner, N. L. (1986). Flow cytometric analysis of lymphocyte phenotypes in AIDS using monoclonal antibodies and simultaneous dual immunofluorescence. Clin. Immunol. Immunopathol. 38, 161-177.
117. Zeigler-Heitbrock, H. W. L., Stache, D., Schlunk, T., Gurtler, L., Schramm, W., Froschl, M., Bogner, J. R., and Rietmuller, G. (1988). Class II (DR) antigen expression on CD8+ lymphocyte subsets in acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). J. Clin. Immunol. 8, 473-478.
118. Fiorentino, S., Dalod, M., Olive, D., Cuillet, J.-G., and Gomard, E. (1996). Predominant involvement of CD8 + CD28-lymphocytes in human immunodeficiency virus-specific cytotoxic activity. J. Virol. 70, 2022-2026.
119. Guidotti, L. G., Ishikawa, T., Hobbs, M. V., Matzke, B., Schreiber, R., and Chisari, F. V. (1996). Intracellular inactivation of the hepatitis B virus by cytotoxic T lymphocytes. Immunity 4, 25-36.
120. Finke, D., Brinckmann, U. G., ter Meulen, V., and Liebert, U. G. (1995). Gamma interferon is a major mediator of antiviral defense in experimental measles virus-indiced encephalitis. J. Virol. 69, 5469-5474.
121. Walker, C. M, Erickson, A. L., Hsueh, F. C, and Levy, J. A. (1991). Inhibition of human immunodeficiency virus replication in acutely infected CD4+ cells by CD8+ cells involves a noncytotoxic mechanism. J. Virol. 65, 5921-5927.
122. Coffin, J. M. (1995). HIV population dynamics in vivo: Implications for genetic variation, pathogenesis, and therapy. Science 267, 483-489.
123. Ho, D. D., Neumann, A. U., Perelson, A. S., Chen, W., Leonard, J. M., and Markowitz, M. (1995). Rapid turnover of plasma virions and CD4 lymphocytes in HIV-1 infection [see Comments]. Nature 373, 123-126.
124. Perelson, A. S., Neumann, A. U., Markowitz, M., Leonard, J. M., and Ho, D. D. (1996). HIV-1 dynamics in vivo: Virion clearance rate, infected cell life-span, and viral generation time. Science 271, 1582-1586.
125. Wei, X., Ghosh, S. K., Taylor, M. E., Johnson, V. A., Emini, E. A., Deutsch, P., Lifson, J. D., Bonhoeffer, S., Nowak, M. A., Hahn, B. H., etal. (1995). Viral dynamics in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection [see Comments], Nature 373, 117-122.
126. Mellors, J. W., Rinaldo, C. R., Jr., Gupta, P., White, R. M., Todd, J. A., and Kingsley, L. A. (1996). Prognosis in HIV-1 infection predicted by the quantity of virus in plasma [see Comments], Science 272, 1167-1170.
127. Zinkernagel, R. M., and Hengartner, H. (1995). Viral immunopathology. Introduction. Springer Sem. Immunopathol. 17, 119-120. [Review].
128. Phillips, A. N. (1996). Reduction of HIV concentration during acute infection: Independence from a specific immune response. Science 271, 497-499.
129. Tersmette, M., Gruters, R. A., de Wolf, F., de Goede, R. E., Lange, J. M., Schellekens, P. T., Goudsmit, J. Huisman, H. G., and Miedema, F. (1989). Evidence for a role of virulent human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) variants in the pathogenesis of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome: Studies on sequential HIV isolates. J. Virol. 63, 2118-2125.
130. Tersmette, M., Lange, J. M, de Goede, R. E., de Wolf, F., Eeftink, S. J. K., Schellekens, P. T., Coutinho, R. A., Huisman, J. C., Goudsmit, J., and Miedema, F. (1989). Association between biological properties of human immunodeficiency virus variants and risk for AIDS and AIDS mortality. Lancet 1, 983-985.
