Clinical significance of endothelin in cardiovascular disease

Current Opinion in Cardiology

Volumn 12, Issue 4, 1997, Pages 354-367

  Schiffrin, Ernesto L ^a   Intengan, Hope D ^a   Thibault, Gaétan ^a   Touyz, Rhian M ^a  

^a CLIN RESEARCH INSTITUTE OF MONTREAL   (Canada)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

DEOXYCORTICOSTERONE ACETATE; ENDOTHELIN; ENDOTHELIN CONVERTING ENZYME; ENDOTHELIN RECEPTOR ANTAGONIST;

ARTERY INTIMA; ATHEROSCLEROSIS; CARDIOGENIC SHOCK; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE; CELL MIGRATION; CORONARY ARTERY DILATATION; ENDOTHELIUM; ESSENTIAL HYPERTENSION; HEART FAILURE; HEART INFARCTION; HEART VENTRICLE HYPERTROPHY; HUMAN; HYPERTENSION; NEGRO; NONHUMAN; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; PHYSIOLOGY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PULMONARY HYPERTENSION; RESTENOSIS; REVIEW; STROKE; SUBARACHNOID HEMORRHAGE; VASCULAR SMOOTH MUSCLE; VASOCONSTRICTION; VASOSPASM;

EID: 0030795059     PISSN: 02684705     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1097/00001573-199707000-00003     Document Type: Review

References (148)

1. Schiffrin EL: Endothelin in hypertension. Curr Opin Cardiol 1995, 10:485-494.
2. Yanagisawa M, Kurihara H, Kimura S, Tomobe Y, Kobayashi M, Mitsui Y, Yazaki Y, Goto K, Masaki T: A novel potent vasoconstrictor peptide produced by vascular endothelial cells. Nature 1988, 332:411-415.
3. Hahn AWA, Resink TJ, Scott-Burden T, Powell J, Dohi Y, Bühler FR: Stimulation of endothelin mRNA and secretion in rat vascular smooth muscle cells: a novel autocrine function. Cell Regul 1990, 1:649-659.
4. Kurihara Y, Kurihara H, Suzuki H, Kodama T, Maemura K, Nagai R, Oda H, Kuwaki T, Cao W-H, Kamada N, Jishage K, Ouchi Y, Azuma S, Toyoda Y, Ishikawa T, Kumada M, Yazaki Y: Elevated blood pressure and craniofacial abnormalities in mice deficient in endothelin-1. Nature 1994, 368:703-710.
5. Hosoda K, Hammer R, Richardson J, Baynash A, Cheung J, Giaid A, Yanagisawa M: Targeted and natural (Piebald-Lethal) mutations of endothelin-B receptor gene produces megacolon associated with spotted coat color in mice. Cell 1994, 79:1267-1276.
6. Puffenberger EG, Hosoda K, Washington SS, Nakao K, Dewit D, Yangisawa M, Chakravarti A: A missense mutation of the endothelin-B receptor gene in multigenic Hirschsprung disease. Cell 1994, 79:1257-1266.
7. Day R, Lanvière R, Schiffrin EL: In situ hybridization shows increased endothelin-1 mRNA levels in endothelial cells of blood vessels of deoxycorticosterone acetate-salt hypertensive rats. Am J Hypertens 1995, 8:294-300.
8. Schiffrin EL, Larivière R, Li J-S, Sventek P, Touyz RM: Deoxycorticosterone acetate plus salt induce overexpression of vascular endothelin-1 and severe vascular hypertrophy in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Hypertension 1995, 25(part 2):769-773.
9. Li J-S, Larivière R, Schiffrin EL: Effect of a nonselective endothelin antagonist on vascular remodeling in DOCA-salt hypertensive rats: evidence for a role of endothelin in vascular hypertrophy. Hypertension 1994, 24:183-188.
10. B endothelin receptor antagonist, in DOCA-salt spontaneously hypertensive rats. Br J Pharmacol 1995, 115:1377-1381.
11. Li J-S, Schiffrin EL: Chronic endothelin receptor antagonist treatment of young spontaneously hypertensive rats. J Hypertens 1995, 13:647-652.
12. Schiffrin EL, Larivière R, Li J-S, Sventek P: Enhanced expression of endothelin-1 gene in blood vessels of DOCA-salt hypertensive rats: correlation with vascular structure. J Vasc Res 1996, 33:235-248. Deoxycorticosterone acetate (DOCA)-salt hypertensive rats that overexpress endothelin-1 in blood vessels exhibit excessive small artery hypertrophy relative to blood pressure elevation in contrast to other hypertensive models that do not overexpress endothetin, suggesting a direct role of endothelin in vascular growth.
13. Takada K, Matsumara Y, Dohmen S, Mitsutomi N, Takaoka M, Morimoto S: Endothelin-1 secretion from cultured vascular endothelial cells of DOCA-salt hypertensive rats. Life Sci 1996, 59:PL111-PL116. Cultured cells from DOCA-salt hypertensive rats secrete excessive endothelin-1, providing further evidence of a role of endothelin-1 in this hypertensive model.
