Molecular mechanism of growth hormone action

Annual Review of Physiology

Volumn 58, Issue , 1996, Pages 187-207

  Carter Su, Christin ^a   Schwartz, Jessica ^a   Smit, Lisa S ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN MEDICAL SCHOOL   (United States)

Author keywords

GH receptor; insulin receptor substrates; JAK kinases; MAP kinases; Stats

Indexed keywords

CALCIUM ION; DIACYLGLYCEROL; GROWTH HORMONE; GROWTH HORMONE RECEPTOR; INSULIN RECEPTOR; MITOGEN ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASE; PHOSPHATIDYLINOSITOL 3 KINASE; PROTEIN KINASE C; PROTEIN TYROSINE KINASE; TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR;

CALCIUM CELL LEVEL; DIMERIZATION; EARLY RESPONSE GENE; ENZYME ACTIVATION; HORMONE RECEPTOR INTERACTION; NONHUMAN; ONCOGENE C FOS; ONCOGENE C JUN; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROTEIN PHOSPHORYLATION; REVIEW; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION;

EID: 0029912878     PISSN: 00664278     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: 10.1146/annurev.ph.58.030196.001155     Document Type: Review

References (142)

1. Amselem S, Duquesnoy P, Attree O, Novelli G, Bousnina S, et al. 1989. Laron dwarfism and mutations of the growth hormone-receptor gene. N. Engl. J. Med. 321:989-95
2. Amselem S, Sobrier ML, Duquesnoy P, Rappaport R, Postel-Vinay M-C, et al. 1991. Recurrent nonsense mutations in the growth hormone receptor from patients with Laron dwarfism. J. Clin. Invest. 87:1098-102
3. Anderson NG. 1992. Growth hormone activates mitogen-activated protein kinase and S6 kinase and promotes intracellular tyrosine phosphorylation in 3T3-F442A preadipocytes. Biochem. J. 284:649-52
4. Argetsinger LS, Campbell GS, Yang X, Witthuhn BA, Silvennoinen O, et al. 1993. Identification of JAK2 as a growth hormone receptor-associated tyrosine kinase. Cell 74:237-44
5. Argetsinger LS, Hsu GW, Myers MG Jr, Billestrup N, Norstedt G, et al. 1995. Growth hormone, interferon-gamma, and leukemia inhibitory factor promoted tyrosyl phosphorylation of insulin receptor substrate-1. J. Biol. Chem. 270: 14685-92
6. Barcellini-Couget S, Pradines-Figueres A, Roux P, Dani C, Ailhaud G. 1993. The regulation of growth hormone of lipoprotein lipase gene expression is mediated by c-fos protooncogene. Endocrinology 132:53-60
7. Baumann H, Symes AJ, Comeau MR, Morella KK, Wang YFD, et al. 1994. Multiple regions within the cytoplasmic domains of the leukemia inhibitory factor receptor and gp130 cooperate in signal transduction in hepatic and neuronal cells. Mol. Cell. Biol. 14:138-46
8. Bazan JF. 1989. A novel family of growth factor receptors: a common binding domain in the growth hormone, prolactin, erythropoietin and IL-6 receptors, and the p75 IL-2 receptor beta-chain. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 164:788-95
9. Bazan JF. 1990. Haemopoietic receptors and helical cytokines. Immunol. Today 11:350-54
10. Bernlohr DA, Bolanowski MA, Kelly TJ Jr, Lane MD. 1985. Evidence for an increase in transcription of specific mRNAs during differentiation of 3T3-L1 preadipoctyes. J. Biol. Chem. 260: 5563-67
11. Bichell DP, Kikuchi K, Rotwein P. 1992. Growth hormone rapidly activates insulin-like growth factor I gene transcription in vivo. Mol. Endocrinol. 6: 1899-908
12. Billestrup N. 1993. Signal transduction by the growth hormone receptor. Program, 75th Annu. Meet. Endocrine Soc. p. 27
13. Billestrup N, Allevato G, Norstedt G, Moldrup A, Nielsen JH, et al. 1994. Identification of intracellular domains in the growth hormone receptor involved in signal transduction. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 206:205-9