131. Zhu, T., Mo, H., Wang, N., Nam, D. S., Cao, Y., Koup, R. A., and Ho, D. D. (1993). Genotypic and phenotypic characterization of HIV-1 patients with primary infection. Science 261, 1179-1181.
132. Liu, R., Paxton, W., Choe, s., Ceradini, D., Martin, S. R., Horuk, R., MacDonald, M. E., Stuhlmann, H., Koup, R. A., and Landau, N. R. (1996). Homozygous defect in HIV-1 coreceptor accounts for resistance in some multiply-exposed individuals to HIV-1 infection. Cell 86, 367-377.
133. Huang, Y., Paxton, W. A., Wolinsky, S. M., Neumann, A. U., Zhang, L., He, T., Kang, S., Ceradini, D., Jin, Z., Yazdanbakhsh, K., Kuntsman, K., Erikson, D., Dragen, E., Landau, N. R., Phair, J., Ho, D. D., and Koup, R. A. (1996). The role of a mutant CCR5 allele in HIV-I transmission and disease progression. Nature Med. 2, 1240-1243.
134. Miedema, F., Meyaard, L., Koot, M., Klein, M. R., Roos, M. T., Groenink, M., Fouchier, R. A., Van't Wout, A. B., Tersmette, M., Schellekens, P. T., et al. (1994). Changing vims-host interactions in the course of HIV-1 infection. Immunol. Rev. 140, 35-72.
135. Kast, W. M., Bronkhorst, A. M., de Waal, L. P., and Melief, C. J. (1986). Cooperation between cytotoxic and helper T lymphocytes is protective against lethal Sendai virus infection. J. Exp. Med. 164, 723-738.
136. Matloubian, M., Conception, R. J., and Ahmed, R. (1994). CD4+ T cells are required to sustain CD8+ cytotoxic T-cell responses during chronic viral infection. J. Virol. 68, 8056-8063.
137. Moskophidis, D., Lechner, F., Pircher, H., and Zinkernagel, R. M. (1993). Virus persistence in acutely infected immunocompetent mice by exhaustion of antiviral cytotoxic effector T cells [see Comments]. Nature 362, 758-761.
138. Effros, R. B., Allsopp, R., Chiu, C.-P., Hausner, M. A., Hirji, K., Wang, L., Harley, C. B., Villeponteau, B., West, M. D., and Giorgi, J. V. (1996). Shortened telomeres in the expanded CD28-CD8+ cell subset in HIV disease implicate replicative senescence in HIV pathogenesis. AIDS 10, F17-F22.
139. Griffith, T. S., Brunner, T., Fletcher, S. M., Green, D. R., and Ferguson, T. A. (1995). Fas ligand-induced apoptosis as a mechanism of immune privilege. Science 270, 1189-1192.
140. Heath, S. L., Tew, J. G., Szalcal, A. K., and Burton, G. F. (1995). Follicular dendritic cells and human immunodeficiency virus infectivity [see Comments]. Nature 377, 740-744.
141. Howcroft, T. K., Strebel, K., Martin, M. A., and Singer, D. S. (1993). Repression of MHC class I gene promoter activity by two-exon Tat of HIV. Science 260, 1320-1322.
142. Scheppler, J. A., Nicholson, J. K., Swan, D. C., Ahmed, A. A., and McDougal, J. S. (1989). Downmodulation of MHC-I in a CD4+ T cell line, CEM-E5, after HIV-1 infection. J. Immunol. 143, 2858-2866.
143. Schwartz, O., Marechal, V., Le Gall, S., Lemonnier, F., and Heard, J.-M. (1996). Endocytosis of major histocompatibility complex class I molecules is induced by the HIV-1 Nef protein. Nature Med. 2, 338-342.