14. A receptor-mediated role of endothelin in the kidney of DOCA-salt hypertensive rats. Life Sci 1996, 58:PL1-PL7.
15. Hocher B, Liefeldt L, Thone-Reineke C, Orzechowski HD, Distler A, Bauer C, Paul M: Characterization of the renal phenotype of transgenic rats expressing the human endothelin-2 gene. Hypertension 1996, 28:196-201. The first study of human endothelin-2 transgene expression showed that increased circulating endothelin does not induce elevated blood pressure.
16. A endothelin antagonist.
17. Stasch JP, Hirth-Dietrich C, Frobel K, Wegner M: Prolonged endothelin blockade prevents hypertension and cardiac hypertrophy in stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats. Am J Hypertens 1995, 8:1128-1134. This was the first evidence of involvement of endothelin in blood pressure elevation in the stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rat (SHR).
18. Chillon JM, Heistad DD, Baumbach GL: Effects of endothelin receptor inhibition on cerebral arterioles in hypertensive rats. Hypertension 1996, 27:794-798.
19. A-receptor blockade in angiotensin II-induced hypertension. Hypertension 1997, 29:435-441. This interesting study provided evidence that exogenous angiotensin II-induced hypertension has an endothelin-dependent component.
20. Whitworth CE, Veniant MM, Firth JD, Cumming AD, Mullins JJ: Endothelin in the kidney in malignant phase hypertension. Hypertension 1995, 26:925-931.
21. Doucet J, Gonzalez W, Michel JB: Endothelin antagonists in salt dependent hypertension associated with renal insufficiency. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 1996, 27:643-651. The first evidence of involvement of endothelin in salt-sensitive hypertension. There is increasing evidence that this is a form of hypertension in which endothelin may play an important pressor and growth-related role.
22. Sventek P, Turgeon A, Garcia R, Schiffrin EL: Vascular and cardiac overexpression of endothelin-1 gene in 1-kidney, one clip Goldblatt hypertensive rats but only in the late phase of 2-kidney, one clip Goldblatt hypertension. J Hypertens 1996, 14:57-64.
23. Li J-S, Knafo L, Turgeon A, Garcia R, Schiffrin EL: Effect of endothelin antagonism on blood pressure and vascular structure in renovascular hypertensive rats. Am J Physiol (Heart Circ Physiol) 1996, 40:H88-H93. Endothelin does not appear to play a role in renovascular hypertension.
24. A endothelin receptor antagonism after nitric oxide synthase inhibition with L-NAME in normal rats. Circulation 1997, 95:240-244. This study suggests that although nitric oxide deficiency may potentially activate the endothelin system, the latter is not involved in the blood pressure elevation found after inhibition of nitric oxide synthase.
25. Moreau P, Takase H, Küng CF, Shaw S, Lüscher TF: Blood pressure and vascular effects on endothelin blockade in chronic nitric oxide-deficient hypertension. Hypertension 1997, 29:763-769. Similar to the paper by Sventek et al. (Circulation 1997, 95:240-244), this one negates a role of endothelin in chronic nitric oxide-deficient hypertension.
26. Li JS, Sventek P, Schiffrin EL: Effect of antihypertensive treatment and N-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester on cardiovascular structure in deoxycorticosterone acetate-salt hypertensive rats. J Hypertens 1996, 14:1331-1339.
27. Deng LY, Day R, Schiffrin EL: Localization of sites of enhanced expression of endothelin-1 in the kidney of deoxycorticosterone acetate-salt hypertensive rats. J Am Soc Nephrol 1996, 7:1158-1164. Using in situ hybridization, the localization of overexpression of endothelin mRNA in the kidney is shown in DOCA-salt hypertensive rats.
28. Li JS, Schürch W, Schiffrin EL: Renal and vascular effects of chronic endothelin receptor antagonism in malignant hypertensive rats. Am J Hypertens 1996, 9:803-811. Endothelin antagonism with bosentan lowers blood pressure and reduces blood vessel growth, and may exert a renal protective effect in this model of malignant hypertension in rats.
29. Karam H, Heudes D, Bruneval P, Gonzales MF, Löffler BM, Clozel M, Clozel JP: Endothelin antagonism in end-organ damage of spontaneously hypertensive rats: comparison with angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition and calcium antagonism. Hypertension 1996, 28:379-385.
30. Sventek P, Li JS, Grove K, Deschepper CF, Schiffrin EL: Vascular structure and expression of endothelin-1 gene in L-NAME-treated spontaneously hypertensive rats. Hypertension 1996, 27:49-55.
31. Li JS, Deng LY, Grove K, Deschepper CF, Schiffrin EL: Comparison of effect of endothelin antagonism and angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition on blood pressure and vascular structure in spontaneously hypertensive rats treated with N-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester: correlation with topography of vascular endothelin-1 gene expression. Hypertension 1996, 28:188-195.
32. Bouriquet N, Dupont M, Herizi A, Mimran A, Casellas D: Preglomerular sudanophilia in L-NAME hypertensive rats. Involvement of endothelin. Hypertension 1996, 27(3 pt 1 ):382-391.
