Areal linguistics and mainland Southeast Asia

Annual Review of Anthropology

Volumn 34, Issue , 2005, Pages 181-206

  Enfield, Nick J ^a  

^a MAX PLANCK INSTITUTE FOR PSYCHOLINGUISTICS   (Netherlands)

Author keywords

Cultural evolution; Diffusion of innovation; Historical linguistics; Human diversity; Linguistic epidemiology; Methodological individualism

Indexed keywords

CULTURAL CHANGE; INNOVATION; LANGUAGE; METHODOLOGY;

ASIA; EURASIA; SOUTHEAST ASIA;

EID: 27844456414     PISSN: 00846570     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: 10.1146/annurev.anthro.34.081804.120406     Document Type: Review

References (198)

1. Aikhenvald A, Dixon RMW, eds. 2001. Areal Diffusion and Genetic Inheritance: Problems in Comparative Linguistics. Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press
2. Aikhenvald AY. 2000. Classifiers. A Typology of Noun Categorization Devices. Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press
3. Aikhenvald AY. 2002. Language Contact in Amazonia. Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press.
4. Alves MJ. 1995. The Vietnamese linguistic belt buckle: an example of Sprachbund in Southeast Asia. In Linguistics and Language Teaching: Proceedings, ed. C Reves, C Steele, CSP Wong, pp. 21-42. Manoa: Univ. Hawaii
5. Alves MJ. 1997. Ruc and other minor Vietic languages: linguistics strands between Vietnamese of the rest of the Mon-Khmer language family. In Papers from the Seventh Annual Meeting of the Southeast Asian Linguistics Society, ed. KL Adams, TJ Hudak, FK Lehman, pp. 3-20. Tempe, AZ: Progr. Southeast Asian Stud.
6. Alves MJ. 2000. A Pacoh analytic grammar. PhD thesis. Univ. Hawaii
7. Ansaldo U. 1999. Comparative constructions in Sinitic: areal typology and patterns of grammaticalisation. PhD thesis. Stockholm Univ.
8. Ameka FK, Wilkins DP. 1996. Semantics. In Contact Linguistics: An International Handbook of Contemporary Research, ed. H Goeble, PH Nelde, Z Stary, Wölck, pp. 130-38. Berlin/New York: Walter de Gruyter
9. Ansaldo U, Matthews SJ. 2001. Typical creoles and simple languages: the case of Sinitic. Linguist. Typol. 5:311-24
10. Bauer RS. 1996. Identifying the Tai substratum in Cantonese. In 4th International Symposium on Languages and Linguistics, Pan-Asiatic Linguistics, pp. 1806-44. Bangkok: Inst. Lang. Cult. Rural Dev., Mahidol Univ., Salaya
11. Bauer RS, ed. 2002. Collected Papers on Southeast Asian and Pacific Languages. Canberra: Pac. Linguist.
12. Benedict PK. 1972. Sino-Tibetan: A Conspectus. Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press
13. Bisang W. 1991. Verb serialization, grammaticalization and attractor positions in Chinese, Hmong, Vietnamese, Thai and Khmer. In Partizipation: Das Sprachliche Erfassen von Sachverhalten, ed. H Seiler, W Premper, pp. 509-62. Tübingen: Gunter Narr Verlag
14. Bisang W. 1996. Areal typology and grammaticalization: processes of grammaticalization based on nouns and verbs in South-East Asian languages. Stud. Lang. 20:519-97
15. Bisang W. 1999. Classifiers in East and Southeast Asian languages: counting and beyond. In Numeral Types and Changes Worldwide, ed. J Gvozdanovic, pp. 113-85. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter
16. Blake B. 2001. Global trends in language. Linguistics 39:1009-28
17. Bradley D, ed. 1989. South-East Asian Syntax. Canberra: Pac. Linguist.
18. Bradley D. 1994. East and Southeast Asia. In Atlas of the World's Languages, ed. C Moseley, RE Asher, pp. 159-92. London: Routledge
19. Bradley D. 2003. Language and culture of minority groups. In Laos and Ethnic Minority Cultures: Promoting Heritage, ed. Y Goudineau, pp. 45-68. Paris: UNESCO
20. Budge C. 1980. Southeast Asia as a linguistic area. Master's Diss. Monash Univ., Melbourne
21. Burusphat S, ed. 2000. Proc. Int. Conf. Tai Stud., July 29-31, 1998. Bangkok: Mahidol Univ.
22. Campbell L, Kaufman T, Smith-Stark TC. 1986. Meso-America as a linguistic area. Language 62:530-70
23. Capell A. 1979. Further typological studies in Southeast Asian languages. In Southeast Asian Linguistic Studies, ed. ND Liem, pp. 1-42. Canberra: Pac. Linguist.