144. Coffin, J. M. (1990). Genetic variation in retroviruses. In (E. Kurstak, R. G. Marusyk, F. A. Murphy, and M. H. V. Van Regeninortel, eds.), "Virus Variability Epidemiology and Control" pp. 11-33. Plenum, New York.
145. Dai, L. C., West, K., Littaua, R., Takahashi, K., and Ennis, F. A. (1992). Mutation of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 at amino acid 585 on gp41 results in loss of killing by CD8 + A24-restricted cytotoxic T lymphocytes. J. Virol. 66, 3151-3154.
146. Johnson, R. P., Trocha, A., Buchanan, T. M., and Walker, B. D. (1992). Identification of overlapping HLA class I-restricted cytotoxic T cell epitopes in a conserved region of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 envelope glycoprotein: Definition of minimum epitopes and analysis of the effects of sequence variation. J. Exp. Med. 175, 961-971.
147. Phillips, R. E., Rowland, J. S., Nixon, D. F., Gotch, F. M., Edwards, J. P., Ogunlesi, A. O., Elvin, J. G., Rothbard, J. A., Bangham, C. R., Rizza, C. R., and McMichael, A. J. (1991). Human immunodeficiency virus genetic variation that can escape cytotoxic T cell recognition. Nature 354, 453-459.
148. Takahashi, H., Merli, S., Putney, S. D., Houghten, R., Moss, B., Germain, R. N., and Berzofsky, J. A. (1989). A single amin acid interchange yields reciprocal CTL specificities for HIV-1 gpl60. Science 246, 118-121.
149. Couillin, I., Culmann-Penciolelli, B., Gomard, E., Choppin, J., Levy, J.-P., Guillet, J.-G., and Saragosti, S. (1994). Impaired cytotoxic T lymphocyte recognition due to genetic variations in the main immunogenic region of the human immunodeficiency virus 1 NEF protein. J. Exp. Med. 180, 1129-1134.
150. Klenerman, P., Rowland-Jones, S., McAdam, S., Edwards, J., Daenke, S., Lalloo, D., Koppe, B., Rosenberg, W., Boyd, D., Edwards, A., Giagrande, P., Phillips, R. E., and McMichael, A. J. (1994). Naturally occurring HIV-1 gag variants antagonise cytotoxic T cell activity. Nature 403-406.
151. Meier, U. C., Klenerman, P., Griffin, P., James, W., Koppe, B., Larder, B., McMichael, A., and Phillips, R. (1995). Cytotoxic T lymphocyte lysis inhibited by viable HIV mutants. Science 270, 1360-1362.
152. i52. Bergmann, C. C., Yao, Q., Ho, C.-K., and Buckwold, S. L. (1996). Flanking residues alter antigenicity and immunogenicity of multi-unit CTL epitopes. J. Immunol. 157, 3242-3249.
153. Yellen-Shaw, A. J., and Eisenlohr, L. C. (1997). Regulation of class I-restricted epitope processing by local or distal flanking sequence. J. Immunol. 158, 1727-1733.
154. Ossendoqj, F., Eggers, M., Neisig, A., Ruppert, T., Groettrup, M., Sijts, A., Mengede, E., Kloetzel, P.-M., Neefjes, J., Koszinowski, U., and Melief, C. (1996). A single residue exchange within a viral CTL epitope alters proteasome-mediated degradation resulting in lack of antigen presentation. Immunity 5, 115-124.
155. Goulder, P. J. R., Phillips, R. E., Colbert, R. A., McAdam, S., Ogg, G., Nowak, M. A., Giangrande, P., Luxxi, G., Morgan, B., Edwards, A., McMichael, A. J., and Rowland-Jones, S. (1997). Late escape from an immunodominant cytotoxic T-lymphocyte response associated with progression to AIDS. Nature Med. 3, 212.
156. Meyerhans, A., Dadaglio, G., Vartanian, J. P., Langlade, D. P., Frank, R., Asjo, B., and Plata, F., S. W.-H. (1991). In vivo persistence of a HIV-1-encoded HLA-B27-restricted cytotoxic T lymphocyte epitope despite specific in vitro reactivity. Eur. J. Immunol. 21, 2637-2640.