33. Bartholomeusz B, Hardy KJ, Nelson AS, Phillips PA: Bosentan ameliorates cyclosporin A-induced hypertension in rats and primates. Hypertension 1996, 27:1341-1345.
34. Verma S, Bhanot S, McNeill JH: Effect of chronic endothelin blockade in hyperinsulinemic hypertensive rats. Am J Physiol 1995, 269(6 pt 2):H2017-H2021.
35. B endothelin receptor antagonist TAK 044 infused intravenously demonstrated that vasodilatation and slight blood pressure lowering could be induced in normotensive subjects when endogenous endothelin-dependent vasoconstriction was blocked.
36. Noll G, Wenzel RR, Schneider M, Oesch V, Binggeli C, Shaw S, Weidmann P, Lüscher TF: Increased activation of sympathetic nervous system and endothelin by mental stress in normotensive offspring of hypertensive parents. Circulation 1996, 93:866-869. Normotensive offspring of hypertensive parents appear to exhibit endothelial dysfunction demonstrated by increased plasma endothelin after mental stress. However, the origin of circulating endothelin could be non-endothelial.
37. Schiffrin EL, Deng LY, Sventek P, Day R: Enhanced expression of endothelin-1 gene in endothelium of resistance arteries in severe human essential hypertension. J Hypertens 1997, 15:57-63. This is the first demonstration, in humans and using in situ hybridization, that endothelin-1 mRNA expression is enhanced in the endothelium of small arteries obtained from gluteal subcutaneous biopsies of a small group of patients with moderate to severe hypertension, but not in mild hypertension.
38. Ergul S, Parish DC, Puett D, Ergul A: Racial differences in plasma endothelin-1 concentrations in individuals with essential hypertension. Hypertension 1996, 28:652-655. This interesting paper suggests that African-Americans may have an activated endothelin system, which could agree with recent evidence from salt-sensitive and volume-expanded models of hypertension.
39. Ito H, Hirata Y, Adachi S, Tanaka M, Tsujino M, Koike A, Nogami A, Murumo F, Hirose M: Endothelin-1 is an autocrine/paracrine factor in the mechanism of angiotensin II-induced hypertrophy in cultured rat cardiomyocytes. J Clin Invest 1993, 92:398-403.
40. Fujisaki H, Ito H, Hirata Y, Tanaka M, Hata M, Lin M, Adachi S, Akimoto H, Marumo F, Hiroe M: Natriuretic peptides inhibit angiotensin II-induced proliferation of rat cardiac fibroblasts by blocking endothelin-1 gene expression. J Clin Invest 1995, 96:1059-1065.
41. Chua CC, Hamdy RC, Chua BH: Regulation of endothelin-1 production by a thromboxane A2 mimetic in rat heart smooth muscle cells. Biochim Biophys Acta 1996, 1313:1-5.
42. Yamazaki T, Komuro I, Kudoh S, Zou S, Shiojima I, Hiroi Y, Mizuno T, Maemura K, Kuhihara H, Aikawa R, Takano H, Yazaki Y: Endothelin-1 is involved in mechanical stress-induced cardiomyocytes hypertrophy. J Biol Chem 1996, 271:3221-3228. The finding of this study regarding the effect of mechanical stress is an important argument in favor of a role of endothelin in cardiac hypertrophy.
43. Ito H, Adachi S, Tamamori M, Fujisaki H, Tanaka M, Lin M, Akimoto M, Marumo F, Hiroe M: Mild hypoxia induces hypertrophy of cultured neonatal rat cardiomyocytes: a possible endogenous endothelin-1-mediated mechanism. J Mol Cell Cardiol 1996, 28:1271-1277.
44. Thibault G, Doubell AF, Garcia R, Larivière R, Schiffrin EL: Endothelin-stimulated secretion of natriuretic peptides by rat atrial myocytes is mediated by endothelin A receptors. Circ Res 1994, 74:460-470.
45. 2+ modulation. Circ Res 1996, 78:302-311.
46. Katwa LC, Guarda E, Weber KT: Endothelin receptors in cultured adult rat cardiac fibroblasts. Cardiorasc Res 1993, 27:2125-2129.
47. Shubeita HE, McDonough PM, Harris AN, Knowlton KU, Glembotski CC, Brown JH, Chien KR: Endothelin induction of inositol phospholipid hydrolysis, sarcomere assembly, and cardiac gene expression in ventricular myocytes: a paracrine mechanism for myocardial cell hypertrophy. J Biol Chem 1990, 265:20555-20562.
48. Bogoyevitch MA, Glennon PE, Andersson MB, Clerk A, Lazou A, Marshall CJ, Parker PJ, Sugden PH: Endothelin-1 and fibroblast growth factors stimulate the mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling cascade in cardiac myocytes: the potential role of the cascade in the integration of two signaling pathways leading to myocyte hypertrophy. J Biol Chem 1994, 269:1110-1119.