24. Carpenter K. 1986. Productivity and pragmatics of Thai classifiers. Berkeley Linguist. Soc. 12:14-25
25. Chandler D. 1996. A History of Cambodia. Chiang Mai: Silkworm Books
26. Chao YR. 1968. A Grammar of Spoken Chinese. Berkeley/Los Angeles: Univ. Calif. Press
27. Chappell H. 2001a. Language contact and areal diffusion in Sinitic languages.
28. Chappell H, ed. 2001b. Sinitic Grammar. Synchronic and Diachronic Perspectives. Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press
29. Clark HH, Wilkes-Gibbs D. 1986. Referring as a collaborative process. Cognition 22:1-39
30. Clark M. 1985. Asking questions in Hmong and other Southeast Asian languages. Linguist. Tibeto-Burman Area 8:60-67
31. Clark M. 1989. Hmong and areal Southeast Asia.
32. Clark M. 1996. Where do you feel?: stative verbs and body-part terms in Mainland Southeast Asia. In The Grammar of Inalienability, ed. H Chappell, W McGregor, pp. 529-64. Berlin: de Gruyter
33. Clark M, Prasithrathsint A. 1985. Synchronic lexical derivation in Southeast Asian languages.
34. Comrie B, ed. 1990. The Major Languages of East and South-East Asia. London: Routledge
35. Condominas G. 1990. From Lawa to Mon, from Saa' to Thai. Historical and Anthropological Aspects of Southeast Asian Social Spaces. Canberra: Res. Sch. Pac. Stud., Aust. Natl. Univ.
36. Cooke JR. 1968. Pronominal Reference in Thai, Burmese and Vietnamese. Berkeley: Univ. Calif. Press
37. Crisfield AG. 1974. Lao final particles.
38. Crisfield AG. 1978. Sound symbolism and the expressive words of Lao. PhD thesis. Univ. Hawaii
39. Croft W. 2000. Explaining Language Change: An Evolutionary Approach. Essex: Longman
40. Culas C, Michaud J. 2004. A contribution to the study of Hmong (Miao) migrations and history. In Hmong/Miao in Asia, ed. N Tapp, J Michaud, C Culas, G Yia Lee, pp. 61-96. Chiang Mai: Silkworm Books
41. Dahl Ö. 2001. Principles of areal typology. In Language Typology and Language Universals, ed. M Haspelmath, E König, W Oesterreicher, W Raible, 2:1456-70. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter
42. Dahl Ö, Koptjevskaja-Tamm M, eds. 2001. The Circum-Baltic Languages: An Areal-Typological Approach. Amsterdam: Benjamins
43. Daley KAC. 1996. The use of classifiers in Vietnamese narrative texts. Master's Diss. Univ. Tex., Arlington
44. Diffloth G. 1972. Notes on expressive meaning. Chicago Linguist. Soc. 8:440-47
45. Diffloth G. 1974. Austro-Asiatic languages. Encycl. Br. 1974:480-84
46. Diffloth G. 1976. Expressives in Semai. Austroasiatic Stud. 1. Ocean. Linguist., Honolulu, Univ. Hawaii Spec. Publ. 13:249-64
47. Diffloth G. 2001. Les expressifs de Surin, et où cela conduit. Bull. Ecole Fr. Extrême-Orient 8:261-69
48. Diffloth G, Zide N. 1992. Austro-asiatic languages. In International Encyclopedia of Linguistics, ed. W Bright, pp. 137-42. New York: Oxford Univ. Press
49. Diller AVN. 1988. Thai syntax and 'national grammar'. Lang. Sci. 10:273-312
50. Diller AVN. 1993. Diglossic grammaticality in Thai. In The Role of Theory in Language Description, ed. WA Foley, pp. 393-420. Berlin/New York: Mouton de Gruyter