14. 2+ oscillations and gene transcription. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 92:In press
15. Billestrup N, Moledrup A, Serup P, Mathews LS, Norstedt G, et al. 1990. Introduction of exogenous growth hormone receptors augments growth hormone-responsive insulin biosynthesis in rat insulinoma cells. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 87:7210-14
16. Campbell GS, Christian LJ, Carter-Su C. 1993. Evidence for involvement of the growth hormone receptor-associated tyrosine kinase in actions of growth hormone. J. Biol. Chem. 268:7427-34
17. Campbell GS, Meyer DJ, Raz R, Levy DE, Schwartz J, et al. 1995. Activation of acute phase response factor (APRF)/ Stat3 transcription factor by growth hormone. J. Biol. Chem. 270:3974-79
18. Campbell GS, Miyaska T, Pang L, Saltiel AR, Carter-Su C. 1992. Stimulation by growth hormone of MAP kinase activity in 3T3-F442A fibroblasts. J. Biol. Chem. 267:6074-80
19. Catalioto RM, Ailhaud G, Negrel R. 1990. Diacylglycerol production induced by growth hormone in Ob1771 preadipocytes arises from phosphatidylcholine breakdown. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 173:840-48
20. Cheatham B, Vlahos O, Cheatham L, Wang L, Blenis J, et al. 1994. Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase activation is required for insulin stimulation of pp70 S6 kinase, DNA synthesis, and glucose transporter translocation. Mol. Cell. Biol. 14:4902-11
21. Clarkson RW, Chen CM, Harrison S, Wells C, Muscat GFO, et al. 1995. Early responses of trans-activating factors to growth hormone in preadipcoytes: differential regulation of CCAAT enhancer-binding protein-beta (C/EBPβ) and C/EBPγ. Mol. Endocrinol. 9:108-20
22. Cobb MH, Robbins DJ, Boulton TG. 1991. ERKs, extracellular signal-regulated MAP-2 kinases. Curr. Opin. Cell Biol. 3:1025-32
23. Colosi P, Wong K, Leong S. R, Wood WI. 1993. Mutational analysis of the intracellular domain of the human growth hormone receptor. J. Biol. Chem. 268:12617-23
24. Cosman D, Lyman SD, Idzerda RL, Beckmann MP, Park LS, et al. 1990. A new cytokine receptor superfamily. Trends Biochem. Sci. 15:265-70
25. Crews CM, Erikson RL. 1993. Extracellular signals and reversible protein phosphorylation: what to MEK of it all. Cell 74:215-17
26. Cunningham BC, Ultsch M, De Vos AM, Mulkerrin MG, Clauser KR, et al. 1991. Dimerization of the extracellular domain of the human growth hormone receptor by a single hormone molecule. Science 254:821-25
27. Darnell JE Jr, Kerr IM, Stark GR. 1994. Jak-STAT pathways and transcriptional activation in response to IFNs and other extracellular signaling proteins. Science 264:1415-21
28. DaSilva L, Howard OMZ, Rui H, Kirken RA, Farrar WL. 1994. Growth signaling and JAK2 association mediated by membrane-proximal cytoplasmic regions of prolactin receptors. J. Biol. Chem. 269:18267-70
29. Daughaday WH, Rotwein P. 1989. Insulin-like growth factors I and II. Peptide, messenger ribonucliec acid and gene structures, serum, and tissue concentrations. Endocr. Rev. 10:68-91
30. Davidson MB. 1987. Effect of growth hormone on carbohydrate and lipid metabolism. Endocr. Rev. 8:115-31
31. Davis RJ. 1993. The mitogen-activated protein kinase signal transduction pathway. J. Biol. Chem. 268:14553-56
32. deVos AM, Ultsch M, Kossiakoff AA. 1992. Human growth hormone and extracellular domain of its receptor: crystal structure of the complex. Science 255: 306-12
33. Distel R, Ro HS, Rosen BS, Groves D, Spiegelman BM. 1987. Nucleoprotein complexes that regulate gene expression in adipocyte differentiation: direct participation of c-fos. Cell 49:835-44
