Grammars in contact: A cross-linguistic perspective

Grammars in Contact: A Cross-Linguistic Typology

Volumn , Issue , 2023, Pages 1-66

  Aikhenvald, Alexandra Y ^a  

^a LA TROBE UNIVERSITY   (Australia)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 85195964661     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: None     Document Type: Chapter

References (254)

1. Abbi, A. (ed.), 1991. India as a linguistic area revisited. Special issue of Language Sciences 13.2.
2. Abbi, A. (ed.), 2002. 'Restructuring grammars in contact situations: a case of causative constructions in endangered languages', International Journal of Dravidian Linguistics 32: 69-80.
3. Aikhenvald, A. Y. 1990. Modern Hebrew [Sovremennyj ivrit]. Moscow: Nauka.
4. Aikhenvald, A. Y. 1996. 'Areal diffusion in north-west Amazonia: the case of Tariana', Anthropological Linguistics 38: 73-116.
5. Aikhenvald, A. Y. 1999a. Tariana texts and cultural context. Munich: Lincom Europa.
6. Aikhenvald, A. Y. 1999b. 'The Arawak language family', pp. 65-105 of Dixon and Aikhenvald 1999.
7. Aikhenvald, A. Y. 1999c. 'Areal diffusion and language contact in the Icana-Vaupés basin, north west Amazonia', pp. 385-415 of Dixon and Aikhenvald 1999.
8. Aikhenvald, A. Y. 2000. Classifiers: a typology of noun categorization devices. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
9. Aikhenvald, A. Y. 2001. 'Areal diffusion, genetic inheritance and problems of subgrouping: a North Arawak case study', pp. 167-94 of Aikhenvald and Dixon 2001a.
10. Aikhenvald, A. Y. 2002. Language contact in Amazonia. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
11. Aikhenvald, A. Y. 2003a. A grammar of Tariana, from northwest Amazonia. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
12. Aikhenvald, A. Y. 2003b. 'Mechanisms of change in areal diffusion: new morphology and language contact', Journal of Linguistics 39: 1-29.
13. Aikhenvald, A. Y. 2003c. 'Language contact and language change in Amazonia', pp. 1-20 of Historical linguistics 2001: selected papers from the 15th international conference of historical linguistics, Melbourne, 13-17 August 2001, edited by B. J. Blake and K. Burridge. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
14. Aikhenvald, A. Y. 2004a. Evidentiality. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
15. Aikhenvald, A. Y. 2004b. 'Language endangerment in the Sepik area of Papua New Guinea', pp. 97-142 of Lectures on endangered languages, 5: From Tokyo and Kyoto Conferences 2002, edited by O. Sakiyama and F. Endo. The project 'Endangered languages of the Pacific Rim'. Suita, Osaka.
16. Aikhenvald, A. Y. and Dixon, R. M. W. (eds.). 2001a. Areal diffusion and genetic inheritance: problems in comparative linguistics. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
17. Aikhenvald, A. Y. 2001b. 'Introduction', pp. 1-26 of Aikhenvald and Dixon 2001a.
18. Aikhenvald, A. Y. and Militarev, A. Y. 1991. 'Lybic-Guanche languages', pp. 148-266 of Languages of Asia and Africa, Vol. 4. Moscow: Nauka.
19. Ameka, F. K. 2004. 'Grammar and cultural practices: the grammaticalization of triadic communication in West African languages', Journal of West African Languages 30: 5-28.
20. Andersen, H. 1988. 'Centre and periphery: adoption, diffusion and spread', pp. 39-85 of Historical dialectology, edited by J. Fisiak. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
21. Appel, R. and Muysken, P. 1987. Language contact and bilingualism. London: Edward Arnold.
22. Bakker, P. 1996. 'Language intertwining and convergence: typological aspects of the genesis of mixed languages', pp. 9-20 of Haase and Nau 1996b.
23. Bakker, P. 1997. A language of our own: the genesis of Michif, the mixed Cree-French language of the Canadian Metis. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
24. Bakker, P. 2000. 'Rapid language change: creolization, intertwining, convergence', pp. 585-620 of Time depth in historical linguistics, Vol. 2, edited by C. Renfrew, A. McMahon, and Larry Trask. Cambridge: The McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research.
25. Bakker, P. 2003. 'Mixed languages as autonomous systems', pp. 107-50 of Matras and Bakker 2003.
26. Bakker, P. 2005. 'The Sri Lanka sprachbund: the newcomers Portuguese and Malay'. To appear in Language areas, edited by Y. Matras, A. McMahon, and N. Vincent. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.
27. Bakker, P. and Mous, M. (eds.). 1994. Mixed languages: 15 case studies in language intertwining. Amsterdam: International Journal of American Linguistics.
28. Beck, D. 2000. 'Grammatical convergence and the genesis of diversity in the Northwest Coast Sprachbund,' Anthropological Linguistics 42: 147-213.
29. Bernsten, J. G. and Myers-Scotton, C. 1993. 'English loans in Shona: consequences for linguistic systems', International Journal of the Sociology of Language 100.1: 125-48.