51. Diller AVN, Edmondson J, eds. 2005. The Tai-Kadai Languages. London: RoutledgeCurzon
52. Diller AVN, Khanittanan W. 2002. Syntactic inquiry as a cultural activity.
53. Dixon RMW. 1997. The Rise and Fall of Languages. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge Univ. Press
54. Dixon RMW. 2001. The Australian linguistic area.
55. Edmondson JA, Solnit DB, eds. 1988. Comparative Kadai: Linguistic Studies Beyond Tai. Arlington: Summer Inst. Linguist., Univ. Tex.
56. Edmondson JA, Solnit DB, eds. 1997. Comparative Tai: The Tai Branch. Arlington: Summer Inst. Linguist., Univ. Tex.
57. Emeneau MB. 1956. India as a linguistic area. Language 32:3-16
58. Enfield NJ. 1999. Lao as a national language.
59. Enfield NJ. 2001a. 'Lip-pointing' - a discussion of form and function with reference to data from Laos. Gesture 1:185-212
60. Enfield NJ. 2001b. On genetic and areal linguistics in mainland Southeast Asia: parallel polyfunctionality of 'acquire'.
61. Enfield NJ. 2002a. Biclausal expressions of 'cause' in mainland Southeast Asia. Berkeley Linguist. Soc. 28
62. Enfield NJ. 2002b. Cultural logic and syntactic productivity: associated posture constructions in Lao. In Ethnosyntax: Explorations in Culture and Grammar, ed. NJ Enfield, pp. 231-58. Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press
63. Enfield NJ. 2002c. Functions of 'give' and 'take' in Lao complex predicates.
64. Enfield NJ. 2003a. Demonstratives in space and interaction: data from Lao speakers and implications for semantic analysis. Language 79:82-117
65. Enfield NJ. 2003b. Linguistic Epidemiology: Semantics and Grammar of Language Contact in Mainland Southeast Asia. London: Routledge Curzon
66. Enfield NJ. 2004. Nominal classification in Lao: a sketch. Sprachtypol. Univers. 57:117-43
67. Enfield NJ. 2005a. The body as a cognitive artifact in kinship representations. Hand gesture diagrams by speakers of Lao. Curr Anthropol. 46:51-81
68. Enfield NJ. 2005b. Heterosemy and the grammar-lexicon trade-off. In Catching Language, ed. F Ameka, A Dench, ND Evans. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter
69. Evans G, ed. 1999. Laos: Culture and Society. Chiang Mai: Silkworm Books
70. Evans ND. 2003. Context, culture, and structuration in the languages of Australia. Annu. Rev. Anthropol. 32:13-40
71. Evans ND, Wilkins DP. 2000. In the mind's ear: The semantic extensions of perception verbs in Australian languages. Language 76:546-92
72. Ferguson CA. 1970. The Ethiopian language area. J. Ethiop. Stud. 8:67-80
73. Ferguson CA. 1976. The Ethiopian language area. In Language in Ethiopia, ed. ML Bender, JD Bowen, RL Cooper, CA Ferguson, pp. 63-76. London: Oxford Univ. Press
74. Fuller JW. 1985. Topic and comment in Hmong. PhD thesis. Univ. Mich.
75. Gage WW. 1985. Vietnamese in Mon-Khmer perspective.
76. Garrod S, Anderson A. 1987. Saying what you mean in dialogue: a study in conceptual and semantic co-ordination. Cognition 27:181-218
77. Garrod S, Doherty G. 1994. Conversation, co-ordination and convention: an empirical investigation of how groups establish linguistic conventions. Cognition 53:181-215
78. Gedney WJ. 1989. Selected Papers on Comparative Tai Studies. Ann Arbor: Cent. South and Southeast Asian Stud., Univ. Mich.
