The endothelins in the pulmonary system

Pulmonary Pharmacology

Volumn 9, Issue 2, 1996, Pages 69-93

  Goldie, R G ^a   Knott, P G ^a   Carr, M J ^a   Hay, D W P ^b   Henry, P J ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF WESTERN AUSTRALIA   (Australia)

^b GLAXOSMITHKLINE   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

2 [[2 [[2 [[(HEXAHYDRO 1H AZEPIN 1 YL)CARBONYL]AMINO] 4 METHYLPENTANOYL]AMINO] 3 (1 METHYL 1H INDOL 3 YL)PROPIONYL]AMINO] 3 (2 PYRIDYL)PROPIONIC ACID; CYCLO(DEXTRO TRYPTOPHYL DEXTRO ASPARTYLPROLYL DEXTRO VALYLLEUCYL); ENDOTHELIN; ENDOTHELIN 1; ENDOTHELIN RECEPTOR; ENDOTHELIN RECEPTOR ANTAGONIST; GLYCOPROTEIN; LACTOFERRIN; N (2,6 DIMETHYLPIPERIDINOCARBONYL) 4 METHYLLEUCYL DEXTRO (1 METHOXYCARBONYLTRYPTOPHANYL) DEXTRO NORLEUCINE; N (HEXAHYDRO 1 AZEPINYLCARBONYL)LEUCYL(1 METHYL DEXTRO TRYPTOPHYL) DEXTRO TYROSINE; N ACETYLENDOTHELIN 1 [6-21][11,15 ALANINE]; RECEPTOR SUBTYPE; SUCCINYLENDOTHELIN 1 [8-21][9 GLUTAMIC ACID 11,15 ALANINE];

ACUTE RESPIRATORY FAILURE; ADULT RESPIRATORY DISTRESS SYNDROME; ALLERGIC RHINITIS; ANIMAL TISSUE; ASTHMA; BLOOD VESSEL PERMEABILITY; BRONCHOSPASM; CELL PROLIFERATION; DRUG DISTRIBUTION; DRUG METABOLISM; DRUG RECEPTOR BINDING; DRUG SYNTHESIS; FIBROBLAST; FIBROSING ALVEOLITIS; HUMAN; HUMAN TISSUE; INFLAMMATORY CELL; LUNG DISEASE; LUNG EDEMA; LUNG FIBROSIS; LUNG TUMOR; MITOGENESIS; MUCUS GLAND; NONHUMAN; PHYSIOLOGY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PULMONARY ARTERY; PULMONARY HYPERTENSION; RESPIRATORY EPITHELIUM; RESPIRATORY SYSTEM; REVIEW; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION; SMOOTH MUSCLE CONTRACTION; SMOOTH MUSCLE FIBER; SMOOTH MUSCLE RELAXATION; TRACHEA;

EID: 0030130401     PISSN: 09520600     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1006/pulp.1996.0010     Document Type: Review

References (310)

1. 1. Yanagisawa M, Kurihara H, Kimura S, Tomobe Y, Kobayashi M, Mitsui Y et al. A novel potent vasoconstrictor peptide produced by vascular endothelial cells. Nature 1988; 332: 411-415.
2. 2. Yanagisawa M, Masaki T. Endothelin, a novel endothelium-derived peptide. Pharmacological activities, regulation and possible roles in cardiovascular control. Biochem Pharmacol 1989; 38: 1877-1883.
3. 3. Yanagisawa M, Masaki T. Molecular biology and biochemistry of the endothelins. Trends Pharmacol Sci 1989; 10: 374-378.
4. 4. Masaki T, Yanagisawa M, Goto K. Physiology and pharmacology of endothelins. Med Res Rev 1992; 12: 391-421.
5. 5. Matsumoto H, Suzuki N, Onda H, Fujino M. Abundance of endothelin-3 in rat intestine, pituitary gland and brain. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1989; 164: 74-80.
6. 6. Kitamura K, Tanaka T, Kato J, Eto T, Tanaka K. Regional distribution of immunoreactive endothelin in porcine tissue: abundance in inner medulla of kidney. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1989; 161: 348-352.
7. 7. Pernow J, Hemsen A, Lundberg J M. Tissue specific distribution, clearance and vascular effects of endothelin in the pig. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1989; 161: 647-653.
8. 8. Yoshimi H, Hirata Y, Fukuda Y, Kawano Y, Emori T, Kuramochi M et al. Regional distribution of immunoreactive endothelin in rats. Peptides 1989; 10: 805-808.
9. 9. Inoue A, Yanagisawa M, Kimura S, Kasuya Y, Miyauchi T, Goto K et al. The human endothelin family: three structurally and pharmacologically distinct isopeptides predicted by three separate genes. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1989; 86: 2863-2867.
10. 10. Denault J B, Claing A, D'Orleans-Juste P, Sawamura T, Kido T, Masaki T et al. Processing of proendothelin-1 by human furin convertase. FEBS Lett 1995; 362: 276-280.
11. 11. Kashiwabara T, Inagaki Y, Ohta H, Iwamatsu A, Nomizu M, Morita A et al. Putative precursors of endothelin have less vasoconstrictor activity in vitro but a potent pressor effect in vivo. FEBS Lett 1989; 247: 73-76.
12. 12. Kimura S, Kasuya Y, Sawamura T, Shinimi O, Sugita Y, Yanagisawa M et al. Conversion of big endothelin-1 to 21-residue endothelin-1 is essential for expression of full vasoconstrictor activity: structure-activity relationships of big endothelin-1. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 1989; 13: Suppl 5: S5-7.
13. 13. Ishikawa S, Tsukada H, Yuasa H, Fukue M, Wei S, Onizuka M et al. Effects of endothelin-1 and conversion of big endothelin-1 in the isolated perfused rabbit lung. J Appl Physiol 1992; 72: 2387-2392.
14. 14. Vemulapalli S, Rivelli M, Chiu P J, del Prado M, Hey J A. Phosphoramidon abolishes the increases in endothelin-1 release induced by ischemia-hypoxia in isolated perfused guinea pig lungs. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1992; 262: 1062-1069.
15. 15. Pons F, Touvay C, Lagente V, Mencia-Huerta J M, Braquet P. Involvement of a phosphoramidon-sensitive endopeptidase in the processing of big endothelin-1 in the guinea-pig. Eur J Pharmacol 1992; 217: 65-70.
16. 16. Sawamura T, Shinmi O, Kishi N, Sugita Y, Yanagisawa M, Goto K et al. Characterization of phosphoramidon-sensitive metalloproteinases with endothelin-converting enzyme activity in porcine lung membrane. Biochim Biophys Acta 1993; 1161: 295-302.
17. 17. Xu D, Emoto N, Giaid A, Slaughter C, Kaw S, deWit D et al. ECE-1: a membrane-bound metalloprotease that catalyzes the proteolytic activation of big endothelin-1. Cell 1994; 78: 473-485.
18. 18. Emoto N, Yanagisawa M. Endothelin-converting enzyme-2 is a membrane-bound, phosphoramidon-sensitive metalloprotease with acidic pH optimum. J Biol Chem 1995; 270: 15262-15268.
19. 19. Harrison V J, Barnes K, Turner A J, Wood E, Corder R, Vane J R. Identification of endothelin 1 and big endothelin 1 in secretory vesicles isolated from bovine aortic endothelial cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1995; 92: 6344-6348.
20. 20. Matsumura Y, Hisaki K, Takaoka M, Morimoto S. Phosphoramidon, a metalloproteinase inhibitor, suppresses the hypertensive effect of big endothelin-1. Eur J Pharmacol 1990; 185: 103-106.
21. 21. McMahon E G, Palomo M A, Moore W M, McDonald J F, Stern M K. Phosphoramidon blocks the pressor activity of porcine big endothelin-1-(1-39) in vivo and conversion of big endothelin-1-(1-39) to endothelin-1-(1-21) in vitro. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1991; 88: 703-707.
22. 22. Kirshbom P M, Tsui S S, DiBernardo L R, Meliones J N, Schwinn D A, Ungerleider R M et al. Blockade of endothelin-converting enzyme reduces pulmonary hypertension after cardiopulmonary bypass and circulatory arrest. Surgery 1995; 118: 440-444.
23. 23. De Lombaert S, Ghai R D, Jeng A Y, Trapani A J, Webb R L. Pharmacological profile of a non-peptidic dual inhibitor of neutral endopeptidase 24.11 and endothelin-converting enzyme. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1994; 204: 407-412.
24. 24. Matsuura A, Okumura H, Asakura R, Ashizawa N, Takahashi M, Kobayashi F et al. Pharmacological profiles of aspergillomarasmines as endothelin converting enzyme inhibitors. Jpn J Pharmacol 1993; 63: 187-193.
