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Due to hydrodynamic or geometric effects a distance dependence of cantilever motion might be obtained allowing imaging even though the lever is not excited at its own resonance frequency. But in such a case the phase shift might be governed by relations other than those in the case described.
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85034127707
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note
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Sample preparation: After plasma cleaning a thermally oxidized silicon wafer a droplet of a NaCl solution (5%) was put on the hydrophilic surface. It was dried with a nitrogen stream, leaving salt crystals around 1 μm in size. The silicon wafer was then briefly exposed to gaseous dimethyldichlorosilane (DMS), and heated in an oven at 100°C for several hours. After thoroughly rinsing the sample, a flat surface only showing hydrophobic and hydrophilic patches is obtained.
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note
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Sample preparation: Purple membrane in tris buffer (10 mM tris, 300 mM KCl pH 7.8, in ultrapure water) was allowed to adsorb on mica for 10 min under ambient conditions. Then the sample was thoroughly rinsed with the buffer.
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