34. Doglio A, Dani C, Fredrikson G, Grimaldi P, Ailhaud G. 1987. Acute regulation of insulin-like growth factor-I gene expression by growth hormone during adipose cell differentiation. EMBO J. 6:4011-16
35. Doglio A, Dani C, Grimaldi P, Ailhaud G. 1986. Growth hormone regulation of the expression of differentiation-dependent genes in preadipocyte Ob1771 cells. Biochem. J. 238:123-29
36. Doglio A, Dani C, Grimaldi P, Ailhaud G. 1989. Growth hormone stimulates c-fos gene expression by means of protein kinase C without increasing inositol lipid turnover. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 86:1148-52
37. Domene H, Krishnamurthi K, Eshet R, Gilad I, Laron Z, et al. 1993. Growth hormone (GH) stimulates insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) and IGF-I-binding protein-3, but not GH receptor gene expression in livers of juvenile rats. Endocrinology 133:675-82
38. Emtner M, Mathews LS, Norstedt G. 1990. Growth hormone (GH) stimulates protein synthesis in cells transfected with GH receptor complementary DNA. Mol. Endocrinol. 4:2014-20
39. Finbloom DS, Petricoin EF III, Hackett RH, David M, Feldman GM, et al. 1994. Growth hormone and erythropoietin differentially activate DNA-binding proteins by tyrosine phosphorylation. Mol. Cell Biol. 14:2113-18
40. Firmbach-Kraft I, Byers M, Shows T, Dalla-Favera R, Krolewski JJ. 1990. Tyk2, prototype of a novel class of non-receptor tyrosine kinase genes. Oncogene 5:1329-36
41. Foster CM, Shafer JA, Rozsa FW, Wang X, Lewis SD, et al. 1988. Growth hormone promoted tyrosyl phosphorylation of growth hormone receptors in murine 3T3-F442A fibroblasts and adipocytes. Biochemistry 27:326-34
42. Frank SJ, Gilliland G, Kraft AS, Arnold CS. 1994. Interaction of the growth hormone receptor cytoplasmic domain with the JAK2 tyrosine kinase. Endocrinology 135:2228-39
43. Frank SJ, Woelsung Y, Zhao Y, Goldsmith JF, Gilliland G, et al. 1995. Regions of the JAK2 tyrosine kinase required for coupling to the growth hormone receptor. J. Biol. Chem. 270: 14776-85
44. Fuh G, Cunningham BC, Fukunaga R, Nagata S, Goeddel DV, et al. 1992. Rational design of potent antagonists to the human growth hormone receptor. Science 256:1677-80
45. Fukunaga R, Ishizaka-Ikeda E, Nagata S. 1993. Growth and differentiation signals mediated by different regions in the cytoplasmic domain of granulocyte colony-stimulating factor receptor. Cell 74:1079-87
46. Gille H, Sharrocks AK, Shaw PE. 1992. Phosphorylation of transcription factor p62TCF by MAP kinase stimulates ternary complex formation at c-fos promoter. Nature 358:414-17
47. Godowski PJ, Leung DW, Meacham LR, Galgani JP, Hellmiss R, et al. 1989. Characterization of the human growth hormone receptor gene and demonstration of a partial gene deletion in two patients with Laron-type dwarfism. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 86:8083-87
48. Goldsmith MA, Xu W, Amaral MC, Kuczek ES, Greene WC. 1994. The cytoplasmic domain of the interleukin-2 receptor beta chain contains both unique and functionally redundant signal transduction elements. J. Biol. Chem. 269: 14698-747
49. Gong T-WL, Meyer D, Wang X, Billestrup N, Norstedt G, et al. 1994. Regulation of c-fos expression and glucose transport by a truncated growth hormone receptor. Program, 76th Annu. Meet. Endocrine Soc. p. 465
50. Goodman HM. 1968. Growth hormone and the metabolism of carbohydrate and lipid in adipose tissue. Ann. NY Acad. Sci. 148:419-40
51. Goujon L, Allevato G, Simonin G, Paquereau L, Le Cam A, et al. 1994. Cytoplasmic sequences of the growth hormone receptor necessary for signal transduction. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 91:957-61