49. B receptor antagonist Circulation 1996, 93:2068-2079. A direct cause-effect relationship was observed between endothelin-1 and cardiac hypertrophy through the inhibitory effect of the endothelin antagonist bosentan.
50. Larivière R, Deng LY, Day R, Sventek P, Thibault G, Schiffrin EL: Increased endothelin-1 gene expression in the endothelium of coronary arteries and endocardium in the DOCA-salt hypertensive rat. J Mol Cell Cardiol 1995, 27:2123-2131.
51. 2+ in DOCA-salt hypertensive rats [abstract]. Hypertension 1996, 28:563.
52. 2+ modulation by angiotensin II and endothelin-1 in cardiomyocytes and fibroblasts from hypertrophied hearts of spontaneously hypertensive rats. Hypertension 1996, 28:797-805.
53. Karam H, Heudes D, Hess P, Gonzalez M-F, Löffler B-M, Clozel M, Clozel JP: Respective role of humoral factors and blood pressure in cardiac remodeling of DOCA hypertensive rats. Cardiovasc Res 1996, 31:287-295.
54. A receptor in the maintenance of deoxycorticosterone acetate-salt-induced hypertension. Br J Pharmacol 1995, 114:925-930.
55. Clavell A, Stingo A, Margulies K, Lerman A, Underwood D, Burnett JCJ: Physiological significance of endothelin: its role in congestive heart failure. Circulation 1993, 87(suppl 5):V-45-V-50.
56. Teerlink JR, Loffler BM, Hess P Maire JP, Clozel M, Clozel JP: Role of endothelin in the maintenance of blood pressure in conscious rats with chronic heart failure: acute effects of the endothelin receptor antagonist RO 47-0203 (bosentan). Circulation 1994, 90:2510-2518.
57. Sakai S, Miyauchi T, Sakurai T, Kasuya Y, Ihara M, Yamaguchi I, Goto K, Sugishita Y: Endogenous endothelin-1 participates in the maintenance of cardiac function in rats with congestive heart failure. Circulation 1996, 93:1214-1222. This study showed evidence of a regulatory role of endothelin on cardiac function in heart failure.
58. Sakai S, Miyauchi T, Kobayashi M, Yamaguchi I, Goto K, Sugishita Y: Inhibition of myocardial endothelin pathway improves long-term survival in heart failure. Nature 1996, 384:353-355. In this interesting study, the authors demonstrated for the first time that treatment with endothelin antagonists reduced death due to heart failure through improvement of cardiac function.
59. Shimoyama H, Sabbah HN, Borzak S, Tanimura M, Shevlyagin S, Scicli G, Goldstein S: Short-term hemodynamic effects of endothelin receptor blockade in dogs with chronic heart failure. Circulation 1996, 94:779-784.
60. Pacher R, Stanek B, Hulsmann M, Koller-Strametz J, Berger R, Schuller M, Hartter E, Ogris E, Frey B, Heinz G, Maurer G: Prognostic impact of big endothelin-1 plasma concentrations compared with invasive hemodynamic evaluation in severe heart failure. J Am Coll Cardiol 1996, 27:633-641. Plasma concentrations of big endothelin-1 were shown to have prognostic significance in heart failure, because they predict clinical deterioration, need for hospital admission, and death.
61. Kiowski W, Sütsch G, Hunziker P, Müller P, Kim J, Oechslin E, Schmitt R, Jones R, Bertel O: Evidence for endothelin-1-mediated vasoconstriction in severe chronic heart failure. Lancet 1995, 346:732-736.
62. A receptor blockade in chronic heart failure patients treated with ACE inhibitors. Circulation 1996, 94:2131-2137. Endothelin-dependent vasoconstrictor tone is present in patients with heart failure treated with ACE inhibitors. This shows that the endothelin component may be independent of angiotensin II, suggesting that these patients may benefit from treatment with endothelin antagonists added to ACE inhibitors.
63. Hasdai D, Lerman A: The atherogenic potential for endothelin. Coronary Artery Dis 1995, 6:901-904. A concise overview of the role of endothelin in the process of atherosclerosis.
64. Griendling KK, Alexander RW: Endothelial control of the cardiovascular system: recent advances. FASEB J 1996, 10:283-292.
65. Lerman A, Edwards BS, Hallet JW, Heulbein DM, Sandberg SM, Burnett JC Jr: Circulating and tissue endothelin immunoreactivity in advanced atherosclerosis. N Engl J Med 1991, 325:997-1001.
66. Lerman A, Holmes DR, Bell MR, Garrat KN, Nishimura RA, Burnett JC Jr: Endothelin in coronary endothelial dysfunction and early atherosclerosis in humans. Circulation 1995, 92:2426-2431. This human study demonstrates the potential involvement of endothelin in the early phases of atherogenesis.
67. Tomoda H: Plasma endothelin-1 in acute myocardial infarction with heart failure. Am Heart J 1993, 125:667-672.
68. Haak T, Marz W, Jungmann E, Hausser S, Siekmeier R, Gross W, Usadel KH: Elevated endothelin levels in patients with hyperlipoproteinemia. Clin Invest 1994, 72:580-584.