25. 25. Tsurumi Y, Ohhata N, Iwamoto T, Shigematsu N, Sakamoto K, Nishikawa M et al. WS79089A, B and C, new endothelin converting enzyme inhibitors isolated from Streptosporangium roseum. No. 79089. Taxonomy, fermentation, isolation, physico-chemical properties and biological activities. Journal of Antibiotics 1994; 47: 619-630.
26. 26. Tsurumi Y, Fujie K, Nishikawa M, Kiyoto S, Okuhara M. Biological and pharmacological properties of highly selective new endothelin converting enzyme inhibitor WS79089B isolated from Streptosporangium roseum No. 79089. Journal of Antibiotics 1995; 48: 169-174.
27. 27. Rozengurt N, Springall D R, Polak J M. Localization of endothelin-like immunoreactivity in airway epithelium of rats and mice. J Pathol 1990; 160: 5-8.
28. 28. Rennick R E, Loesch A, Burnstock G. Endothelin, vasopressin, and substance P like immunoreactivity in cultured and intact epithelium from rabbit trachea. Thorax 1992; 47: 1044-1049.
29. 29. MacCumber M W, Ross C A, Glaser B M, Snyder S H. Endothelin: visualization of mRNAs by in situ hybridization provides evidence for local action. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1989; 86: 7285-7289.
30. 30. Giaid A, Polak J M, Gaitonde V, Hamid Q A, Moscoso G, Legon S et al. Distribution of endothelin-like immunoreactivity and mRNA in the developing and adult human lung. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 1991; 4: 50-58.
31. 31. Ehrenreich H, Anderson R W, Fox C H, Rieckmann P, Hoffman G S, Travis W D et al. Endothelins, peptides with potent vasoactive properties, are produced by human macrophages. J Exp Med 1990; 172: 1741-1748.
32. 32. Black P N, Ghatei M A, Takahashi K, Bretherton-Watt D, Krausz T, Dollery C T et al. Formation of endothelin by cultured airway epithelial cells. FEBS Lett 1989; 255: 129-132.
33. 33. Mattoli S, Mezzetti M, Riva G, Allegra L, Fasoli A. Specific binding of endothelin on human bronchial smooth muscle cells in culture and secretion of endothelin-like material from bronchial epithelial cells. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 1990; 3: 145-151.
34. 34. Endo T, Uchida Y, Matsumoto H, Suzuki N, Nomura A, Hirata F et al. Regulation of endothelin-1 synthesis in cultured guinea pig airway epithelial cells by various cytokines. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1992; 186: 1594-1599.
35. 35. Ninomiya H, Uchida Y, Ishii Y, Nomura A, Kameyama M, Saotome M et al. Endotoxin stimulates endothelin release from cultured epithelial cells of guinea-pig trachea. Eur J Pharmacol 1991; 203: 299-302.
36. 36. Rennick R E, Milner P, Burnstock G. Thrombin stimulates release of endothelin and vasopressin, but not substance P, from isolated rabbit tracheal epithelial cells. Eur J Pharmacol 1993; 230: 367-370.
37. 37. Elton T S, Oparil S, Taylor G R, Hicks P H, Yang R H, Jin H et al. Normobaric hypoxia stimulates endothelin-1 gene expression in the rat. Am J Physiol 1992; 263: R1260-R1264.
38. 38. Nakano J, Takizawa H, Ohtoshi T, Shoji S, Yamaguchi M, Ishii A et al. Endotoxin and pro-inflammatory cytokines stimulate endothelin-1 expression and release by airway epithelial cells. Clin Exp Allergy 1994; 24: 330-336.
39. 39. Hay D W. Guinea-pig tracheal epithelium and endothelin. Eur J Pharmacol 1989; 171: 241-245.
40. 40. Di Maria G U, Katayama M, Borson D B, Nadel J A. Neutral endopeptidase modulates endothelin-1-induced airway smooth muscle contraction in guinea-pig trachea. Regul Pept 1992; 39: 137-145.
41. 41. Noguchi K, Fukuroda T, Ikeno Y, Hirose H, Tsukada Y, Nishikibe M et al. Local formation and degradation of endothelin-1 in guinea pig airway tissues. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1991; 179: 830-835.
42. 42. Vijayaraghavan J, Scicli A G, Carretero O A, Slaughter C, Moomaw C, Hersh L B. The hydrolysis of endothelins by neutral endopeptidase 24.11 (enkephalinase). J Biol Chem 1990; 265: 14150-14155.
43. 43. Fagny C, Michel A, Leonard I, Berkenboom G, Fontaine J, Deschodt-Lanckman M. In vitro degradation of endothelin-1 by endopeptidase 24.11 (enkephalinase). Peptides 1991; 12: 773-778.
44. 44. Boichot E, Pons F, Lagente V, Touvay C, Mencia-Huerta J M, Braquet P. Phosphoramidon potentiates the endothelin-1-induced bronchopulmonary response in guinea-pigs. Neurochem Int 1991; 18: 477-479.
45. 45. McKay K O, Black J L, Armour C L. Phosphoramidon potentiates the contractile response to endothelin-3, but not endothelin-1 in isolated airway tissue. Br J Pharmacol 1992; 105: 929-932.
46. 46. Yamaguchi T, Kohrogi H, Kawano O, Ando M, Araki S. Neutral endopeptidase inhibitor potentiates endothelin-1-induced airway smooth muscle contraction. J Appl Physiol 1992; 73: 1108-1113.
47. 47. Battistini B, Brown M, Vane J R. Selective proteolitic activation and degradation of ETs and big ETs in parenchymal strips of the guinea-pig lung. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1995; 207: 675-681.
48. A receptor. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1991; 181: 184-190.
49. 49. Hosoda K, Nakao K, Hiroshi-Arai, Suga S, Ogawa Y, Mukoyama M et al. Cloning and expression of human endothelin-1 receptor cDNA. FEBS Lett 1991; 287: 23-26.
50. 50. Sakurai T, Yanagisawa M, Takuwa Y, Miyazaki H, Kimura S, Goto K et al. Cloning of a cDNA encoding a non-isopeptide-selective subtype of the endothelin receptor. Nature 1990; 348: 732-735.
51. 51. Arai H, Hori S, Aramori I, Ohkubo H, Nakanishi S. Cloning and expression of a cDNA encoding an endothelin receptor. Nature 1990; 348: 730-732.
52. B receptor and identification of signal peptidase and metal proteinase cleavage sites. J Biol Chem 1991; 266: 23433-23437.
53. B endothelin receptor. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1991; 178: 656-663.
54. 54. Ogawa Y, Nakao K, Arai H, Nakagawa O, Hosoda K, Suga S et al. Molecular cloning of a non-isopeptide-selective human endothelin receptor. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1991; 178: 248-255.
55. 55. Nakamuta M, Takayanagi R, Sakai Y, Sakamoto S, Hagiwara H, Mizuno T et al. Cloning and sequence analysis of a cDNA encoding human non-selective type of endothelin receptor. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1991; 177: 34-39.
56. 56. Hori S, Komatsu Y, Shigemoto R, Mizuno N, Nakanishi S. Distinct tissue distribution and cellular localization of two messenger ribonucleic acids encoding different subtypes of rat endothelin receptors. Endocrinology 1992; 130: 1885-1895.
57. 57. Lin H Y, Kaji E H, Winkel G K, Ives H E, Lodish H F. Cloning and functional expression of a vascular smooth muscle endothelin 1 receptor. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1991; 88: 3185-3189.
58. 58. Elshourbagy N A, Lee J A, Korman D R, Nuthalaganti P, Sylvester D R, Dilella A G et al. Molecular cloning and characterization of the major endothelin receptor subtype in porcine cerebellum. Mol Pharmacol 1992; 41: 465-473.
59. 59. Adachi M, Yang Y Y, Furuichi Y, Miyamoto C. Cloning and characterization of cDNA encoding human A-type endothelin receptor. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1991; 180: 1265-1272.
60. A) receptors in ovine airway smooth muscle and their mediation of ET-1-induced contraction. Br J Pharmacol 1994; 112: 749-756.
61. A receptor-mediated contractions to endothelin-1 attenuated by respiratory tract viral infection in mouse airways. Br J Pharmacol 1994; 112: 1188-1194.
62. 62. Knott P G, Daprile A C, Henry P J, Hay D W P, Goldie R G. Receptors for endothelin-1 in asthmatic human peripheral lung. Br J Pharmacol 1995; 114: 1-3.
63. 63. Goldie R G, Henry P J, Knott P G, Self G J, Luttmann M A, Hay D W P. Endothelin-1 receptor density, distribution and function in human isolated asthmatic airways. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1995; 152: 1653-1658.