52. Green H, Morikawa M, Nixon T. 1985. A dual effector theory of growth-hormone action. Differentiation 29:195-98
53. Greenland AC, Farrar MA, Viviano B, Schreiber RD. 1994. Ligand-induced IFN-gamma receptor tyrosine phosphorylation couples the receptor to its signal transduction system (p91). EMBO J. 13:1591-600
54. Gronowski AM, Rotwein P. 1994. Rapid changes in nuclear protein tyrosine phosphorylation after growth hormone treatment in vivo. Identification of phosphorylated mitogen-activated protein kinase and stat91. J. Biol. Chem. 269:7874-78
55. Gronowski AM, Zhong Z, Wen Z, Thomas MJ, Darnell JE Jr, et al. 1995. Nuclear actions of growth hormone: rapid tyrosine phosphorylation and activation of Stat1 and Stat3 after in vivo growth hormone treatment. Mol. Endocrinol. 9:171-77
56. Gurland G, Ashcom G, Cochran BH, Schwartz J. 1990. Rapid events in growth hormone action. Induction of c-fos and c-jun transcription in 3T3-F442A preadipocytes. Endocrinology 127:3187-95
57. Harding PA, Wang XZ, Kelder B, Souza S, Okada S, et al. 1994. In vitro mutagenesis of growth hormone receptor Asn-linked glycosylation sites. Mol. Cell. Endocrinol. 106:171-80
58. Harpur AG, Andres A-C, Ziemiecki A, Aston RR, Wilks AF. 1992. JAK2, a third member of the JAK family of protein tyrosine kinases. Oncogene 7: 1347-53
59. He, T-C Jiang N, Zhuang H, Quelle D, Wojchowski D. 1994. The extended box 2 subdomain of erythropoietin receptor is nonessential for Jak2 activation yet critical for efficient mitogenesis in FDC-ER cells. J. Biol. Chem. 269:18291-94
60. Hilton DJ, Hilton AA, Raicevic A, Rakar S, Harrison-Smith M, et al. 1994. Cloning of a mutine IL-11 receptor alpha-chain; requirement for gp130 for high affinity binding and signal transduction. EMBO J. 13:4765-75
61. Ho ASY, Liu Y, Khan T, Hsu D-H, Bazan JF, et al. 1993. A receptor for interleukin 10 is related to interferon receptors. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 90:11267-71
62. Ilondo MM, De Meyts P, Bouchelouche P. 1994. Human growth hormone increases cytosolic free calcium in cultured human IM-9 lymphocytes: a novel mechanism of growth hormone transmembrane signalling. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 202:391-97
63. Isaksson OGP, Eden S, Jansson J-O. 1985. Mode of action of pituitary growth hormone on target cells. Annu. Rev. Physiol. 47:483-99
64. Isgaard J, Moller C, Isaksson O, GP, Nilsson A, Mathews LS, et al. 1988. Regulation of insulin-like growth factor messenger ribonucleic acid in rat growth plate by growth hormone. Endocrinology 122:1515-20
65. Janknecht R, Ernst WH, Pingoud V, Nordheim A. 1993. Activation of ternary complex factor Elk-1 by MAP kinases. EMBO J. 12:5097-104
66. Johnson RM, Napier MA, Cronin MJ, King KL. 1990. Growth hormone stimulates the formation of sn-1,2-diacylglycerol in rat hepatocytes. Endocrinology 127:2099-103
67. Johnston JA, Kawamura M, Kirken RA, Chen Y-Q, Blake TB, et al. 1994. Phosphorylation and activation of the Jak-3 Janus kinase in response to interleukin-2. Nature 370:151-53
68. Kelly PA, Ali S, Rozakis M, Goujon L, Nagano M, et al. 1993. The growth hormone/prolactin receptor family. Rec. Prog. Horm. Res. 48:123-64
69. Kelly PA, Djiane J, Postel-Vinay M-C, Edery M. 1991. The prolactin/growth hormone receptor family. Endocrinol. Rev. 12:235-51
70. LeCam A, Pages G, Auberger P, LeCam G, Leopold P, et al. 1987. Study of a growth hormone-regulated protein secreted by rat hepatocytes: cDNA cloning, anti-protease activity and regulation of its synthesis by various hormones. EMBO J. 6:1225-32