69. Haak T, Jungmann E, Raab C, Usadel KH: Elevated endothelin-1 levels after cigarette smoking. Metab Clin Exp 1994, 43:267-269.
70. Ihling C, Gobel HR, Lippoldt A, Wessels S, Paul M, Schaefer HE, Zeiher AM: Endothelin-1-like immunoreactivity in human atherosclerotic coronary tissue: a detailed analysis of the cellular distribution of endothelin-1. J Path 1996, 179:303-308. This human study demonstrates increased endothelin-like immunoreactivity in atherosclerotic lesions and identifies the cellular distribution of endothelin-1.
71. 125I-ET-1 in injured aorta of rabbits. Eur J Pharmacol 1995, 293:109-114.
72. Timm M, Kaski JC, Dashwood MR: Endothelin-like immunoreactivity in atherosclerotic human coronary arteries. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 1995, 26(suppl 3):S442-S444.
73. Bacon CR, Cary NR, Davenport AP: Distribution of endothelin receptors in atherosclerotic human coronary arteries. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 1995, 26(suppl 3):S439-S441.
74. Haug C, Voisard R, Lenich A, Baur R, Hoher M, Osterhues H, Hannekum A, Vogel U, Mattfeldt T, Hombach V, Grunert A: Increased endothelin release by cultured human smooth muscle cells from atherosclerotic coronary arteries. Cardiovasc Res 1996, 31:807-813. This interesting report demonstrates the increased production of immunoreactive endothelin by cultured smooth muscle cells grown from coronary plaque material obtained by thromboendarterectomy during coronary bypass grafting.
75. Goller N, Recce R, Beyer S, Valentine M, Barton D, Durham SK: Selective blockade of the endothelin subtype A receptor decreases early atherosclerosis in hamsters fed cholesterol. Am J Pathol 1995, 146:819-826.
76. Douglas SA, Meek TD, Ohlstein E: Novel receptor antagonists welcome a new era in endothelin biology. Trends Pharmacol Sci 1994, 15:313-316.
77. Arendt RM, Wilbert-Lambert U, Heucke L, Schmoekel M, Sühler K, Richter WO: Increased endothelin plasma concentrations in patients with coronary artery disease or hyperlipoproteinemia without coronary events. Res Exp Med 1993, 193:225-230.
78. Cassone R, Moroni C, Parlapiano C, Bondanini F, Blefari T, Affricano C: Endothelin-1 plasma levels in essential hypertension: increased levels with coronary artery disease. Am Heart J 1996, 132:1048-1049.
79. Zeiher AM, Ihling C, Pistorius K, Schächinger V, Schaefer HE: Increased tissue endothelin immunoreactivity in atherosclerotic lesions associated with acute coronary syndromes. Lancet 1994, 344:1405-1406.
80. Zeiher AM, Goeber H, Schächinger V, Ihling C: Tissue endothelin-1 immunoreactivity in the active coronary atherosclerotic plaque: a clue to the mechanism of increased vasoreactivity of the culprit lesion in unstable angina. Circulation 1995, 91:941-947.
81. Minamino T, Kurihara H, Takahasi M, Shimada K, Maemura K, Oda H, Ishikawa T, Uchiyama T, Tanzawa K, Yazaki Y: Endothelin-converting enzyme expression in the rat vascular injury model and human coronary atherosclerosis. Circulation 1997, 95:221-230. This interesting report shows that blockade of endothelin-converting enzyme-1 reduces neointimal formation after balloon injury in the rat.
82. Bacon CR, Davenport AP: Endothelin receptors in human coronary artery and aorta. Br J Pharmacol 1996, 117:986-992.
83. Dagassan PH, Breu V, Clozel M, Künzli A, Vogt P, Turina M, Kiowska W, Clozel JP: Up-regulation of endothelin-B receptors in atherosclerotic human coronary arteries. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 1996, 27:147-153.
84. Bacon CR, Cary NR, Davenport AP: Endothelin peptide and receptors in human atherosclerotic coronary artery and aorta. Circ Res 1996, 79:794-801. An investigation of the distribution and quantity of endothelin and endothelin receptors in human atherosclerotic arteries.
85. A receptor-mediated constrictor responses to endothelin peptides in human blood vessels in vitro. Br J Pharmacol 1995, 115:191-197.
86. Miyauchi T, Yanagisawa M, Tomizawa T, Sugishita Y, Suzuki N, Fujino M, Ajisaka R, Goto K, Masaki T: Increased plasma concentrations of endothelin-1 and big endothelin-1 in acute myocardial infarction. Lancet 1989, 2:53-54.
87. Omland T, Lie RT, Aakvaag A, Aarsland T, Dickstein K: Plasma endothelin determination as a prognostic indicator of 1-year mortality after acute myocardial infarction. Circulation 1994, 89:1573-1579.
88. Kojima M, Kusumoto K, Fujiwara S, Watanabe T, Fujino M: Role of endogenous endothelin in the extension of myocardial infarct size studied with the endothelin receptor antagonist, TAK-044. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 1995, 26(suppl 3):S365-S368.
