The brain as a symbol-processing machine

Progress in Neurobiology

Volumn 53, Issue 2, 1997, Pages 121-198

  Rocha, A F ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CAMPINAS   (Brazil)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

BRAIN FUNCTION; CHROMOSOME PAIRING; DECISION MAKING; DNA DETERMINATION; LEARNING; NEUROTRANSMITTER RELEASE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROTEIN METABOLISM; PROTEIN TRANSPORT; REVIEW; SIGNAL PROCESSING; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION; VISUAL SYSTEM;

ANIMALS; BRAIN; HUMANS; MENTAL PROCESSES; SYNAPSES;

EID: 0030770822     PISSN: 03010082     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S0301-0082(97)00015-4     Document Type: Review

References (281)

1. Akaike, A., Tamura, U., Terada, K. and Nakata, N. (1994) Regulation by neuroprotective factors of NMDA receptor-mediated nitric oxide synthesis in the brain and retina. Progr. Brain Res. 103, 391-402.
2. Alberini, C. M., Ghiradir, M., Mez, R. and Kandel, E. R. (1994) C/EBP is an immediate-early gene required for consolidation of long-term facilitation in Aplysia. Cell 76, 1098-1114.
3. Albright, T. D. (1995) My most true mind thus makes mine eye untrue. Trends Neurosci. 18, 331-333.
4. Alegre, L., Morooka, C. K. and Rocha, A. F. (1993b) Intelligent diagnosis of rod pumping problems. SPE 26516, 97-107.
5. Alegre, L., Rocha, A. F. and Morooka, C. K. (1993a) Intelligent approach tto rod pumping problems. SPE 26253, 249-255.
6. Aoki, C., Venkatesan, C. C., Go, C.-G., Mong, J. A. and Dawson, T. M. (1994) Cellular and subcellular localization of NMDA-R1 subunit immunoreactivity in the visual cortex of adult and neonatal rats. J. Neurosci. 14, 5202-5222.
7. Baader, S. L. and Schilling, K. (1996) Glutamate receptor mediate dynamic regulation of nitric oxide synthase expression in cerebellar granule cells. J. Neurosci. 15, 1440-1449.
8. Bach, M. E., Hawkins, R. D., Osman, M., Kandel, E. R. and Mayford, M. (1995) Impairment of spatial but not contextual memory in CamKII mutant mice with a selective loss of hippocampal LTP in the range of the θ frequency. Cell 81, 905-915.
9. Bailey, C. H. and Kandel, E. R. (1995) Molecular and structural mechanisms underlying long-term memory. In: The Cognitive Neurosciences, pp. 19-36. Ed. M. S. Gazzaniga. Bradford Books, The MIT Press: Cambridge, MA.
10. Battaglini, P. P., Galleti, C. and Fattori, P. (1996) Cortical mechanisms for visual perception of object motion and position in space. Behav. Brain Res. 76, 143-154.
11. Bartsch, D., Ghiradir, M., Skehel, P. A., Kart, K. A., Herder, S. P., Chen, M., Bailey, D. H. and Kandel, E. R. (1995) Aplysia CREB represses long-term facilitation: relief of repression converts transient facilitation into long-term functional and structural change. Cell 83, 979-992.
12. Baurén, G. and Wieslander, L. (1994) Splicing of Balbiani ring I gene pre-mRNA occurs simultaneously with transcription. Cell 76, 183-192.
13. Beato, M., Herlich, P. and Scuhtz, G. (1995) Steroid hormone receptor: many actors in search of a plot. Cell 83, 851-857.
14. Beavo, J. A. (1995) Cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases: functional implications of multiple isoforms. Physiol. Rev. 75, 725-748.
15. Bennett, M. K. and Scheller, R. H. (1994) A molecular description of synaptic vesicle membrane trafficking. Annu. Rev. Biochem. 63, 63-100.
16. ai2, and adenylyl cyclase II as major components of pheromone signaling cascade. J. Neurosci. 16, 909-918.
17. Bhat, N. R. (1995) Signal transduction mechanism in glial cell. Dev. Neurosci. 17, 267-284.
18. Bjöklund, S. and Kim, Y.-J. (1996) Mediator of transcriptional regulation. Trends Biochem. 21, 335-337.
19. Blumenthal, T. (1995) Trans-splicing and polycistronic transcription in Caenorhabditis elegans. Trends Gen. 11, 132-136.
20. Boehn, S. P., Kralli, A. and Yamamoto, K. R. (1995) Hold 'em and fold 'em: chaperons and signal transduction. Science 268, 1303-1304.
21. Bootman, M. D. and Berridge, M. J. (1995) The elemental principles of calcium signaling. Cell 83, 675-678.
22. ntr: A receptor after all. Science 272, 506-507.
23. Bressler, S. L. (1996) Interareal synchronization in the visual cortex. Behav. Brain Res. 76, 37-49.
24. Broman, J. (1994) Neurotransmitters in subcortical somatosensory pathways. Acta Embryol. 189, 181-214.
25. Brown, E., Vassilev, P. M. and Hebert, S. C. (1995) Calcium ions as extracellular messengers. Cell 83, 679-682.
26. Bullier, J., Schall, J. D. and Morel, A. (1996) Functional streams in occipito-frontal connections in the monkey. Behav. Brain Res. 76, 89-97.
27. Buratowski, S. (1994) The basics of basal transcription by RNA polymerase II. Cell 77, 1-3.
28. Burley, S. K. and Roeder, R. G. (1996) Biochemistry and structural biology of transcription factor IID (TFIID). Annu. Rev. Biochem. 65, 769-799.
29. Burns, M. E. and Augustine, G. J. (1995) Synaptic structure and function: dynamic organization yields architectural precision. Cell 80, 187-194.
30. Calakos, N. and Scheller, R. H. (1996) Synaptic vesicle biogenesis, docking, and fusion: a molecular description. Physiol. Rev. 76, 1-29.