30. Bisang, W. 1996. 'Areal typology and grammaticalization: processes of grammaticali- zation based on nouns and verbs in east and mainland South East Asian languages', Studies in Language 20: 519-98.
31. Blake, B. 2001. 'Global trends in language', Linguistics 39: 1009-28.
32. Bloomfield, L. 1927. 'Literate and illiterate speech', American Speech 2.10: 432-9.
33. Bloomfield, L. 1933. Language. London: George Allen and Unwin.
34. Boas, F. 1917. 'Introductory', International Journal of American Linguistics: 1-8.
35. Boas, F. 1920. 'The classification of American languages', American Anthropologist 22: 367-76.
36. Bonvillain, N. 1978. 'Linguistic change in Akwesasne Mohawk: French and English influences', International Journal of American Linguistics 44: 31-9.
37. Borg, A. 1994. 'Some evolutionary parallels and divergencies in Cypriot Arabic and Maltese', Mediterranean Language Review 8: 41-67.
38. Brenzinger, M. 1998. 'Language contact and language displacement', pp. 273-84 of Coulmas 1998.
39. Bright, W. and Sherzer, J. 1976. 'Areal phenomena in North-American Indian languages', pp. 228-68 of Variation and change in language: essays by W. Bright. Stanford, Calif: Stanford University Press.
40. Brody, J. 1995. 'Lending the "unborrowable": Spanish discourse markers in Indigenous American languages', pp. 132-47 of Spanish in four continents: studies in language contact and bilingualism, edited by Carmen Silva-Corvalan. Washington: Georgetown University Press.
41. Brown, C. H. 1999. Lexical acculturation in Native American Languages. New York: Oxford University Press.
42. Bunte, P. A. and Kendall, M. B. 1981. 'When is an error not an error? Notes on language contact and the question of interference', Anthropological Linguistics 23:1-7.
43. Campbell, L. 1987. 'Syntactic change in Pipil', International Journal of American Linguistics 53: 253-80.
44. Campbell, L. 1993. 'On proposed universals of grammatical borrowing', pp. 91-109 of Selected papers of the ninth international conference on historical linguistics, edited by R. Jeffers. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
45. Campbell, L. 1997. 'Amerindian personal pronouns: a second opinion', Language 73: 339-51.
46. Kaufman, T. and Smith-Stark, T. 1986. 'Meso-America as a linguistic area', Language 62: 530-70.
47. Campbell, L. and Muntzel. M. 1989. 'The structural consequences of language death', pp. 181-96 of Investigating obsolescence: studies in language contraction and death, edited by N. Dorian. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
48. Chao, Y. 1968. A grammar of spoken Chinese. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press.
49. Chappell, H. 2001. 'Language contact and areal diffusion in Sinitic languages', pp. 328-57 of Aikhenvald and Dixon 2001a.
50. Clark, R. 1982. '"Necessary" and "unnecessary" borrowing', pp. 137-43 of Papers from the third international conference on Austronesian linguistics, Vol. 3: Accent on variety, edited by A. Halim, L. Carrington, and S. A. Wurm. Canberra: Pacific Linguistics.
51. Clark, R. 1994. 'The Polynesian outliers as a locus of language contact', pp. 109-40 of Language contact and change in the Austronesian world, edited by T. Dutton and D. T. Tryon. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
52. Clyne, M. 1987. 'Constraints on code-switching-how universal are they?', Linguistics 25: 739-64.
53. Clyne, M. 2003. Dynamics of language contact. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
54. Coulmas, F. (ed.). 1998. The handbook of sociolinguistics. Oxford: Blackwell.
55. Csato, E. A. 1999. Analyzing contact-induced phenomena in Karaim, BLS 25: 4-62.
56. Csato, E. A. 2001. 'Syntactic code-copying in Karaim', pp. 271-83 of Circum-Baltic languages, vol. 1: Past and present, edited by O. Dahl and M. Koptjevskaja-Tamm. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
57. Curnow, T. J. 2001. 'What language features can be "borrowed"?', pp. 412-36 of Aikhenvald and Dixon 2001a.
58. Dalton-Puffer, C. 1996. The French influence on Middle English morphology: a corpusbased study of derivation. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
59. Dawkins, R. M. 1916. Modern Greek in Asia Minor: a study of the dialects of Silli, Cappadocia and Pharasa with grammar, texts, translations and glossary. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
60. Dehghani, Y. 2000. A grammar of Iranian Azari including comparisons with Persian. Munich: Lincom Europa.
61. Dench, A. 2001. 'Descent and diffusion: the complexity of the Pilbara situation,' pp. 105-33 of Aikhenvald and Dixon 2001a.
62. Deutscher, G. 2000. Syntactic change in Akkadian: the evolution of sentential complementation. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
63. Diakonov, I. M. 1989. Afrasian languages. Moscow: Nauka.
64. Dimmendaal, G. 2001. 'Areal diffusion versus genetic inheritance: an African perspective', pp. 358-92 of Aikhenvald and Dixon 2001a.