79. Gil D. 1987. Definiteness, noun phrase configurationality, and the count-mass distinction. In The Representation of Indefiniteness, ed. E Reuland, AGB ter Meulen, pp. 254-69. Cambridge, MA/London: MIT Press
80. Gilbers DG, Nerbonne J, Schaeken J, eds. Languages in Contact. Amsterdam/ Atlanta, GA:Rodopi
81. Gladwell M. 2000. The Tipping Point: How Little Things Can Make a Big Difference. Boston: Little & Brown
82. Goddard C. 2005. The Languages of East and Southeast Asia. Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press
83. Granovetter M. 1973. The strength of weak ties. Am. J. Sociol. 78:1360-80
84. Granovetter M. 1978. Threshold models of collective behaviour. Am. J. Sociol. 83:1420-43
85. Greenberg JH. 1966. Some universals of grammar with particular reference to the order of meaningful elements. In Universals of Language, ed. JH Greenberg, pp. 73-113. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. 2nd ed.
86. Grice HP. 1989. Studies in the Way of Words. Cambridge, MA: Harvard Univ. Press
87. Haas MR. 1978. Language, Culture, and History: Essays by Mary R. Haas. Stanford, CA: Stanford Univ. Press
88. Harris JG, Chamberlain JR, eds. 1975. Studies in Tai Linguistics in Honor of William J. Gedney. Bangkok: Cent. Inst. Engl. Lang.
89. Hartmann J. 1998. A linguistic geography and history of Tai Meuang-Fai (Ditch-Dike) technoculture. Lang. Linguist. 16:67-101
90. Haspelmath M. 1998. How young is standard average European? Lang. Sci. 20:271-87
91. Haspelmath M. 2001. The European linguistic area: standard average European. In Language Typology and Language Universals, ed. M Haspelmath, E König, W Oesterreicher, W Raible, pp. 1492-520. Berlin: de Gruyter
92. Haspelmath M. 2004. How hopeless is genealogical linguistics, and how advanced is areal linguistics? Stud. Lang. 28:209-23
93. Haudricourt A-G. 1954. De l'origine des tons en viêtnamien. J. Asiat. 242:69-82
94. Headley RK. 1998. Cham evidence for Khmer sound changes. In Further Chamic Studies (Papers in Southeast Asian Linguistics No. 15), ed. D Thomas, pp. 21-29. Canberra: Pac. Linguist.
95. Heath J. 1978. Linguistic Diffusion in Arnbem Land. Canberra: Aust. Inst. Aborig. Stud.
96. Hedström P, Swedberg R, eds. 1998. Social Mechanisms: An Analytical Approach to Social Theory. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge Univ. Press
97. Henderson E. 1965. The topography of certain phonetic and morphological characteristics of South East Asian languages. Lingua 15:400-34
98. Himmelmann NP, Adelaar A, eds. 2005. The Austronesian Languages of Asia and Madagascar. London: RoutledgeCurzon
99. Hospitalier JJ. 1937. Grammaire Laotienne. Paris: Imprimerie Nationale
100. Hudson RA. 1996. Sociolinguistics. Cambridge, MA: Cambridge Univ. Press. 2nd ed.
101. Huffman FE. 1970. Modern Spoken Cambodian. Ithaca, NY: Cornell Univ., Southeast Asia Program
102. Huffman FE. 1973. Thai and Cambodian - a case of syntactic borrowing? J. Am. Orient. Soc. 93:488-509
103. Huffman FE. 1986. Bibliography and Index of Mainland Southeast Asian Languages and Linguistics. New Haven: Yale Univ. Press
104. Hundius H, Kölver U. 1983. Syntax and semantics of numeral classifiers in Thai. Stud. Lang. 7:165-214
105. Hurford JR, Studdert-Kennedy M, Knight C, eds. 1998. Approaches to the Evolution of Language. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge Univ. Press
106. Hutchins E, Hazlehurst B. 1995. How to invent a shared lexicon: the emergence of shared form-meaning mappings in interaction. In Social Intelligence and Interaction: Expressions and Implications of the Social Bias in Human Intelligence, ed. E Goody, pp. 53-67. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge Univ. Press
107. Iwasaki S, Ingkaphirom P. 2005. A Reference Grammar of Thai. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge Univ. Press
108. Jacob JM. 1968. Introduction to Cambodian. Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press
109. Jacq P. 2005. A Description of Jru' (Loven); Mon-Khmer Studies Special Publication, 2 Vols. Thailand: Mahidol Univ. In press