31. Carter, B. D., Kaltschmidt, C., Kaltschmidit, B., Offenhause, N., Bohm-Matthaeri, R., Baeuerle, P. A. and Barde, Y. (1996) Selective activation of NF-kB by nerve growth factor through the neurotrophin receptor p75. Science 272, 542-545.
32. Carter, W. C. Jr (1993) Cognition, mechanism, and evolutionary relationships in aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases. Annu. Rev. Biochem. 62, 715-748.
33. Carter-Su, C., Schwatz, J. and Smit, L. S. (1996) Molecular mechanism of growth hormone action. Annu. Rev. Physiol. 58, 187-207.
34. Castro-Alamancos, M. A. and Connors, B. W. (1996) Short-term plasticity of a thalamocortical pathway dynamically modulated by behavioural state. Science 272, 274-276.
35. Cattaneo, R. (1991) Different types of messenger RNA editing. Annu. Rev. Gen. 25, 71-88.
36. Cauller, L. (1995) Layer I of primary sensory neocortex: where top-down convergesupon bottom-up. Behav. Brain Res. 71, 163-170.
37. Cellerino, A. and Maffei, L. (1996) The action of neurotrophins in the development and plasticity of the visual cortex. Progr. Neurobiol. 49, 53-71.
38. Chandrasekaran, B. (1981) Natural and social system metaphors for distributed problem solving: introduction to the issue. IEEE Trans. Sys. Man. Cybernet. 11, 11-15.
39. Chelazzi, L. (1995) Neural mechanisms for stimulus selection in cortical areas of the macaque subserving object vision. Behav. Brain Res. 71, 125-134.
40. Chomsky, N. (1957) Syntactic Structures. Mounton: The Hague.
41. Chomsky, N. (1965) Aspects of the Theory of Syntax. The MIT Press: Cambridge.
42. Churchland, P. S. and Sejnowski, T. J. (1990) Neural representation and neural computation. In: Neural Connections. Mental Computation. pp. 15-48. Eds L. Nadel, J. Cooper, R. Culicover and P. Harnish. Bradford Books, The MIT Press: Cambridge, MA.
43. Churchland, P. S. and Sejnowski, T. J. (1993) The Computational Brain. Bradford Books, The MIT Press: Cambridge, MA.
44. Clapham, D. E. (1995) Calcium signaling. Cell 80, 259-268.
45. Clark, E. A. and Brugge, J. S. (1995) Integrins and signal transduction pathways: the road taken. Science 268, 233-239.
46. Cohen, G. B., Ren, R. and Baltimore, D. (1995) Modular binding domains in signal transduction proteins. Cell 80, 237-248.
47. Colacicco, D., Osborn, T. and Alt, K. (1989) Economic damage from soil erosion. J. Soil Water Conservation 44, 35-39.
48. Comai, L., Tanese, N. and Tijian, R. (1992) The TATA-binding protein and associated factors are integral components of the RNA polymerase I transcription factor. SL1. Cell 68, 965-976.
49. Conaway, R. C. and Conaway, J. W. (1993) General initiation factors for RNA polymerase II. Annu. Rev. Biochem. 62, 161-190.
50. 4 depends on the spatial relationship between stimulus and attention. J. Neurophysiol. 75, 1306-1308.
51. Contreras, D., Destexhe, A., Sejnowski, T. J. and Steriade, M. (1996) Control of spatiotemporal coherence of a thalamic oscillation by corticothalamic feedback. Science 274, 771-774.
52. Crick, F. (1995) The Astonishing Hypothesis. Touchstone Books, Simon and Schuster: New York.
53. Crick, F. and Koch, C. (1990) Towards a neurobiological theory of conciousness. Srm. Neurosci. 2, 263-275.
54. Curtis, D. R., Lehmann and Zamore, P. D. (1996) Translation regulation in development. Cell 81, 171-178.
55. Damasio, A. R. (1990) Time-locked multiregional retroactivation: a systems-level proposal for the neural substrates of recall and recognition. In: Neurobiology of Cognition, pp. 25-62. Eds P. D. Eimas and A. M. Galaburda. The MIT Press: Cambridge, MA.
56. Das, A. (1993) Control of transcription termination by RNA-binding proteins. Annu. Rev. Biochem. 62, 893-930.
57. David, M., Petricoin III, E., Benjamin, C., Pine, R., Weber, M. J. and Larner, A. C. (1995) Requirement for MAP kinase (ERK2) activity in interferon α-and interferon β-stimulated gene expression through Stat proteins. Science 269, 1721-1723.
58. Davis, L. (1995) The nuclear pore complex. Annu. Rev. Biochem. 64, 865-896.
59. Davis, R. and Smith, R. G. (1983) Negotiation as a metaphor for distributed problem solving. Artific. Intell. 20, 63-109.
60. Dawson, T. M. and Snyder, S. H. (1994) Gases as biological messengers: nitric oxide and carbon monoxide in the brain. J. Neurosci. 14, 5147-5159.
61. De Camilli, P., Emr, S. D., McPherson, P. S. and Novick, P. (1995) Phosphoinositides as regulators in membrane traffic. Science 271, 1533-1539.
62. Dennet, D. (1991) Consciousness Explained. Back Bay Books, Little. Brown and Co.: Boston.
63. Desimone, R., Miller, E. K. and Chelazzi, L. (1995) The interaction of neural systems for attention and memory. In: Large-Scale Neural Theories of the Brain, pp. 110-123. Eds C. Koch and J. L. Davis. Bradford Books, The MIT Press: Cambridge, MA.
64. DiStefano, P. S. and Curtis, R. (1994) Receptor mediated retrograde axonal transport of neurotrophic factors is increased after peripheral nerve injury. Progr. Brain Res. 103, 35-42.
65. Divecha, N. and Irvine, R. F. (1995) Phospholipid signaling. Cell 80, 269-278.
66. Dreyfuss, G., Maatunis, J. J., Pinol-Roma, S. and Burd, C. G. (1993) hnRNP proteins and the biogenesis of mRNA. Annu. Rev. Biochem. 62, 289-321.
67. Druey, K. M., Blumer, K. J., Kang, V. H. and Kehrt, J. M. (1996) Inhibition of G-protein mediated MAP Knase activation by new mammalian gene family. Nature 6, 211-213.