71. Legraverend C, Mode A, Wells T, Robinson I, Gustafsson J-A. 1992. Hepatic steroid hydroxylating enzymes are controlled by the sexually dimorphic pattern of growth hormone secretion in normal and dwarf rats. FASEB J. 6:711-18
72. Leung DW, Spencer SA, Cachianes G, Hammonds RG, Collins C, et al. 1987. Growth hormone receptor and serum binding protein: purification, cloning and expression. Nature 330:537-43
73. Liao J, Rosenspire K, Schwartz J. 1995. Regulation by growth hormone of proteins associated with the c-fos serum response element Program, 77th Annu. Meet. Endocrine Soc. p. 348
74. Lobie PE, Allevato G, Nielsen JH, Norstedt G, Billestrup N. 1995. Requirement of tyrosine residues 333 and 338 of the growth hormone (GH) receptor for selected GH stimulated function. J. Biol. Chem. In press
75. Marais R, Wynne J, Treisman R. 1993. The SRF accessory protein Elk-1 contains a growth factor-regulated transcriptional activation domain. Cell 73: 381-93
76. Mathews LS, Norstedt G, Palmiter RD. 1986. Regulation of insulin-like growth factor I gene expression by growth hormone. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 83: 9343-47
77. Meyer DJ, Campbell GS, Cochran BH, Argetsinger LS, Larner AC, et al. 1994. Growth hormone induces a DNA binding factor related to the interferon-stimulated 91 kD transcription factor. J. Biol. Chem. 269:4701-4
78. Meyer DJ, Stephenson EW, Johnson L, Cochran BH, Schwanz J. 1993. The serum response element can mediate the induction of c-fos by growth hormone. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 90:6721-25
79. Moldrup A, Billestrup N, Dryberg T, Nielsen JH. 1991. Growth hormone action in rat insulinoma cells expressing truncated growth hormone receptors. J. Biol. Chem. 266:17441-45
80. Moller C, Emtner M, Arner P, Norstedt G. 1994. Growth hormone regulation of lipid metabolism in cells transfected with growth hormone receptor cDNA. Mol. Cell. Endocrinol. 99:111-17
81. Moller C, Hansson A, Enberg B, Lobie PE, Norstedt G. 1992. Growth hormone induction of tyrosine phosphorylation and activation of mitogen activated protein kinases in cells transfected with rat GH receptor cDNA. J. Biol. Chem. 267:23403-8
82. Murakami M, Narazaki M, Hibi M, Yawata H, Yasukawa K, et al. 1991. Critical cytoplasmic region of the interleukin 6 signal transducer gp130 is conserved in the cytokine receptor family. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 88:11349-53
83. Murphy LJ, Bell GI, Friesen HG. 1987. Growth hormone stimulates sequential induction of c-myc and insulin-like growth factor I expression in vivo. Endocrinology 120:1806-12
84. O'Neal KD, Yu-Lee L-Y. 1993. The proline-rich motif (PRM): a novel feature of the cytokine receptor superfamily. Lymphokine Cytokine Res. 12: 309-12
85. O'Neill TJ, Craparo A, Gustafson TA. 1994. Characterization of an interaction between insulin receptor substrate 1 and the insulin receptor by using the two-hybrid system. Mol. Cell. Biol. 14:6433-42
86. Paul WE, Seder RA. 1994. Lymphocyte respones and cytokines. Cell 76:241-51
87. Pawson T, Schlessinger J. 1993. SH2 and SH3 domains. Curr. Biol. 3:434-42
88. Peter MA, Winterhalter KH, Peter MA, Boni-Schnetzler M, Froesch ER, et al. 1993. Regulation of insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) and IGF-binding proteins by growth hormone in rat white adipose tissue. Endocrinology 133: 2624-31
89. Pradines-Figueres A, Barcellini-Couget S, Dani C, Vannier C, Ailhaud G. 1990. Transcriptional control of the expression of lipoprotein lipase gene by growth hormone in preadipoctye OB1771 cells. J. Lipid Res. 31:1283-91