89. B antagonist Br J Pharmacol 1994, 113:869-876.
90. B receptor antagonism in ischemia reperfusion-induced myocardial damage in rats.
91. A receptor antagonism by PD 156707 does not reduce infarct size after coronary artery occlusion/reperfusion in pigs. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1996, 278:42-49.
92. Burke SE, Nelson RA: Endothelin-receptor antagonist FR 139317 reduces infarct size in a rabbit model when given before, but not after, coronary artery occlusion. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 1997, 29:87-92. Involvement of endothelin in myocardial infarct extension during the occlusive rather than the reperfusion period is suggested.
93. Tahara A, Kohno M, Yanagi S, Hagane H, Toda I, Akioka K, Teragaki M, Yasuda M, Takeuchi K, Takeda T: Circulating immunoreactive endothelin in patients undergoing percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty. Metabolism 1991, 40:1235-1237.
94. Hasdai D, Holmes DR Jr, Garratt KN, Edwards WD, Lerman A: Mechanical pressure and stretch release endothelin-1 from human atherosclerotic coronary arteries in vivo. Circulation 1997, 95:357-362.
95. Wang X, Douglas SA, Louden C, Vickery-Clark LM, Feuerstein GZ. Ohlstein EH: Expression of endothelin-1, endothelin-3, endothelin-converting enzyme-1, and endothelin-A and endothelin-B receptor mRNA after angioplasty-induced neointimal formation in the rat. Circ Res 1996, 78:322-328. Implicates endothelin-1 in the pathogenesis of angioplasty-induced neointimal lesion formation.
96. B receptor antagonism using BQ-123 and SB 209670. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 1995, 26(suppl 3):S186-S189.
97. Masaoka H, Suzuki R, Hirata Y, Emori T, Marumo F, Hirakawa K: Raised plasma endothelin in aneurysmal subarachnoid haemorrhage. Lancet 1989, 2:1402.
98. Suzuki H, Sato S, Suzuki Y, Oka M, Tsuchiya T, Iino I, Yamakano T, Ishihara N, Shimoda S: Endothelin immunoreactivity in cerebrospinal fluid of patients with subarachnoid haemorrhage. Ann Med 1990, 22:233-236.
99. Seifert V, Loffler BM, Zimmermann M, Roux S, Stolke D: Endothelin concentrations in patients with aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage: correlation with cerebral vasospasm, delayed ischemic neurological deficits, and volume of hematoma. J Neurosurg 1995, 82:55-62. Correlation of endothelin changes to the occurrence of vasospasm, delayed ischemic neurologic deficits, and hematoma volume are shown in patients with aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage.
100. Clozel M, Breu V, Burri K, Cassai JF, Fischli W, Gray GA, Hirth G, Löffler BM, Müller M, Neidhart W, Ramuz H: Pathophysiological role of endothelin revealed by the first orally active endothelin receptor antagonist. Nature 1993, 365:759-761.
101. B receptor antagonist on cerebral vasospasm after subarachnoid hemorrhage.
102. Shigeno T, Clozel M, Sakai S, Saito A, Goto K: The effect of bosentan, a new potent endothelin receptor antagonist, on the pathogenesis of cerebral vasospasm. Neurosurgery 1995, 37:87-91.
103. Zimmermann M, Seifert V, Loffler BM, Stolke D, Stenzel W: Prevention of cerebral vasospasm after experimental subarachnoid hemorrhage by RO 47-0203, a newly developed orally active endothelin receptor antagonist. Neurosurgery 1996, 38:115-120.
104. Zuccarello M, Soattin GB, Lewis AI, Breu V, Hallak H, Rapoport RM: Prevention of subarachnoid hemorrhage-induced cerebral vasospasm by oral administration of endothelin receptor antagonists. J Neurosurg 1996, 84:503-507.
105. Estrada V, Téllez MJ, Moya J, Fernández-Durango R, Egido J, Cruz AF: High plasma levels of endothelin-1 and atrial natriuretic peptide in patients with acute ischemic stroke. Am J Hypertens 1994, 7:1085-1089.
106. Ziv I, Fleminger G, Dyaldetti R, Achiron A, Melamed E, Sokolovsky M: Increased plasma endothelin-1 in acute ischemic stroke. Stroke 1992, 23:1014-1016.
107. Wei GZ, Zhang J, Sheng SL, Ai HX, Ma JC, Lui HB: Increased plasma endothelin-1 in patients with acute cerebral infarction and actions of endothelin-1 on pial arterioles of rat. Chin Med J 1993, 106:917-921.
108. Willette RN, Ohlstein EH, Pullen M, Sauermelch CF, Cohen A, Nambi P: Transient forebrain ischemia alters acutely endothelin receptor density and immunoreactivity in gerbil brain. Life Sci 1993, 52:35-40.
109. Barone FC, Globus MYT, Price WJ, White RF, Storer BL, Feuerstein GZ, Busto R, Ohlstein EH: Endothelin levels increase in rat focal and global ischemia. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 1994, 14:337-342.
