Carbon Management in Tourism: Mitigating the impacts on climate change

Carbon Management in Tourism: Mitigating the Impacts on Climate Change

Volumn , Issue , 2010, Pages 1-345

  Gössling, Stefan ^a,b  

^a LUND UNIVERSITY   (Sweden)

^b LINNAEUS UNIVERSITY   (Sweden)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 85161188835     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.4324/9780203861523     Document Type: Book

References (492)

1. Aall, C. (2010). The environmental impacts of leisure consumption. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, submitted.
2. ADEME (2006). Bilan carbone. Calcul des facteurs d’émissions et sources bibliographiques utilisées, (version 4.0). Paris: ADEME, MIES.
3. Air Berlin (2010). More miles, more advantages. Available from: http://www.airberlin.com/site/tb/ program/advantagesoverview.php?LANG=eng. Accessed 16 February 2010.
4. Air New Zealand (2008). World-first biofuel test flight. Available from: http://www.airnewzealand. co.nz/aboutus/biofuel-test/default.htm. Accessed 2 March 2010.
5. Airbus (2009). Global market forecast 2009-2028. Available from: http://www.airbus.com/en/ corporate/gmf/. Accessed 30 March 2010.
6. Ajzen (1991). The theory of planned behavior. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes 50: 179-211.
7. Åkerman, J. (2005). Sustainable air transport - on track in 2050. Transportation Research - D 10(2):111-126.
8. Alegre, J. and Pou, L. (2006). Length of stay in the demand for tourism. Tourism Management 27:1343-1355.
9. Allen, M.R., Frame, D.J., Huntingford, C., Jones, C.D., Lowe, J.A., Meinshausen, M. and Meinshausen, N. (2009). Warming caused by cumulative carbon emissions towards the trillionth tonne. Nature 458(7242): 1163-1166.
10. Amelung, B., Moreno, A. and Scott, D. (2008). The place of tourism in the IPCC Fourth Assessment Report: a review. Tourism Review International 12(1): 5-12.
11. American Express Business Travel (2009). American Express business travel monitor shows signs travellers are returning to the road. Available from: http://home3.americanexpress.com/corp/ pc/2009/road.asp. Accessed 16 February 2010.
12. Anable, J., Lane, B. and Kelay, T. (2006). An evidence base review of public attitudes to climate change and transport. UK: The Department for Transport.
13. Andersen, O., Gössling, S., Simonsen, M., Walnum, H.J., Peeters, P. and Neiberger, C. (2010). CO2- emissions from the transport of China’s exported goods. Energy Policy, submitted.
14. Anderson, K. and Bows, A. (2008). Reframing the climate change challenge in light of post-2000 emission trends. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society 366(1882): 3863-3882.
15. Andersson, E. and Lukaszevicz, P. (2006). Energy Consumption and Related Air Pollution for Scandinavian Electric Passenger Trains. Report KTH/AVE 2006: 46. Stockholm: Royal Institute of Technology.
16. AOSIS (2009). Alliance of small island states (AOSIS) declaration on climate change. Available from: www.sidsnet.org/…/AOSIS%20Summit%20Declaration%20Sept%2021%20FINAL.pdf.
17. Artal Tur, A., García Sánchez, A. and Sánchez García, J.F. (2008). The length of stay determinants for sun-and-sand tourism: an application for the region of Murcia. Available from: http://www. uv.es/asepuma/XVI/801.pdf. Accessed 30 March 2010.
18. ASC (2010). Sustainability Reports. Available from: http://www.aspensnowmass.com/environment/ programs/sustainreport.cfm Accessed 5 February 2010.
19. Asian Development Bank (2009). The Economics of Climate Change in Southeast Asia: a regional review. Asian Development Bank.
20. Aumann, H.H., Ruzmaikin, A. and Teixeira, J. (2008). Frequency of severe storms and global warming. Geophysical Research Letters 35, L19805.
21. ATA (2007). Airlines and pilots oppose Lieberman-Warner Climate Change Bill. Air Transport Association Press Release, 6 December. Available from: www.airlines.org/news /releases/2007/ news_12-6-07. Accessed 15 March 2010.
22. ATA (2009). Climate change. Available at: http://www.airlines.org/. Accessed 20 February 2010.
23. Aviation Global Deal Group (2009). A sectoral approach to addressing international aviation emissions. Discussion Note 2.0 09 June 2009. Available from: http://www.agdgroup.org/pdfs/090609_AGD_Discussion_Note_2.0.pdf. Accessed 22 December 2009.
24. Bach, W. and Gössling, S. (1996). Klimaökologische Auswirkungen des Flugverkehrs, Geographische Rundschau 48: 54-59.
25. Badland, H.M., Garrett, N. and Schofield, (2010). How does parking availability and public transport accessibility influence work-related travel behaviour? Sustainability 2: 576-590.
26. Bakos, G.C. and Soursos, M. (2003). Techno-economic assessment of a stand-alone PV/hybrid installation for low-cost electrification of a tourist resort in Greece. Applied Energy 73: 183-193.
27. Bang, H.-K., Ellinger, A.E., Hadjimarcou, J. and Traichal, P.A. (2000). Consumer concern, knowledge, belief, and attitude toward renewable energy: an application of the reasoned action theory. Psychology and Marketing 17(6): 449-468.
28. Barr, S., Shaw, G., Coles, T. and Prillwitz, J. (2010). ‘A holiday is a holiday’: practicing sustainability, home and away. Journal of Transport Geography 18: 474-481.
29. Beccali, M., La Gennusa, M., Lo Coco, L. and Rizzo, G. (2009). An empirical approach for ranking environmental and energy saving measures in the hotel sector. Renewable Energy 34: 82-90.
30. Bechrakis, D.A., McKeogh, E.J. and Gallagher, P.D. (2006). Simulation and operational assessment for a small autonomous wind-hydrogen energy system. Energy Conversion and Management 47:46-59.
31. Becken, S. (2002). Analysing international tourist flows to estimate energy use associated with air travel. Journal of Sustainable Tourism 10(2): 114-131.
32. Becken, S. (2004). How tourists and tourism experts perceived climate change and carbon-offsetting schemes. Journal of Sustainable Tourism 12(4): 332-345.
33. Becken, S. (2007). Tourists’ perception of international air travel’s impact on the global climate and potential climate change policies. Journal of Sustainable Tourism 15(4): 351-368.
34. Becken, S. (2008). Developing indicators for managing tourism in the face of peak oil. Tourism Management 29: 695-705.
35. Becken, S. and Simmons, D.G. (2002). Understanding energy consumption patterns of tourist attractions and activities in New Zealand. Tourism Management 23: 343-354.
36. Becken, S. and Patterson, M. (2006). Measuring national carbon dioxide emissions from tourism as a key step towards achieving sustainable tourism. Journal of Sustainable Tourism 14(4): 323-338.
37. Becken, S. and Hay, J. (2007). Tourism and Climate Change - risks and opportunities. Clevedon:Channel View Publications.
38. Becken, S. and Simmons, D. (2008). Using the concept of yield to assess the sustainability of different tourist types. Ecological Economics 67: 420-429.
39. Becken, S., Frampton, C. and Simmons, D. (2001). Energy consumption patterns in the accommodation sector - the New Zealand case. Ecological Economics 39: 371-386.
40. Bélisle, F.J. (1984). Tourism and food imports: the case of Jamaica. Economic Development and Cultural Change 32(4): 819-842.
41. BenchmarkHotel (2007). Hotel benchmarking software developed by The Prince of Wales International Business Leaders Forum International Tourism Partnership. Available from: www. benchmarkhotel.com.
42. Bermudez-Contreras, A., Thomson, M. and Infield, D.G. (2008). Renewable energy powered desalination in Baja California Sur, Mexico. Desalination 220: 431-440.
43. Bigano, A., Bosello, F., Roson, R., Tol, R.S.J. (2008). Economy-wide impacts of climate change:a joint analysis for sea level rise and tourism. Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change 13: 765-791.
44. BMU (Bundesministerium für Umwelt, Naturschutz und Reaktorsicherheit) (2008). Repräsentativumfrage zu Umweltbewusstsein und Umweltverhalten im Jahr 2008. Berlin: BMU.
45. BMV (Bundesverkehrsministerium) (1996). Verkehr in Zahlen. Berlin: Deutsches Institut fur Wirtschaftsforschung.
46. Bode, S., Isensee, J., Krause, K. and Michaelowa, A. (2002). Climate policy: analysis of ecological technical and economic implications for international maritime transport. International Journal of Maritime Economics 4: 164-184.
47. Boeing (2008). Summary Outlook 2008-2027. Available at: www.boeing.com/commercial/cmo/pdf/ boeing_cmo_summary_2008.pdf. Accessed 1 August 2008.
48. Bohdanowicz, P. (2009). Theory and Practice of Environmental Management and Monitoring in Hotel Chains. In: Gössling, S., Hall, C.M. and Weaver, D. (eds) Sustainable Tourism Futures: perspectives on systems, restructuring and innovations. London: Routledge, pp. 102-130.
49. Bohdanowicz, P. and Martinac, I. (2007). Determinants and benchmarking of resource consumption in hotels - case study of Hilton International and Scandic in Europe. Energy and Buildings 39:82-95.
50. Böhler, S., Grischkat, S., Haustein, S. and Hunecke, M. (2006). Encouraging environmentally sustainable holiday travel. Transportation Research Part A: 652-670.
51. Böhm, S. and Dabhi, S. (2009). Upsetting the offset: the political economy of carbon markets. Available from: http://mayflybooks.org/wp-content/uploads/2009/12/9781906948078UpsettingtheOffset. pdf. Accessed 5 March 2010.
52. Bony, S., Colman, R., Kattsov, V.M., Allan, R.P., Bretherton, C.S., Dufresne, J.-L., Hall, A., Hallegatte, S., Holland, M.M., Ingram, W., Randall, D.A., Soden, B.J., Tselioudis, G. and Webb, M.J. (2006). How well do we understand and evaluate climate change feedback processes? Journal of Climate 19: 3445-3482.
53. Boon, B., Schroten, A. and Kampman, B.E. (2007). Compensation Schemes for Air Transport. In:Peeters, P. M. (ed.) Tourism and Climate Change Mitigation. Methods, greenhouse gas reductions and policies. Breda: NHTV, pp. 77-90.
54. Bows, A., Anderson, K. and Footitt, A. (2009a). Aviation in a Low-carbon EU. In: Gössling, S. and Upham, P. (eds) Climate Change and Aviation: issues, challenges and solutions. London:Earthscan, pp. 89-109.
55. Bows, A., Anderson, B. and Peeters, P.M. (2009b). Air transport, climate change and tourism. Tourism and Hospitality: Planning and Development 6(1): 7-20.