90. Ridderstrale M, Degerman E, Tornqvist H. 1995. Growth hormone stimulates the tyrosine phosphorylation of the insulin receptor substrate-1 and its association with phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase in primary adipocytes. J. Biol. Chem. 270:3471-74
91. Ridderstrale M, Tornqvist H. 1994. PI-3-kinase inhibitor wortmannin blocks the insulin-like effects of growth hormone in isolated rat adipocytes. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 203: 306-10
92. Rivera VM, Miranti CK, Misra RP, Ginty DD, Chen R-H, et al. 1993. A growth factor-induced kinase phosphorylates the serum response factor at a site that regulates its DNA-binding activity. Mol. Cell. Biol. 13:6260-73
93. Rogers SA, Hammerman MR. 1989. Growth hormone activates phospholipase C in proximal tubular basolateral membranes from canine kidney. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 86:6363-66
94. Rosenfeld RG, Lamson G, Pham H, Oh Y, Conover C, et al. 1990. Insulinlike growth factor-binding proteins. Rec. Prog. Horm. Res. 46:99-163
95. Schwartz J, Carter-Su C. 1988. Effects of growth hormone on glucose metabolism and glucose transport in 3T3-F442A cells. Dependence on cell differentiation. Endocrinology 122: 2247-56
96. Schwartz Y, Goodman HM. 1990. Refractoriness to the insulin-like effects of growth hormone depends upon calcium. Endocrinology 126:170-76
97. Schwartz Y, Goodman HM, Yamaguchi H. 1991. Refractoriness to growth hormone is associated with increased intracellular calcium in rat adipocytes. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 88:6790-94
98. Schwartz Y, Yamaguchi H, Goodman HM. 1992. Growth hormone increases intracellular free calcium in rat adipocytes: correlation with actions on carbohydrate metabolism. Endocrinology 131:772-78
99. Seneviratne C, Luo J, Murphy LJ. 1990. Transcriptional regulation of rat insulin-like growth factor-binding protein-1 expression by growth hormone. Mol. Endocrinol. 4:1199-204
100. Shuai K, Horvath CM, Huang LHT, Qureshi SA, Cowburn D, et al. 1994. Interferon activation of the transcription factor Stat91 involves dimerization through SH2-phosphotyrosyl peptide interactions. Cell 76:821-28
101. Silva CM, Day RN, Weber MJ, Thorner MO. 1993. Human growth hormone (GH) receptor is characterized as the 134-kilodalton tyrosine-phosphorylated protein activated by GH treatment in IM-9 cells. Endocrinology 133:2307-12
102. Silva CM, Lu H, Weber MJ, Thorner MO. 1994. Differential tyrosine phosphorylation of JAK1, JAK2, and STAT1 by growth hormone and interferon-gamma in IM-9 cells. J. Biol. Chem. 269:27532-39
103. Silva CM, Weber MJ, Thorner MO. 1993. Stimulation of tyrosine phosphorylation in human cells by activation of the growth hormone receptor. Endocrinology 132:101-8
104. Silvennoinen O, Schindler C, Schlessinger J, Levy DE. 1993. Ras-independent growth factor signaling by transcription factor tyrosine phosphorylation. Science 261:1736-39
105. Silvennoinen O, Witthuhn B, Quelle FW, Cleveland JL, Yi T, et al. 1993. Structure of the JAK2 protein tyrosine kinase and its role in IL-3 signal transduction. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 90:8429-33
106. Silva D, Wood TJJ, Schindler C, Lobie PE, Norstedt C. 1994. Growth hormone specifically regulates serine protease inhibitor gene transcription via gamma-activated sequence-like DNA elements. J. Biol. Chem. 42:26208-14
107. Slootweg MC, deGroot RP, Herrmann-Erlee MP, Koornneef I, Kruijer W, et al. 1991. Growth hormone induces expression of c-jun and jun B oncogenes and employs a protein kinase C signal transduction pathway for the induction of c-fos oncogene expression. J. Mol. Endocrinol. 6:179-88