68. Duclert, A. and Changeux, J.-P. (1995) Acecylcholine receptor gene expression at the developing neuromuscular junction. Physiol. Rev. 75, 339-368.
69. Durfee, E. H. and Montgomery, T. A. (1991) Coordination as distributed search in a hierarchical behavior space. IEEE Trans. Sys. Man. Cybernet. 21, 1363-1378.
70. Edelman, G. M. (1987) Neural Darwinism: The Theory of Neuronal Group Selection. Basic Books: New York.
71. Edwards, F. (1995) Anatomy and electrophysiology of fast central synapses lead to a structural model for long-term potentiation. Physiol. Rev. 75, 579-787.
72. Ellis, R. J. and van der Vies, S. M. (1991) Molecular chaperones. Annu. Rev. Biochem. 60, 321-347.
73. Enfors, P., Lee, K. F. and Jaenisch, R. (1994) Target-derived and putative local actions of neurotrophins in the peripheral nervous system. Progr. Brain Res. 103, 43-54.
74. Farah, M. J. (1996) Is face recognition 'special'? Evidence from neuropsychology Behav. Brain Res. 76, 181-189.
75. Fatt, P. and Katz, B. (1951) An analysis of the end-plate potential recorded with an intracellular electrode. J. Physiol. 115, 320-370.
76. Fox, M. S. (1981) An organizational view of disributed systems. IEEE Trans Sys. Man and Cybernetics 11, 70-80.
77. Gasser, L. (1991) Social conceptions of knowledge and action: DAI foundations and open systems semantics. Artific. Intell. 47, 107-138.
78. Gerace, L. (1995) Nuclear export signals and the fast track to the cytoplasm. Cell 82, 341-344.
79. Gesteland, R. F. and Atkins, J. F. (1996) Recoding: dynamic reprogramming of translation. Annu. Rev. Biochem. 65, 741-768.
80. Glass, D. K. (1994) Differential recognition of target genes by nuclear receptor, monomer, dimer and heterodimers. Endocrinol. Rev. 15, 391-407.
81. Gochin, P. M. (1996) The representation of shape in the temporal lobe. Behav. Brain Res. 76, 99-116.
82. Goldberg, A. L. (1995) Functions of the proteosome: the lisys at the end of the tunnel. Science 268, 522-523.
83. Goodrich, J. A. and Tijian, R. (1994) Transcription factors IIe and IIH and ATP hydrolysis direct promoter clearance by RNA polymerase II. Cell 77, 145-156.
84. Gorlich, D. and Mattaj, I. W. (1995) Nucleocytoplasmic transport. Science 271, 1513-1518.
85. Ghosh, A. and Greenberg, M. E. (1995) Calcium signaling in neurons. Molecular mechanism and cellular consequences. Science 268, 239-247.
86. Greco, G. and Rocha, A. F. (1988) Activity and fuzzy belief. In: Fuzzy Sets Psychology, pp. 297-319. Ed. T. Zétényi. Elsevier Science: Oxford.
87. Hasselmo, M. E. (1995) Neuromodulation and cortical function: modeling the physiological basis of behavior. Behav. Brain Res. 67, 1-27.
88. Hebert, A. (1996) RNA editing, introns and evolution. Trends Gen. 12, 6-9.
89. Heldin, C. H. (1995) Dimerization of cell surface receptors in signal transduction. Cell 80, 213-223.
90. Herschman, H. R. (1991) Primary resense genes induced by growth factors and tumor promoters. Annu. Rev. Biochem. 60, 281-319.
91. Hershey, J. W. B. (1991) Translational control in mammalian cells. Annu. Rev. Bioehem. 60, 717-755.
92. Hewitt, C. (1977) Viewing control structure as patterns of passing messages. Artific. Intell. 8, 323-364.
93. Hewitt, C. and Inman, J. (1991) DAI betwixt and between: from 'intelligent agents' to open system science. IEEE Trans. Sys. Man. Cybernet. 21, 1409-1419.
94. Higuchi, M., Singer, F. B., Köhler, M., Sommer, B., Sprengif, R. and Seeburg, P. H. (1993) RNA editing of AMPA receptor subunit GluR-B: a base-paired intron-exon structure determines position and efficiency. Cell 75, 1361-1370.
95. Hilgetag, C.-C., O'Neill, M. A. and Young, M. P. (1996) Indeterminate organization of the visual system. Science 271, 776-777.
96. Hill, C. S. and Treisman, R. (1995) Transcription regulation by extracellular signals: mechanisms and specificity. Cell 80, 199-211.
97. Hinton, G. E. (1989) Connectionist learning procedures. Artific. Intell. 40, 185-234.
98. Hodgkin, A. A. and Huxley, A. F. (1952) A quantitative description of membrane currents and its application to conduction and excitation in nerve. J. Physiol. 116, 500-544.
99. Hollman, M. H. and Heinemann, S. (1994) Cloned glutamate receptors. Annu. Rev. Neurosci. 17, 153-184.
100. Horel, J. A. (1996) Perception, learning and identification studied with reversible suppression of cortical visual areas in monkeys. Behav. Brain Res. 76, 199-214.
101. Hossain, W. A., Zhou, X., Rutledge, A., Baier, C. and Morest, D. K. (1996) Basic fibroblast growth factor affects neuronal migration and differentiation in normotypic cell cultures from the cochleovestibular ganglion of the chick embryo. Expl. Neurol. 138, 121-143.
102. Huguenard, J. R. and Prince, D. A. (1994) Intrathalamic rhythmicity studied in vitro: nominal T-current modulation causes robust anti-oscillatory effects. J. Neurosci. 14, 5485-5502.
103. van Huizen, M., March, F. D., Cynader, M. S. and Shaw, C. (1994) Muscarinic receptor characteristics and regulation in rat cerebral cortex: changes during development, aging and the oestrous cycle. Eur. J. Neurosci. 6, 237-243.