65. Dixon, R. M. W. 1994. Ergativity. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
66. Dixon, R. M. W. 1997. The rise and fall of languages. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
67. Dixon, R. M. W. 2001. 'The Australian linguistic area', pp. 64-104 of Aikhenvald and Dixon 2001a.
68. Dixon, R. M. W. 2002. Australian languages: their origin and development. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
69. Dixon, R. M. W. and Aikhenvald, A. Y. (eds.). 1999. The Amazonian languages. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
70. Dorian, N. C. 2002. 'Diglossia and the simplification of linguistic space', International Journal of the Sociology of Language 9: 63-70.
71. Dozier, E. P. 1956. 'Two examples of linguistic acculturation: the Yaqui of Sonora and Arizona and the Tewa of New Mexico', Language 32: 146-57.
72. Du Bois, J. 1985. 'Competing motivations', pp. 343-66 of Iconicity in syntax, edited by John Haiman. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
73. Ducos, G. 1979. 'Evolution d'une langue a classes nominales', La Linguistique 15.1: 43-54.
74. Ehala, M. 1994. 'Russian influence and the change in progress in the Estonian adpositional system', Linguistica Uralica 30: 177-93.
75. Ehala, M. 2000. 'How a man changed a parameter value: the loss of SOV in Estonian subclauses', pp. 73-100 of Historical linguistics 1995, Vol. 2: Germanic linguistics, edited by R. Hogg and L. van Bergen. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
76. Emeneau, M. B. 1956. 'India as a linguistic area', Language 32: 3-16.
77. Emeneau, M. B. 1980. Language and linguistic area. Essays by Murray B. Emeneau, selected and introduced by Anwar S. Dil. Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press.
78. Enfield, N. J. 2001. 'On genetic and areal linguistics in mainland South East Asia: parallel polyfunctionality of "acquire" ', pp. 255-90 of Aikhenvald and Dixon 2001a.
79. Enfield, N. J. 2005. 'Areal linguistics and mainland Southeast Asia', Annual Review of Anthropology 34: 181-206.
80. Epps, P. 2005. 'Areal diffusion and the development of evidentiality: evidence from Hup', Studies in Language 29: 617-50.
81. Ferguson, C. A. 1964. 'Diglossia', pp. 429-39 of Language in culture and society, edited by D. Hymes. New York: Harper International.
82. Field, F. W. 2001. Linguistic borrowing in bilingual contexts. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
83. Filppula, M. 2003. 'The quest for the most "parsimonious" explanations: endogeny vs. contact revisited', pp. 161-73 of Motives for language change, edited by R. Hickey. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
84. Fishman, J. 1967. 'Bilingualism with and without diglossia; diglossia with and without bilingualism', Journal of Social Issues 3: 29-38.
85. Fleck, D. Forthcoming. A grammar of Matses. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
86. Fodor, I. 1984. 'Language reforms of the past and in the developing countries', pp. 441-54 of Language reform: history and future, Vol. 3, edited by I. Fodor and C. Hagege. Hamburg: Buske Verlag.
87. Foley, W. A. 1986. The Papuan languages of New Guinea. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
88. Fortescue, M. 1997. 'Eskimo influence on the formation of the Chukotkan ergative clause', Studies in Language 21: 369-409.
89. Fortescue, M. 2004. 'The westernmost extent of Eskimo languages and their influence in Asia'. Paper delivered at RCLT, La Trobe University.
90. Friedman, V. A. 1997. 'One grammar, three lexicons: ideological overtones and underpinnings in the Balkan Sprachbund', CLS 33: 23-44.
91. Friedman, V. A. 2000. 'After 170 years of Balkan linguistics: whither the millennium?', Mediterranean Language Review 12: 1-15.
92. Friedman, V. A. 2003. 'Evidentiality in the Balkans with special attention to Macedonian and Albanian', pp. 189-218 of Studies in evidentiality, edited by A. Y. Aikhenvald and R. M. W. Dixon. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
93. Fries, C. C. and Pike, K. L. 1949. 'Coexistent phonemic systems', Language 25: 29-50.
94. Gardani, F. 2005. Borrowing of in flectional morphemes in language contact. MA thesis, University of Vienna.
95. Gerritsen, M. and Stein, D. (eds.). 1992a. Internal and external factors in syntactic change. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
96. Gerritsen, M. and Stein, D. 1992b. 'On "internal" and "external" in syntactic change', pp. 11-15 of Gerritsen and Stein 1992a.
97. Golovko, E. 1994. 'Mednyj Aleut or Copper Island Aleut: an Aleut-Russian mixed language', pp. 113-21 of Bakker and Mous 1994.
98. Greenberg, J. H. 1953. Essays in linguistics. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
99. Grenoble, L. 2000. 'Morphosyntactic change: the impact of Russian on Evenki', pp. 105-20 of Languages in contact, edited by D. G. Gilbers, J. Nerbonne, and J. Schaeken. Amsterdam: Rodopi.