56. Boykoff, M.T. (2007). Lost in translation? United States television news coverage of anthropogenic climate change, 1995-2004. Climatic Change, DOI 10.1007/s10584-007-9299-3.
57. Boykoff, M.T. and Boykoff, J.M. (2004). Balance as bias: global warming and the US prestige press. Global Environmental Change 14: 125-136.
58. Boykoff, M.T. and Boykoff, J.M. (2007). Climate change and journalistic norms: a case-study of US mass-media coverage. Geoforum 38(6): 1190-1204.
59. Brewer, P.G. (2009). A changing ocean seen with clarity. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 106: 12213-12214.
60. British Standards Institute (2008). PAS 2050:2008. Specification for the assessment of the life cycle greenhouse gas emissions of goods and services. Carbon Trust, DEFRA and British Standards Institution: London.
61. Broderick, J. (2009). Voluntary Carbon Offsets: a contribution to sustainable tourism? In: Gössling, S., Hall, C.M. and Weaver, D.B. (eds) Sustainable Tourism Futures: perspectives on systems, restructuring and innovations. London: Routledge, pp. 169-199.
62. Brouwer, R., Brander, L. and Van Beukering, P. (2008). ‘A convenient truth’: air travel passengers’ willingess to pay to offset their CO2 emissions. Climatic Change 90: 299-313.
63. Buhaug, O. (2009). Second IMO GHG Study 2009. London: International Marine Organization.
64. Burke, J. (2010). Rickshaw pullers win right to work Delhi streets. Available from: http://www.guardian. co.uk/world/2010/feb/11/rickshaw-ruling-delhi. Accessed 8 March 2010.
65. Burke, M.B., Miguel, E., Satayanath, S., Dykema, J.A. and Lobell, D.B. (2009). Warming increases the risk of civil war in Africa. PNAS 106(49): 20670-20674. Available at: www.pnas.org/cgi/ doi/10.1073/pnas.0907998106. Accessed 6 August 2010.
66. Butler, D. (2008). Architects of a low-energy future. Nature 452(7187): 520-523.
67. Byrnes, T.A. and Warnken, J. (2006). Greenhouse gas emissions from marine tours: a case study of Australian tourboat operators. Journal of Sustainable Tourism 14(3): 255-270.
68. Cabrini, L. (2009). Tourism, Climate Change and the Millennium Development Goals. In: D’Mello, C., Minninger, S. and McKeown, J. (eds) Disaster Prevention in Tourism: climate justice and tourism. Chiang Mai: Ecumenical Coalition On Tourism and German Church Development Service (EED), pp. 162-170.
69. Capoor, K. and Ambrosi, P. (2009). State and Trends of the Carbon Market 2009. Washington DC: World Bank. Available from: http://siteresources.worldbank.org/EXTCARBONFINANCE/Resources/State_and_Trends_of_the_Carbon_Market_2009-FINALb.pdf. Accessed 26 February 2010.
70. Carbon Trust (2010). Hospitality. Saving energy without compromising service. Available from:http://www.carbontrust.co.uk/publications/pages/publicationdetail.aspx?id=CTV013. Accessed 18 February 2010.
71. Caribbean Hotel and Tourism Association (2007). Caribbean Hotel Association and Caribbean Tourism Organization (2007) CHA-CTO Position Paper of Global Climate Change and the Caribbean Tourism Industry. Available from: http://www.caribbeanhotels.org/ClimateChangePo sition0307.pdf. Accessed 20 February 2010.
72. CE Delft (2009). Technical support for European action to reducing greenhouse gas emissions from international maritime transport. Available from: http://ec.europa.eu/environment/air/transport/ pdf/ghg_ships_%20report.pdf. Accessed 26 February 2010.
73. Ceron, J.-P. and Dubois, G. (2003). Tourisme et changement climatique. Impacts potentiels du changement climatique en France au XXième siècle. First International Conference on Climate Change and Tourism, 9-11 April 2003. Djerba: WTO World Tourism Organisation.
74. Chakravarti, S., Cikkatur, A., De Coninck, H., Pacala, S., Socolow, R. and Tavoni, M. (2009). Sharing Global CO2 Emission Reductions among One Billion High Emitters. PNAS early edition, available at: www.pnas.org/cgi/doi/10.1073/pnas.0905232106. Accessed 14 July 2009.
75. Chan, W.W. and Lam, J.C. (2003). Energy-saving Supporting Tourism: a case study of hotel swimming pool heat pump. Journal of Sustainable Tourism 11(1): 74-83.
76. Chan, Z.C.Y. and Lai, W.F. (2009). Revisiting the Melamine Contamination Event in China: implications for ethics in food technology. Trends in Food Science and Technology 20(8): 366-373.
77. Chang, P., Zhang, R., Hazeleger, W., Wen, C., Wan, X., Ji, L., Haarsma, R.J., Breugem, W.-P. and Seidel, H. (2008). Oceanic Link Between Abrupt Change in the North Atlantic Ocean and the African Monsoon. Nature Geoscience 1: 444-448.
78. Chapman, L. (2007). Transport and Climate Change: a review. Journal of Transport Geography 15:354-367.
79. Chartered Institution of Building Services Engineers (CIBSE) (2006). Guide A: Environmental design. Category: Heating, Air Conditioning and Refrigeration. CIBSE: London.
80. Choi, H.C. and Sirakaya, E. (2006). Sustainability indicators for managing community tourism. Tourism Management 27: 1274-1289.
81. Cialdini, R., Reno, R. and Kallgren, C. (1990). A Focus Theory of Normative Conduct: recycling the concept of norms to littering in public places. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 58:749-758.
82. CLIA (2009). 2009 CLIA cruise market overview: statistical cruise industry data through 2008. Cruise Lines International Association.
83. Cohen, M.J. (2009). Sustainable Mobility Transitions and the Challenge of Countervailing Trends: the case of personal aeromobility. Technology Analysis and Strategic Management 21(2):249-265.
84. Coles, T., Duval, D.T. and Hall, C.M. (2005). Tourism, Mobility, and Global Communities: new approaches to theorising tourism and tourist spaces. In: Theobald, W.F. (ed.) Global Tourism. 3rd edition. Amsterdam: Elsevier, pp. 463-481.
85. Commission of the European Communities (EC) (2006). Summary of the Impact Assessment:Inclusion of Aviation in the EU Greenhouse Gas Emissions Trading Scheme (EU ETS). Available from: ec.europa.eu/environment/climat/pdf/aviation/sec_2006_1685_en.pdf. Accessed 20 January 2007.
86. Connell, J. (2006). Medical tourism: sea, sun, sand and… surgery. Tourism Management 27(6):1093-100.
87. Connell, J.F. and Williams, G. (2005). Passengers’ perceptions of low cost airlines and full service carriers: a case study involving Ryanair, Aer Lingus, Air Asia and Malaysia Airlines. Journal of Air Transport Management 11(4): 259-272.
88. Continental Airlines (2009). Continental airlines flight demonstrates use of sustainable biofuels as energy source for jet travel. Available from: http://www.continental.com/web/en-US/apps/ vendors/default.aspx?i=http%3A%2F%2Fphx%2Ecorporate%2Dir%2Enet%2Fphoenix%2Ez html%3Fc%3D85779%26p%3Dirol%2DnewsArticle%26ID%3D1241576. Accessed 2 March 2010.
89. Cook, K.H. and Vizy, E.K. (2006). Coupled Model Simulations of the West African Monsoon System:twentieth- and twenty-first-century simulations. Journal of Climate 19: 3681-3703.
90. Copenhagen Climate Council (2009) The Copenhagen call. Available from: http://www.copenhagenclimatecouncil. com/get-informed/news/text-of-the-copenhagen-call.html. Accessed 22 December 2009.
91. Copenhagen Diagnosis (2009). Updating the World on the Latest Climate Science. I. Allison, N.L. Bindoff, R.A. Bindschadler, P.M. Cox, N. de Noblet, M.H. England, et al. Sydney: CCRC.
92. Costa, M.H., Yanagi, S.N.M., Souza, P.J.O.P., Ribeiro, A. and Rocha, E.J.P. (2007). Climate change in Amazonia caused by soybean cropland expansion, as compared to caused by pastureland expansion. Geophysical Research Letters 34(7), L07706, doi: 10.1029/2007GL029271.
93. Costanza, R. (ed.) (1992). Ecological Economics: the science and management of sustainability. New York: Columbia University Press.
94. Council of the European Union (2010). Report from the Commission to the European Parliament and the Council. Monitoring the CO2 emissions from new passenger cars in the EU: Data for the year 2008. Available at: http://register.consilium.europa.eu/pdf/en/10/st05/st05515.en10.pdf.
95. Cox, P.M., Betts, R.A., Collins, M., Harris, P.P., Huntingford, C. and Jones, C.D. (2004). Amazonian forest dieback under climate-carbon cycle projections for the 21st century. Theoretical and Applied Climatology 78: 137-156.
96. Cox, P.M., Harris, P.P., Huntingford, C., Betts, R.A., Collins, M., Jones, C.D., Jupp, T.E., Marengo, J.A. and Nobre, C.A. (2008). Increasing risk of Amazonian drought due to decreasing aerosol pollution. Nature 453: 212-216.
97. Daley, B. (2009). Is air transport an effective tool for sustainable development? Sustainable Development 17: 210-219.
98. Daley, B. and Preston, H. (2009). Aviation and Climate Change: assessment of policy options. In:Gössling, S. and Upham, P. (eds) Climate Change and Aviation: issues, challenges and solutions, London: Earthscan, pp. 347-372.
99. Dalton, G.J., Lockington, D.A. and Baldock, T.E. (2007). A survey of tourist operator attitudes to renewable energy supply in Queensland, Australia. Renewable Energy 32: 567-586.
100. Dalton, G.J., Lockington, D.A. and Baldock, T.E. (2008a). Feasibility analysis of stand-alone renewable energy supply options for a large hotel. Renewable Energy 33: 1475-1490.
101. Dalton, G.J., Lockington, D.A. and Baldock, T.E. (2008b). A survey of tourist attitudes to renewable energy supply in Australian hotel accommodation. Renewable Energy 33: 2174-2185.
102. Dalton, G.J., Lockington, D.A. and Baldock, T.E. (2009) Case study feasibility analysis of renewable energy supply options for small to medium-sized tourist accommodations. Renewable Energy 34:1134-1144.
103. David Suzuki Foundation (2008). Credit Check: A comparative evaluation of tree-planting and fossilfuel emission reduction offsets. Available from: http://www.davidsuzuki.org/files/reports/Credit_ Check_080701.pdf. Accessed 5 March 2010.