157. Safrit, J., Andrews, C. A., Tuofu, Z., Ho, D. D., and Koup, R. A. (1994). Characterization of human immunodeficiency virus type 1-specific cytotoxic T lymphocyte clones isolated during acute seroconversion: Recognition of autologous virus sequences within a conserved immunodominant epitope. J. Exp. Med. 179, 463-472.
158. Adams, D. H., and Lloyd, A. R. (1997). Chemokines: Leucocyte recruitment and activation cytokines. Lancet 349, 490-495.
159. Cocchi, F., DeVico, A. L., Garzino-Demo, A., Arya, S. K., Gallo, R. C., and Lusso, P. (1996). Identification of RANTES, MlP-lα, and MIP-1β as the major HIV-suppressive factors produced by CD8+ T cells. Science 270, 1811-1815.
160. Arenzana-Selsdedos, F., Virelizier, J.-L., and Rousset, D. (1996). HIV blocked by chemokine antagonist (scientific correspondence). Nature 383, 400.
161. Koenig, S., Conley, A. J., Brewah, Y. A., Jones, G. M., Leath, S., Boots, L. J., Davey, V., Pantaleo, G., Demarest, J. F., Carter, C., Wannebo, C., Yanelli, J. R., Rosenberg, S. A., and Lane, H. C. (1995). Transfer of HIV-1-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes to an AIDS patient leads to selection for mutant HIV variants and subsequent disease progression. Nature Med. 1, 330-336.
162. Ziegner, U. H. M., Peters, G., Jolly, D. J., Mento, S. J., Galpin, J., Prussak, C. E., Barber, J. R., Hartnett, D. E., Bohart, C., Klump, W., Saijadi, N., Merchant, B., and Warner, J. F. (1995). Cytotoxic T-lymphocyte induction in asymptomatic HIV-1-infected patients immunized with Retrovector-transduced autologous fibroblasts expressing HIV-1 IIIB Env/Rev proteins. AIDS 9, 43-50.
163. Lewis, D. E., Tang, D. S. N., Adu-Oppong, A., Schober, W., and Rodgers, J. R. (1994). Anergy and apoptosis in CD8+ T cells from HIV-infected persons. J. Immunol. 153, 412-420.
164. Brander, C., Walker, B. D., Korber, B. T. M., Brander, C., Moore, J. P., D'Souza, P. M., Walker, B. D., Koup, R., Haynes, B. F., and Myers, G. (1996). Systematic identification of optimal HIV-1 CTL epitopes. Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, pp. IV-50-IV-60.
165. Roberts, M. R., Qin, L., Zhang, D., Smith, D. H., Tran, A.-C, Dull, T. J., Groopman, J. E., Capon, D. J., Byrn, R. A., and Finer, M. H. (1994). Targeting of human immunodeficiency virus-infected cells by CD8+ T lymphocytes armed with universal T-cell receptors. Blood 84, 2878-2889.
166. Yang, O. O., Tran-Chen, A., Kalams, S. A., Johnson, R. P., Roberts, M. R., and Walker, B. D. (1997). Lysis of HIV-1-infected cells and inhibition of viral replication by universal receptor T cells. Submitted for publication.
167. Kovacs, J. A., Baseler, M., Dewar, R. J., Vogel, S., Davey, R. T., Falloon, J., Polis, M. A., Walker, R. E., Stevens, R., Salzman, N. P., Metcalf, J. A., Masur, H., and Lane, H. C. (1996). Increases in CD4 T lymphocytes with intermittent courses of interleukin-2 in patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection. A preliminary study. N. Engl. J. Med. 332, 567-575.