100. Grenoble, L. and L. J. Whaley. 1998. 'Towards a typology of language endangerment', pp. 22-54 of Endangered languages, edited by L. Grenoble and L. J. Whaley. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
101. Gumperz, J. J. and Wilson, R. 1971. 'Convergence and creolization: a case from the Indo-Aryan/Dravidian border in India', pp. 151-68 of Pidginization and creolization of languages, edited by D. Hymes. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
102. Haarmann, H. 1970. Die indirekte Erlebnisform als grammatische Kategorie. Eine Eurasische Isoglosse. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz.
103. Haase, M. 1992. Sprachkontakt und Sprachwandel im Baskenland. Die Einflusse des Gaskognischen und Französischen auf das Baskische. Hamburg: Buske Verlag.
104. Haase, M. and Nau, N. 1996a. 'Einleitung: Sprachkontakt und Grammatikalisierung', pp. 3-8 of Haase and Nau 1996b.
105. Haase, M. and Nau, N. (eds.). 1996b. Sprachkontakt und Grammatikalisierung. Special issue of Sprachtypologie und Universalienforschung 49.1.
106. Hagege, C. 2004. 'On the part played by human conscious choice in language structure and language evolution', pp. 105-17 of Linguistic diversity and language theories, edited by Z. Frajzyngier, A. Hodges, and D. Rood. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
107. Haig, G. 2001. 'Linguistic diffusion in present-day Anatolia: from top to bottom', pp. 195-224 of Aikhenvald and Dixon 2001a.
108. Hale, K. 1975. 'Gaps in grammar and culture', pp. 295-315 of Linguistics and anthropology: in honour of C. F. Voegelin, edited by M. D. Kinkade et al. Lisse: Peter de Ridder Press.
109. Harris, A. and Campbell, L. 1995. Historical syntax in cross-linguistic perspective. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
110. Hashimoto, M. 1986. 'The Altaicization of Northern Chinese', pp. 76-97 of Contributions to Sino-Tibetan studies, edited by J. McCoy and T. Light. Leiden: E. J. Brill.
111. Haspelmath, M. 2002. 'The European linguistic area: Standard Average European', pp. 1492-510 of Language typology and language universals: an international handbook, edited by M. Haspelmath, E. König, W. Oesterreicher, and W. Raible. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
112. Hasselblatt, C. 1990. Das estnische Partikelverb als Lehnübersetzung aus dem Deutschen. Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz.
113. Haugen, E. 1950. 'The analysis of linguistic borrowing', Language 26: 210-31.
114. Haugen, E. 1956. Bilingualism in the Americas: a bibliography and a research guide. University, Ala.: American Dialect Society.
115. Haugen, E. 1969. The Norwegian language in America: a study in bilingual behavior. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
116. Heath, Jeffrey. 1978. Linguistic diffusion in Arnhem land. Australian Aboriginal Studies: Research and Regional Studies 13. Canberra: AIAS.
117. Heath, Jeffrey. 1981. 'A case of intensive lexical diffusion', Language 57: 335-67.
118. Heath, Jeffrey. 1984. 'Language contact and language change', Annual Review of Anthropology 13: 367-84.
119. Heath, Jeffrey. 1989. From code-switching to borrowing: a case study of Moroccan Arabic. London: Kegan Paul International.
120. Heath, Jeffrey. 1997. 'Lost wax: abrupt replacement of key morphemes in Australian agreement complexes', Diachronica 14: 197-232.
121. Heath, Jeffrey. 1998. 'Hermit crabs: formal renewal of morphology by phonologically mediated aYx substitution', Language 74: 728-59.
122. Heine, B., Claudi, U. and Hunnemeyer, F. 1991. Grammaticalization: a conceptual framework. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
123. Heine, B., Claudi, U. and Kuteva, T. 2002. World lexicon of grammaticalization. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
124. Heine, B., Claudi, U. and Kuteva, T. 2003. 'On contact-induced grammaticalization', Studies in Language 27: 529-72.
125. Heine, B., Claudi, U. and Kuteva, T. 2005. Language contact and grammatical change. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
126. Herzog, G. 1941. 'Culture change and language: shifts in the Pima vocabulary', pp. 66-74 of Language, culture and personality: essays in memory of Edward Sapir, edited by L. Spier, A. I. Hallowell, and S. S. Newmann. Menasha, Wis.: Sapir Memorial Publication Fund.
127. Hill, J. and Hill, K. C. 1986. Speaking Mexicano: dynamics of syncretic language in central Mexico. Tucson: University of Arizona Press.
128. Hint, M. 1996. 'Eesti keel okupastiooni jarel', Keel ja kirjandus 39: 802-8.
129. Hock, H. H. 2001. 'Typology vs convergence: the issue of Dravidian/Indo-Aryan syntactic similarities revisited', pp. 63-100 of The yearbook of South Asian languages and linguistics: Tokyo symposium on South Asian languages contact, convergence and typology, edited by P. Bhaskararao, K. V. Subbarao, and R. Singh. New Delhi: Sage Publications.