104. David Suzuki Foundation (2009). Purchasing carbon offsets. a guide for Canadian consumers, businesses, and organizations. Available from: http://www.davidsuzuki.org/files/reports/climate_offset_ guide_web.pdf. Accessed 5 March 2010.
105. Davis, S.J. and Caldeira, K. (2010). Consumption-based accounting of CO2 emissions. Available at:www.pnas.org/cgi/doi/10.1073/pnas.0906974107.
106. Dawson, J., Stewart, E.J., Lemelin, H. and Scott, D. (2009). The carbon cost of polar bear viewing tourism in Churchill, Canada. Journal of Sustainable Tourism 18(3): 319-336.
107. De Bruijn, K., Dirven, R., Eijgelaar, E. and Peeters, P. (2008). Reizen op grote voet 2005. De milieubelasting van vakanties van Nederlanders. Een pilot-project in samenwerking met NBTC-NIPO Research. Breda: NHTV University for Applied Sciences.
108. DEFRA (2005). The validity of food miles as an indicator of sustainable development. Available from: http://www.defra.gov.uk/evidence/economics/foodfarm/reports/documents/Foodmile.pdf. Accessed 6 August 2010.
109. DEFRA (2008). A Framework for Pro-Environmental Behaviour. London: DEFRA. Available at www.defra.gov.uk.
110. Deng, S. and Burnett, J. (2000). A study of energy performance of hotel buildings in Hong Kong. Energy and Buildings 31: 7-12.
111. Desforges, L. (2000). Traveling the world: identity and travel biography. Annals of Tourism Research. 27(4): 926-945.
112. Deutsche Bahn (2009). Paradoxe Privilegien. Mobil, October 2009. Available from: http://www.deutschebahn. com/site/bahn/de/unternehmen/bahnwelt/kundenmagazin/aktuelle_ausgabe/aktuelle_ ausgabe.html Accessed 17 February 2010.
113. Dicken, P. (2007). Global Shift. Mapping the Changing Contours of the World Economy. 5th ed. New York: The Guildford Press.
114. Dickinson, J.E. (2009). Adapting Tourism for a Lower Carbon Future: a slow travel approach. In:Landré, M. (ed.) Transport and Tourism. Challenges, issues and conflicts. Proceedings of the Travel and Tourism Research Association Europe 22-24 April 2009 Annual Conference - Rotterdam/ Breda, the Netherlands. Breda: TTRA, pp. 32-45.
115. Dickinson, J. and Dickinson J. (2006). Local transport and social representations: challenging the assumptions for sustainable tourism. Journal of Sustainable Tourism 14: 192-208.
116. Dickinson, J. and Robbins, D. (2007). Using the car in a fragile rural tourist destination: a social representations perspective. Journal of Transport Geography 15: 116-126.
117. Dickinson, J. and Robbins, D. (2008). Representations of tourist transport problems in a rural destination. Tourism Management 29: 1110-1121.
118. Dickinson, J.E., Robbins, D. and Fletcher, J. (2009). Representation of transport: a rural destination analysis. Annals of Tourism Research 36: 103-123.
119. DOE/NETL (US Department of Energy, National Energy Technology Laboratory) (2009). Affordable, low-carbon diesel fuel from domestic coal and biomass. Available from: http://www.netl.doe.gov/ energy-analyses/pubs/CBTL%20Final%20Report.pdf. Accessed 2 March 2010.
120. Doganis, R. (2006). The Airline Business. 2nd edition. London: Routledge.
121. Downward, P., Lumsdon, L. and Weston, R. (2009). Visitor expenditure: the case of cycle recreation and tourism. Journal of Sport and Tourism 14(1): 25-42.
122. Dubois, G. and Ceron, J.P. (2006). Tourism and climate change: proposals for a research agenda. Journal of Sustainable Tourism 14(4): 399-415.
123. Dubois, G. and Ceron, J.P. (2009). Carbon Labelling and Restructuring Travel Systems: involving travel agencies in climate change mitigation. In: Gössling, S., Hall, C.M. and Weaver, D.B. (eds) Sustainable Tourism Futures: perspectives on systems, restructuring and innovations. London:Routledge, pp. 222-239.
124. Dubois, G., Ceron, J.-P., Peeters, P. and Gössling, S. (2010). The future tourism mobility of the world population: emission growth versus climate policy. Transportation Research Part A, in press.
125. Dulal, H.B., Shah, K.U. and Ahmad, N. (2009). Social equity considerations in the implementation of Caribbean climate change adaptation policies. Sustainability 1: 363-383.
126. Dwyer, L., Forsyth, P., Spurr, R. and Hoque, S. (2010). Estimating the carbon footprint of Australian tourism. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, in press.
127. Earth Policy Institute (2010). US feeds one quarter of its grain to cars while hunger is on the rise. Available from: http://www.earth-policy.org/index.php?/press_room/C68/2010_datarelease6/. Accessed 1 February 2010.
128. Easterling, D.R. and Wehner, M.F. (2009). Is the climate warming or cooling? Geophysical Research Letters 36, L08706.
129. Eby, M., Zickfeld, K., Montenegro, A., Archer, D., Meissner, K.J. and Weaver, A.J. (2009). Lifetime of anthropogenic climate change: millennial time scales of potential CO2 and surface temperature perturbations. Journal of Climate 22: 2501-2511.
130. EC (2009) Energy efficiency. Energy labelling of domestic appliances. Available from: http:// ec.europa.eu/energy/efficiency/labelling/labelling_en.htm. Accessed 30 March 2010.
131. EHAS (2010). BioEthanol for sustainable transport. Results and recommendations from the European BEST project. Available from: http://www.best-europe.org/. Accessed 30 March 2010.
132. Eijgelaar, E., Thaper, C. and Peeters, P. (2010). Antarctic cruise tourism: the paradoxes of ambassadorship, ‘last chance tourism’ and GHG emissions. Journal of Sustainable Tourism 18(3): in press.
133. Energy Rating Australia (2010). The energy label. Available from: http://www.energyrating.gov.au/ con3.html. Accessed 10 February 2010.
134. Energy Star (2010). About Energy Star. Available from: http://www.energystar.gov/. Accessed 10 February 2010.
135. England, M.H., Gupta, A.S. and Pitman, A.J. (2009). Constraining future greenhouse gas emissions by a cumulative target. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 106: 16539-16540.
136. Environment News Service (2007). Aviation industry rejects Europe’s climate emissions trading system. 2 October. Available from: www.ens-newswire.com/ens/oct2007/2007-10-02-03.asp. Accessed 1 March 2008.
137. EUHOFA, IHandRA, UNEP (2001). Sowing the Seeds of Change. Environmental Teaching Pack for the Hospitality Industry. Paris: EUHOFA, IHandRA, UNEP.
138. Euractiv (2009). EU carbon tax on new Commission’s agenda early next year. Available from: http:// www.euractiv.com/en/climate-change/eu-carbon-tax-new-commission-agenda-early-year/article-187029. Accessed 25 February 2010.
139. Europa (2008). Emissions trading: commission welcomes EP vote on including aviation in EU ETS. Available from: http://europa.eu/rapid/pressReleasesAction.do?reference=IP/08/1114. Accessed 8 July 2008.
140. European Parliament and Council (2009) Directive 2008/101/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 19 November 2008 amending Directive 2003/87/EC so as to include aviation activities in the scheme for greenhouse gas emission allowance trading within the Community. Official Journal of the EU, 13.1.2009.
141. Eurostat (2008). Europe in Figures, Eurostat Yearbook 2008.
142. Eyring, V., Isaksen, I.S.A., Berntsen, T., Collins, W.J., Corbett, J.J., Endresen, O., Grainger, R.G., Moldanova, J., Schlager, H. and Stevenson, D.S. (2009). Transport impacts on atmosphere and climate: Shipping. Atmospheric Environment, doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2009.04.059.
143. Fabian, P. (1974). Residence Time of Aircraft Exhaust Contaminants in the Stratosphere. CIAP Contract No. 05-30027, US Department of Transportation, Washington, DC, June 1974.
144. Fabian, P. (1978). Ozone increase from Concorde operations? Nature 272: 306-307.
145. Fabry, V.J., Seibel, B.A., Feely, R.A. and Orr, J.C. (2008). Impacts of ocean acidification on marine fauna and ecosystem processes. ICES Journal of Marine Science 65: 414-432.
146. Fahrenthold, D.A. (2009). It’s natural to behave irrationally. Washington Post, 8 December.
147. Fine, A.H. (ed.) (2006). Handbook on Animal-assisted Therapy: theoretical foundations and guidelines for practice. 2nd edition. San Diego: Elsevier.
148. Flohr, S. (2001). An analysis of British postgraduate courses in tourism: what role does sustainability play within higher education? Journal of Sustainable Tourism 9(6): 505-513.
149. Flybe (2010). Make your own environment label. Available from: http://www.flybe.com/pdf/eco_ labels_make_own.pdf. Accessed 28 March 2010.
150. Font, X. (2002). Environmental certification in tourism and hospitality: progress, process and prospects. Tourism Management 23(3): 197-205.
151. Food Carbon (2009). Food carbon footprint calculator. Available from: http://www.foodcarbon. co.uk. Accessed 1 October 2009.
152. Forster, P.M. de F., Shine, K. P. and Stuber, N. (2007). Corrigendum to ‘It is premature to include non-CO2 effects of aviation in emission trading schemes’, Atmospheric Environment 40(2006):117-1121. Atmospheric Environment, 41: 3941.
153. Frändberg, L. (2008a). Paths in transnational time-space: representing mobility biographies of young Swedes, Geografiska Annaler B 90(1): 17-28.
154. Frändberg, L. (2008b). How normal is travelling abroad? Differences in transnational mobility between groups of young Swedes. Environment and Planning A 40, in press.
155. French Environment and Energy Agency (ADEME) (2006). Bilan carbone. Calcul des facteurs d’émissions et sources bibliographiques utilisées, (version 4.0). Paris: ADEME, MIES.
156. Friedlingstein, P.P. et al. (2006). Climate-carbon feedback analysis: results from the C4MIP model intercomparison. Journal of Climate 19: 3337-3353.
157. Fuglestvedt, J., Berntsen, T., Eyring, V., Isaksen, I., Lee, D.S. and Sausen, R. (2009). Shipping emissions:from cooling to warming of climate - and reducing impacts on health. Environmental Science and Technology 43(24): 9057-9062; doi: 10.1021/es901944r.
158. G8 (2009). Declaration of the leaders of the major economies forum on energy and climate. Available from: www.g8italia2009.it/static/G8_Allegato/MEF_Declarationl.pdf. Accessed 22 December 2009.