64. 64. Goldie R G, D'Aprile A C, Self G J, Rigby P J, Henry P J. The distribution and density of receptor subtypes for endothelin-1 in the peripheral lung of the rat, guinea-pig and pig. Br J Pharmacol 1996; 117: 729-735.
65. B receptor subtype proportions on endothelin-1-induced contractions in porcine isolated trachea and bronchus. Br J Pharmacol 1996; 117: 736-742.
66. 66. Russell F D, Davenport A P. Characterization of endothelin receptors in human pulmonary vasculature using bosentan, SB209670 and 97-139. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 1995; 26: S346-S347.
67. 67. Masaki T, Vane J R, Vanhoutte P M. International Union of Pharmacology nomenclature of endothelin receptors. Pharmacol Rev 1994; 46: 137-142.
68. 68. Bdolah A, Wollberg Z, Fleminger G, Kochva E. SRTX-d, a new native peptide of the endothelin/sarafotoxin family. FEBS Lett 1989; 256: 1-3.
69. 69. Williams D L Jr, Jones K L, Pettibone D J, Lis E V, Clineschmidt B V. Sarafotoxin S6c: an agonist which distinguishes between endothelin receptor subtypes. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1991; 175: 556-561.
70. B) receptors. Life Sci 1992; 51: PL47-PL52.
71. 125I]IRL 1620. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1992; 185: 867-873.
72. A) antagonist isolated from Streptomyces misakiensis. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1991; 178: 132-137.
73. B receptor antagonist, RES-701-1: effects on isolated blood vessels and small intestine. Eur J Pharmacol 1994; 262: 255-259.
74. 74. Tanaka T, Tsukuda E, Nozawa M, Nonaka H, Ohno T, Kase H et al. RES-701-1, a novel, potent, endothelin type B receptor-selective antagonist of microbial origin. Mol Pharmacol 1994; 45: 724-730.
75. 75. He J X, Cody W L, Flynn M A, Welch K M, Reynolds E E, Doherty A M. RES-701-1, synthesis and a reevaluation of its effects on the endothelin receptors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 1995; 5: 621-626.
76. 76. Katahira R, Shibata K, Yamasaki M, Matsuda Y, Yoshida M. RES-701-1, comparative study of the synthetic and the microbial-origin compounds. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 1995; 5: 1595-1600.
77. 77. Ishikawa K, Ihara M, Noguchi K, Mase T, Mino N, Saeki T et al. Biochemical and pharmacological profile of a potent and selective endothelin B-receptor antagonist, BQ-788. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1994; 91: 4892-4896.
78. 125I]IRL-1620, a potent agonist specific for endothelin-B receptors. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1994; 268: 202-207.
79. 125I]endothelin-1 binding data. Life Sci 1992; 51: 1869-1876.
80. 80. Wu-Wong J R, Chiou W J, Magnuson S R, Opgenorth T J. Endothelin receptor agonists and antagonists exhibit different dissociation characteristics. Biochim Biophys Acta 1994; 1224: 288-294.
81. A receptor subtype. Eur J Pharmacol 1995; 274: 1-6.
82. A receptors in the heart. Br J Pharmacol 1995; 114: 297-302.
83. A receptor agonist and antagonists. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 1995; 26 (Suppl 3): S380-S384.
84. B receptors mediating contractions induced by endothelin-1 or IRL 1620 in guinea-pig isolated airways: effects of BQ-123, FR139317 or PD 145065. Br J Pharmacol 1994; 111: 1009-1016.
85. 85. Battistini B, Warner T D, Fournier A, Vane J R. Comparison of PD 145065 and Ro 46-2005 as antagonists of contractions of guinea-pig airways induced by endothelin-1 or IRL 1620. Eur J Pharmacol 1994; 252: 341-345.
86. 86. Kizawa Y, Nakajima Y, Nakano J, Uno H, Sano M, Murakami H. Pharmacological profiles of contractile endothelin receptors in guinea-pig hilar bronchus. Receptor 1994; 4: 269-276.
87. B receptors mediating tracheal smooth muscle contraction. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1995; 207: 668-674.
88. B receptors mediating venous smooth muscle contraction. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1994; 200: 627-633.
89. 89. Kenakin T P, Bond R B, Bonner T I. Definition of pharmacological receptors. Pharmacol Rev 1992; 44: 351-362.
90. 90. Hoyer D, Clarke D E, Fozard J R, Hartig P R, Martin G R, Mylecharane E J et al. International Union of Pharmacology classification of receptors for 5-hydroxytryptamine (Serotonin). Pharmacol Rev 1994; 46: 157-203.
91. 91. Bax W A, Saxena P R. The current endothelin receptor classification: time for reconsideration. Trends Pharmacol Sci 1994; 15: 378-386.
92. B receptors and multiple signal transduction systems. Br J Pharmacol 1993; 110: 435-441.
93. A sub-type. Br J Pharmacol 1995; 114: 1110-1116.
94. 94. Fukuroda T, Kobayashi M, Ozaki S, Yano M, Miyauchi T, Onizuka M et al. Endothelin receptor subtypes in human versus rabbit pulmonary arteries. J Appl Physiol 1994; 76: 1976-1982.
95. 95. Fukuroda T, Ozaki S, Ihara M, Ishikawa K, Yano M, Nishikibe M. Synergistic inhibition by BQ-123 and BQ-788 of endothelin-1-induced contractions of the rabbit pulmonary artery. Br J Pharmacol 1994; 113: 336-338.
96. B receptors coexist on rabbit pulmonary artery vascular smooth muscle mediating contraction. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1993; 196: 209-215.
97. 97. Markewitz B A, Kohan D E, Michael J R. Endothelin-1 synthesis, receptors, and signal transduction in alveolar epithelium: Evidence for an autocrine role. Am J Physiol 1995; 268: L192-200.
98. 98. Cioffi C L, Neale R F Jr, Jackson R H, Sills M A. Characterization of rat lung endothelin receptor subtypes which are coupled to phosphoinositide hydrolysis. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1992; 262: 611-618.
99. 99. Li H, Elton T S, Chen Y F, Oparil S. Increased endothelin receptor gene expression in hypoxic rat lung. Am J Physiol 1994; 266 (Pt 1): L553-560.
100. 125I-endothelin-1 in rat kidney and lung examined by electron microscopic radioautography. Anat Embryol 1992; 185: 87-96.
101. B receptor. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1992; 184: 953-959.
102. 102. Nakamichi K, Ihara M, Kobayashi M, Saeki T, Ishikawa K, Yano M. Different distribution of endothelin receptor subtypes in pulmonary tissues revealed by the novel selective ligands BQ-123 and [Ala1,3,11,15]ET-1. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1992; 182: 144-150.
103. 103. Sorokin S P. Morphology of experimental respiratory carcinogensis. Oak Ridge, Tennessee: US Atomic & Commission, 1970; pp. 3-41.
104. 104. Eddahibi S, Springall D, Mannan M, Carville C, Chabrier P E, Levame M et al. Dilator effect of endothelins in pulmonary circulation: changes associated with chronic hypoxia. Am J Physiol 1993; 265: L571-580.
105. B receptors. Eur J Pharmacol 1993; 235: 95-100.
106. 125I-endothelin in the rat: importance of pulmonary clearance. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1990; 167: 1191-1195.
107. B receptors in rats. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1994; 199: 1461-1465.
108. 108. Weitzberg E, Ahlborg G, Lundberg J M. Differences in vascular effects and removal of endothelin-1 in human lung, brain, and skeletal muscle. Clin Physiol 1993; 13: 653-662.
109. 109. Wagner O F, Vierhapper H, Gasic S, Nowotny P, Waldhausl W. Regional effects and clearance of endothelin-1 across pulmonary and splanchnic circulation. Eur J Clin Invest 1992; 22: 277-282.
110. 110. Hay D W, Henry P J, Goldie R G. Endothelin and the respiratory system. Trends Pharmacol Sci 1993; 14: 29-32.
111. 111. Hay D W, Hubbard W C, Undem B J. Endothelin-induced contraction and mediator release in human bronchus. Br J Pharmacol 1993; 110: 392-398.
112. 112. Hay D W, Luttmann M A, Hubbard W C, Undem B J. Endothelin receptor subtypes in human and guinea-pig pulmonary tissues. Br J Pharmacol 1993; 110: 1175-1183.
113. 113. Advenier C, Sarria B, Naline E, Puybasset L, Lagente V. Contractile activity of three endothelins (ET-1, ET-2 and ET-3) on the human isolated bronchus. Br J Pharmacol 1990; 100: 168-172.