168. Wilson, C. C., Wong, J. T., Girard, D., Merril, D. P., Dynan, M., An, D., Kalams, S. A., Johnson, R. P., Hirsch, M. S., D'Aquila, R. T., and Walker, B. D. (1995). Ex vivo expansion of CD4+ lymphocytes from HIV-1 infected persons in the presence of combination antiretroviral therapy. J. Infect. Dis. 172, 88-96.
169. Levine, B. L., Mosca, J. D., Riley, J. L., Carroll, R. G., Vahey, M. T., Jagodzinski, L. L., Wagner, K. F., Mayers, D. L., Burke, D. S., Weislow, O. S., St Louis, D. C, and June, C. H. (1996). Antiviral effect and ex vivo CD4+ T cell proliferation in HIV-positive patients as a result of CD28 costimulation. Science 272, 1939-1943.
170. Parker, K. C., Bednarek, M. A., and Coligan, J. E. (1994). Scheme for ranking potential HLA-A2 binding peptides based on independent binding of individual peptide side-chains. J. Immunol. 152, 163-175.
171. Parker, K. C., Bednarek, M. A., Hull, L. K., Utz, U., Cunningham, B., Zweerink, H. J., Biddison. W. E., and Coligan, J. E. (1992). Sequence motifs important for peptide binding to the human MHC class I molecule, HLA-A2. J. Immunol. 149, 3580-3587.
172. Harrer, E., Harrer, T., Barbosa, P., Feinberg, M., Johnson, R. P., Buchbinder, S., and Walker, B. D. (1996). Recognition of the highly conserved YMDD region in the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 reverse transcriptase by HLA-A2-restricted cytotoxic T lymphocytes from an asymptomatic long-term nonprogressor. J. Infect. Dis. 173, 476-479.
173. Tsomides, T. J., Walker, B. D., and Eisen, H. N. (1991). An optimal viral peptide recognized by CD8+ T cells binds very tightly to the restricting class I major histocompatibility complex protein on intact cells but not to the purified class I protein. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 88, 11276-11280.
174. Walker, B. D., Flexner, C., Birch, L. K., Fisher, L., Paradis, T. J., Aldovini, A., Young, R., Moss, B., and Schooley, R. T. (1989). Long-term culture and fine specificity of human cytotoxic T-lymphocyte clones reactive with human immunodeficiency virus type 1. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 86, 9514-9518.
175. Dupuis, M., Kundu, S. K., and Merigan, T. C. (1995). Characterization of HLA-A°0201-restricted cytotoxic T cell epitopes in conserved regions of the HIV type 1 gpl60 protein. J. Immunol. 155, 2232-2239.
176. Haas, C., Plikat, U., Debre, P., Lucchiari, M., Katlama, C., Dudoit, Y., Bonduelle, O., Bauer, M., Ihlenfeldt, H., Jung, G., Maier, B., Meyerhans, A., and Autran, B. (1996). Dynamics of viral variants in HIV-1 Nef and specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes in vivo. J. Immunol. 157, 4212-4221.
177. Hadida, F., Haas, G., Zimmermann, G., Hosmalin, A., Spohn, R., Samri, A., June, G., Debre, P., and Autran, B. (1995). CTLs from lymphoid organs recognize an optimal HLA-A2 restricted and HLA-B52-restricted nonpeptide and several epitopes in the C-terminal region of HIV-1 Nef. J. Immunol. 154, 4174-4186.
178. Johnson, R. P., Hammond, S. A., Trocha, A., Siliciano, R. F., and Walker, B. D. (1994). Induction of a major histocompatibility complex class I-restricted cytotoxic T-lymphocyte response to a highly conserved region of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) gpl20 in seronegative humans immunized with a candidate HIV-1 vaccine. J. Virol. 68, 3145-3153.
179. Takahashi, K., Dai, L. C., Fuerst, T. R., Biddison, W. E., Earl, P. L., Moss, B., and Ennis, F. A. (1991). Specific lysis of human immunodeficiency virus type 1-infected cells by a HLA-A3.1-restricted CD8+ cytotoxic T-lymphocyte clone that recognizes a conserved peptide sequence within the gp41 subunit of the envelope protein. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 88, 10277-10281.