110. Jacq P, Sidwell P. 1999. Sapuan (Sepuar). Munich: Lincom Eur.
111. Jenner PN. 1974. The development of the registers in Standard Khmer. See Nguyen 1974, pp. 47-60
112. Joseph B. 1983. The Synchrony and Diachrony of the Balkan Infinitive: A Study in Areal, General, and Historical Linguistics. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge Univ. Press
113. Keller R. 1994. On Language Change: The Invisible Hand in Language. London/New York: Routledge
114. Kendon A. 2004. Gesture: Visible Action as Utterance. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge Univ. Press
115. Khanittanan W. 2001. Khmero- Thai: the great change in the history of the Thai language of the Chao Phraya Basin. In Proceedings of the 11th Meeting of the Southeast Asian Linguistics Society, ed. S Burusphat, pp. 375-92. Tempe, AZ: Centre for Southeast Asian Stud.
116. Kölver U. 1991. Local prepositions and serial verb constructions in Thai. In Partizipation: das Sprachliche Erfassen von Sachverhalten, ed. H Seiler, W Premper, pp. 485-508. Tübingen: Narr
117. Koptjevskaja-Tamm M, Wälchli B. 2001. The Circum-Baltic languages. An areal-typological approach. In Circum-Baltic Languages. Typology and Contact, Vol. 2: Grammar and Typology, ed. Ö Dahl, M Koptjevskaja-Tamm, pp. 615-750. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: Benjamins
118. Kratochvil P. 1968. The Chinese Language Today. London: Hutchinson
119. Kruspe N. 2004. A Grammar of Semelai. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge Univ. Press
120. Laland K, Odling-Smee J. 2000. The evolution of the meme. In Darwinizing Culture: The Status of Memetics as a Science, ed. R Aunger, pp. 121-41. Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press
121. Leach E. 1964 (1954). Political Systems of Highland Burma. London: Athlone
122. Le Page RB, Tabouret-Keller A. 1985. Acts of Identity: Creole-Based Approaches to Language and Ethnicity. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge Univ. Press
123. Levinson SC. 1995. Interactional biases in human thinking. In Social Intelligence and Interaction: Expressions and Implications of the Social Bias in Human Intelligence, ed. Goody, pp. 221-60. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge Univ. Press
124. Levinson SC. 2000. Presumptive Meanings: The Theory of Generalized Conversational Implicature. Cambridge, MA/London: MIT Press
125. Li CN. 1986. The rise and fall of tones through diffusion. Berkeley Linguist. Soc. 12:173-85
126. Li CN, Thompson SA. 1976. Subject and topic: a new typology of language. In Subject and Topic, ed. CN Li, pp. 457-89. New York: Academic
127. Li FK. 1977. A Handbook of Comparative Tai. Honolulu: Univ. Hawaii Press
128. Long Y, Zheng G. 1998. The Dong Language in Guizhou Province, China. Arlington: Summer Inst. Linguist., Univ. Tex.
129. Luke KK. 1990. Utterance Particles in Cantonese Conversation. Amsterdam: Benjamins
130. Luo YX. 1997. The Subgroup Structure of the Tai Languages: A Historical-Comparative Study. Berkeley: Univ. Calif. Press
131. Masica C. 1976. Defining a Linguistic Area: South Asia. Chicago: Chicago Univ. Press
132. Maspero H. 1912. Phonétique historique de la langue annamite: les initiales. Bull. Ecole Fr. Extrême-Orient 12:1-27
133. Matisoff JA. 1973a. The Grammar of Lahu. Berkeley: Univ. Calif. Press
134. Matisoff JA. 1973b. Tonogenesis in Southeast Asia. In Southern California Occasional Papers in Linguistics, No. 1, ed. LM Hyman, pp. 72-95. Los Angeles: Univ. South. Calif.