114. 114. Henry P J, Rigby P J, Self G J, Preuss J M, Goldie R G. Relationship between endothelin-1 binding site densities and constrictor activities in human and animal airway smooth muscle. Br J Pharmacol 1990; 100: 786-792.
115. 115. Hemsen A, Franco-Cereceda A, Matran R, Rudehill A, Lundberg J M. Occurrence, specific binding sites and functional effects of endothelin in human cardiopulmonary tissue. Eur J Pharmacol 1990; 191: 319-328.
116. 116. McKay K O, Black J L, Armour C L. The mechanism of action of endothelin in human lung. Br J Pharmacol 1991; 102: 422-428.
117. 117. Hay D W. Mechanism of endothelin-induced contraction in guinea-pig trachea: comparison with rat aorta. Br J Pharmacol 1990; 100: 383-392.
118. 118. Sakata K, Ozaki H, Kwon S C, Karaki H. Effects of endothelin on the mechanical activity and cytosolic calcium level of various types of smooth muscle. Br J Pharmacol 1989; 98: 483-492.
119. 119. Turner N C, Power R F, Polak J M, Bloom S R, Dollery C T. Endothelin-induced contractions of tracheal smooth muscle and identification of specific endothelin binding sites in the trachea of the rat. Br J Pharmacol 1989; 98: 361-366.
120. 120. Maggi C A, Giuliani S, Patacchini R, Santicioli P, Rovero P, Giachetti A et al. The C-terminal hexapeptide, endothelin-(16-21), discriminates between different endothelin receptors. Eur J Pharmacol 1989; 166: 121-122.
121. 121. Uchida Y, Ninomiya H, Saotome M, Nomura A, Ohtsuka M, Yanagisawa M et al. Endothelin, a novel vasoconstrictor peptide, as potent bronchoconstrictor. Eur J Pharmacol 1988; 154: 227-228.
122. 122. Lee H K, Sperelakis N. Electromechanical effects of endothelin in ferret bronchial and tracheal smooth muscle. Prog Clin Biol Res 1990; 327: 683-685.
123. 123. Grunstein M M, Rosenberg S M, Schramm C M, Pawlowski N A. Mechanisms of action of endothelin 1 in maturing rabbit airway smooth muscle. Am J Physiol 1991; 260 (Pt 1): L434-443.
124. 124. Battistini B, Filep J, Sirois P. Potent thromboxane-mediated in vitro bronchoconstrictor effect of endothelin in the guinea-pig. Eur J Pharmacol 1990; 178: 141-142.
125. 125. Abraham W M, Ahmed A, Cortes A, Spinella M J, Malik A B, Andersen T T. A specific endothelin-1 antagonist blocks inhaled endothelin-1-induced bronchoconstriction in sheep. J Appl Physiol 1993; 74: 2537-2542.
126. 126. Maggi C A, Patacchini R, Giuliani S, Meli A. Potent contractile effect of endothelin in isolated guinea-pig airways. Eur J Pharmacol 1989; 160: 179-182.
127. 127. Filep J G, Battistini B, Sirois P. Pharmacological modulation of endothelin-induced contraction of guinea-pig isolated airways and thromboxane release. Br J Pharmacol 1991; 103: 1633-1640.
128. 128. Ninomiya H, Uchida Y, Saotome M, Nomura A, Ohse H, Matsumoto H et al. Endothelins constrict guinea pig tracheas by multiple mechanisms. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1992; 262: 570-576.
129. 129. Maggi C A, Giuliani S, Patacchini R, Santicioli P, Giachetti A, Meli A. Further studies on the response of the guinea-pig isolated bronchus to endothelins and sarafotoxin S6b. Eur J Pharmacol 1990; 176: 1-9.
130. 130. Chand N, Diamantis W, Sofia R D. Pharmacologic modulation of endothelin-induced contraction in isolated rat tracheal segments. Res Commun Chem Pathol Pharmacol 1990; 70: 173-181.
131. 131. Schumacher W A, Steinbacher T E, Allen G T, Ogletree M L. Role of thromboxane receptor activation in the bronchospastic response to endothelin. Prostaglandins 1990; 40: 71-79.
132. 132. Nally J E, McCall R, Young L C, Wakelam M J, Thomson N C, McGrath J C. Mechanical and biochemical responses to endothelin-1 and endothelin-3 in human bronchi. Eur J Pharmacol 1994; 288: 53-60.
133. 133. Touvay C, Vilain B, Pons F, Chabrier P E, Mencia-Huerta J M, Braquet P. Bronchopulmonary and vascular effect of endothelin in the guinea-pig. Eur J Pharmacol 1990; 176: 23-33.
134. 134. Filep J G, Battistini B, Sirois P. Endothelin induces thromboxane release and contraction of isolated guinea-pig airways. Life Sci 1990; 47: 1845-1850.
135. 135. Hay D W, Hubbard W C, Undem B J. Relative contributions of direct and indirect mechanisms mediating endothelin-induced contraction of guinea-pig trachea. Br J Pharmacol 1993; 110: 955-962.
136. 136. Mattoli S, Soloperto M, Mezzetti M, Fasoli A. Mechanisms of calcium mobilization and phosphoinositide hydrolysis in human bronchial smooth muscle cells by endothelin 1. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 1991; 5: 424-430.
137. 137. Nally J E, McCall R, Young L C, Wakelam M J, Thomson N C, McGrath J C. Mechanical and biochemical responses to endothelin-1 and endothelin-3 in bovine bronchial smooth muscle. Br J Pharmacol 1994; 111: 1163-1169.
138. 138. Henry P J, Rigby P J, Self G J, Preuss J M, Goldie R G. Endothelin-1-induced [3H]-inositol phosphate accumulation in rat trachea. Br J Pharmacol 1992; 105: 135-141.
139. 139. Yang C M, Yo Y L, Ong R, Hsieh J T. Endothelin- and sarafotoxin-induced phosphoinositide hydrolysis in cultured canine tracheal smooth muscle cells. J Neurochem 1994; 62: 1440-1448.
140. 140. Yang C M, Ong R, Chen Y C, Hsieh J T, Tsao H L, Tsai C T. Effect of phorbol ester on phosphoinositide hydrolysis and calcium mobilization induced by endothelin-1 in cultured canine tracheal smooth muscle cells. Cell Calcium 1995; 17: 129-140.
141. 141. Yang C M, Yo Y L, Ong R, Hsieh J T, Tsao H L. Calcium mobilization induced by endothelins and sarafotoxin in cultured canine tracheal smooth muscle cells. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 1994; 350: 68-76.
142. A-receptor-mediated contractions to endothelin-1 in rat trachea. Br J Pharmacol 1994; 111: 561-569.
143. 143. Webber S E, Yurdakos E, Woods A J, Widdicombe J G. Effects of endothelin-1 on tracheal submucosal gland secretion and epithelial function in the ferret. Chest 1992; 101: 63S-67S.
144. 144. Adler K B, Kinula V L, Akley N, Lee J, Cohn L A, Crapo J D. Inflammatory mediators and the generation and release of reactive oxygen species by airway epithelium in vitro. Chest 1992; 101: 53S-54S.
145. 145. Pons F, Touvay C, Lagente V, Mencia-Huerta J M, Braquet P. Comparison of the effects of intra-arterial and aerosol administration of endothelin-1 (ET-1) in the guinea-pig isolated lung. Br J Pharmacol 1991; 102: 791-796.
146. 146. Marsault R, Feolde E, Frelin C. Receptor externalization determines sustained contractile responses to endothelin-1 in the rat aorta. Am J Physiol 1993; 264: C687-693.
147. 147. Sarria B, Naline E, Morcillo E, Cortijo J, Esplugues J, Advenier C. Calcium dependence of the contraction produced by endothelin (ET-1) in isolated guinea-pig trachea. Eur J Pharmacol 1990; 187: 445-453.
148. 148. Grunstein M M, Chuang S T, Schramm C M, Pawlowski N A. Role of endothelin 1 in regulating rabbit airway contractility. Am J Physiol 1991; 260: L75-82.
149. 149. Lee H K, Leikauf G D, Sperelakis N. Electromechanical effects of endothelin on ferret bronchial and tracheal smooth muscle. J Appl Physiol 1990; 68: 417-420.
150. 2+) translocation mechanisms mediating endothelin-1 (ET-1)- and sarafotoxin S6c (S6c)-induced contractions in isolated human bronchus. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine 1994; 149: A1083.
151. 151. Battistini B, Filep J G, Cragoe E J Jr, Fournier A, Sirois P. A role for Na+/H+ exchange in contraction of guinea pig airways by endothelin-1 in vitro. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1991; 175: 583-588.
152. 152. Lagente V, Chabrier P E, Mencia-Huerta J M, Braquet P. Pharmacological modulation of the bronchopulmonary action of the vasoactive peptide, endothelin, administered by aerosol in the guinea-pig. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1989; 158: 625-632.