104. Humphrey, G. K., Symons, L. A., Herbet, A. M. and Goodale, M. A. (1996) A neurological dissociation between shape from shading and shape from edges. Behav. Brain Res. 76, 117-125.
105. Hunter, L. (1993) Molecular biology for computer scientists. In: Artificial Intelligence and Molecular Biology, pp. 1-46. Ed. L. Henter. AAAI Press: Cambridge, MA.
106. Iaccino, J. F. (1993) Left Brain-Right Brain Differences. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc.: Hillsdale, New Jersey.
107. Ichtchenko, K., Hata, Y., Nguyen, T., Ultrich, B., Missler, M., Moomaw, C. and Sudhof, T. C. (1995) Neuroligin 1: a splice site-specific ligan for β-neurexins. Cell 81, 435-443.
108. Ihle, J. N. and Kerr, I. M. (1995) Jaks and Stats in signaling by the cytokine receptor superfamily. Trends Gen. 11, 69-74.
109. Ip, N. Y. and Yancopoulos, G. D. (1996) The neurotrophins and CNTF: two families of collaborative neurotrophic factors. Annu. Rev. Neurosci. 19, 416-491.
110. Ishai, A. and Sagi, D. (1995) Common mechanisms of visual imagery and perception. Science 268, 1772-1774.
111. Iyengar, R. (1996) Gating by cyclic AMP: expanded role for an old signaling pathway. Science 271, 461-463.
112. Jackendoff, R. (1995) Languages of the Mind: Essays on Mental Representation. Bradford Books, The MIT Press: Cambridge. MA.
113. Jessell, T. M. and Kandel, E. R. (1993) Synaptic transmission: a bisectional and self-modifiable form of cell cell communication. Cell 72, 1-30.
114. John, R. and Sudhof, T. C. (1994) Synaptic vesicles and exocytosis. Annu. Rer. Neurosci. 17, 219-246.
115. Johnson, R. R. and Burkhalter, A. (1994) Evidence for excitatory amino acid neurotransmitters in forward and feedback corticocortical pathways within rat visual cortex. Eur. J. Neurosci. 6, 272-286.
116. Johnston, D. S. (1996) The intracellular localization of messenger RNAs. Cell 81, 161-170.
117. Kaiser, K. and Meisterernst, M. (1996) The human general co-factors. Trends Biochem. 21, 342-345.
118. Kandel, E. R. (1992) Perception of motion. depth and form. In: Principles of Neurosciences, pp. 441-466. Eds E. R. Kandel, J. H. Schwartz and T. M. Jessell, Elsevier: Amsterdam.
119. Kandel, E. and Abel, T. (1995) Neuropeptides, adenylylcyclase, and memory storage. Science 268, 825-826.
120. Kandel, E. R. and Hawkins, R. D. (1992) The biological basis of learning and individuality. Scientific American, September, Special Issue, 79-86.
121. Karoor, V., Shih, M., Tholanikunnel, B. and Malbon, C. C. (1996) Regulating expression and function of G-protein-linked receptors. Progr. Neurobiol. 48, 555-568.
122. Katz, B. (1966) The Release of Neural Transmitter Substances. C. C. Thomas: Springfield, Illinois.
123. Kaziro, Y., Itoh, H., Kozasa, T., Nakafuku, M. and Satoh, T. (1991) Structure and function of signal-transducing GTP-binding proteins. Annu. Rev. Biochem. 50, 349-400.
124. Kennedy, M. B. (1994) The biochemistry of synaptic regulation in the central nervous system. Annu. Rev. Biochem. 63, 571-600.
125. King, S. M., Frey, S., Villemure, J.-G., Ptito, A. and Azzopardi, P. (1996) Perception of motion-in-depth in patients with partial or complete cerebral hemispherectomy. Behav. Brain Res. 76, 169-180.
126. Kinomura, S., Larson, J., Gulyas, B. and Rolano, P. E. (1996) Activation by attention of the human reticular formation and thalamic intralaminar nuclei. Science 271, 512-514.
127. Kocsis, J. D., Rand, M. N., Lankford, K. and Waxman, S. G. (1995) Nuclear calcium elevation may initiate neurite outgrowth in mammalian neurons. Progr. Brain Res. 103, 137-151.
128. Koelle, M. R. and Horvitz, H. R. (1996) EGL-10 regulates G protein signalin in the C. elegans nervous system and shares a conserved domain with many mammalian proteins. Cell 84, 115-120.
129. Kohler, M., Burnashev, N., Sakman, B. and Seeburg, P. H. (1993) Neuron 10, 491-500.
130. Kohn, A. F., Rocha, A. F. and Segundo, J. P. (1981) Presynaptic irregularity and pacemaker inhibition. Biol. Cybernet. 41, 5-18.
131. Kornberg, R. D. (1996) RNA polymerase II transcription control. Trends Biochem. 21, 325-326.
132. Kornfield, W. and Hewitt, C. E. (1981) The scientific community metaphor. IEEE Trans. Sys. Man. Cybernet. 11, 24-42.
133. Kuno, M. (1995) The Synapse: Function, Plasticity, and Neurotrophism. Oxford Science Publications: Oxford.
134. Lambowitz, A. M. and Belfort, M. (1993) Introns as mobile genetic elements. Annu. Rev. Biochem. 62, 587-622.
135. Larsson, S. H., Charlieu, J. P., Miyagawa, K., Engelkamp, D., Rassoulzadegan, M., Ross, A., Cuzin, F., Heyningen, V. and Hastie, N. D. (1995) Subnuclear localization of WT! in splicing or transcription factor domains is regulated by alternative splicing. Cell 81, 391-401.
136. Lennon, V. A. (1994) Cross-talk between nervous and immune systems in response to injury. Progr. Brain Res. 103, 289-292.
137. Lesser, V. R. (1991) A retrospective view of FA C distributed problem solving. IEEE Trans. Sys. Man. Cybernet. 21, 1347-1362.
138. Lesser, V. R. and Corkill, D. D. (1981) Functionally accurate, cooperative distributed systems. IEEE Trans. Sys. Man. Cybernet. 11, 81-96.