135. Matisoff JA. 1978. Variational Semantics in Tibeto-Burman: The 'Organic' Approach to Linguistic Comparison. Philadelphia: Inst. Study Hum. Issues
136. Matisoff JA. 1986. Hearts and minds in Southeast Asian languages and English: an essay in the comparative lexical semantics of psycho-collocations. Cab. Linguist. Asie Orient. 15:5-57
137. Matisoff JA. 1991a. Areal and universal dimensions of grammatization in Lahu. In Approaches to Grammaticalization, ed. EC Traugott, B Heine, pp. 383-453. Amsterdam: Benjamins
138. Matisoff JA. 1991b. Sino-Tibetan linguistics: present state and future prospects. Annu. Rev. Anthropol. 20:469-504
139. Matisoff JA. 2001. Genetic versus contact relationship: prosodic diffusability in Southeast Asian languages. See Aikhenvald & Dixon 2001, pp. 291-327
140. Matthews S, Yip V. 1994. Cantonese: A Comprehensive Grammar. London/New York: Routledge
141. McNeill D. 1992. Hand and Mind: What Gestures Reveal About Thought. Chicago: Chicago Univ. Press
142. Migliazza B. 1996. Mainland Southeast Asia: a unique linguistic area. Notes Linguist. 75:17-25
143. Milroy L. 1980. Language and Social Networks. Oxford: Basil Blackwell
144. Moerman M. 1988. Talking Culture: Ethnography and Conversation Analysis. Philadelphia: Univ. Penn. Press
145. Moseley C, Asher RE, eds. 1994. Atlas of the World's Languages. London: Routledge
146. Muysken P. 2000. From linguistic areas to areal linguistics: a research proposal. See Gilbers et al. 2000, pp. 263-75
147. Nettle D. 1997. On the status of methodological individualism. Curr. Anthropol. 38:283-86
148. Nettle D. 1999. Linguistic Diversity. Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press.
149. Nguyen DH. 1980. Language in Vietnamese Society. Carbondale, IL: Asia Books
150. Nguyen DL, ed. 1974. Southeast Asian Linguistic Studies. Canberra: Pac. Linguist. Vol. 1
151. Nichols J. 1992. Linguistic Diversity in Space and Time. Chicago: Chicago Univ. Press
152. Norman J. 1988. Chinese. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge Univ. Press
153. Noss RB. 1964. Thai Reference Grammar. Washington, DC: Foreign Serv. Inst.
154. Oey EM. 1990. Psycho-collocations in Malay: a Southeast Asian areal feature. Linguist. Tibeto-Burman Area 13:141-58
155. Packard JL. 2000. The Morphology of Chinese. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge Univ. Press
156. Premsrirat S. 1987. Khmu, a Minority Language of Thailand. Canberra: Pac. Linguist.
157. Ramsey SR. 1987. The Languages of China. Princeton, NJ: Princeton Univ. Press
158. Ratanakul S, Thomas D, Premsrirat S, eds. 1985. Southeast Asian Linguistic Studies Presented to Andre-G. Haudricourt. Bangkok: Mahidol Univ.
159. Ratliff M. 1992. Meaningful Tone: A Study of Tonal Morphology in Compounds, Form Classes, and Expressive Phrases in White Hmong. DeKalb: North. Ill. Univ. Cent. Southeast Asian Stud.
160. Ratliff M. 2004. Vocabulary of environment and subsistence in the Hmong-Mien Proto-language. In Hmong/Miao in Asia, ed. N Tapp, J Michaud, C Culas, G Yia Lee, pp. 147-65. Chiang Mai: Silkworm Books
161. Reinhorn M. 1980. Grammaire de la langue lao. Paris: Inst. Natl. Lang. Civilis. Orient., Univ. Sorbonne Nouvelle
162. Rogers EM. 1995. Diffusion of Innovations. New York: Free Press
163. Ross M. 2001. Contact-induced change in Oceanic languages in North-West Melanesia. See Aikhenvald & Dixon 2001, pp. 134-66
164. Ross M. 2003. Diagnosing prehistoric language contact. In Motives for Language Change, ed. R Hickey, pp. 174-98. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge Univ. Press
165. Sagart L. 2001. Vestiges of Archaic Chinese derivational affixes in modern Chinese dialects. See Chappell 2001b, pp. 123-42
166. Samerchai P. 1998. Tai migration in interdisciplinary perspective: physical anthropology. Presented at 1st Int. Conf. Tai Stud., Bangkok
167. Sapir E. 1907. Preliminary report on the language and mythology of the Upper Chinook. Am. Anthropol. 9:533-44
168. Sapir E. 1921. Language: An Introduction to the Study of Speech. Orlando/ San Diego/New York/London: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich
169. Saul JE, Wilson NF. 1980. Nung Grammar. Arlington: Summer Inst. Linguist., Univ. Tex.
170. Schelling TC. 1971. Dynamic models of segregation. J. Math. Sociol. 1:143-86
171. Schelling TC. 1978. Micromotives and Macrobehaviour. New York: Norton
172. Schober MF, Clark HH. 1989. Understanding by addressees and overhearers. Cogn. Psychol. 21:211-32
173. Sherzer J. 1973. Areal linguistics in North America. Curr. Trends Linguist. 10:749-95
174. Simpson A. 2001. Focus, presupposition and light predicate raising in East and Southeast Asian languages. J. East Asian Linguist. 10:89-128
175. Simpson J. 2002. From common ground to syntactic construction: associated path in Warlpiri. See Enfield 2002b, pp. 287-308
176. Sperber D. 1985. Anthropology and psychology: towards an epidemiology of representations. Man 20:73-89
177. Steinberg DJ, ed. 1987. In Search of Southeast Asia. Honolulu: Univ. Hawaii Press. 2nd ed.
178. Stolz T. 2002. No Sprachbund beyond this line! On the age-old discussion of how to define a linguistic area. In Mediterranean Languages: Paper from the MEDTYP Workshop, Tirrenia, June 2000, ed. P Ramat, T Stolz, pp. 259-81. Bochum: Univ. Dr. N. Brockmeyer
179. Strecker D. 1987. The Hmong-Mien languages. Linguist. Tibeto-Burman Area 10:1-11
180. Stuart-Fox M. 1998. The Lao Kingdom of Lan Xang: Rise and Decline. Bangkok: White Lotus
181. Sybesma R. 2004. Zhuang as Tai with Chinese characteristics: postverbal 'can' in Zhuang, Cantonese, Vietnamese, and Lao. Typescript, NWO/ILAS/ Leiden Cent. Linguist.
182. Thomas DM. 1969. Chrau affixes. Mon-Khmer Stud. 3:90-107
183. Thomason SG. 2000a. Linguistic areas and language history. See Gilbers et al. 2000, pp. 311-27
184. Thomason SG. 2000b. On the unpredictability of contact effects. Estud. Sociol. 1:173-82
185. Thomason SG. 2001. Language Contact: An Introduction. Edinburgh: Edinburgh Univ. Press
186. Thomason SG, Kaufman T. 1988. Language Contact, Creolization, and Genetic Linguistics. Berkeley: Univ. Calif. Press
187. Thompson LC. 1987 (1965). A Vietnamese Grammar. Honolulu/Seattle: Univ. Hawaii Press/Univ. Wash. Press
188. Thurgood G. 1996. Language contact and the direction of internal drift: the development of tones and registers in Chamic. Language 72:1-31
189. Thurgood G. 1999. From Ancient Cham to Modern Dialects: Two Thousand Years of Language Contact and Change. Hawaii: Univ. Hawaii Press
190. Thurgood G, La Polla RJ, eds. 2003. The Sino-Tibetan Languages. London: Routledge
191. Tosco M. 2000. Is there an 'Ethiopian Language Area'? Anthropol. Linguist. 42:329-65
192. Trubetzkoy N. 1930. Proposition 16. In Actes du Prem. Congr. Int. Linguist. à La Haye, 10-15 Avril 1928, pp. 17-18. Leiden: Sijthoff
193. Van der Auwera J. 1998. Revisiting the Balkan and Meso-American linguistic areas. Lang. Sci. 20:259-70
194. Voetz FKE, Kilian-Hatz C, eds. 2001. Ideophones. Amsterdam: Benjamins
195. Wang J, Zheng G. 1993. An Outline Grammar of Mulao. Canberra: Aust. Natl. Univ.
196. Weinreich U, Labov W, Herzog M. 1968. Empirical foundations for a theory of language change. In Proceedings of the Texas Conference on Historical Linguistics, ed. W Lehmann, pp. 97-195. Austin: Univ. Tex. Press
197. Wilkins DP. 1996. Natural tendencies of semantic change and the search for cognates. In The Comparative Method Reviewed, ed. M Durie, M Ross, pp. 264-304. New-York: Oxford Univ. Press
198. Wyatt DK. 1984. Thailand: A Short History. Chiang Mai: Silkworm Books