153. 153. Payne A N, Whittle B J. Potent cyclo-oxygenase-mediated bronchoconstrictor effects of endothelin in the guinea-pig in vivo. Eur J Pharmacol 1988; 158: 303-304.
154. 154. Braquet P, Touvay C, Vilain B, Pons F, Hosford D, Chabrier P E et al. Effect of endothelin-1 on blood pressure and bronchopulmonary system of the guinea pig. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 1989; 13 (Suppl 5): S143-S146.
155. 155. Macquin-Mavier I, Levame M, Istin N, Harf A. Mechanisms of endothelin-mediated bronchoconstriction in the guinea pig. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1989; 250: 740-745.
156. 156. Pons F, Loquet I, Touvay C, Roubert P, Chabrier P E, Mencia-Huerta J M et al. Comparison of the bronchopulmonary and pressor activities of endothelin isoforms ET-1, ET-2, and ET-3 and characterization of their binding sites in guinea pig lung. Am J Respir Dis 1991; 143: 294-300.
157. 157. Boichot E, Lagente V, Mencia-Huerta J M, Braquet P. Bronchopulmonary responses to endothelin-1 in sensitized and challenged guinea-pigs: role of cyclooxygenase metabolites and platelet-activating factor. Fundam Clin Pharmacol 1993; 7: 281-291.
158. 158. Pons F, Touvay C, Lagente V, Mencia-Huerta J M, Braquet P. Bronchopulmonary and pressor activities of endothelin-1 (ET-1), ET-2, ET-3, and big ET-1 in the guinea-pig. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 1991; 17 (Suppl 7): S326-S328.
159. 159. Nagai H, Suda H, Kitagaki K, Koda A. Effect of tranilast on endothelin-induced bronchoconstriction in guinea pigs. J Pharmacobio Dyn 1991; 14: 309-314.
160. 160. Gratton J P, Rae G A, Claing A, Telemaque S, Dorleansjuste P. Different pressor and bronchoconstrictor properties of human big-endothelin-1, 2 (1-38) and 3 in ketamine xylazine-anaesthetized guinea-pigs. Br J Pharmacol 1995; 114: 720-726.
161. 161. Nambu F, Yube N, Omawari N, Sawada M, Okegawa T, Kawasaki A et al. Inhibition of endothelin-induced bronchoconstriction by OKY-046, a selective thromboxane A2 synthetase inhibitor, in guinea pigs. Adv Prostaglandin Thromboxane Leukot Res 1991; 21A: 453-456.
162. 162. Kanazawa H, Kurihara N, Hirata K, Fujiwara H, Matsushita H, Takeda T. Low concentration endothelin-1 enhanced histamine-mediated bronchial contractions of guinea pigs in vivo. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1992; 187: 717-721.
163. B receptors in bronchoconstrictor and vasoconstrictor responses in guinea-pigs. Eur J Pharmacol 1993; 233: 47-51.
164. 164. Lueddeckens G, Bigl H, Sperling J, Becker K, Braquet P, Forster W. Importance of secondary TXA2 release in mediating of endothelin-1 induced bronchoconstriction and vasopressin in the guinea-pig. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 1993; 48: 261-263.
165. 165. Nagase T, Fukuchi Y, Matsui H, Aoki T, Matsuse T, Orimo H. In vivo effects of endothelin A- and B-receptor antagonists in guinea pigs. Am J Physiol 1995; 268: L846-850.
166. 166. Matsuse T, Fukuchi Y, Suruda T, Nagase T, Ouchi Y, Orimo H. Effect of endothelin-1 on pulmonary resistance in rats. J Appl Physiol 1990; 68: 2391-2393.
167. 167. Di Maria G U, Malatino L S, Bellofiore S, Mistretta A. Endothelin potently constricts rat airways in vivo. Agents Actions Suppl 1991; 34: 439-443.
168. 168. Minkes R K, Bellan J A, Saroyan R M, Kerstein M D, Coy D H, Murphy W A et al. Analysis of cardiovascular and pulmonary responses to endothelin-1 and endothelin-3 in the anesthetized cat. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1990; 253: 1118-1125.
169. 169. Dyson M C, Kadowitz P J. Influence of SK&F 96148 on thromboxane-mediated responses in the airways of the cat. Eur J Pharmacol 1991; 197: 17-25.
170. 170. Dyson M C, Kadowitz P J. Analysis of responses to endothelins 1, 2, and 3 and sarafotoxin 6b in airways of the cat. J Appl Physiol 1991; 71: 243-251.
171. 171. Kadowitz P J, McMahon T J, Hood J S, Feng C J, Minkes R K, Dyson M C. Pulmonary vascular and airway responses to endothelin-1 are mediated by different mechanisms in the cat. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 1991; 17 (Suppl 7): S374-S377.
172. 172. Uchida Y, Hamada M, Kameyama M, Ohse H, Nomura A, Hasegawa S et al. ET-1 induced bronchoconstriction in the early phase but not late phase of anesthetized dogs is inhibited by indomethacin and ICI 198615. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1992; 183: 1197-1202.
173. 173. Lueddeckens G, Becker K, Rappold R, Forster W. Influence of aminophylline and ketotifen in comparison to the lipoxygenase inhibitors NDGA and esculetin and the PAF antagonists WEB 2170 and BN 52021 on endothelin-1 induced vaso- and bronchoconstriction. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 1991; 44: 155-158.
174. 174. Boichot E, Lagente V, Mencia-Huerta J M, Braquet P. Effect of phosphoramidon and indomethacin on the endothelin-1 (ET-1) induced bronchopulmonary response in aerosol sensitized guinea pigs. J Vasc Med Biol 1990; 2: 206.
175. 175. Noguchi K, Ishikawa K, Yano M, Ahmed A, Cortes A, Abraham W M. Endothelin-1 contributes to antigen-induced airway hyperresponsiveness. J Appl Physiol 1995; 79: 700-705.
176. 176. Boichot E, Carre C, Lagente V, Pons F, Mencia-Huerta J M, Braquet P. Endothelin-1 and bronchial hyperresponsiveness in the guinea pig. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 1991; 17 (Suppl 7): S329-S331.
177. 177. White S R, Hathaway D P, Umans J G, Tallet J, Abrahams C, Leff A R. Epithelial modulation of airway smooth muscle response to endothelin-1. Am J Respir Dis 1991; 144: 373-378.
178. 178. Filep J G, Battistini B, Sirois P. Induction by endothelin-1 of epithelium-dependent relaxation of guinea-pig trachea in vitro: role for nitric oxide. Br J Pharmacol 1993; 109: 637-644.
179. 179. Uchida Y, Saotome M, Nomura A, Ninomiya H, Ohse H, Hirata F et al. Endothelin-1-induced relaxation of guinea-pig trachealis muscles. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 1991; 17 (Suppl 7): S210-S212.
180. 180. Hadjkaddour K, Michel A, Chevillard C. Endothelin-1 and endothelin-3 relax isolated guinea-pig trachea through different mechanisms. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 1995; 26 (Suppl 3): S115-S116.
181. 181. Noveral J P, Rosenberg S M, Anbar R A, Pawlowski N A, Grunstein M M. Role of endothelin-1 in regulating proliferation of cultured rabbit airway smooth muscle cells. Am J Physiol 1992; 263: L317-324.
182. 182. Glassberg M K, Ergul A, Wanner A, Puett D. Endothelin-1 promotes mitogenesis in airway smooth muscle cells. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 1994; 10: 316-321.
183. 183. Stewart A G, Grigoriadis G, Harris T. Mitogenic actions of endothelin-1 and epidermal growth factor in cultured airway smooth muscle. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 1994; 21: 277-285.
184. 184. Tomlinson P R, Wilson J W, Stewart A G. Inhibition by salbutamol of the proliferation of human airway smooth muscle cells grown in culture. Br J Pharmacol 1994; 111: 641-647.
185. A receptor-mediated phenomenon. Br J Pharmacol 1996; (in press).
186. 186. Battistini B, Chailler P, D'Orleans-Juste P, Briere N, Sirois P. Growth regulatory properties of endothelins. Peptides 1993; 14: 385-399.
187. 187. Buchan K W, Magnusson H, Rabe K F, Sumner M J, Watts I S. Characterisation of the endothelin receptor mediating contraction of human pulmonary artery using BQ123 and Ro 46-2005. Eur J Pharmacol 1994; 260: 221-226.
188. 188. McKay K O, Black J L, Diment L M, Armour C L. Functional and autoradiographic studies of endothelin-1 and endothelin-2 in human bronchi, pulmonary arteries, and airway parasympathetic ganglia. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 1991; 17 (Suppl 7): S206-S209.