139. Levitt, J. B., Lund, J. S. and Yosioka, T. (1996) Anatomical substraes forearly stages in cortical processing of visual information in the mcaque monkey. Behav. Brain Res. 76, 5-19.
140. Lewin, G. R. and Barde, Y.-A. (1996) Physiology of the neurotrophins. Annu. Rev. Neurosci. 19, 289-318.
141. Li, A., Omura, Y., Hore, T. Aou, S., Sasaki, K., Kimura, H. and Tooyama, I. (1996) Fibroblast growth factor receptor-1 in the lateral hypothalamic area regulates food intake. Expl. Neurol. 137, 318-323.
142. Llinás, R. R., Grace, A. A. and Yarom, Y. (1991) In vitro neurons in mammalian cortical layer 4 exhibit intrinsic oscillatory activity in the 10-50 Ha frequency range. Proc. natn. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 88, 97-901.
143. Lomeli, H. et al. (1994) Control of kinetic properties of AMPA receptor channels by nuclear RNA editing. Science 266, 1709-1713.
144. Lowy, D. R. and Willumsen, B. M. (1993) Function and regulation of RAS. Annu. Rev. Biochem. 62, 851-891.
145. Luck, S. J. (1995) Multiple mechanisms of visual spatial attention: recent evidence from human electrophysiology. Behav. Brain Res. 71, 113-123.
146. MacLeod, K. and Laurent, G. (1996) Distinct mechanism for synchronization and temporal patterning of odor-encoding neural assemblies. Science 274, 976-979.
147. Madhani, H. D. and Guthrie, C. (1994) Dynamic RNA-RNA interactions in the spliceosome. Annu. Rev. Gen. 28, 1-26.
148. Mallabiabarrena, A. and Malhotra, V. (1995) Vesicle biogenics: the coat connection. Cell 83, 667-669.
149. Mangelsdorf, D. F. and Evans, R. M. (1995) The RXR heterodimers and orphan receptors. Cell 83, 841-850.
150. Mangelsdorf, D. F., Thummel, C., Beato, M., Herlich, P., Suchtz, G., Umesono, K., Blublerg, B., Kastner, P., Mark, M., Chambon, P. and Evans, R. M. (1995) The nuclear receptor superfamily: the second decade. Cell 83, 835-839.
151. Marshal, C. J. (1995) Specificity of receptor tyrosine kinase signaling: transient versus sustained extracellular signal-regulated kinase activation. Cell 80, 179-185.
152. Matthews, G. (1996) Neurotransmitter release. Annu. Rev. Neurosci. 19, 219-234.
153. Maunsell, J. H. R. (1995) The brain visual world: representation of visual targets in cerebral cortex. Science 270, 764-769.
154. Mayford, M., Wang, J., Kandel, E. R. and O'Dell, T. J. (1995) CamKII regulates the frequency-response function of hippocampal synapses for the production of both LTD and LTP. Cell 81, 891-904.
155. McAdams, H. H. and Shapiro, L. (1995) Circuit simulation of genetic networks. Science 269, 650-656.
156. McCallum, W. C., Curry, S. H., Pocock, P. V. and Ppapakostopoulos, D. (1983) Brain event related potentials as indicators of early selective processes in auditory target localization. Psychophysiology 20, 1-17.
157. McCormick, D. A. (1992) Neurotransmitter actions in the thalamus and cerebral cortex and their role in neuromodulation of thalamocortical activity. Progr. Neurobiol. 39, 337-388.
158. McCulloch, W. S. and Pitts, W. H. (1943) A logical calculus of ideas immanent in nervous activity. Bull. Math. Biophys. 5, 115-133.
159. Mellman, I. and Simons, K. (1992) The Golgi complex: in vitro veritas? Cell 68, 829-840.
160. Merchenthaler, I., Lopez, F. J., Lennard, D. E. and Negro-Vilar, A. (1991) Sexual differences in the distribution of neurons coexpressing galanin and luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone in the rat brain. Endocrinology 129, 1977-1986.
161. Miller, F. D. (1994) Nerve growth factor and neuronal gene expression. Progr. Brain Res. 103, 17-33.
162. Milusheva, E., Baranyi, M., Zelles, T., Mike, A. and Vizi, E. S. (1994) Release of acetylcholine and noradrenaline from the cholinergic and adrenergic afferents in rat hippocampal CA1, CA3 and dentate gyrus regions. Eur. J. Neurosci. 6, 187-192.
163. Miranowski, J. A. (1989) Impacts of productivity loss on crop production and management in a dynamic model. Am. J. Agric. Econ. 66, 61-71.
164. Miyashita, Y. (1995) How the brain creates imagery: projection to primary visual cortex. Science 268, 1719-1720.
165. Mizumoto, M., Toyoda, Y. and Tanaka, K. (1973) N-Fold grammar. Inform. Sci. 5, 25-44.
166. Mochly-Rosen, D. (1995) Localization of protein kinases by anchoring proteins: a theme in signal transduction. Science 268, 247-251.
167. Montminy, M. R., Gonzales, G. A. and Yamamoto, K. K. (1990) Regulation of cAMP-inducible genes by CREB. Trends Neurosci. 13(5), 184-188.
168. Moons, N. and Cooper, D. M. F. (1995) Adenylate cyclases: critical foci in neuronal signaling. Trends Neurosci. 12, 536-541.
169. Moore, M. J. and Sharp, P. A. (1993) Evidence for two active sites in the spliceosome provided by stereochemistry of pre-mRNA splicing. Nature 365, 364-368.
170. Mori, K. and Yoshihara, Y. (1995) Molecular recognition and olfactory processing in the mammalian olfactory system. Progr. Neurobiol. 45, 585-619.
171. Munk, M. H. J., Roelfsema, P. R., Koning, P., Engel, A. K. and Singer, W. (1996) Role of reticular activation in the modulation of intracortical synchronization. Science 272, 271-274.
172. Nagata, S. and Golstein, P. (1995) The Fas death factor. Science 267, 1449-1456.
173. Nakamura, K. and Kubota, K. (1996) The primate temporal pole: its putative role in object recognition and memory. Behav. Brain Res. 77, 53-77.