130. Hudson, A. 2000. 'Outline of a theory of diglossia', International Journal of the Sociology of Language 9: 1-48.
131. Jacobsen, W. 1980. 'Inclusive/exclusive: a diffused pronominal category in Native western North America', Papers from the parasession on pronouns and anaphora. BLS: 204-30.
132. Jakobson, R. O. 1938. 'Sur la théorie des aYnites phonologiques des langues', pp. 48-59 of Actes du quatrième congr's international de linguistes. Copenhagen: Einar Munksgaard.
133. Jakobson, R. O. 1962a. 'Kharakteristike evrazijskogo jazykovogo sojuza' [Towards a characterization of Eurasian Language Union], pp. 144-201 of his Selected writings, Vol. 1: Phonological studies. The Hague: Mouton.
134. Jakobson, R. O. 1962b. 'Über die phonologischen Sprachbünde', pp. 137-43 of his Selected writings, Vol. 1: Phonological studies. The Hague: Mouton.
135. Jenkins, R. S. 2000. Language contact and composite structures in New Ireland, Papua New Guinea. Ph.D. dissertation, Üniversity of South Carolina.
136. Johanson, L. 2002. Structural factors in Turkic language contacts. London: Curzon Press.
137. Joseph, B. 1983. The synchrony and diachrony of the Balkan insenitive: a study in areal, general, and historical linguistics. Cambridge: Cambridge Üniversity Press.
138. Jungraithmayr, H. 1995. 'Was ist am Tangale noch tschadisch/hamitosemitisch?', pp. 197-205 of Sprachkulturelle und historische Forschungen in Afrika, edited by A. Fleisch and D. Otten. Cologne: Koppe.
139. Jungraithmayr, H. 2000. 'Chadic-a network of genetic and areal relationships', pp. 90-8 of Zima 2000.
140. Kastenholz, R. 2002. '"Samogo" language islands, and Mande-Senufo (Gur) interference phenomena', pp. 91-110 of Nicolai and Zima 2002.
141. King, R. 1999. The lexical basis of grammatical borrowing: a Prince Edward Island French case study. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
142. Krauss, M. 1983. 'Slavey Jargon: diffusion of French in Northern Athabaskan'. MS.
143. Kroskrity, P. V. 1993. Language, history and identity: ethnolinguistic studies of the Arizona Tewa. Tucson: University of Arizona Press.
144. Kroskrity, P. V. 1998. 'Discursive convergence with a Tewa evidential', pp. 25-34 of The life of language: papers in linguistics in honor of William Bright, edited by J. H. Hill, P. J. Mistry, and L. Campbell. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
145. Kruspe, N. 2004. A grammar of Semelai. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
146. Kurman, G. 1968. The development of written Estonian. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
147. Kuteva, T. 2000. 'Areal grammaticalisation: the case of the Bantu-Nilotic borderland', Folia Linguistica 34: 267-83.
148. Kuteva, T. 2001a. 'Large linguistic areas in grammaticalization: auxiliation in Europe', Language Sciences 20: 289-311.
149. Kuteva, T. 2001b. Auxiliation: an enquiry into the nature of grammaticalization. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
150. LaPolla, R. J. 1994. 'Parallel grammaticalizations in Tibeto-Burman languages: evidence of Sapir's "drift" ', Linguistics of the Tibeto-Burman Area 17: 61-80.
151. LaPolla, R. J. 2001. 'The role of migration and language contact in the development of the Sino-Tibetan language family', pp. 225-54 of Aikhenvald and Dixon 2001a.
152. Laprade, R. A. 1981. 'Some cases of Aymara influence on La Paz Spanish', pp. 207-27 of The Aymara language in its social and cultural context: a collection of essays on aspects of Aymara language and culture, edited by M. J. Hardman. Gainesville: University Presses of Florida.
153. Lass, R. 1997. Historical linguistics and language change. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
154. Lehiste, I. 1979. 'Translation from Russian as a source of syntactic change in contemporary Estonian', CLS: the elements: a parasession on linguistic units and levels: 413-19.
155. Li, C. 1986. 'The rise and fall of tones through diffusion', Proceedings of the Twelfth Annual Meeting of the Berkeley Linguistics Society: 173-85.
156. Li, C. and Thompson, S. 1981. Mandarin Chinese: a functional reference grammar. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press.
157. Liivaku, U. 1993. 'Veneparane rajav kääne' [Russian-like terminative case], Keel ja Kirjandus 36: 491-2.
158. Lindstrom, E. 2002. Topics in the grammar of Kuot, a non-Austronesian language of New Ireland, Papua New Guinea. Ph.D. dissertation, University of Stockholm.
159. Lipski, J. 1994. Latin American Spanish. London: Longman.
160. Lithgow, D. 1989. 'Influence of English grammar on Dobu and Bunama', pp. 335-48 of VICAL 1. Oceanic languages: papers from the With international conference on Austronesian linguistics. Auckland: Linguistic Society of New Zealand.
161. Loveday, L. J. 1996. Language contact in Japan: a socio-linguistic history. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
162. Lynch, J., Ross, M. and Crowley, T. 2003. 'The Oceanic languages', pp. 1-22 of The Oceanic languages, edited by J. Lynch, M. Ross, and T. Crowley. London: Curzon.