189. B-receptor-mediated vasoconstriction in rat pulmonary arteries and arterioles. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 1994; 23: 838-845.
190. 190. Sudjarwo S A, Hori M, Takai M, Urade Y, Okada T, Karaki H. A novel subtype of endothelin B receptor mediating contraction in swine pulmonary vein. Life Sci 1993; 53: 431-437.
191. A receptor antagonist, attenuates endothelin-1-induced vasoconstriction in rat pulmonary circulation. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 1993; 22: 39-43.
192. 192. Wang Y, Coceani F. Isolated pulmonary resistance vessels from fetal lambs. Contractile behavior and responses to indomethacin and endothelin-1. Circ Res 1992; 71: 320-330.
193. 193. Lippton H L, Ohlstein E H, Summer W R, Hyman A L. Analysis of responses to endothelins in the rabbit pulmonary and systemic vascular beds. J Appl Physiol 1991; 70: 331-341.
194. 194. Toga H, Ibe B O, Raj J U. In vitro responses of ovine intrapulmonary arteries and veins to endothelin-1. Am J Physiol 1992; 263: L15-L21.
195. 195. Itoh H, Hiraoka N, Higuchi H, Ito M, Konishi T, Nakano T. Contractile actions of endothelin-1 in isolated helical strips from rat pulmonary artery: potentiation of serotonin-induced contraction. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 1992; 20: 1-6.
196. 196. Zellers T M, McCormick J, Wu Y. Interaction among ET-1, endothelium-derived nitric oxide, and prostacyclin in pulmonary arteries and veins. Am J Physiol 1994; 267: H139-H147.
197. 197. Liben S, Stewart D J, De Marte J, Perreault T. Ontogeny of big endothelin-1 effects in newborn piglet pulmonary vasculature. Am J Physiol 1993; 265: H139-145.
198. 198. Barnard J W, Barman S A, Adkins W K, Longenecker G L, Taylor A E. Sustained effects of endothelin-1 on rabbit, dog, and rat pulmonary circulations. Am J Physiol 1991; 261 (Pt 2): H479-H486.
199. 199. Horgan M J, Pinheiro J M, Malik A B. Mechanism of endothelin-1-induced pulmonary vasoconstriction. Circ Res 1991; 69: 157-164.
200. 200. Crawley D E, Liu S F, Barnes P J, Evans T W. Endothelin-3 is a potent pulmonary vasodilator in the rat. J Appl Physiol 1992; 72: 1425-1431.
201. 201. Mann J, Farrukh I S, Michael J R. Mechanisms by which endothelin 1 induces pulmonary vasoconstriction in the rabbit. J Appl Physiol 1991; 71: 410-416.
202. 202. Perreault T, De Marte J. Endothelin-1 has a dilator effect on neonatal pig pulmonary vasculature. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 1991; 18: 43-50.
203. 203. Spinella M J, Malik A B, Everitt J, Andersen T T. Design and synthesis of a specific endothelin 1 antagonist: effects on pulmonary vasoconstriction. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1991; 88: 7443-7446.
204. 204. Tod M L, Cassin S. Endothelin-1-induced pulmonary arterial dilation is reduced by N omega-nitro-L-arginine in fetal lambs. J Appl Physiol 1992; 72: 1730-1734.
205. 205. Perreault T, Baribeau J. Characterization of endothelin receptors in newborn piglet lung. Am J Physiol 1995; 268: L607-614.
206. 206. Bradley L M, Czaja J F, Goldstein R E. Circulatory effects of endothelin in newborn piglets. Am J Physiol 1990; 259: H1613-1617.
207. 207. Hasunuma K, Rodman D M, O'Brien R F, McMurtry I F. Endothelin 1 causes pulmonary vasodilation in rats. Am J Physiol 1990; 259: H48-54.
208. 208. Lippton H E, Hauth T A, Summer W R, Hyman A L. Endothelin produces pulmonary vasoconstriction and systemic vasodilation. J Appl Physiol 1989; 66: 1008-1012.
209. 209. Minkes R K, Bellan J A, Higuera T R, Kadowitz P J. Comparison of responses to sarafotoxins 6a and 6c in pulmonary and systemic vascular beds. Am J Physiol 1992; 262: H852-H861.
210. 210. Lippton H L, Hauth T A, Cohen G A, Hyman A L. Functional evidence for different endothelin receptors in the lung. J Appl Physiol 1993; 75: 38-48.
211. 211. McMahon T J, Hood J S, Kadowitz P J. Analysis of responses to sarafotoxin 6a and sarafotoxin 6c in the pulmonary vascular bed of the cat. J Appl Physiol 1991; 71: 2019-2025.
212. 212. Cassin S, Kristova V, Davis T, Kadowitz P, Gause G. Tone-dependent responses to endothelin in the isolated perfused fetal sheep pulmonary circulation in situ. J Appl Physiol 1991; 70: 1228-1234.
213. 213. Raffestin B, Adnot S, Eddahibi S, Macquin-Mavier I, Braquet P, Chabrier P E. Pulmonary vascular response to endothelin in rats. J Appl Physiol 1991; 70: 567-574.
214. 214. Ivy D D, Kinsella J P, Abman S H. Physiologic characterization of endothelin A and B receptor activity in the ovine fetal pulmonary circulation. J Clin Invest 1994; 93: 2141-2148.
215. 215. Wong J, Vanderford P A, Fineman J R, Soifer S J. Developmental effects of endothelin-1 on the pulmonary circulation in sheep. Pediatr Res 1994; 36: 394-401.
216. 216. Weitzberg E, Rudehill A, Lundberg J M. Nitric oxide inhalation attenuates pulmonary hypertension and improves gas exchange in endotoxin shock. Eur J Pharmacol 1993; 233: 85-94.
217. 217. Ercan Z S, Kilinc M, Yazar O, Korkusuz P, Turker R K. Endothelin-1-induced oedema in rat and guinea-pig isolated perfused lungs. Arch Int Pharmacodyn Ther 1993; 323: 74-84.
218. 218. Rodman D M, Stelzner T J, Zamora M R, Bonvallet S T, Oka M, Sato K et al. Endothelin-1 increases the pulmonary microvascular pressure and causes pulmonary edema in salt solution but not blood-perfused rat lungs. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 1992; 20: 658-663.
219. A receptors. Br J Pharmacol 1993; 109: 880-886.
220. 220. Filep J G, Sirois M G, Rousseau A, Fournier A, Sirois P. Effects of endothelin-1 on vascular permeability in the conscious rat: interactions with platelet-activating factor. Br J Pharmacol 1991; 104: 797-804.
221. B receptor antagonist, bosentan on endothelin-1-induced myocardial ischaemia and oedema in the rat. Br J Pharmacol 1995; 116: 1745-1750.
222. 222. Helset E, Kjaeve J, Hauge A. Endothelin-1-induced increases in microvascular permeability in isolated, perfused rat lungs requires leukocytes and plasma. Circ Shock 1993; 39: 15-20.
223. 223. Sirois M G, Filep J G, Rousseau A, Fournier A, Plante G E, Sirois P. Endothelin-1 enhances vascular permeability in conscious rats: role of thromboxane A2. Eur J Pharmacol 1992; 214: 119-125.
224. 224. Herbst C, Tippler B, Shams H, Simmet T. A role for endothelin in bicuculline-induced neurogenic pulmonary oedema in rats. Br J Pharmacol 1995; 115: 753-760.
225. A receptor antagonist, inhibits endothelin-1-mediated proliferation of human pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 1993; 9: 429-433.
226. 226. Hassoun P M, Thappa V, Landman M J, Fanburg B L. Endothelin 1: mitogenic activity on pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells and release from hypoxic endothelial cells. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 1992; 199: 165-170.
227. 227. Janakidevi K, Fisher M A, Del Vecchio P J, Tiruppathi C, Figge J, Malik A B. Endothelin-1 stimulates DNA synthesis and proliferation of pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells. Am J Physiol 1992; 263: C1295-1301.
228. 228. McKay K O, Armour C L, Black J L. Endothelin-3 increases transmission in the rabbit pulmonary parasympathetic nervous system. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 1993; 22 (Suppl 8): S181-S184.
229. B receptors. Br J Pharmacol 1995; 114: 563-569.
230. 230. Takimoto M, Inui T, Okada T, Urade Y. Contraction of smooth muscle by activation of endothelin receptors on autonomic neurons. FEBS Lett 1993; 324: 277-282.
231. B receptor, inhibits cholinergic nerve-mediated contractions in sheep trachea. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 1995; 26: S117-S119.