174. Nakanishi, S. (1995) Second-order neurones and receptor mechanisms in visual-and olfactory-information processing. Trends Neurosci. 18, 359-364.
175. Nakao, N., Odin, P., Lindvall, O. and Brundin, P. (1996) Differential trophic effects of basic fibroblast growth factor, insulin-like growth factor-1, and neurotrophin-3 in striatal neurons in culture. Expl. Neurol. 138, 144-157.
176. Naruse, I. and Keino, H. (1995) Apoptosis in developing CNS. Progr. Neurobiol. 47, 135-155.
177. Neer, E. J. (1995) Heterotrimeric G proteins: organizers of transmembrane Signals. Cell 80, 249-267.
178. Neer, E. J. and Smith, T. F. (1996) G protein heterodimers: new structures propel new questions. Cell 84, 175-178.
179. Negoita, C. V. and Ralescu, D. A. (1975) Applications of Fuzzy Sets to Systems Analysis. John Wiley and Sons: New York.
180. Neville, H. J., Kutas, M. and Schimdit, A. (1982) Event related potential studies of cerebral specialization during reading. Brain Lang. 16, 300-327.
181. Nichols, R. A., Suplick, G. R. and Brown, J. M. (1994) Calcineurin-mediated protein dephosphorylation in brain nerve terminals regulates the release of glutamate. J. Biol. Chem. 38, 23817-23823.
182. Nicolelis, M. A., Baccala, L. A., Lin, R. C. S. and Chapinb, J. K. (1995) Sensorimotor encoding by synchronous neural ensemble activity at multiple levels of somatosensory system. Science 268, 1353-1358.
183. Nicoll, R. A., Kauer, J. A. and Malenka, R. C. (1988) The current excitement in long-term potentiation. Neuron 1, 97-103.
184. Noller, H. F. (1991) Ribosomal RNA and translation. Annu. Rev. Biochem. 60, 191-227.
185. Orban, G. A., Dupont, P., Vogels, R., De Bruyn, B., Bormans, G. and Mortelmans, L. (1996) Task dependency of visual processing in the human visual system. Behav. Brain Res. 76, 215-223.
186. Ornstein, R. (1991) The Evolution of Consciousness. Touchstone Books, Simon and Schuster: New York.
187. Oro, A. R., Simerly, R. B. and Swanson, L. W. (1988) Estrous cycle variation in levels of cholecystokinin immunoreactivity within cells of three interconnected sexually dimorphic forebrain nuclei. Neuroendocrinology 47, 225-235.
188. Osborne, M. A. and Silva, P. A. (1993) Nucleocytoplasmic transport in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Annu. Rev. Biochem. 62, 219-254.
189. Overduin, M., Rios, C. B., Mayer, B. J., Baltimore, D. and Cowbrun, D. (1992) Three-dimensional solution structure of the src homogeny 2 domain of c-abl. Cell 70, 697-704.
190. Patterson, P. H. and Nawa, H. (1993) Neuronal differentiation factors/cytokines and synaptic plasticity. Cell 72(Neuron), 123-137.
191. Pedrycz, W., Lam, P. C. F. and Rocha (1995) Distributed fuzzy system modelling. IEEE Trans. Sys. Man. Cybernet. 25(5), 769-780.
192. Pedrycz, W. and Rocha, A. F. (1993) Fuzzy-set based models of neurons. IEE Trans. Fuzzy Syst. 1, 254-263.
193. Penfield, W. and Roberts, L. (1959) Speech and Brain Mechanisms. Princetown University Press, Princetown, N.J.
194. Pinker, S. (1994) The Language Instinct. Harper Perennial, Harper Collins: New York.
195. Puel, J. L. (1995) Chemical synaptic transmission in the cochlea. Progr. Neurobiol. 47, 449-476.
196. Rastinejad, F., Conboy, M. J., Rando, T. A. and Blau, H. M. (1993) Tumor suppression by RNA from the 3′ untranslated region of a-tropomyosin. Cell 75, 1107-1117.
197. Ringo, J. L. (1996) Stimulus specific adaptation in inferior temporal and medial temporal cortex of the monkey. Behav. Brain Res. 76, 191-197.
198. Ritter, W., Simson, R. and Vaughan, H. G. (1979) A brain event related to the making of a sensory discrimination. Science 203, 1358-1361.
199. Rocha, A. F. (1980a) Temporal influences of the reticular formation on sensory processing. In: The Reticular Formation Revisited, pp. 105-115. Eds J. A. Robson and M. A. Brazier. Raven Press: New York.
200. Rocha, A. F. (1980b) Neural fuzzy point processes. Fuzzy Sets Syst. 5, 127-140.
201. Rocha, A. F. (1982a) Basic properties of neural circuits. Fuzzy Sets Syst. 7, 109-121.
202. Rocha, A. F. (1982b) Toward a theoretical and experimental approach of fuzzy learning. In: Fuzzy Reasoning and Approximate Decision, pp. 191-202. Eds M. M. Gupta and E. Sanches. North Holland: Amsterdam.
203. Rocha, A. F. (1990) Brain activity during language perception. In: Encyclopedia of System and Control, Suppl. Vol. 1, pp. 38-46. Ed. M. Singh. Pergamon Press: Oxford.
204. Rocha, A. F. (1992) Neural Nets: A Theory for Brains and Machine. Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence, 632 pp. Springer Verlag: Berlin.
205. Rocha, A. F. and Buño, W. (1985) Sustained sensitivity modifications induced by brief length perturbations in the crayfish slowly adapting stretch receptor. J. Neurobiol. 16, 373-388.
206. Rocha, A. F., Françozo, E., Hadler, M. I. and Balduino, M. A. (1980) Neural languages. Fuzzy Sets Syst. 3, 11-35.
207. Rocha, A. F., Rebelo, M. P. F. and Miura, K. (1996a) Toward a theory of molecular computing. Inform. Sci. (in press).
208. Rocha, A. F., Guilherme, I. R. and Rocha, M. T. (1996b) Neural systems and symbolic processing. http:/www.unicamp.br/̀rani.