163. Masica, C. 1976. Defining a linguistic area: South Asia. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
164. Masica, C. 1991. Indo-Aryan languages. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
165. Masica, C. 2001. 'The definition and significance of linguistic areas: methods, pitfalls, and possibilities (with special reference to the validity of South Asia as a linguistic area', pp. 205-68 of The yearbook of South Asian languages and linguistics: Tokyo symposium on South Asian languages contact, convergence and typology, edited by P. Bhaskararao, K. V. Subbarao, and R. Singh. New Delhi: Sage Publications.
166. Matisov, J. A. 1991. 'Areal and universal dimensions of grammatization in Lahu', pp. 383-453 of Approaches to grammaticalization, Vol. 2, edited by E. C. Traugott and B. Heine. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
167. Matisov, J. A. 2001. 'Genetic versus contact relationship: prosodic diffusibility in South-East Asian languages', pp. 291-327 of Aikhenvald and Dixon 2001a.
168. Matras, Y. 1996. 'Prozedurale Fusion: Grammatische Interferenzschichten im Romanes', pp. 60-78 of Haase and Nau 1996b.
169. Matras, Y. 1998. 'Utterance modifiers and universals of grammatical borrowing', Linguistics 36: 281-331.
170. Matras, Y. 2000. 'How predictable is contact-induced change in grammar?', pp. 585-620 of Time depth in historical linguistics, Vol. 2, edited by C. Renfrew, A. McMahon, and Larry Trask. Cambridge: The McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research.
171. Matras, Y. 2002. Romani: a linguistic introduction. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
172. Matras, Y. 2003. 'Mixed languages: re-examining the structural prototype', pp. 151-76 of Matras and Bakker 2003.
173. Matras, Y. 2003/4. 'Layers of convergent syntax in Macedonian Turkish', Mediterranean Language Review 15: 63-86.
174. Matras, Y. and Bakker P. (eds.). 2003. The mixed language debate. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
175. Matthews, S. and Yip, V. 2001. 'Aspects of contemporary Cantonese grammar: the structure and stratification of relative clauses', pp. 266-82 of Sinitic grammar: synchronic and diachronic perspectives, edited by H. Chappell. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
176. Meillet, A. 1948. Linguistique historique et linguistique générale. Paris: Librairie Ancienne Honore Champion.
177. Mifsud, M. 1995. Loan verbs in Maltese: a descriptive and comparative study. Leiden: Brill.
178. Milroy, J. 1982. 'Probing under the tip of the iceberg: phonological normalisation and the shape of speech communities', pp. 32-48 of Sociolinguistic variation in speech communities, edited by S. Romaine. London: Arnold.
179. Milroy, L. 1987. Language and social networks, 2nd edn. Oxford: Blackwell.
180. Mithun, M. 1992a. 'External triggers and internal guidance in syntactic development: coordinating conjunction', pp. 89-129 of Gerritsen and Stein 1992.
181. Mithun, M. 1992b. 'The substratum in grammar and discourse', pp. 103-15 of Language contact: theoretical and empirical studies, edited by E. H. Jahr. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
182. Mithun, M. 1999. The languages of native North America. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
183. Mithun, M. 2000. 'Ergativity and language contact on the Oregon Coast: Alsea, Siuslaw and Coos', BLS 26: 77-95.
184. Moravcsik, E. 1978. 'Language contact', pp. 93-123 of Universals of human languages, Vol. 1, edited by Joseph H. Greenberg, Charles A. Ferguson, and Edith A. Moravcsik. Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press.
185. Mufwene, S. 2001. The ecology of language evolution. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
186. Myers-Scotton, C. 1993. Social motivations for codeswitching: evidence from Africa. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
187. Myers-Scotton, C. 2003. Contact linguistics. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
188. Myers-Scotton, C. and Okeju, J. 1973. 'Neighbours and lexical borrowings', Language 49: 871-89.
189. Nadkarni, M. V. 1975. 'Bilingualism and syntactic change in Konkani', Language 51: 672-83.
190. Nau, N. 1995. Möglichkeiten und Mechanismen kontaktbewegten Sprachwandels unter besonderer Berücksichtigung des Finnischen. Munich: Lincom Europa.
191. Newman, S. 1974. 'Linguistics retention and diffusion in Bella Coola', Language in Society 2: 201-14.
192. Nichols, J. 1986. 'Head-marking and dependent-marking grammars', Language 62: 56-119.
193. Nichols, J. 1996. 'The comparative method as heuristic', pp. 39-71 of The comparative method reviewed: regularity and irregularity in language change. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
194. Nicolai, R. and Zima, P. (eds.). 2002. Lexical and structural diffusion: interplay of internal and external factors of language development in the West African Sahel. Publications de la Faculte des Lettres, Arts et Sciences humaines de Nice et de la Faculte des Etudes Humaines, Üniversite Charles de Prague.