159. Gabriel, Y., Fineman, S. and Sims, D. (2000). Organizing and Organizations. 2nd edition. London:Sage Publications Ltd.
160. Gallastegui, I.G. and Spain, S. (2002). The use of eco-labels: a review of the literature. European Environment 12(6): 316-331.
161. Gamah, I. and Self, R. (2010). Advanced open rotors - balancing noise costs against reduced carbon emissions for future aircraft. Available from: http://www.omega.mmu.ac.uk/Downloads/Final-Reports/36%20Final%20Report%20AOR.pdf. Accessed 2 March 2010.
162. Gatersleben, B. (2007). Affective and symbolic aspects of car use. In: Gärling, T. and Steg, L. (eds) Threats to the Quality of Urban Life from Car Traffic: problems, causes, and solutions. Amsterdam:Elsevier, pp. 219-233.
163. Gerbens-Leenes, W., Hoekstra, A.Y. and van der Meer, T.H. (2009). The water footprint of bioenergy. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 106(25): 10219-10223.
164. Getz, D. (2009). Policy for sustainable and responsible festivals and events: institutionalization of a new paradigm. Journal of Policy Research in Tourism, Leisure and Events 1(1): 61-78.
165. Giddens, A. (2009). The Politics of Climate Change. Cambridge: Polity Press.
166. Gilbert, R. and Perl, A. (2008). Transport Revolutions: moving people and freight without oil. London:Earthscan.
167. Gilg, A., Barr, S. and Ford, N. (2005). Green consumption or sustainable lifestyles? Identifying the sustainable consumer. Futures 37: 481-504.
168. Glaesser, D. (2003). Crisis Management in the Tourism Industry. Oxford: Elsevier.
169. Global Focus (2008). 12 climate entrepreneurs. Available from: http://www.wwf.se/source.php/ 1237577/12%20Climate%20Entrepreneurs%202.pdf. Accessed 16 February 2010.
170. Global Humanitarian Forum (2009) The Anatomy of a Silent Crisis. London: Global Humanitarian Forum.
171. Goddard Institute for Space Studies (GISS) (2010). GISS surface temperature analysis. Available from: http://data.giss.nasa.gov/gistemp/. Accessed 22 January 2010.
172. Goetz, A.R. and Vowles, T.M. (2009). The good, the bad, and the ugly: 30 years of US airline deregulation. Journal of Transport Geography 17: 251-263.
173. Gold Standard (2006). Various documents. Available from: www.cdmgoldstandard.org. Accessed 25 September 2006.
174. Gössling, S. (2002). Human-environmental relations with tourism. Annals of Tourism Research 29(4): 539-556.
175. Gössling, S. (2006). Ecotourism as experience-tourism. In: Gössling, S. and Hultman, J. (eds) Ecotourism in Scandinavia: lessons in theory and practice. Wallingford: CABI Publishing, pp. 89-97.
176. Gössling, S. and Hall, C.M. (eds) (2006). Tourism and Global Environmental Change: ecological, social, economic and political interrelationships. London: Routledge.
177. Gössling, S. and Hall, C.M. (2008). Swedish tourism and climate change mitigation: an emerging conflict? Scandinavian Journal of Hospitality and Tourism 8(2): 141-158.
178. Gössling, S. and Upham, P. (2009). Introduction: aviation and climate change in context. In:Gössling, S. and Upham, P. (eds) Climate Change and Aviation: issues, challenges and solutions. London: Earthscan, pp. 1-23.
179. Gössling, S. and Schumacher, K. (2009). Implementing carbon neutral destination policies: issues from the Seychelles. Journal of Sustainable Tourism 18(2), in press.
180. Gössling, S. and Schumacher, K. (2010). Implementing carbon neutral destination policies: issues from the Seychelles. Journal of Sustainable Tourism 18(2), in press.
181. Gössling, S. and Nilsson, J.H. (2010). Frequent flyer programmes and the reproduction of mobility. Environment and Planning A 42: 241-252.
182. Gössling, S., Borgström-Hansson, C., Hörstmeier, O. and Saggel, S. (2002). Ecological footprint analysis as a tool to assess tourism sustainability. Ecological Economics 43(23): 199-211.
183. Gössling, S., Schumacher, K., Morelle, M., Berger, R. and Heck, N. (2004). Tourism and street children in Antananarivo, Madagascar. Hospitality and Tourism Research 5(2): 131-149.
184. Gössling, S., Peeters, P.M., Ceron, J.-P., Dubois, G., Patterson, T. and Richardson, R.B. (2005). The eco-efficiency of tourism. Ecological Economics 54(4): 417-434.
185. Gössling, S., Broderick, J., Upham, P., Peeters, P., Strasdas, W., Ceron, J.-P. and Dubois, G. (2007). Voluntary carbon offsetting schemes for aviation: efficiency and credibility. Journal of Sustainable Tourism 15(3): 223-248.
186. Gössling, S., Peeters, P. and Scott, D. (2008). Consequences of climate policy for international tourist arrivals in developing countries. Third World Quarterly 29(5): 873-901.
187. Gössling, S., Ceron, J.-P., Dubois, G. and Hall, C.M. (2009a). Hypermobile Travellers. In: Gössling, S. and Upham, P. (eds) Climate Change and Aviation: issues, challenges and solutions. London:Earthscan, pp. 131-148.
188. Gössling, S., Hall, C.M. and Weaver, D.B. (2009b). Sustainable Tourism Futures: Perspectives on systems, restructuring and innovations. In: Gössling, S., Hall, C.M. and Weaver, D.B. (eds) Sustainable Tourism Futures: Perspectives on systems, restructuring and innovations. London:Routledge, pp. 1-15.
189. Gössling, S., Hultman, J., Haglund, L, Källgren, H. and Revahl, M. (2009c). Voluntary carbon offsetting by Swedish air travellers: towards the co-creation of environmental value? Current Issues in Tourism 12(1): 1-19.
190. Gössling, S., Hall, C.M., Peeters, P. and Scott, D. (2010). The future of tourism: can tourism growth and climate policy be reconciled? A climate change mitigation perspective. Tourism Recreation Research 35(2), in press.
191. Green, A.E., Hogarth, T. and Shackleton, R.E. (1999). Longer distance commuting as a substitute for migration in Britain. International Journal of Population Geography 5: 49-68.
192. Green, J.E. (2009). The potential for reducing the impact of aviation on climate. Technology Analysis and Strategic Management 21(1): 39-59.
193. Greenpeace (2010). Koch Industries. Secretly funding the climate denial machine. Available from:http://www.greenpeace.org/raw/content/usa/press-center/reports4/koch-industries-secretly-fund. pdf. Accessed 31 March 2010.
194. Gregory, S. (2009). Twittering over JetBlue’s all-you-can-jet pass. Available from: http://www.time. com/time/business/article/0, 8599, 1917579, 00.html. Accessed 22 February 2010.
195. Guiver, J., Lumsdon, L., Weston, R. and Ferguson, M. (2007). Do buses help meet tourism objectives? The contribution and potential of scheduled buses in rural destination areas. Transport Policy 14: 275-282.
196. Haites, E. (2009). Linking emissions trading schemes for international aviation and shipping emissions. Climate Policy 9: 415-430.
197. Hall, C.M. (2005). Tourism: rethinking the social science of mobility, London: Pearson Education Limited.
198. Hall, C.M. (2008). Tourism and climate change: knowledge gaps and issues. Tourism Recreation Research 33: 339-350.
199. Hall, C.M. (2009a). Changement climatique, authenticité et marketing des régions nordiques: conséquences sur le tourisme finlandais et la ‘plus grande marque au monde’ ou ‘Les changements climatiques finiront-ils par tuer le père Noël?' Téoros 28(1): 69-79.
200. Hall, C.M. (2009b). Degrowing tourism: décroissance, sustainable consumption and steady-state tourism. Anatolia 20(1): 46-61.
201. Hall, C.M. and Jenkins, J. (1995). Tourism and Public Policy. Routledge: London.
202. Hall, C.M. and Müller, D. (eds) (2004). Tourism, Mobility and Second Homes: between elite landscape and common ground. Clevedon: Channel View Publications.
203. Hall, C.M. and Higham, J. (eds) (2005). Tourism, Recreation and Climate Change, Clevedon: Channel View Publications.
204. Hall, C.M. and Williams (2008). Tourism and Innovation. London: Routledge.
205. Hall, C.M. and Lew, A. (2009). Understanding and Managing Tourism Impacts: an integrated approach. London: Routledge.
206. Hall, C.M., Scott, D. and Gössling, S. (2009). Tourism, Development and Climate Change. In:D’Mello, C., Minninger, S. and McKeown, J. (eds) Disaster Prevention in Tourism: climate justice and tourism. Chiang Mai: Ecumenical Coalition On Tourism and German Church Development Service (EED), pp. 136-161.
207. Hans Böckler Stiftung (2009). Vermögen in Deutschland zunehmend ungleich verteilt. Available from: http://www.boeckler.de/320_94199.html. Accessed 30 March 2010.
208. Hansen, J., Sato, M., Ruedy, R., Kharecha, P., Lacis, A., Miller, R., Nazarenko, L., Lo, K., Schmidt, G.A. and Russell, G. (2006). Dangerous human-made interference with climate: a GISS modelE study. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 7: 2287-2312.
209. Hares, A., Dickinson, J. and Wilkes, K. (2009). Climate change and the air travel decisions of UK tourists. Journal of Transport Geography, in press, corrected proof.
210. Harper, G.C. and Makatouni, A. (2002). Consumer perception of organic food production and farm animal welfare. British Food Journal 104(3-5): 287-299.
211. Hede, A.-M. (2008). Managing special events in the new era of the triple bottom line. Event Management 11(1-2): 13-22.
212. Helm, D., Smale, R. and Phillips, J. (2007). Too Good To Be True? The UK’s climate change record. Oxford, New College, University of Oxford. Available from: http://www.dieterhelm.co.uk/publications/ Carbon_record_2007.pdf.
213. Hertwich, E.G. and Peters, G.P. (2009). Carbon footprint of nations: a global, trade-linked analysis. Environmental Science and Technology 43: 6414-6420.
214. Hickman, R. and Banister, D. (2007). Looking over the horizon: transport and reduced CO2 emissions in the UK by 2030. Transport Policy 14: 377-387.
215. Hileman, J.I., Ortiz, D.S., Bartis, J.T., Min Wong, H., Donohoo, P.E. and Weiss, M.A. (2009). Near-Term Feasibility of Alternative Jet Fuels. Santa Monica, CA: RAND.