209. Rocha, A. F., Machado, R., Gomide F. (1993) Updating the biology of the artificial neuron. In: Fuzzy Logic: The State of Art, pp. 21-31. Eds R. Lowens and M. Rouben. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht.
210. Rocha, A. F. and Rocha, M. T. (1985) Specialized speech: a first prose for language expert systems. Inform. Sci. 37, 193-210.
211. Rocha, M. T. and Rocha, A. F. (1996) Programable neural system for pattern recognition. Proceedings 6th IPMU, pp. 123-127. Granada, Spain.
212. Rocha, A. F., Theoto, M., Myiadahira, A. M. K., Koizumi, M. S. and Guilherme, I. R. (1992) Neural net for extracting knowledge from natural language data base. IEEE Trans. Neural Nets 2(5), 115-123.
213. Roeder, R. S. (1996) The role of general initiation factors in transcription by RNA polymerase II. Trends Biochem. 21, 327-334.
214. Rosemblatt, F. (1958) The perceptron: a probabilistic model for information storage and organization in the brain. Psychol. Rev. 65, 386-408.
215. Ross, A. H., Lachyankar, M. B., Poluha, D. K. and Loy, R. (1994) Axonal transport of the trkA high-affinity NGF receptor. Progr. Brain Res. 103, 15-21.
216. Rothman, J. E. and Wieland, F. T. (1996) Protein sorting by transport vesicles. Science 272, 227-234.
217. Rous, W. (1996) Regulating G protein signaling. Science 271, 1056-1058.
218. + currents in neurones: types, physiological roles and modulation. Trends Neurosci. 19, 150-155.
219. Sakurai, Y. (1996) Population coding by cell assemblies - what it really is in the brain. Neurosci. Res. 26, 1-16.
220. Salt, T. E. and Eaton, S. A. (1996) Functions of ionotropic and metabotropic glutamate receptors in sensory transmission in mammalian thalamus. Progr. Neurobiol. 48, 55-72.
221. Schekman, R. and Orci, L. (1995) Coat proteins and vesicle budding. Science 271, 1526-1533.
222. Schindler, C. and Darnell, J. E. jr (1995) Transcriptional responses to polypeptide ligands: the Jak-Stat. Annu. Rev. Biochem. 64, 621-651.
223. Schumann, E. M. and Madison, D. U. (1994) Nitric oxide and synaptic function. Annu. Rev. Neurosci. 17, 153-184.
224. Searls, D. B. (1992) The computational linguistics of biological scientists. In: Artificial Intelligence and Molecular Biology, pp. 47-120, Ed. L. Henter. AAAI Press: Menlo Park, CA.
225. 2 receptor-mediated excitatory action on the nervous system. Progr. Neurobiol. 80, 167-189.
226. Segal, R. and Greenberg, M. E. (1996) Intracellular signaling pathways activated by neotrophic factors. Annu. Rev. Neurosci. 19, 463-490.
227. Segev, I. (1995) Single neurone models: oversimple, complex and reduced. Trends Neurosci. 15(11), 414-421.
228. Serapião, A. B. S., Rocha, A. F., Rebelo, M. P. and Pedrycz, W. (1996) Toward a theory of genetic systems. In: Genetic Algorithms and Soft Computing, pp. 68-94. Eds F. Herrera and J. L. Verdegay. Physica Verlag: Heidelberg.
229. Shannon, E. R. (1974) A mathematical theory of communication. In: Key Papers in the Development of the Information Theory, pp. 5-29. Ed. D. Slepien. IEEE Press: New Jersey.
230. Sharp, P. A. (1993) Tata binding protein is a classless factor. Cell 68, 819-821.
231. Schatz, G. and Dobberstein, B. (1995) Common principles of protein translocation across membranes. Science 271, 1519-1526.
232. Schiller, P. H. (1996) On the specificity of neurons and visual areas. Behav. Brain Res. 76, 21-35.
233. Siderovski, D. P., Hessel, A., Chung, S., Mark, T. W. and Tyers, M. (1996) A new family of regulators of G-protein coupled receptors? Curr. Biol. 6, 211-216.
234. A and NMDA receptor channels by phosphorylation. J. Recept. Sign. Transduc. 15, 325-332.
235. Silva, S. L. and Burbach, J. P. H. (1995) The nuclear-hormone-receptor family in the brain: classics and orphans. Trends Neurosci. 18(12), 542-548.
236. Simerly, R. B. (1990) Hormonal control of neuropeptide gene expression in a sexually dimorphic olfactory pathway. Trends Neurosci. 13, 104-110.
237. Simpson, L. and Emeson, R. B. (1996) RNA editing. Annu. Rev. Neurosci. 19, 27-52.
238. Singer, W. (1995) Development and plasticity of cortical processing
239. Sonyang, Z., Shoelson, S. E., Chaudhuri, M., Gish, G., Pawson, T., Haser, W. G., King, F., Roberts, T., Ratnofsky, S., Lechleider, R. J., Neel, B. G., Birge, R. B., Fajardo, J. E., Chou, M. M., Hnfusa, H., Schaffhausen, B. and Chatley, L. C. (1993) Sh2 domains recognize specific phosphopeptide sequences. Cell 72, 767-778.
240. Sowa, J.F. (1984) Conceptual Structures: Information Processing in Mind and Machine. Addison-Wesley: Reading.
241. Steller, H. (1995) Mechanics and genes of cellular suicide. Science 267, 1148-1445.
242. Steriade, M. (1996) Arousal: revisiting the reticular activating system. Science 272, 225-226.
243. Stevens, C. F. (1993) Quantal release of neurotransmitter and long-term potentiation. Cell 72(10), 55-63.
244. Stockly, K. A., Lillien, L. E., Naher-Noé, M., Breitfeld, G., Hughes, R. A., Raff, M. C., Thoenen, N. and Sendtner, M. (1991) Regional distribution, developmental changes, and cellular localization of CTNF-mRNA and protein in the rat brain. J. Cell. Biol. 115, 447-450.