195. Nurse, D. 2000. Inheritance, contact, and change in two East African languages. Cologne: Rudiger Koppe Verlag.
196. Nurse, D. and Hinnebusch, T. J. 1993. Swahili and Sabaki: a linguistic history. University of California publications in linguistics 121. Behelay and Los Angeles: University of California Press.
197. Owens, J. 1996. 'Grammatisierung, Semantisierung und Sprachkontakt: Arabisch im Tschad-See-Gebiet', pp. 79-85 of Haase and Nau 1996b.
198. Perry, J. R. 1979. 'Uzbek influence on Tajik syntax: the converb constructions', CLS: The Elements: a parasession on linguistic units and levels: papers from the conference on Non-Slavic languages of the USSR: 448-61.
199. Pontius, J. 1997. 'Language codification and the perception of otherness: the case of Czech and German', CLS 33: 23-44.
200. Prunet, J.-F. 1990. 'The origin and interpretation of French loans in Carrier', International Journal of American Linguistics 56: 484-503.
201. Raag, V. 1998. The effects of planned change on Estonian morphology. Acta Universitatis Upsaliensis, Studia Uralica Upsaliensia 29. Uppsala: Uppsala University Press.
202. Rayfield, J. R. 1970. The languages of a bilingual community. The Hague: Mouton.
203. Riionheimo, H. 1998. 'Morphological attrition and interference in language contact: sketching the framework', pp. 246-68 of Language contact, variation and change, edited by J. Niemi, T. Odlin, and J. Heikkinen. Joensuu: University of Joensuu.
204. Riionheimo, H. 2002. 'How to borrow a bound morpheme? Evaluating the status of structural interference in a contact between closely related languages', SKY Journal of Linguistics 15: 187-218.
205. Rivierre, J.-C. 1994. 'Contact-induced phonological complexification in New Caledonia', pp. 497-522 of Language contact and change in the Austronesian world, edited by T. Dutton and D. T. Tryon. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
206. Roberts, J. R. 1997. 'Switch-reference in Papua New Guinea: a preliminary survey', pp. 101-241 of Papers in Papuan linguistics 3. Canberra: Pacific Linguistics.
207. Ross, M. D. 1988. Proto-Oceanic and the Austronesian languages of Western Melanesia. Pacific Linguistics C-98. Canberra: ANU.
208. Ross, M. D. 1994. 'Areal phonological features in north central New Ireland', pp. 523-72 of Language contact and change in the Austronesian world, edited by T. Dutton and D. T. Tryon. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
209. Ross, M. D. 1996. 'Contact-induced change and the comparative method: cases from Papua New Guinea', pp. 180-217 of The comparative method reviewed: irregularity and regularity in language change, edited by M. Durie and M. D. Ross. New York: Oxford University Press.
210. Ross, M. D. 2001. 'Contact-induced change in Oceanic languages in northwest Melanesia', pp. 134-66 of Aikhenvald and Dixon 2001a.
211. Ross, M. D. 2003. 'Diagnosing prehistoric language contact', pp. 174-98 of Motives for language change, edited by R. Hickey. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
212. Sapir, E. 1921. Language. New York: Harcourt, Brace & World.
213. Sava, G. 2002. 'Ts'amakko morphological borrowings in Ongota (or Birale)', Afrika- nistische Arbeitspapiere 71: 75-94.
214. Schaengold, C. C. 2004. Bilingual Navajo: mixed codes, bilingualism, and language maintenance. Ph.D. dissertation, Ohio State University.
215. Schiffrin, H. 1998. 'Diglossia as a sociolinguistic situation', pp. 205-16 of Coulmas 1998.
216. Schmidt, A. 1985. Young people's Dyirbal: an example of language death from Australia. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
217. Seki, L. 1999. 'The Upper flingu as an incipient linguistic area', pp. 417-30 of Dixon and Aikhenvald 1999.
218. Sherzer, J. 1973. 'Areal linguistics in North America', pp 749-95 of Current trends in linguistics, 10, edited by T. Sebeok. The Hague: Mouton.
219. Sherzer, J. 1976. An areal-typological study of American Indian languages north of Mexico. North-Holland Linguistic Series 20. Amsterdam: North Holland.
220. Silva-Corvalan, C. 1995. 'The study of language contact: an overview of the issues', pp. 1-13 of Spanish in four continents: studies in language contact and bilingualism, edited by Carmen Silva-Corvalan. Washington: Georgetown University Press.
221. Slater, K. W. 2002. A grammar of Mangghuer: a Mongolic language of China's Qinghai- Gansu Sprachbund. London: Routledge Curzon.
222. Smith, I. 1986. 'Language contact and the life or death of Kugu Muminh', pp. 513-32 of The Fergusonian impact: in honor of Charles A. Ferguson on the occasion of his 65th birthday, Vol. 2: Sociolinguistics and the sociology of language, edited by J. A. Fishman, A. Tabouret-Keller, M. Clyne, Bh. Krishnamurti, and M. Abdulaziz. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
223. Smith-Stark, S. 1974. 'The plurality split', Papers from the annual regional meeting of the Chicago Linguistic Society 10: 657-71.