216. Hille, J., Aall, C. and Grimstad Klepp, I. (2007). Miljøbelastninger fra norsk fritidsforbruk - en kartlegging. Available from: http://www.vestforsk.no/www/download.do?id=638. Accessed 28 February 2010.
217. Hille, J., Sataøen, H.L., Aall, C. and Storm, H.N. (2008). Miljøbelastningen av norsk forbruk og produksjon 1987-2007. Vestlandsforsking, Sogndal. http://www.vestforsk.no/www/show.do?pag e=12andarticleid=2201. Accessed 21 October 2009.
218. Hille, J., Ekström, F., Aall, C. and Brendehaug, E. (2009). Klimamerking av mat e er det mulig? VFrapport 8/2009 Sogndal: Vestlandsforsking.
219. Hoegh-Guldberg, O., Mumby, P.J., Hooten, A.J., Steneck, R.S., Greenfield, P., Gomez, E., Harvell, C.D., Sale, P.F., Edwards, A.J., Caldeira, K., Knowlton, N., Eakin, C.M., Iglesias-Prieto, R., Muthiga, N., Bradbury, R.H., Dubi, A. and Hatziolos, M.E. (2007). Coral reefs under rapid climate change and ocean acidification. Science 318(5857): 1737-1742.
220. Hofmann, M. and Schellnhuber, H. J. (2009). Oceanic acidification affects marine carbon pump and triggers extended marine oxygen holes. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 106:3017-3022.
221. Holden, E. (2007). Achieving Sustainable Mobility: everyday and leisure-time travel in the EU. Ashgate: Aldershot.
222. Holm Olsen, K. (2007). The Clean Development Mechanism’s contribution to sustainable development:a review of the literature. Climatic Change 84: 59-73.
223. Høyer, K. (2000). Sustainable tourism or sustainable mobility? The Norwegian case. Journal of Sustainable Tourism 8(2): 147-160.
224. Humane Society (2009). Pet ownership statistics. Available from: http://www.humanesociety.org/ issues/pet_overpopulation/facts/pet_ownership_statistics.html. Accessed 28 February 2010.
225. Hunecke, M. and Haustein, S. (2007). Einstellungsbasierte Mobilitätstypen: Eine integrierte Anwendung von multivariaten und inhaltsanalytischen Methoden der empirischen Sozialforschung zur Identifkation von Zielgruppen für eine nachhaltige Mobilität. Umweltpsychologie 11(2):38-68.
226. Hunter, C. (1997). Sustainable tourism and an adaptive paradigm. Annals of Tourism Research 24(4):850-867.
227. IATA (2007). New IATA financial forecast predicts 2008 downturn. Available from: http://www.iata. org/pressroom/pr/2007-12-12-01. Accessed 2 August 2008.
228. IATA (2008a). Jet fuel price monitor. Available from: http://www.iata.org/whatwedo/economics/ fuel_monitor/index.htm. Accessed 2 August 2008.
229. IATA (2008b). World air transport statistics. Available from: http://www.iata.org/ps/publications/ wats.htm. Accessed 14 October 2008.
230. IATA (2008c). Aviation carbon offset programmes. IATA guidelines and toolkit. Available from:http://www.iata.org/NR/rdonlyres/1D1D6A9C-4FBF-4627-B695-06F7FB69E5B6/61823/Carbon_Offset_Guidelines_May2008.pdf. Accessed 10 February 2010.
231. IATA (2009a). The IATA technology roadmap report. Available from: http://www.iata.org/NR/ rdonlyres/8FC59023-919D-4719-8CEE-F20FF1BAB181/0/Technology_Roadmap_May2009. pdf. Accessed 3 March 2010.
232. IATA (2009b). Weak demand, falling load factors. Available from: http://www.iata.org/pressroom/ pr/2009-07-30-01.htm. Accessed 3 March 2010.
233. IATA (2010a). IATA cuts 2010 loss forecast in half - strong start to 2010. Available from: http://www. iata.org/pressroom/pr/Pages/2010-03-11-01.aspx. Accessed 30 March 2010.
234. IATA (2010b). Fact. Available from: http://www.iata.org/pressroom/facts_figures/fact_sheets/carbon- offsets.htm. Accessed 10 February 2010.
235. ICAO (2009). Group on International Aviation and Climate Change (GIACC). Report. 1 June 2009. Available from: http://www.icao.int/env/meetings/GiaccReport_Final_en.pdf. Accessed 18 January 2010.
236. IEA (2001). World Energy Outlook. Assessing today’s supplies to fuel tomorrow’s growth. Paris:International Energy Agency. Available from: http://www.iea.org/textbase/nppdf/free/2000/ weo2001.pdf. Accessed 18 January 2010.
237. IEA (2009). World Energy Outlook 2009. Paris: International Energy Agency.
238. Ilbery, B. and Kneafsey, M. (2000). Producer constructions of quality in regional speciality food production: a case study from South West England. Journal of Rural Studies 16(2): 217-230.
239. IMO (2009a). Prevention of Air Pollution from Ships. Second IMO GHG Study 2009. Available from: http://www.imo.org/includes/blastDataOnly.asp/data_id%3D26047/INF-10.pdf. Accessed 17 January 2009.
240. IMO (2009b). Climate change: A challenge for IMO too! Available from: http://www.imo.org/ includes/blastDataOnly.asp/data_id%3D26316/backgroundE.pdf. Accessed 17 January 2010.
241. IMO MEPC (2009).MEPC.176(58) Amendments to the Annex of the Protocol of 1997 to amend the International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships, 1973, as modified by the Protocol of 1978 relating thereto (Revised MARPOL Annex VI). Available from: http://www.imo. org/. Accessed 14 February 2010.
242. Indian Tour Operators Promotion Council (2009) Domestic tourism statistics. Available from: http:// www.itopc.org/travel-requisite/domestic-tourism-statistics.html. Accessed 12 September 2009.
243. International Tourism Partnership (2008). Available from: http://www.tourismpartnership.org/ downloads/Going%20Green.pdf. Accessed 16 February 2010.
244. IPCC (1990). First Assessment Report 1990. Cambridge, UK and New York: Cambridge University Press.
245. IPCC (1995). Climate change 1995. The science of climate change: Summary for policymakers and technical summary of the Working Group I Report. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
246. IPCC (2001). Climate Change 2001: The Scientific Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Third Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC TAR). Cambridge, UK and New York: Cambridge University Press.
247. IPCC (2007a). Climate Change 2007: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability. Contribution of Working Group II to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, edited by M.L. Parry, O.F. Canziani, J.P. Palutikof, P.J. van der Linden and C.E. Hanson. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 976 pp.
248. IPCC (2007b). Fourth Assessment Report: Climate Change 2007. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
249. IPCC (2007c). Glossary of terms used in the IPPC Fourth Assessment Report. Available from: http:// www1.ipcc.ch/glossary/index.htm. Accessed 26 February 2010.
250. Jackson, T. (2005). Motivating Sustainable Consumption. A review of evidence on consumer behaviour and behavioural change. A report to the Sustainable Development Research Network. Available from: http://www.sd-research.org.uk/post.php?p=126. Accessed 30 March 2010.
251. Jardine, C.N. (2009). Calculating the carbon dioxide emissions of flights. Available from http://www. eci.ox.ac.uk/research/energy/downloads/jardine09-carboninflights.pdf. Accessed 10 February 2010.
252. Jones, C. and Munday, M. (2007). Exploring the environmental consequences of tourism: a satellite account approach. Journal of Travel Research 46: 164-172.
253. Jørgensen, M.W. and Sørenson, S.C. (1997). Estimating Emissions from Railway Traffic. Report for the Project MEET: Methodologies for Estimating Air Pollutant Emissions from Transport, Department of Energy Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby. Available from:http://www.inrets.fr/infos/cost319/MEETDeliverable17.PDF. Accessed 14 December 2007.
254. Jurowski, C. (2002). BEST think tanks and the development of curriculum modules for teaching sustainability principles. Journal of Sustainable Tourism 10(6): 536-545.
255. Kaldellis, J.K., Kavadias, K. and Christinakis, E. (2001). Evaluation of the wind-hydro energy solution for remote islands. Energy Conversion and Management 42: 1105-1120.
256. Kelly, J. and Williams, P.W. (2007). Modelling tourism destination energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions: Whistler, British Columbia, Canada. Journal of Sustainable Tourism 15(1):67-90.
257. Kelly, J., Haider, W. and Williams, P.W. (2007a). A behavioral assessment of tourism transportation options for reducing energy consumption and greenhouse gases. Journal of Travel Research 45:297-309.
258. Kelly, J., Haider, W., Williams, P.W. and Englund, K. (2007b). Stated preferences of tourists for eco-efficient destination planning options. Tourism Management 28: 377-390.
259. Kemp, R. (2009). Short-haul aviation - under what conditions is it more environmentally benign than the alternatives? Technology Analysis and Strategic Management 21(1): 115-127.
260. Khisty, C.J. and Zeitler, U. (2001). Is hypermobility a challenge for transport ethics and systemicity? Systemic Practice and Action Research 14(5): 597-613.
261. Klein, J. and Dawar, N. (2004). Corporate social responsibility and consumers’ attributions and brand evaluations in a product-harm crisis. International Journal of Research in Marketing 21(3):203-217.
262. Köhler, J., Whitmarsh, L., Nykvist, B., Schilperoord, M., Bergman, N. and Haxeltine, A. (2009). A transitions model for sustainable mobility. Ecological Economics 68: 2985-2995.
263. Kok, R., Benders, R.M.J. and Moll, H.C. (2001). Energie-intensiteiten van de nederlandse consumptieve bestedingen anno 1996. IVEM, Rijksuniversiteit Groningen.
264. Kollmuss, A., Lazarus, M., Lee, C. and Polycarp, C. (2008). A Review of Offset Programs: trading systems, funds, protocols, standards and retailers. Stockholm: Stockholm Environment Institute.
265. KPMG (2008). Climate changes your business. Available at: www.kpmg.nl/sustainability.
266. Kriegler, E., Hall, J.W., Held, H., Dawson, R. and Schellnhuber, H.J. (2009). Imprecise probability assessment of tipping points in the climate system. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 106: 5041-5046.
267. Kuklinski, J.H., Metlay, D.S. and Kay, W.D. (1982). Citizen knowledge and choices on the complex issue of nuclear energy. American Journal of Political Science 26(4): 615-642.
268. Kuo, N.-W. and Chen, P.-H. (2009). Quantifying energy use, carbon dioxide emission, and other environmental loads from island tourism based on a lifecycle assessment approach. Journal of Cleaner Production 17: 1324-1330.
269. Ladle, R., Jepson, P. and Whittaker, R.J. (2005). Scientists and the media: the struggle for legitimacy in climate change and conservation science. Interdisciplinary Science Reviews 30(3): 231-240.