110. Yamashita K, Kataoka Y, Yamashita YS, Himeno A, Tsutsumi K, Niwa M, Taniyama K: Glial endothelin/nitric oxide system participates in hippocampus CA1 neuronal death of SHRSP following transient forebrain ischaemia. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 1995, 22(suppl 1):S277-S278.
111. Feuerstein G, Gu JL, Ohlstein EH, Barone FC, Yue TL: Peptidic endothelin-1 receptor antagonist, BQ-123, and neuroprotection. Peptides 1994, 15:467-469.
112. Ohlstein EH, Nambi P, Douglas SA, Edwards RM, Gellai M, Lago A, Leber JD, Cousins RD, Gao A, Frazee J, Peishoff CE, Bean JW, Eggleston DS, Elshourbagy NA, Kumar C, Lee JA, Yue TL, Louden C, Brooks DP, Weinstock J, Feuerstein G, Poste G, Ruffolo RR Jr, Gleason JG, Elliott JD: SB209670, a rationally designed potent non-peptide endothelin receptor antagonist. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1994, 91:8052-8056.
113. A-receptor antagonism has beneficial effects in a cat model of ischemic stroke.
114. Barone FC, White RF, Elliott JD, Feuerstein GZ, Ohlstein EH: The endothelin receptor antagonist SB217242 reduces cerebral focal ischemia brain injury. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 1995, 26(suppl 3):S404-S407.
115. Goldie RG, Knott PG, Carr MJ, Hay DW, Henry PJ: The endothelins in the pulmonary system. Pulm Pharmacol 1996, 9:69-93. A comprehensive review of the role of endothelin in the pulmonary system.
116. Giaid A, Polak JM, Gaitonde V, Hamid QA, Moscoco G, Legon S, et al.: Distribution of endothelin-like immunoreactivity and mRNA in the developing and adult human lung. Am J Resp Cell Mol Biol 1991, 4:50-58.
117. Allen SW, Chatfield BA, Koppenhafer SA, Schaffer MS, Wolfe RR, Abman SH: Circulating immunoreactive endothelin-1 in children with pulmonary hypertension. Am Rev Respir Dis 1993, 148:519-522.
118. Ishikawa S, Miyauchi T, Salcai S, Ushinohama H, Sagawa K, Fusazaki N, Kado H, et al.: Elevated levels of plasma endothelin-1 in young patients with pulmonary hypertension caused by congenital heart disease are decreased after successful surgical repair. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1995, 110:271-273.
119. Stewart DJ, Levy RD, Cernacek P, Langleben D: Increased plasma endothelin-1 in pulmonary hypertension: marker or mediator of disease? Ann Intern Med 1991, 114:464-469.
120. Giaid A, Yanagisawa M, Langleben D, Michel RP, Levy R, Shennib H, Kimura S, Masaki T, Duguid WP, Siewart DJ: Expression of endothelin-1 in the lungs of patients with pulmonary hypertension. N Engl J Med 1993, 328:1732-1739.
121. Cody RJ, Haas GJ, Binkley PF, Capers Q, Kelley R: Plasma endothelin correlates with the extent of pulmonary hypertension in patients with chronic congestive heart failure. Circulation 1992, 85:504-509.
122. A-dependent growth of pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells in a rat strain that develops idiopathic pulmonary hypertension.
123. A receptor antagonist prevents and reverses chronic hypoxia-induced pulmonary hypertension in rat. Am J Physiol 1995, 269:L690-L697.
124. B receptor-mediated contraction of human and rat pulmonary resistance arteries and the effect of pulmonary hypertension on endothelin responses in the rat. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 1995, 26(suppl 3):S169-S176.
125. MacLean MR, McCullough KM, Baird M: Effects of pulmonary hypertension on vasoconstrictor responses to endothelin-1 and sarafotoxin S6c and on inherent tone in rat pulmonary arteries. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 1995, 26:822-830.
126. Mansoor AM, Honda M, Saida K, Ishinaga Y, Kuramochi T, Maeda A, Takabatake T, Mitsui Y: Endothelin-induced collagen remodeling in experimental pulmonary hypertension. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1995, 215:981-986.
127. Okada M, Yamishiba C, Okada M, Okada K: Role of endothelin-1 in beagles with dehydromonocrotaline-induced pulmonary hypertension. Circulation 1995, 92:114-119.
128. B receptor antagonists produce pulmonary vasodilation in intact newborn lambs with pulmonary hypertension. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 1995, 25:207-215.
129. Wong J, Reddy VM, Hendricks-Munoz K, Liddicoat JR, Gerrets R, Fineman JR: Endothelin-1 vasoactive responses in lambs with pulmonary hypertension and increased pulmonary blood flow. Am J Physiol 1995, 269:H1965-H1972.
130. 2.
131. Sakai S, Mihauchi T, Sakurai T, Yamaguchi I, Kobayashi M, Goto K, Sugishita Y: Pulmonary hypertension caused by congestive heart failure is ameliorated by long-term application of an endothelin receptor antagonist: increased expression of endothelin-1 messenger ribonucleic acid and ET-1-like immunoreactivity in the lung in congestive heart failure in rats. J Am Coll Cardiol 1996, 28:1580-1588.