224. Soper, J. 1996. Loan syntax in Turkic and Iranian. Bloomington, Ind.: Eurolingua.
225. Stolz, C. and Stolz, T. 1996. 'Funktionswortenentlehnung in Mesoamerika. Spanisch- amerindischer Sprachkontakt (Hispanoindiana II)', STUF 49: 86-123.
226. Stolz, T. 1991. Sprachbund im Baltikum? Estnisch und Lettisch im Zentrum einer sprachlichen Konvergenzlandschaft. Bochum: Universitatsverlag Cr. N. Brockmeyer.
227. Storch, A. 2003. 'Layers of language contact in Jukun', pp. 176-95 of Dynamics of systems: lexical diffusion, language contacts and creolisation in West Africa, edited by P. Zima, J. Jenlk, and V. Tax. Prague: Pastelka.
228. Swadesh, M. 1951. 'Diffusional cumulation and archaic residue as historical explanations', Southwestern Journal of Anthropology 7: 1-21.
229. Talmy, L. 1982. 'Borrowing semantic space: Yiddish verb prefixes between Germanic and Slavic', Proceedings of the Berkeley Linguistics Society 8: 231-50.
230. Tauli, V. 1984. 'The Estonian language reform', pp. 309-30 of Language reform: history and future, vol. 3, edited by I. Fodor and C. Hagege. Hamburg: Buske Verlag.
231. Thomason, S. G. 1997. 'On mechanisms of interference', pp. 181-208 of Language and its ecology: essays in Memory of Einar Haugen, edited by S. Eliasson and E. H. Jahr. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
232. Thomason, S. G. 2000. 'On the unpredictability of contact effects', Estudios de sociolinguistica 1: 173-82.
233. Thomason, S. G. 2001a. Language contact: an introduction. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.
234. Thomason, S. G. 2001b. 'Contact-induced typological change', pp. 1640-8 of Language typology and language universals: an international handbook, edited by M. Haspelmath, E. König, W. Oesterreicher, and W. Raible. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter.
235. Thomason, S. G. 2003. 'Contact as a source of language change', pp. 687-712 of The handbook of historical linguistics, edited by B. D. Joseph and R. D. Janda. Oxford: Blackwell.
236. Thomason, S. G. and Kaufman, T. 1988. Language contact, creolization and genetic linguistics. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press.
237. Thurston, W. R. 1987. Processes of change in the languages of northwestern Britain. Canberra: Pacific Linguistics.
238. Thurston, W. R. 1989. 'How esoteric languages build a lexicon: esoterogyny in West New Britain', pp. 555-80 of VICAL1: Oceanic languages: papers from the Wfth international conference on Austronesian linguistics. Auckland: Linguistic Society of New Zealand.
239. Thurston, W. R. 1994. 'Renovation and innovation in the languages of northwestern New Britain', pp. 573-610 of Language contact and change in the Austronesian world, edited by T. Dutton and D. T. Tryon. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
240. Tosco, M. 1996. 'Morfologia italiana in Maltese', pp. 319-32 of Semitica: seria philolo- gica Constantino Tsereteli dedicata, edited by R. Contini, F. A. Pennacchietti, and M. Tosco. Turin: Silvio Zamorani editore.
241. Tosco, M. 2000. 'Is there an "Ethiopian linguistic area"?', Anthropological Linguistics 42: 329-65.
242. Trask, L. 1998. 'The typological position of Basque: then and now', Language Sciences 20: 313-24.
243. Trask, L. 2000. The dictionary of historical and comparative linguistics. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.
244. Trubetzkoy, N. S. 1939. 'Gedanken Uber das Indogermanenproblem', Acta Linguistica (Hafniensa) 1: 81-9.
245. Trudgill, P. 1995. 'Grammaticalisation and social structure: non-standard conjunction-formation in East Anglian English', pp. 136-47 of Grammar and meaning: essays in honour of Sir John Lyons, edited by F. R. Palmer. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
246. Trudgill, P. 2004. New dialect formation: the inevitability of colonial Englishes. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
247. Tsitsipis, L. D. 1998. A linguistic anthropology of praxis and language shift: Arvanitika (Albanian) and Greek in contact. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
248. VoCadlo, O. 1938. 'Some observations on mixed languages', pp. 169-76 of 4th International Congress of Linguists. Copenhagen: Actes.
249. Weinreich, U. 1953. Languages in contact. New York: Linguistic Circle of New York.
250. Whitney, W. D. 1881. 'On mixture in language', Transactions of the American Philosophical Association 12: 1-26.
251. Windfuhr, G. L. 1990. 'Persian', pp. 523-46 of The world's major languages, edited by B. Comrie. New York: Oxford University Press.
252. Wolv, E. 1983. 'Tonogenese in tschadischen Sprachen', Afrika und Übersee 66: 203-20.
253. Zima, P. (ed.). 2000. Areal and genetic factors in language classification and description: Africa south of the Sahara. Munich: Lincom Europa.
254. Zuckermann, G. 2003. Language contact and lexical enrichment in Israeli Hebrew. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.