270. Lahiri, S. (2009). Bio-fuel and Commons in India. A story of dispossession and colonisation. In:D’Mello, C., McKeown, J. and Minninger, S. (eds) Disaster Prevention in Tourism: perspectives on climate justice. Chiang Mai, Thailand: Ecumenical Coalition on Tourism in cooperation with EED Tourism Watch, Germany, pp. 207-217.
271. Laing, J. and Frost, W. (2010). How green was my festival: exploring challenges and opportunities associated with staging green events. International Journal of Hospitality Management 29: 261-267.
272. Lam, P., Lavik. G., Jensen, M.M., van de Vossenberg, J., Schmid, M., Woebken, D., Gutiérrez, D., Amann, R., Jetten, M.S.M. and Kuypers, M.M.M. (2009). Revising the nitrogen cycle in the Peruvian oxygen minimum zone. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 106:4752-4757.
273. Lamers, M. and Amelung, B. (2007). The environmental impacts of tourism, to Antarctica: a global perspective. In: Peeters, P.M. (ed.) Tourism and Climate Change Mitigation: methods, greenhouse gas reductions and policies. Breda: NHTV, pp. 51-62.
274. Larsen, J., Urry, J. and Axhausen, K.W. (2007). Networks and tourism: mobile social life. Annals of Tourism Research 34(1): 244-262.
275. Lash, S. and Urry, J. (2004). Economies of Signs and Spaces. London: Sage.
276. Lassen, C. (2006). Aeromobility and work. Environment and Planning A 38: 301-312.
277. Latouche, S. (1993). In the Wake of the Affluent Society. London: Zed Books.
278. Lawrence, P. (2009). Meeting the challenge of aviation emissions: an aircraft industry perspective. Technology Analysis and Strategic Management 21(1): 79-92.
279. Le Quéré, C. et al. (2009). Trends in the sources and sinks of carbon dioxide. Nature Geosciences 2, in press.
280. Lean, J. L. and Rind, D.H. (2009). How will Earth’s surface temperature change in future decades? Geophysical Research Letters 36, L15708.
281. Lee, D. (2009). Aviation and Climate Change: the science. In: Gössling, S. and Upham, P. (eds) Climate Change and Aviation: issues, challenges and solutions. London: Earthscan, pp. 27-67.
282. Lee, D. and Sausen, R. (2000). New directions: assessing the real impact of CO2 emissions trading by the aviation industry. Atmospheric Environment 34: 5337-5338.
283. Lee, D.S., Fahey, D.W., Forster, P.M., Newton, P.J., Wit, R.C.N., Lim, L.L., Owen, B. and Sausen, R. (2009). Aviation and global climate change in the 21st century. Atmospheric Environment 43:3520-3537.
284. Lenton, T.M., Held, H., Kriegler, E., Hall, J.W., Lucht, W., Rahmstorf, S. and Schellnhuber, H.J. (2008). Tipping elements in the Earth’s climate system. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 105: 1786-1793.
285. Lenzen, M. (1999). Total requirements of energy and greenhouse gases for Australian transport. Transportation Research Part D 4: 265-290.
286. Liang, L. and James, A.D. (2009). The low-cost carrier model in China: the adoption of a strategic innovation. Technology Analysis and Strategic Management 21(1): 129-148.
287. Lindenberg, S. (2001a). Social rationality versus rational egoism. In: J. Turner (ed.) Handbook of Sociological Theory. New York: Kluwer Academic/Plenum, pp. 635-668.
288. Lindenberg, S. (2001b). Intrinsic motivation in a new light. Kyklos 54: 317-342.
289. Lindenberg, S. (2006). Prosocial behavior, solidarity and goal-framing processes. In: D. Fetchenhauer, A. Flache, B. Buunk and S. Lindenberg (eds.) Solidarity and Prosocial Behavior: an integration of sociological and psychological perspectives. Amsterdam: Kluwer.
290. Lloyd, B. (2007). The Commons revisited: the tragedy continues. Energy Policy 35: 5806-5818.
291. Lumsdon, L.M. (2006). Factors affecting the design of tourism bus services. Annals of Tourism Research 33(3): 748-766.
292. Lumsdon, L., Downward, P. and Cope, A. (2004). Monitoring of cycle tourism on long distance trails:the North Sea Cycle Route. Journal of Transport Geography 12: 13-22.
293. Lumsdon, L., Downward, P., Rhoden, S. (2006). Transport for tourism: can public transport encourage a modal shift in the day visitor market? Journal of Sustainable Tourism 14(2): 139-157.
294. Lyle, C. (2010). Kyoto v. Chicago: ICAO debates how to apply the principle of Common But Differentiated Responsibilities to aviation. Available from: http://www.greenaironline.com/news. php?viewStory=450. Accessed 2 April 2010.
295. Lynes, J.K. and Dredge, D. (2006). Going green: motivations for environmental commitment in the airline industry. A case study of Scandinavian Airlines. Journal of Sustainable Tourism 14(2):116-138.
296. Machado-Filho, H. (2009). Brazilian low-carbon transportation policies: opportunities for international support. Climate Policy 9(5): 495-507.
297. Mann, B.I. McNeil, A.J. Pitman, S. Rahmstorf, E. Rignot, H.J. Schellnhuber, S.H. Schneider, S.C. Sherwood, R.C.J. Somerville, K. Steffen, E.J. Steig, M. Visbeck, A.J. Weaver. The University of New South Wales Climate Change Research Centre (CCRC), Sydney, Australia, 60pp.
298. Mann, M.E., Zhang, Z., Hughes, M.K., Bradley, R.S., Miller, S.K., Rutherford, S. and Ni, F. (2008). Proxy-based reconstructions of hemispheric and global surface temperature variations over the past two millennia. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 105: 13252-13257.
299. Markussen, P. and Svendsen, G.T. (2005). Industry lobbying and the political economy of GHG trade in the European Union. Energy Policy 33(2): 245-255.
300. Marsh, P.T., Brooks, E. and Karly, D.J. (2009). Preliminary investigation into the severe thunderstorm environment of Europe simulated by the Community Climate Systems Model 3. Atmospheric Research 93: 607-618.
301. Mascarelli, A.L. (2009). Gold rush for algae. Nature 461 (23 September): 460-461.
302. Matthews, H.D. and Caldeira, K. (2008). Stabilizing climate requires near zero emissions. Geophysical Research Letters 35, L04705.
303. Mayor, K. and Tol, R.S.J. (2007). The impact of the UK aviation tax on carbon dioxide emissions and visitor numbers. Transport Policy 14: 507-513.
304. Mayor, K. and Tol, R.S.J. (2008). The impact of the EU-US Open Skies agreement on international travel and carbon dioxide emissions. Journal of Air Transport Management 14: 1-7.
305. Mayor, K. and Tol, R.S.J. (2009). Aviation and the environment in the context of the EU-US Open Skies agreement. Journal of Air Transport Management 15: 90-95.
306. Mayor, K. and Tol, R.S.J. (2010a). Scenarios of carbon dioxide emissions from aviation. Global Environmental Change 20: 65-73.
307. Mayor, K. and Tol, R.S.J. (2010b). The impact of European climate change regulations on international tourist markets. Transportation Research Part D 15: 26-36.
308. Mazar, N. and Zhong, C.-B. (2010). Do green products make us better people? Psychological Science, in press.
309. McBoyle, G. and Wall, G. (1987). Impact of CO2 induced warming on downhill skiing in the Laurentians. Cahiers de Géographie du Québec 31: 39-50.
310. McBoyle, G., Wall, G., Harrison, R., Kinnaird, V. and Quinlan, C. (1986). Recreation and climatic change: a Canadian case study. Ontario Geographer 28: 51-68.
311. McCarty, J.A. and Shrum, L.J. (1994). The recycling of solid wastes: personal values, value orientations, and attitudes about recycling as antecedents of recycling behavior. Journal of Business Research 31(1): 53-62.
312. McDonald, S., Oates, C., Thyne, M., Alevizou, P. and McMorland, L.-A. (2009). Comparing sustainable consumption patterns across product sectors. International Journal of Consumer Studies 33:137-145.
313. McKercher, B., Prideaux, B., Cheung, C. and Law, R. (2010). Achieving voluntary reductions in the carbon footprint of tourism and climate change. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, in press.
314. McMichael, A.J., Campbell-Lendrum, D.H., Corvalán, C.F., Ebi, K.I., Githeko, A.K., Scheraga, J.D. and Woodward, A. (2003). Climate Change and Human Health: risks and responses. Geneva:World Health Organization.
315. McNeil, B.I. and Matear, R.J. (2007). Climate change feedbacks on oceanic pH. Tellus-B 59B:191-198.
316. Meehl, G.A., Arblaster, J. and Collins, W. (2008). Effects of black carbon aerosols on the Indian monsoon. Journal of Climate 21: 2869-2882.
317. Meinshausen, M., Meinshausen, N., Hare, W., Raper, S.C.B., Frieler, K., Knutti, R., Frame, D.J. and Allen, M.R. (2009). Greenhouse-gas emission targets for limiting global warming to 2 ° C. Nature 458(7242): 1158-1162.
318. Michaelowa, A. and Michaelowa, K. (2007). Does climate policy promote development? Climatic Change 84: 1-4.
319. Miller, G., Rathouse, K., Scarles, C., Holmes, K. and Tribe, J. (2007). Public understanding of sustainable leisure and tourism: a report to the Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs. University of Surrey. London: DEFRA.
320. Miller, M.M., Henthorne, T.L. and George, B.P. (2008). The competitiveness of the Cuban tourism industry in the twenty-first century: a strategic re-evaluation. Journal of Travel Research 46 (February): 268-278.
321. Mintel. (2008b). Cruises International - June 2008: Mintel Oxygen.
322. Mitchell, A. (2001). Right Side Up. London: Harper Collins Business.
323. Morrow, W.R., Lee, H., Gallagher, K.S. and Collantes, G. (2010). Reducing the U.S. Transportation Sector’s Oil Consumption and Greenhouse Gas Emissions. Policy Brief, Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs, Havard Kennedy School, March 2010.
324. Morton, D.C., DeFries, R S., Shimabukuro, Y.E., Anderson, L.O., Arai, E., del Bon Espirito-Santo, F., Freitas, R. and Morisette, J. (2006). Cropland expansion changes deforestation dynamics in the southern Brazilian Amazon. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science 103(39):14637-14641.
325. Mote, T.L. (2007). Greenland surface melt trends 1973-2007: Evidence of a large increase in 2007. Geophysical Research Letters 34, L22507.