180. Culmann, B., Gomard, E., Kieny, M. P., Guy, B., Dreyfus, F., Saimot, A. G., Sereni, D., Sicard, D., and Levy, J. P. (1991). Six epitopes reacting with human cytotoxic CD8 + T cells in the central region of the HIV-1 NEF protein. J. Immunol. 146, 1560-1565.
181. Sispas, N. V., Kalams, S. A., Trocha, A., He, S., Blattner, W. A., Walker, B. D., and Johnson, R. P. (1996). Identification of type-specific cytotoxic T lymphocyte responses to homologous viral proteins in laboratory workers accidentally infected with the human immunodeficiency virus-1. J. Clin. Invest. 99, 752-762.
182. Johnson, R., and Walker, B. (1994). Cytotoxic T lymphocytes in human immunodeficiency virus infection: Responses to structural proteins. Curr. Top Micro. Immunol. 189, 35-63.
183. Zhang, Q. J., Gavioli, R., Klein, G., and Masucci, M. G. (1993). An HLA-All-specific motif in nonamer peptides derived from viral and cellular proteins. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 90, 2217-2221.
184. Lieberman, J., Fabry, J. A., Kuo, M. C., Earl, P., Moss, B., and Skolnik, P. R. (1992). Cytotoxic T lymphocytes from HIV-1 seropositive individuals recognize immunodominant epitopes in Gpl60 and reverse transcriptase. J. Immunol. 148, 2738-2747.
185. Shankar, P., Fabry, J. A., Fong, D., and Lieberman, J. (1995). Three regions of gpl60 contain overlapping CTL epitopes restricted by multiple HLA class I alleles. J. Cell. Biochem. S21B, D4 (345). [Abstract].
186. Klenerman, P., Luzzi, G., Mclntyre, K., Phillips, R., and McMichael, A. (1996). Identification of a novel HLA-A25 restricted epitope in a conserved region of p24 gag (positions 71-80). AIDS 10, 348-350.
187. Van Baalen, C. A., Klein, M. R., Huisman, R. C., Dings, M. E., Kerkhof Garde, S. R., Geretti, A. M., Gruters, R., Van Els, C. A., Miedema, F., and Osterhaus, A. D. (1996). Fine-specificity of cytotoxic T lymphocytes which recognize conserved epitopes of the Gag protein of human immunodeficiency virus type 1. J. Gen. Virol. 77, 1659-1665.
188. Safrit, J. T., Lee, A. Y., Andrews, C. A., and Koup, R. A. (1994). A region of the third variable loop of HIV-1 gpl20 is recognized by HLA-B7-restricted CTLs from two acute seroconversion patients. J. Immunol. 153, 3822-3830.
189. Culmann-Penciolelli, B., Lamhamedi-Cherradi, S., Couillin, I., Guegan, N., Levy, J. P., Guillet, J. G., and Gomard, E. (1994). Identification of multirestricted immunodominant regions recognized by cytolytic T lymphocytes in the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 Nef protein [published erratum appears in J. Virol. 69(1), 618
190. Culmann-Penciolelli, B., Lamhamedi-Cherradi, S., Couillin, I., Guegan, N., Levy, J. P., Guillet, J. G., and Gomard, E. (1995). J. Virol. 68, 7336-7343.
191. Rowland-Jones, S. L., Powis, S. H., Sutton, J., Mockridge, I., Gotch, F. M., Murray, N., Hill, A. B., Rosenberg, W. M., Trowsdale, J., and McMichael, A. J. (1993). An antigen processing polymorphism revealed by HLA-B8-restricted cytotoxic T lymphocytes which does not correlate with TAP gene polymorphism. Eur. J. Immunol. 23, 1999-2004.