232. 232. Warner T D, Allcock G H, Mickley E J, Vane J R. Characterization of endothelin receptors mediating the effects of the endothelin/sarafotoxin peptides on autonomic neurotransmission in the rat vas deferens and guinea-pig ileum. Br J Pharmacol 1993; 110: 783-789.
233. 233. Guimaraes C L, Rae G A. Dual effects of endothelins -1, -2 and -3 on guinea pig field-stimulated ileum: possible mediation by two receptors coupled to pertussis toxin-insensitive mechanisms. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1992; 261: 1253-1259.
234. 234. Wiklund N P, Wiklund C U, Ohlen A, Gustafsson L E. Cholinergic neuromodulation by endothelin in guinea pig ileum. Neurosci Lett 1989; 101: 342-346.
235. 235. Mullol J, Chowdhury B A, White M V, Ohkubo K, Rieves R D, Baraniuk J et al. Endothelin in human nasal mucosa. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 1993; 8: 393-402.
236. 236. Yurdakos E, Webber S E. Endothelin-1 inhibits pre-stimulated tracheal submucosal gland secretion and epithelial albumin transport. Br J Pharmacol 1991; 104: 1050-1056.
237. 237. Shimura S, Ishihara H, Satoh M, Masuda T, Nagaki N, Sasaki H et al. Endothelin regulation of mucus glycoprotein secretion from feline tracheal submucosal glands. Am J Physiol 1992; 262: L208-L213.
238. 238. Plews P I, Abdel-Malek Z A, Doupnik C A, Leikauf G D. Endothelin stimulates chloride secretion across canine tracheal epithelium. Am J Physiol 1991; 261: L188-194.
239. 239. Wu T, Rieves R D, Larivee P, Logun C, Lawrence M G, Shelhamer J H. Production of eicosanoids in response to endothelin-1 and identification of specific endothelin-1 binding sites in airway epithelial cells. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 1993; 8: 282-290.
240. 240. Tamaoki J, Kanemura T, Sakai N, Isono K, Kobayashi K, Takizawa T. Endothelin stimulates ciliary beat frequency and chloride secretion in canine cultured tracheal epithelium. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 1991; 4: 426-431.
241. 241. Amble F R, Lindberg S O, McCaffrey T V, Runer T. Mucociliary function and endothelins 1, 2, and 3. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1993; 109: 634-645.
242. 242. Satoh M, Shimura S, Ishihara H, Nagaki M, Sasaki H, Takishima T. Endothelin-1 stimulates chloride secretion across canine tracheal epithelium. Respiration 1992; 59: 145-150.
243. 243. Holtzman M J. Arachidonic acid metabolism. Implications of biological chemistry for lung function and disease. Am J Respir Dis 1991; 143: 188-203.
244. 244. Tschirhart E J, Drijfhout J W, Pelton J T, Miller R C, Jones C R. Endothelins: functional and autoradiographic studies in guinea pig trachea. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1991; 258: 381-387.
245. 245. Bath P M, Mayston S A, Martin J F. Endothelin and PDGF do not stimulate peripheral blood monocyte chemotaxis, adhesion to endothelium, and superoxide production. Exp Cell Res 1990; 187: 339-342.
246. 246. Achmad T H, Rao G S. Chemotaxis of human blood monocytes toward endothelin-1 and the influence of calcium channel blockers. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1992; 189: 994-1000.
247. 247. Helset E, Sildnes T, Seljelid R, Konoski Z S. Endothelin-1 stimulates human monocytes in vitro to release TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6. Mediators Inflamm 1993; 2: 417-422.
248. 248. Millul V, Lagente V, Gillardeaux O, Boichot E, Dugas B, Mencia-Huerta J M et al. Activation of guinea pig alveolar macrophages by endothelin-1. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 1991; 17 (Suppl 7): S233-S235.
249. 2+]i, protein phosphorylation, and O2-. production in human alveolar macrophages. Am J Physiol 1991; 261: L478-L484.
250. 250. de Nucci G, Thomas R, D'Orleans-Juste P, Antunes E, Walder C, Warner T D et al. Pressor effects of circulating endothelin are limited by its removal in the pulmonary circulation and by the release of prostacyclin and endothelium-derived relaxing factor. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1988; 85: 9797-9800.
251. 251. Ninomiya H, Yu X Y, Hasegawa S, Spannhake E W. Endothelin-1 induces stimulation of prostaglandin synthesis in cells obtained from canine airways by bronchoalveolar lavage. Prostaglandins 1992; 43: 401-411.
252. 252. Nagase T, Fukuchi Y, Jo C, Teramoto S, Uejima Y, Ishida K et al. Endothelin-1 stimulates arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase activity and oxygen radical formation in the rat distal lung. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1990; 168: 485-489.
253. 253. Uchida Y, Ninomiya H, Sakamoto T, Lee J Y, Endo T, Nomura A et al. ET-1 released histamine from guinea pig pulmonary but not peritoneal mast cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1992; 189: 1196-1201.
254. 254. Helset E, Ytrehus K, Tveita T, Kjaeve J, Jorgensen L. Endothelin-1 causes accumulation of leukocytes in the pulmonary circulation. Circ Shock 1994; 44: 201-209.
255. 255. Pons F, Boichot E, Lagente V, Touvay C, Mencia-Huerta J M, Braquet P. Role of endothelin in pulmonary function. Pulm Pharmacol 1992; 5: 213-219.
256. B receptors. Br J Pharmacol 1995; 115: 227-236.
257. 257. Sen N, Grunstein M M, Chander A. Stimulation of lung surfactant secretion by endothelin-1 from rat alveolar type II cells. Am J Physiol 1994; 266: L255-L262.
258. 258. Mattoli S, Soloperto M, Marini M, Fasoli A. Levels of endothelin in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid of patients with symptomatic asthma and reversible airflow obstruction. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1991; 88: 376-384.
259. 259. Sofia M, Mormile M, Faraone S, Alifano M, Zofra S, Romano L et al. Increased endothelin-like immunoreactive material on bronchoalveolar lavage fluid from patients with bronchial asthma and patients with interstitial lung disease. Respiration 1993; 60: 89-95.
260. 260. Redington A E, Springall D R, Ghatei M A, Lau L C, Bloom S R, Holgate S T et al. Endothelin in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid and its relation to airflow obstruction in asthma. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1995; 151: 1034-1039.
261. 261. Nomura A, Uchida Y, Kameyana M, Saotome M, Oki K, Hasegawa S. Endothelin and bronchial asthma. Lancet 1989; 2: 747-748.
262. 262. Aoki T, Kojima T, Ono A, Unishi G, Yoshijima S, Kameda-Hayashi N et al. Circulating endothelin-1 levels in patients with bronchial asthma. Ann Allergy 1994; 73: 365-369.
263. 263. Chen W Y, Yu J, Wang J Y. Decreased production of endothelin-1 in asthmatic children after immunotherapy. J Asthma 1995; 32: 29-35.
264. 264. Springall D R, Howarth P H, Counihan H, Djukanovic R, Holgate S T, Polak J M. Endothelin immunoreactivity of airway epithelium in asthmatic patients. Lancet 1991; 337: 697-701.
265. 265. Carpi S, Marini M, Vittori E, Vassalli G, Mattoli S. Bronchoconstrictive responses to inhaled ultrasonically nebulized distilled water and airway inflammation in asthma. Chest 1993; 104: 1346-1351.
266. 266. Vittori E, Marini M, Fasoli A, De Franchis R, Mattoli S. Increased expression of endothelin in bronchial epithelial cells of asthmatic patients and effect of corticosteroids. Am J Respir Dis 1992; 146: 1320-1325.
267. 267. Andersson S E, Zackrisson C, Hemsen A, Lundberg J M. Regulation of lung endothelin content by the glucocorticosteroid budesonide. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1992; 188: 1116-1121.
268. 268. Filep J G, Battistini B, Fournier A, Sirois P. Relaxation by dexamethasone of isolated guinea-pig airways precontracted with endothelin-1. Eur J Pharmacol 1993; 240: 315-318.
269. B) receptor activated potentiation of cholinergic nerve-mediated contraction in human bronchus. Br J Pharmacol 1996 (in press).
270. 269. Barnes P J. Neural mechanisms in asthma. Br Med Bull 1992; 48: 149-168.
271. 270. Belvisi M G, Stretton C D, Miura M, Verleden G M, Tadjkarimi S, Yacoub M H et al. Inhibitory NANC nerves in human tracheal smooth muscle: a quest for the neurotransmitter. J Appl Physiol 1992; 73: 2505-2510.
272. 271. Barnes P J, Chung K F, Page C P. Inflammatory mediators and asthma. Pharmacol Rev 1988; 40: 49-84.