326. Nakicenovic, N. et al. (2000). IPCC Special Report on Emissions Scenarios. Cambridge: IPCC.
327. National Bureau of Statistics of China (2009). China Statistical Yearbook - 2008. Available from:http://www.stats.gov.cn/tjsj/ndsj/2006/indexee.htm. Accessed on 12 September 2009.
328. National Round Table on the Environment and Economy (2008). Getting to 2050: Canada’s transition to a low-emission future. Ottawa: National Round Table on the Environment and Economy.
329. Naturvårdsverket (Swedish Environmental Protection Agency) (2009). Allmänhetens kunskaper och attityder till klimatförändringen. Report 1, October 2009. Stockholm: Naturvårdsverket.
330. Neiberger, C. (2009). China: Räumliche Disparitäten, Wirtschaftswachstum und die Bedeutung des Schienengüterverkehrs, unpublished working paper, Dept. of Geography, Bonn University, Germany.
331. Nilsson, J.H. (2009). Low-Cost Aviation. In: Gössling, S. and Upham, P. (eds) Climate Change and Aviation: issues, challenges and solutions. London: Earthscan, pp. 113-129.
332. Norton, L., Johnson, P., Joys, A., Stuart, R., Chamberlain, D., Feber, R., Firbank, L., Manley, W., Wolfe, M., Hart, B., Mathews, F., Macdonald, D. and Fuller, R.J. (2009). Consequences of organic and non-organic farming practices for field, farm and landscape complexity. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment 129(1-3): 221-227.
333. Nygren, E., Aleklett, K. and Höök, M. (2009). Aviation fuel and future oil production scenarios. Energy Policy 37(10): 4003-4010.
334. Oberthür, S. (2003). Institutional interaction to address greenhouse gas emissions from international transport: ICAO, IMO and the Kyoto Protocol. Climate Policy 3(3): 191-205.
335. OECD (1996). Towards Sustainable Transportation. OECD Publications, Paris. Available from:http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/28/54/2396815.pdf. Accessed 18 February 2010.
336. Orr, J.C. et al., (2005) Anthropogenic ocean acidification over the twenty-first century and its impact on calcifying organisms. Nature 437: 681-686.
337. Oschlies, A., Schulz, K.G., Riebesell, U. and Schmittner, A. (2008). Simulated 21st century’s increase in oceanic suboxia by CO2-enhanced biotic carbon export. Global Biogeochemical Cycles 22, GB4008.
338. Owen, B. (2010). Fuel efficiency development and prediction. Main thematic area: climate change. Available from: http://www.omega.mmu.ac.uk/Downloads/Final-Reports/ 23%20Fuel%20Efficiency%20development%20and%20Prediction%20Final.pdf. Accessed 2 March 2010.
339. Page, S., Yeoman, I. and Greenwood, C. (2009). Transport and Tourism in Scotland: a case of scenario planning at VisitScotland. In: Gössling, S., Hall, C.M. and Weaver, D.B. (eds) Sustainable Tourism Futures: perspectives on systems, restructuring and innovations. London: Routledge, pp. 58-83.
340. Palmer, A. and Boissy, S. (2009). The effects of airline price presentations on buyers’ choice. Journal of Vacation Marketing 15: 39-52.
341. Palmer, C. and Engel, S. (2009). Avoided Deforestation: prospects for mitigating climate change. London: Routledge.
342. Parry, M., Lowe, J. and Hanson, C. (2008). The consequences of delayed action on climate change. Available from: www3.imperial.ac.uk/pls/portallive/docs/1/53345696.PDF. Accessed 21 January 2009.
343. Patricola, C.M. and Cook, K.H. (2008). Atmosphere/vegetation feedbacks: a mechanism for abrupt climate change over northern Africa. Journal of Geophysical Research (Atmospheres) 113, D18102.
344. Patterson, M. and McDonald, G. (2004). How clean and green is New Zealand Tourism? Lifecycle and future environmentmal impacts. Landcare Research Science Series 24. Lincoln, Canterbury, New Zealand. Available from: http://www.mwpress.co.nz/store/downloads/LCRSciSeries24_Tourism_4web.pdf. Accessed 30 March 2010.
345. Pattullo, P. (2005). Last Resorts: the cost of tourism in the Caribbean. London: Latin American Bureau.
346. Patz, J.A., Campbell-Lendrum, D., Holloway, T. and Foley, J.A. (2005). Impact of regional climate change on human health. Nature 438, 310-317, doi:10.1038/nature04188.
347. Peeters, P.M., van Egmond, T. and Visser, N. (2004). European Tourism, Transport and Environment.Final Version. Breda: NHTV CSTT.
348. Peeters, P. and Schouten, F. (2006). Reducing the ecological footprint of inbound tourism and transport to Amsterdam. Journal of Sustainable Tourism 14(2): 157-171.
349. Peeters, P.M. and Middel, J. (2007). Historical and Future Development of Air Transport Fuel Efficiency. In: Sausen, R., Blum, A., Lee, D.S. and Brüning, C. (eds) Proceedings of an International Conference on Transport, Atmosphere and Climate (TAC); Oxford, United Kingdom, 26-29 June 2006, pp. 42-47. Oberpfaffenhoven: DLR Institut für Physic der Atmosphäre.
350. Peeters, P. and Gössling, S. (2008). Environmental Discourses in the Aviation Industry: the social reproduction of mobility. In: Burns, P. and Novelli, M. (eds) Tourism and Mobility: local-global connections. Amsterdam: Elsevier, pp. 187-203.
351. Peeters, P. and Dubois, G. (2010a). Methods for unlikely futures: exploring tourism travel under climate change mitigation constraints. Journal of Transport Geography, in press.
352. Peeters, P. and Dubois, G. (2010b). Exploring tourism travel under climate change mitigation constraints. Journal of Transport Geography 18: 447-457.
353. Peeters, P., Szimba, E. and Duijnisveld, M. (2007a). Major environmental impacts of European tourist transport. Journal of Transport Geography 15: 83-93.
354. Peeters, P., Gössling, S. and Becken, S. (2007b). Innovation towards tourism sustainability: climate change and aviation. International Journal of Innovation and Sustainable Development 1(3):184-200.
355. Peeters, P., Gössling, S. and Lane, B. (2009a). Moving Towards Low-carbon Tourism: opportunities for destinations and tour operators. In: Gössling, S., Hall, C.M. and Weaver, D. (eds) Sustainable Tourism Futures. London, New York: Routledge.
356. Peeters, P., Williams, V. and de Haan, A. (2009b). Technical and Management Reduction Potentials. In: Gössling, S. and Upham, P. (eds) Climate Change and Aviation: issues, challenges and solutions. London: Earthscan, pp. 293-307.
357. Pentalow, L. and Scott, D. (2009). The Impact of Climate Policy and Oil Price on Tourist Arrivals to the Caribbean Region. Proceedings of 7th International Symposium on Tourism and Sustainability, Travel and Tourism in the Age of Climate Change. University of Brighton, Brighton, England, July 8-10.
358. Peters, G.P. and Hertwich, E.G. (2008). CO2 embodied in international trade with implications for global climate policy. Environmental Science and Technology 42(5): 1401-1407.
359. Phillips, O.L. et al. (2009). Drought sensitivity of the Amazon rainforest. Science 323: 1344-1347.
360. Piket, P. (2009). Indirect taxes and subsidies for international tourism passenger transport and conflicts with climate policies: a European case study. In: Landré, M. (ed.) Transport and Tourism: challenges, issues and conflicts. Proceedings of the Travel and Tourism Research Association Europe 2009 Annual Conference - Rotterdam/Breda, the Netherlands, 22-24 April. Breda: TTRA, pp. 217-233.
361. Pitman, A.J., Narisma, G.T. and McAneney, J. (2007). The impact of climate change on the risk of forest and grassland fires in Australia. Climatic Change 84: 383-401.
362. Pounds, J.A. and Puschendorf, R. (2004). Clouded Futures. Nature 427: 107-109.
363. Putnam, R.D. (1995). Bowling Alone: the collapse and revival of American community. New York:Simon and Schuster.
364. Ramanathan, V., Chung, C., Kim, D., Bettge, T., Buja, L., Kiehl, J.T., Washington, W.M., Fu, Q., Sikka, D.R. and Wild, M. (2005). Atmospheric brown clouds: impacts on South Asian climate and hydrological cycle. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 102: 5326-5333.
365. Ramírez de Arellano, A.B. (2007). Patients without borders: the emergence of medical tourism. International Journal of Health Services 37(1): 193-198.
366. Randles, S. and Bows, A. (2009). Aviation, emissions and the climate change debate. Technology Analysis and Strategic Management 21(1):1-16.
367. Randles, S. and Mander, S. (2009). Aviation, consumption and the climate change debate: ‘Are you going to tell me off for flying?' Technology Analysis and Strategic Management 21(1): 93-113.
368. Raupach, M.R., Marland, G., Ciais, P., Le Quéré, C., Canadell, J.G., Klepper, G. and Field, C.B. (2007). Global and regional drivers of accelerating CO2 emissions. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 104: 10288-10293.
369. RealClimate (2010). IPCC errors: facts and spin. Available from: http://www.realclimate.org/index. php/archives/2010/02/ipcc-errors-facts-and-spin/. Accessed 24 February 2010.
370. Richardson, K. et al. (2009). Climate Change: global risks, challenges and decisions. Synthesis Report of the Copenhagen Climate Congress. (University of Copenhagen).
371. Riebesell, U., Körtzinger, A. and Oschlies, A. (2009). Sensitivities of marine carbon fluxes to ocean change. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 106(49): 20602-20609.
372. Riehl World View (2010). UK to limit air travel abroad? Available http://www.riehlworldview. com/carnivorous_conservative/2009/02/uk-to-limit-air-travel-abroad.html. Accessed 12 February 2010.
373. Roberts, S. and Thumim, J. (2006). A Rough Guide to Individual Carbon Trading: the ideas, the issues and the next steps. Report to DEFRA, UK. Available from: http://www.carbonequity.info/PDFs/ defranov06.pdf. Accessed 30 March 2010.
374. Rogelj, J., Hare, B., Nabel, J., Macey, K., Schaeffer, M., Markmann, K. and Meinshausen, M. (2009). Halfway to Copenhagen, no way to 2 °C. Nature Reports Climate Change (0907): 81-83.
375. Rosa, R. and Seibel, B.A. (2008). Synergistic effects of climate-related variables suggest future physiological impairment in a top oceanic predator. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 105: 20776-20780.
376. Royal Dutch Airlines (KLM) (2010). Choose more comfort. Available from: http://www.klm.com/travel/nl_en/prepare_for_travel/checkin_options/internet_checkin/ici_help/seat_choice.htm. Accessed 16 February 2010.