132. Eddahibi S, Raffestin B, Clozel M, Levame M, Adnot S: Protection from pulmonary hypertension with an orally active endothelin receptor antagonist in hypoxic rats. Am J Physiol 1995, 268(2 pt 2):H828-H835.
133. Holm P, Liska J, Clozel M, Franco-Cereceda A: The endothelin antagonist bosentan: hemodynamic effects during normoxia and hypoxic pulmonary hypertension in pigs. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1996, 112:890-897. Demonstrates the beneficial effects of bosentan on the development of pulmonary hypertension in pigs.
134. Kirschborn PM, Tsui SS, Dibernardo LR, Meliones JN, Schwinn DA, Ungerleider RM, Gaynor JW: Blockade of endothelin-converting enzyme reduces pulmonary hypertension after cardiopulmonary bypass and circulatory arrest Surgery 1995, 118:440-444. Using phosphoramidon, this study shows that production of endothelin during cardiopulmonary bypass surgery is a mediator of postbypass pulmonary hypertension.
135. Yamane K: Endothelin and collagen vascular disease: a review with special reference to Raynaud's phenomenon and systemic sclerosis. Int Med 1994, 33:579-582.
136. Filep JG, Bodolay E, Sipka S, Gyimesi E, Csipo I, Szegedi G: Plasma
137. Knock GA, Terenghi G, Bunker CB, Bull HA, Dowd PM: Characterization of endothelin-binding sites in human skin and their regulation in primary Raynaud's phenomenon and systemic sclerosis. J Invest Dermatol 1993, 101:73-78.
138. Bottomley W, Goodfield M: A pathogenic role for endothelin in Raynaud's phenomenon? Acta Dermatol Vener 1994, 74:433-444.
139. Bunker CB, Goldsmith PC, Leslie TA, Hayes N, Foreman JC, Dowd PM: Calcitonin gene-related peptide, endothelin-1, the cutaneous microvasculature and Raynaud's phenomenon. Br J Dermatol 1996, 134:399-406. A pharmacologic study in humans investigating the sensitivity of digital cutaneous microvasculature to intradermal endothelin-1 and calcitonin gene-related peptide. In Raynaud's phenomenon the erythematous response to endothelin-1 was decreased and there was a diminution of calcitonin gene-related peptide-containing perivascular nerves.
140. Palmer KT, Mason H: Serum endothelin concentrations in workers exposed to vibration. Occup Env Med 1996, 53:118-124. Data from this interesting study demonstrate that basal plasma endothelin-1 levels were lower and inversely correlated to severity in subjects with vibration-induced white finger compared with controls. These findings are contrary to most reported data.
141. Morelli S, Ferri C, Di Francesco L, Baldoncini R, Carlesimo M, Bottoni U, Properzi G, Santucci A, Valesini G: Plasma endothelin-1 levels in patients with systemic sclerosis: influence of pulmonary or systemic arterial hypertension. Ann Rheumatol Dis 1995, 54:730-734. An interesting study that reports that systemic sclerosis is associated with high plasma endothelin-1 levels but neither pulmonary nor systemic hypertension further increase plasma endothelin-1.
142. Kadono T, Kikuchi K, Sato S, Soma Y, Tamaki K, Takehara K: Elevated plasma endothelin levels in systemic sclerosis. Arch Dermatol Res 1995, 287:439-442. Plasma endothelin-1 levels were higher in patients with diffuse disease than in those with limited disease, suggesting a more widespread endothelial cell damage in diffuse systemic sclerosis.
143. Kadono T, Kikuchi K, Kubo M, Fujimoto M, Tamaki K: Serum concentrations of basic fibroblast growth factor in collagen diseases. J Am Acad Dermatol 1996, 35(3 pt 1):392-397.
144. Vancheeswaran R, Azam A, Black C, Dashwood MR: Localization of endothelin-1 and its binding sites in scleroderma skin. J Rheumatol 1994, 21:1268-1276.
145. Kawaguchi Y, Suzuki K, Hara M, Hidawa T, Ishizuka T, Kawagoe M, Nakamura H: Increased endothelin-1 production in fibroblasts derived from patients with systemic sclerosis. Ann Rheum Dis 1994, 53:506-510.
146. Kikuchi K, Kadono T, Sato S, Tamaki K, Takehara K: Impaired growth response to endothelin-1 in scleroderma fibroblasts. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1995, 207:829-838.
147. Miyasaka N, Hirata Y, Ando K: Increased production of endothelin-1 in patients with inflammatory arthritides. Arthritis Rheum 1992, 35:397-399.
148. Klemm P, Warner TD, Willis D, Moore AR, Vane JR: Coronary vasoconstriction in vitro in the hearts of polyarthritic rats: effectiveness of in vivo treatment with the endothelin receptor antagonist SB209670. Br J Pharmacol 1995, 114:1327-1328.