108. Smal J, De Meyts P. 1987. Role of kinase C in the insulin-like effects of human growth hormone in rat adipocytes. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 147:1232-40
109. Sotiropoulos A, Perrot-Applanat M, Dinerstein H, Pallier A, Postel-Vinay M-C, et al. 1994. Distinct cytoplasmic regions of the growth hormone receptor are required for activation of JAK2, mitogen-activated protein kinase, and transcription. Endocrinology 135:1292-98
110. Souza SC, Frick GP, Yip R, Lobo RB, Tai L-R, et al. 1994. Growth hormone stimulates tyrosine phosphorylation of insulin receptor substrate-1. J. Biol. Chem. 269:30085-88
111. Spiegelman BM, Distel RJ, Ro H-S, Rosen BS, Satterberg B. 1988. Fos protooncogene and the regulation of gene expression in adipocytes differentiation. J. Cell Biol. 107:829-32
112. Spiegelman BM, Frank M, Green H. 1983. Molecular cloning of mRNA from 3T3 adipocytes. Regulation of mRNA content for glycerophosphate dehydrogenase and other differentiation-dependent proteins during adipocyte development. J. Biol. Chem. 258:10083-89
113. Stahl N, Boulton TG, Farruggella T, Ip NY, Davis S, et al. 1994. Association and activation of Jak-Tyk kinases by CNTF-LIF-OSM-IL-6 beta receptor components. Science 263:92-95
114. Stahl N, Farruggella TJ, Boulton TG, Zhong Z, Darnell JE Jr, et al. 1995. Modular tyrosine-based motifs in cytokine receptors specify choice of STATs and other substrates. Science 267:1349-53
115. Stubbart JR, Barton DF, Tai P-KK, Stred E, Gorin E, et al. 1991. Antibodies to cytoplasmic sequences of cloned liver growth hormone (GH) receptors recognize GH receptors associated with tyrosine kinase activity. Endocrinology 129:1659-70
116. Sun XJ, Crimmins DL, Myers MG Jr, Miralpeix M, White MF. 1993. Pleiotropic insulin signals are engaged by multisite phosphorylation of IRS-1. Mol. Cell. Biol. 13:7418-28
117. Sun XJ, Rothenberg P, Kahn CR, Backer JM, Araki E, et al. 1991. Structure of the insulin receptor substrate IRS-I defines a unique signal transduction protein. Nature 352:73-77
118. 117a. Sun XJ, Wang L-M, Zhang Y, Yenish L, Myers MG Jr, et al. 1995. Role of IRS-2 in insulin and cytokine signaling. Nature. In press
119. Tai P-KK, Liao J-F, Chen EH, Dietz JJ, Schwartz J, et al. 1990. Differential regulation of two glucose transporters by chronic growth hormone treatment of cultured 3T3-F442A adipose cells. J. Biol. Chem. 265:21828-34
120. Tanner JW, Chen W, Young RL, Longmore GD, Shaw AS. 1995. The conserved box 1 motif of cytokine receptors is required for association with JAK kinases. J. Biol. Chem. 270:6523-30
121. Tanner JW, Leingang KA, Mueckler MM, Glenn KD. 1992. Cellular mechanism of the insulin-like effect of growth hormone in adipocytes. Biochem. J. 282: 99-106
122. Thomas MJ, Kikuchi K, Bichell DP, Rotwein P. 1994. Rapid activation of rat insulin-like growth factor-I gene transcription by growth hormone reveals no alterations in deoxyribonucleic acid-protein interactions within the major promoter. Endocrinology 135:1584-92
123. Thomas MJ, Kikuchi K, Bichell DP, Rotwein P. 1995. Characterization of deoxyribonucleic acid-protein interactions at a growth hormone-inducible nuclease hypersensitive site in the rat insulin-like growth factor-I gene. Endocrinology 136:562-69
124. Toker A, Meyer M, Reddy KK, Falck JR, Aneja R, et al. 1994. Activation of protein kinase C family members by the novel polyphophoinositides PtdIns-3,4-P2 and PtdIns-3,4,5-P3. J. Biol. Chem. 269:32358-67