192. Nixon, D. F., and McMichael, A. F. (1988). Cytotoxic T cell recognition of HIV proteins and peptides. AIDS 5, 1049-1059.
193. Wilson, C. C., Kalams, S. A., Wilkes, B. A., Ruhl, D. H., Gao, F., Hahn, B. H., Hanson, I. C., Luzuriaga, K., Wolinksy, S., Koup, R., Buchbinder, S. P., Johnson, R. P., and Walker, B. D. (1996). Overlapping epitopes in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 gpl20 presented by HLA A, B, and C molecules: Effects of viral variation on cytotoxic T-lymphocyte recognition. J. Virol. 71, 1256-1264.
194. Nixon, D. F., Townsend, A. R., Elvin, J. G., Rizza, C. R., Gallwey, J., and McMichael, A. J. (1988). HIV-1 gag-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes defined with recombinant vaccinia virus and synthetic peptides. Nature 336, 484-487.
195. Shiga, H., Shioda, T., Tomiyama, H., Takamiya, Y., Oka, S., Kimura, S., Yamaguchi, Y., Kojoubori, T., Rammensee, H. G., Miwa, K., and Takiguchi, M. (1996). Identification of multiple HIV-1 cytotoxic T-cell epitopes presented by human leukocyte antigen B35 molecule. AIDS 10, 1075-1083.
196. Gotch, F., McAdam, S. N., Allsopp, C. E., Gallimore, A., Elvin, J., Kieny, M. P., Hill, A. V., McMichael, A. J., and Whittle, H. C. (1993). Cytotoxic T cells in HIV2 seropositive Gambians. Identification of a virus-specific MHC-restricted peptide epitope. J. Immunol. 151, 3361-3369.
197. Johnson, R. P., Trocha. A., Buchanan, T. M., and Walker, B. D. (1993). Recognition of a highly conserved region of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 gpl20 by an HLA-Cw4-restricted cytotoxic T-lymphocyte clone. J. Virol. 67, 438-445.
198. Kerkau, T., Schmitt, L. R., Schimpl, A., and Wecker, E. (1989). Downregulation of HLA class I antigens in HIV-1-infected cells. AIDS Res. Hum. Retroviruses 5, 613-620.
199. + T lymphocytes of African green monkeys secrete an immunomodulatory virus-suppressing lymphokine. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 91, 7207-7211.
200. + cells from infected and uninfected chimpanzees. Cell Immunol. 132, 246-255.
201. Husch, B., Eibl, M. M., and Mannhalter, J. W. (1993). CD3, CD8 double-positive cells from HIV-I-infected chimpanzees show group-specific inhibition of HIV-I replication. AIDS Res. Hum. Retroviruses 9, 405-413.
202. Goulder, P. J., Bunce, M., Kransa, P., Mclntyre, K., Crowley, S., Morgan, B., Edwards, A., Giangrande, P., Phillips, R. E., and McMichael, A. J. (1996). Novel, cross-restricted, conserved, and immunodominant cytotoxic T lymphocyte epitopes in slow progressors in HIV type I infection. AIDS Res. Hum. Retroviruses 12, 1691-1698.
203. Ferrari, G., Humphrey, W., McElrath, M. J., Excler, J. L., Duliege, A. M., Clements, M. L., Corey, L. C., Bolognesi, D. P., and Weinhold, K. J. (1997). Clade B-based HIV-I vaccines elicit cross-clade cytotoxic T lymphocyte reactivities in uninfected volunteers. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 94, 1396-1401.
204. Bellgrau, D., Gold, D., Selawry, II., Moore, J., Franzusoff, A., and Duke, R. C. (1995). A role for CD95 ligand in preventing graft rejection. Nature 377, 630-632.
205. Collins, K., and Baltimore, D. (1997). Oral presentation, Keystone Symposia on Molecular and Cellular Biology, AIDS Pathogenesis (April 8-13).
206. + cells. Science 276, 273-276.