273. 272. Uchida Y, Nomura A, Ohse H, Sakamoto T, Ninomiya H, Iijima H et al. Evidence for the involvement of endothelins in antigen-induced immediate and late asthmatic reactions of guinea-pig experimental asthma. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1995; 151: A228.
274. 273. Filep J G, Telemaque S, Battistini B, Sirois P, D'Orleans-Juste P. Increased plasma levels of endothelin during anaphylactic shock in the guinea-pig. Eur J Pharmacol 1993; 239: 231-236.
275. 274. Casasco A, Benazzo M, Casasco M, Cornaglia A I, Springall D R, Calligaro A et al. Occurrence, distribution and possible role of the regulatory peptide endothelin in the nasal mucosa. Cell Tissue Res 1993; 274: 241-247.
276. 275. Wu T, Mullol J, Rieves R D, Logun C, Hausfield J, Kaliner M A et al. Endothelin-1 stimulates eicosanoid production in cultured human nasal mucosa. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 1992; 6: 168-174.
277. 276. Riccio M M, Reynolds C J, Hay D W P, Proud D. Effects of intranasal administration of endothelin-1 to allergic and nonallergic individuals. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1995; 152: 1757-1764.
278. 277. Furukawa K, Saleh D, Bayan F, Emoto N, Kaw S, Yanagisawa M et al. Co-expression of endothelin-1 and endothelin-converting enzyme-1 in patients with chronic rhinitis. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 1996; 14: 248-253.
279. 278. Newman J H, Ross J C. Primary pulmonary hypertension: a look at the future. J Am Coll Cardiol 1989; 14: 551-555.
280. 279. Stewart D J, Levy R D, Cernacek P, Langleben D. Increased plasma endothelin-1 in pulmonary hypertension: marker or mediator of disease? Ann Intern Med 1991; 114: 464-469.
281. 280. Allen S W, Chatfield B A, Koppenhafer S A, Schaffer M S, Wolfe R R, Abman S H et al. Circulating immunoreactive endothelin-1 in children with pulmonary hypertension. Association with acute hypoxic pulmonary vasoreactivity. Am J Respir Dis 1993; 148: 519-522.
282. 281. Wagner O F, Christ G, Wojta J, Vierhapper H, Parzer S, Nowotny P J et al. Polar secretion of endothelin-1 by cultured endothelial cells. J Biol Chem 1992; 267: 16066-16068.
283. 282. Noguchi Y, Uchida Y, Endo T, Ninomiya H, Nomura A, Sakamoto T et al. The induction of cell differentiation and polarity of tracheal epithelium cultured on the amniotic membrane. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1995; 210: 302-309.
284. 283. Stelzner T J, O'Brien R F, Yanagisawa M, Sakurai T, Sato K, Webb S et al. Increased lung endothelin-1 production in rats with idiopathic pulmonary hypertension. Am J Physiol 1992; 262: L614-620.
285. 284. Shirakami G, Nakao K, Saito Y, Magaribuchi T, Jougasaki M, Mukoyama M et al. Acute pulmonary alveolar hypoxia increases lung and plasma endothelin-1 levels in conscious rats. Life Sci 1991; 48: 969-976.
286. 285. Eddahibi S, Raffestin B, Clozel M, Levame M, Adnot S. Protection from pulmonary hypertension with an orally active endothelin receptor antagonist in hypoxic rats. Am J Physiol 1995; 268: H828-835.
287. A-receptor antagonist, attenuates hypoxic pulmonary hypertension in rats. Am J Physiol 1994; 266: H1327-H1331.
288. 287. Oparil S, Chen S J, Meng Q C, Elton T S, Yano M, Chen Y F. Endothelin-A receptor antagonist prevents acute hypoxia-induced pulmonary hypertension in the rat. Am J Physiol - Lung Cell Mol Physiol 1995; 12: L95-L100.
289. 288. Okada M, Yamashita C, Okada K. Endothelin receptor antagonists in a beagle model of pulmonary hypertension - contribution to possible therapy. J Am Coll Cardiol 1995; 25: 1213-1217.
290. 289. Okada M, Yamashita C, Okada K. Role of endothelin-1 in beagles with dehydromonocrotaline-induced pulmonary hypertension. Circulation 1995; 92: 114-119.
291. 290. Miyauchi T, Yorikane R, Sakai S, Sakurai T, Okada M, Nishikibe M et al. Contribution of endogenous endothelin-1 to the progression of cardiopulmonary alterations in rats with monocrotaline-induced pulmonary hypertension. Circ Res 1993; 73: 887-897.
292. 291. Druml W, Steltzer H, Waldhausl W, Lenz K, Hammerle A, Vierhapper H et al. Endothelin-1 in adult respiratory distress syndrome. Am J Respir Dis 1993; 148: 1169-1173.
293. 292. Langleben D, DeMarchie M, Laporta D, Spanier A H, Schlesinger R D, Stewart D J. Endothelin-1 in acute lung injury and the adult respiratory distress syndrome. Am J Respir Dis 1993; 148: 1646-1650.
294. 293. Weitzberg E, Lundberg J M, Rudehill A. Elevated plasma levels of endothelin in patients with sepsis syndrome. Circ Shock 1991; 33: 222-227.
295. 294. Sugiura M, Inagami T, Kon V. Endotoxin stimulates endothelin-release in vivo and in vitro as determined by radioimmunoassay. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1989; 161: 1220-1227.
296. 295. Simmet T, Pritze S, Thelen K I, Peskar B A. Release of endothelin in the oleic acid-induced respiratory distress syndrome in rats. Eur J Pharmacol 1992; 211: 319-322.
297. 296. Giaid A, Michel R P, Stewart D J, Sheppard M, Corrin B, Hamid Q. Expression of endothelin-1 in lungs of patients with cryptogenic fibrosing alveolitis. Lancet 1993; 341: 1550-1554.
298. 297. Cambrey A D, Harrison N K, Dawes K E, Southcott A M, Black C M, du Bois R M et al. Increased levels of endothelin-1 in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid from patients with systemic sclerosis contribute to fibroblast mitogenic activity in vitro. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 1994; 11: 439-445.
299. 298. Saleh D, Yanagisawa M, Corrin B, Giaid A. Co-expression of endothelin and endothelin converting enzyme-1 in the lungs of normal humans and patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1995; 151: A51.
300. 299. Seino S, Kato S, Takahashi H, Iwabuchi K, Yuki H, Nakamura H et al. BQ123, endothelin type A receptor antagonist, attenuates bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1995; 151: A63.
301. 300. Giaid A, Hamid Q A, Springall D R, Yanagisawa M, Shinmi O, Sawamura T et al. Detection of endothelin immunoreactivity and mRNA in pulmonary tumours. J Pathol 1990; 162: 15-22.
302. 301. Shichiri M, Hirata Y, Nakajima T, Ando K, Imai T, Yanagisawa M et al. Endothelin-1 is an autocrine/paracrine growth factor for human cancer cell lines. J Clin Invest 1991; 87: 1867-1871.
303. 302. Cacoub P, Dorent R, Nataf P, Carayon A, Maistre G, Piette J C et al. Plasma endothelin and pulmonary pressures in patients with congestive heart failure. Am Heart J 1993; 126: 1484-1488.
304. 303. Yoshibayashi M, Nishioka K, Nakao K, Saito Y, Matsumura M, Ueda T et al. Plasma endothelin concentrations in patients with pulmonary hypertension associated with congenital heart defects. Evidence for increased production of endothelin in pulmonary circulation. Circulation 1991; 84: 2280-2285.
305. 304. Chang H, Wu G J, Wang S M, Hung C R. Plasma endothelin levels and surgically correctable pulmonary hypertension. Annals of Thoracic Surgery 1993; 55: 450-458.
306. 305. Cernacek P, Stewart D J. Immunoreactive endothelin in human plasma: marked elevations in patients in cardiogenic shock. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1989; 161: 562-567.
307. 306. Giaid A, Yanagisawa M, Langleben D, Michel R P, Levy R, Shennib H et al. Expression of endothelin-1 in the lungs of patients with pulmonary hypertension. N Engl J Med 1993; 328: 1732-1739.
308. 307. Rosenberg A A, Kennaugh J, Koppenhafer S L, Loomis M, Chatfield B A, Abman S H. Elevated immunoreactive endothelin-1 levels in newborn infants with persistent pulmonary hypertension. J Pediat 1993; 123: 109-114.
309. 308. Mitaka C, Hirata Y, Nagura T, Tsunoda Y, Amaha K. Circulating endothelin-1 concentrations in acute respiratory failure. Chest 1993; 104: 476-480.
310. 309. Uguccioni M, Pulsatelli L, Grigolo B, Facchini A, Fasano L, Cinti C et al. Endothelin-1 in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. J Clin Pathol 1995; 48: 330-334.