125. Tollet P, Enberg B, Mode A. 1990. Growth hormone (GH) reglation of cytochrome P-450IIC12, insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I), and GH receptor messenger RNA expression in primary rat hepatocytes: a hormonal interplay with insulin, IGF-I, and thyroid hormone. Mol. Endocrinol. 4:1934-42
126. Tollet P, Legraverend C, Gustafsson J-A, Mode A. 1991. A role for protein kinases in the growth hormone regulation of cytochrome P4502C12 and insulin-like growth factor-I messenger RNA expression in primary adult rat hepatocytes. Mol. Endocrinol. 5:1351-58
127. Treisman R. 1992. The serum response element. Trends Biol. Sci. 17:423-26
128. VanderKuur J, Allevato G, Billestrup N, Norstedt G, Carter-Su C. 1995. Growth hormone-promoted tyrosyl phosphorylation of She proteins and She association with Grb2. J. Biol. Chem. 270:7587-93
129. 127a. VanderKuur JA, Wang X, Zhang L, Allevato G, Billestrup N, et al. 1995. GH-dependent phosphorylation of tyrosine 333 and/or 338 of the growth hormone receptor. J. Biol. Chem. In press
130. VanderKuur JA, Wang X, Zhang L, Campbell GS, Allevato G, et al. 1994. Domains of the growth hormone receptor required for association and activation of JAK2 tyrosine kinase. J. Biol. Chem. 269:21709-17
131. Vigon I, Mornon J-P, Cocault L, Mitjavila M-T, Tambourin P, et al. 1992. Molecular cloning and characterization of MPL, the human homolog of the v-mpl oncogene: identification of a member of the hematopoietic growth factor receptor superfamily. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 89:5640-44
132. Vikman K, Carlsson B, Billig H, Eden S. 1991. Expression and regulation of growth hormone (OH) receptor messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) in rat adipose tissue, adipocytes, and adipocyte precursor cells: GH regulation of GH receptor mRNA. Endocrinology 129: 1155-61
133. Wang X, Uhler M, Billestrup N, Norstedt G, Talamantes F, et al. 1992. Evidence for association of the cloned liver growth hormone receptor with a tyrosine kinase. J. Biol. Chem. 267:17390-96
134. 131a. Wang Y-D, Wong K, Wood WI. 1995. Intracellular tyrosine residues of the human growth hormone receptor are not required for the signaling of proliferation or Jak-STAT activation. J. Biol. Chem. 270:7021-24
135. Wang Y-D, Wood WI. 1995. Amino acids of the human growth hormone receptor that are required for proliferation and Jak-Stat signaling. Mol. Endocrinol. 9:303-11
136. Wilks AF, Harpur AG, Kurban RR, Ralph SJ, Zurcher G, et al. 1991. Two novel protein-tyrosine kinases, each with a second phosphotransferase-related catalytic domain, define a new class of protein kinase. Mol. Cell. Biol. 11:2057-65
137. Winston LA, Bertics PJ. 1992. Growth hormone stimulates the tyrosyl phosphorylation of 42- and 45-kDa ERK-related proteins. J. Biol. Chem. 267:4747-51
138. Witthuhn BA, Quelle FW, Silvennoinen O, Yi T, Tang B, et al. 1993. JAK2 associates with the erythropoietin receptor and is tyrosine phosphorylated and activated following stimulation with erythropoietin. Cell 74:227-36
139. Witthuhn BA, Silvennoinen O, Miura O, Lai KS, Cwik C, et al. 1994. Involvement of the Jak-3 Janus kinase in signalling by interleukins 2 and 4 in lymphoid and myeloid cells. Nature 370:153-57
140. Wood TJJ, Sliva D, Lobie PE, Pircher T, Gouilleux F, et al. 1995. Mediation of growth hormone-dependent transcriptional activation of mammary gland factor Stat 5. J. Biol. Chem. 270:9448-53
141. Xu BC, Chen WY, Gu T, Ridgway D, Wiehl P, et al. 1995. Effects of growth hormone (GH) antagonists on 3T3-F442A preadipocyte differentiation. J. Endocrinol. In press
142. Yoon JB, Berry SA, Seelig S, Towle HC. 1990. An inducible nuclear factor binds to a growth hormone-regulated gene. J. Biol. Chem. 265 (32):19947-54