245. Stoerig, P. and Cowey, A. (1995) Visual perception and phenomenal consciousness. Behav. Brain Res. 71, 147-156.
246. Struhl, K., (1996) Chromatin structure and RNA Polymerase II connection: implications for transcription. Cell 84, 179-182.
247. Sutton, J. P. (1996) Neuroscience and computing algorithms. Inform. Sci. 84, 199-208.
248. Svejstrup, J. Q., Chich, P. and Egly, J.-M. (1996) The multiple roles of transcription/repair factor TFIIH. Trends Biochem. 21, 346-350.
249. Swope, S. L., Moss, S. J., Blackstone, C. D. and Huganir, R. L. (1992) Phosphorylation of ligand-gated ion channels: a possible mode of synaptic plasticity. FASEB J. 6, 2514-2523.
250. Tanaka, K. (1996) Inferiotemporal cortex and object vision. Annu. Rev. Neurosci. 19, 109-140.
251. Taniguchi, T. (1995) Cytokine signaling through nonreceptor protein tyrosine kinases. Science 268, 251-255.
252. o subunit: mutation of conserved cysteines identifies a subunit contact surface and alters GDP affinity. Proc. natn. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 90, 10294-10299.
253. Thompson, C. B. (1995) Apoptosis in the pathogenesis and treatment of disease. Science 267, 1456-1462.
254. Tijian, R. and Maniatis, R. (1994) Transcriptional activation: a complex puzzle with few easy pieces. Cell 77, 5-8.
255. Tong, J. X., Eichler, M. E. and Rich, K. M. (1996) Intracellular calcium levels influence apoptosis in mature sensory neurons after trophic factor deprivation. Expl. Neurol. 138, 45-52.
256. Tsai, M. J. and O'Malley, B. W. (1994) Molecular mechanisms of action of steroid/thyroid receptor superfamily members. Annu. Rev. Biochem. 63, 451-486.
257. Tsumoto, T. (1992) Long-term potentiation and long-term depression in the neocortex. Progr. Neurobiol. 39, 209-228.
258. Ullrich, B., Ushkaryov, Y. A. and Sudhof, T. C. (1995) Cartography of neurexins: more than 1000 isoforms generated by alternative splicing and expressed in distinct subsets of neurons. Neuron 14, 497-507.
259. Ungerleider, L. G. (1995) Functional brain imaging studies of cortical mechanisms for memory. Science 270, 769-775.
260. Ushkaryov, Y. A., Hata, Y., Ichtchenko, K., Moomaw, C., Afendis, S., Slaughter, C. A. and Sudhof, T. C. (1994) Conserved domain structure of B-neurexins. J. Biol. Chem. 269, 11987-11992.
261. Ushkaryov, Y. A., Petrenko, A. G., Geppert, M. and Sudhof, T. C. (1993) Neurexins:synaptic cell surface proteins related to the α-latrotoxin receptor and laminin. Science 257, 50-56.
262. Vallee, R. B. and Sheetz, M. P. (1995) Targeting of motor proteins. Science 271, 1539-1544.
263. Van Essen, D. C. and Felleman, D. J. (1996) On hierarchies: response to Hilgetag et al.. Science 271, 777.
264. 2+-dependent transmitter release. Progr. Neurobiol. 42, 529-574.
265. Vernadakis, A. (1996) Glia-neuron intercommunications and synaptic plasticity. Progr. Neurobiol. 49, 185-214.
266. Verrijer, C. P. and Tijian, R. (1996) TAFs mediate transcriptional activation and promoter selectivity. Trends Biochem. 21, 338-341.
267. Waksman, G., Shoelson, S., Pant, N., Cowburn, D. and Kuriyan, J. (1993) Binding of high affinity phosphotyrosyl peptide to the Src Shs domain: crystal structures of the complexed and peptide-free forms. Cell 72, 779-790.
268. Walker, R. A. and Sheetz, M. P. (1993) Cytoplasmic microtubule-associated motors. Annu. Rev. Biochem. 62, 429-451.
269. Walsh, V. and Butler, S. R. (1996a) Different ways of looking at seeing. Behav. Brain Res. 76, 1-3.
270. Walsh, V. and Butler, S. R. (1996b) The effects of visual cortex lesions on the perception of rotated shapes. Behav. Brain Res. 76, 127-142.
271. Waschek, J. A. (1995) Vasoactive intestinal peptide: an important trophic factor and developmental regulator? Dev. Neurosci. 17, 1-7.
272. Weissman, J. S., Sibler, P. B. and Horwich, A. L. (1995) From the cradle to the grave: ring complexes in the life of a protein. Science 268, 523-524.
273. Wickman, K. and Clapham, D. E. (1995) Ion channel regulation by G proteins. Physiol. Rev. 75, 865-885.
274. Williams, J. A., Comisarow, J., Day, J., Fibiger, H. C. and Reiner, P. B. (1994) State dependent release of acetylcholine in rat thalamus measured by in vivo microdialysis. J. Neurosci. 14, 5236-5242.
275. Wu, J. Y. and Maniatis, T. (1993) Specific interactions between proteins implicated in splice site selection and regulated alternative splicing. Cell 75, 1061-1070.
276. 3 of macaque monkey visual cortex. Behav. Brain Res, 76, 71-88.
277. 3 of macaque monkey visual cortex. Behav. Brain Res. 76, 51-70.
278. Yin, J. C. P., Del Vecchio, M., Zhou, H. and Tully, T. (1995) CREB as memory modulator: induced expression of a CREB2 activator isoform enhances long-term memory in Drosophila. Cell 81, 107-115.
279. Yu, Y.-T., Maroney, P. A. and Nilsen, T. (1993) Functional reconstitution of U6 snRNA in nematode cis-and trans-splicing: U6 can serve as both a branch acceptor and a 5′ exon. Cell 75, 1049-1059.
280. Zadeh, L. A. (1975) The concept of a linguistic variable and its application to approximate reasoning. Inform. Sci. 8, 119-149.
281. Zawl, A. and Reinberg, M. (1995) Eukaryotic transcription complexes. Annu. Rev. Biochem. 65, 232-245.