377. Ryanair (2009). Ryanair beats recession as traffic grows 13%. Available from: http://www.ryanair. com/en/news/ryanair-beats-recession-as-traffic-grows-13-percent. Accessed 20 February 2010.
378. Ryanair (2010). Ryanair grows 13% with 65 million passengers in 2009. Available from: http://www. ryanair.com/en/news/ryanair-grows-13-percent-with-65-million-passengers-in-2009. Accessed 20 February 2010.
379. Ryghaug, M. and Sørensen, K.H. (2009). How energy efficiency fails in the building industry. Energy Policy 37(3): 984-991.
380. SAS (2010). Baggage. Available from: http://www.flysas.com/en/Travel_info/Baggage/. Accessed 16 February 2010.
381. Saunders, C., Barber, A. and Taylor, G. (2006). Food miles - comparative energy/emissions performance of New Zealand’s agriculture industry. Available from: http://www.lincoln.ac.nz/ documents/2328_rr285_s13389.pdf. Accessed 3 March 2010.
382. Sausen, R., Isaksen, I., Grewe, V., Hauglustaine, D., Lee, D.S., Myhre, G., Köhler, M.O., Pitari, G., Schumann, U., Stordal, F. and Zerefos, C. (2005). Aviation Radiative Forcing in 2000: An Update on IPCC (1999). Meteorologische Zeitschrift 14: 555-561.
383. Scandic (2009). We care because we are part of society. http://www.scandichotels.com/About-Us/ Responsible-living/Society/. Accessed 1 October 2009.
384. Schahn, J. (1993). Die Rolle von Entschuldigungen und Rechtfertigungen für umweltschädigendes Verhalten. In: Schahn, J. and Giesinger, T. (eds) Psychologie für den Umweltschutz. Weinheim:Beltz, pp. 51-61.
385. Schafer, A. (1998). The global demand for motorized mobility. Transportation Research A 32(6):455-477.
386. Schafer, A. (2000). Regularities in travel demand: an international perspective. Journal of Transportation and Statistics 3(3): 1-31.
387. Schafer, A. and Victor, D.G. (2000). The future mobility of the world population. Transportation Research A 34: 171-205.
388. Schilcher, D. (2007). Growth versus equity: the continuum of pro-poor tourism and neoliberal governance. Current Issues in Tourism 10(2-3): 166-193.
389. Schwartz, S.H. (1977). Normative Influences on Altruism. In: L. Berkowitz (ed.) Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, Vol. 10. New York: Academic Press, pp. 221-279.
390. Scott, D. (2006). Climate Change and Sustainable Tourism in the 21st Century. In: Cukier, J. (ed.) Tourism Research: policy, planning, and prospects. Waterloo: Department of Geography, University of Waterloo, pp. 175-248.
391. Scott, D. and McBoyle, G. (2007). Climate change adaptation in the ski industry. Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change 12: 1411-1431.
392. Scott, D. and Lemieux, C. (2009). Weather and Climate Information for Tourism. Geneva and Madrid:WMO and UNWTO.
393. Scott, D. and Becken, S. (2010). Editorial: adapting to climate change and climate policy: progress, problems and potentials. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, in press.
394. Scott, D., Dawson, J. and Jones, B. (2008). Climate change vulnerability of the US Northeast winter recreation - tourism sector. Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change 13: 577-596.
395. Scott, D., Peeters, P. and Gössling, S. (2010). Can tourism ‘seal the deal’ of its mitigation commitments? The challenge of achieving ‘aspirational’ emission reduction targets. Journal of Sustainable Tourism 18(2), in press.
396. Shaw, S. and Thomas, C (2006). Social and cultural dimensions of air travel demand: hyper-mobility in the UK? Journal of Sustainable Tourism 14(2): 209-215.
397. Sherman, L. (2007). Priciest private jets. Available from: http://www.forbes.com/2007/03/06/jetsprivate- travel-forbeslife_07billionaires_cz_ls_0308jets.html. Accessed 15 March 2010.
398. Simmons, C. and Lewis, K. (2001). Take Only Memories, Leave Nothing but Footprints. An ecological footprint analysis of two package holidays. Oxford: Best Foot Forward.
399. Simpson, M.C., Gössling, S. and Scott, D. (2008). Report on the international policy and market response to global warming and the challenges and opportunities that climate change issues present for the Caribbean tourism sector. Barbados: Caribbean Tourism Organization.
400. SJ (Svenska Järnvägen/Swedish Railways) (2010). Carbon Calculator. Available from: http://www. sj.se/sj/jsp/polopoly.jsp?d=280andl=enandintcmp=13196. Accessed 10 January 2010.
401. Smith, I.J. and Rodger, C.J. (2009). Carbon emission offsets for aviation-generated emissions due to international travel to and from New Zealand. Energy Policy 37(9): 3438-3447.
402. Smith, J.B., Schneider, S.H., Oppenheimer, M., Yohe, G.W., Hare, W., Mastrandrea, M.D., Patwardhan, A., Burton, I., Corfee-Morlot, J., Magadza, C.H.D., Füssel, H.-M., Pittock, A.B., Rahman, A., Suarez, A. and van Ypersele, J.-P. (2009a). Assessing dangerous climate change through an update of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) ‘reasons for concern’. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 106(11): 4133-4137.
403. Smith, P., Martino, D., Cai, Z., Gwary, D., Janzen, H., Kumar, P., McCarl, B., Ogle, S., O’Mara, F., Rice, C., Scholes, B. and Sirotenko, O. (2009b). Agriculture. In: Metz, B., Davidson, O.R., Bosch, P.R., Dave, R. and Meyer, L.A. (eds) Climate change 2007: Mitigation. Contribution of Working Group III to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press.
404. Solomon, S., Plattner, G.-K., Knutti, R. and Friedlingstein, P. (2009). Irreversible climate change due to carbon dioxide emissions. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 106, 1704-1709.
405. South West Tourism (2009). Various documents. Available from: www.swtourism.org.uk/. Accessed 15 March 2010.
406. SSP Sweden (2009). Vårt miljöarbete. Available from: http://www.foodtravelexperts.com/sweden/. Accessed 8 August 2009.
407. (SCB/SIKA) (2001). RES 2000. Den nationella reseundersökningen. Stockholm: Birger Gustafsson AB.
408. STCRC (2009) Australian Tourism Futures: Redefining the Future. Communiqué, 2009. Available from: http://www.tourismfutures.com.au/Publications/2009Communique.pdf. Accessed 18 February 2010.
409. Steg, L. and Vlek, C. (2009). Encouraging pro-environmental behaviour: an integrative review and research agenda. Journal of Environmental Psychology 29: 309-317.
410. Stern, N. (2006). The economics of climate change: the Stern Review. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
411. Stern, N. (2009). The Global Deal: climate change and the creation of a new era of progress and prosperity. New York: Public Affairs.
412. Stern, P.C., Dietz, T., Abel, T., Guagnano, G.A. and Kalof, L. (1999). A value-belief-norm theory of support for social movements: the case of environmentalism. Human Ecology Review 6: 81-97.
413. Sterner, T. (2007). Fuel taxes: an important instrument for climate policy. Energy Policy 35: 3194-3202.
414. Stoll-Kleemann, S., O’Riordan, T. and Jaeger, C.C. (2001). The psychology of denial concerning climate mitigation measures: evidence from Swiss focus groups. Global Environmental Change 11: 107-117.
415. Stramma, L., Johnson, G.C., Sprintall, J. and Mohrholz, V. (2008). Expanding oxygen-minimum zones in the tropical oceans. Science 320: 655-658.
416. Swarbrooke, J. and Horner, S. (2001). Business Travel and Tourism. Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann.
417. TandE (2009a). Bunker Fuels and the Kyoto Protocol: how ICAO and the IMO failed the climate change test. Brussels: Transport and Environment.
418. TandE (2009b). Pressure grows for aviation and shipping to be given specified climate target. Available from: http://transportenvironment.org/News/2009/7/Pressure-grows-for-aviation-and-shipping-tobe- given-specified-climate-target/. Accessed 12 September 2009.
419. Tesco (2009). Our carbon label findings. Available from: http://www.tesco.com/assets/greenerliving/ content/documents/pdfs/carbon_label_findings.pdf. Accessed 21 November 2009.
420. Thomas, C.D., Cameron, A., Green, R.E., Bakkenes, M., Beaumont, L.J., Collingham, Y.C., Erasmus, B.F.N., Ferreira de Siqueira, M., Grainger, A., Hannah, L., Hughes, L., Huntley, B., van Jaarsveld, A.S., Midgley, G.F., Miles, L., Ortega-Huerta, M.A., Peterson, A.T., Philips, O.L., and William, S.E. (2005). Extinction risk from climate change. Nature 427: 145-148.
421. Thornley, P., Upham, P. and Tomei, J. (2009). Sustainability constraints on UK bioenergy development. Energy Policy 37(12): 5623-5635.
422. Thurlow, C. and Jaworski, A. (2006). The alchemy of the upwardly mobile: symbolic capital and the stylization of elites in frequent-flyer programmes. Discourse and Society 17(1): 99-135.
423. Tol, R.S.J. (2007). The impact of a carbon tax on international tourism. Transportation Research Part D 12: 129-142.
424. Torres, R. (2002). Toward a better understanding of tourism and agriculture linkages in the Yucatan:tourist food consumption and preferences. Tourism Geographies 4(3): 282-306.
425. Trapp, R.J., Diffenbaugh, N.S., Brooks, H.E., Baldwin, M.E., Robinson, E.D. and Pal, J.S. (2007). Changes in severe thunderstorm environment frequency during the 21st century caused by anthropogenically enhanced global radiative forcing. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 104: 19719-19723.
426. Trapp, R.J., Diffenbaugh, N.S. and Gluhovsky, A. (2009). Transient response of severe thunderstorm forcing to elevated greenhouse gas concentrations. Geophysical Research Letters 36, L01703.
427. Traveldaily (2010). Business class guide. Available from: http://archives.traveldaily.com.au/2010/Supplements/TD_Business_Class_Guide_2010.pdf. Accessed 15 March 2010.
428. Trick, C.G., Bill, B.D., Cochlan, W.P., Wells, M.L., Trainer, V.L. and Pickell, L.D. (2010). Iron enrichment stimulates toxic diatom production in high-nitrate, low-chlorophyll areas. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, early edition, www.pnas.org/cgi/doi/10.1073/ pnas.0910579107.
429. Trung, D.N. and Kumar, S. (2005). Resource use and waste management in Vietnam hotels. Journal of Cleaner Production 13: 109-116.
430. Tufts Climate Initiative (2006, updated 2007). Voluntary offsets for air-travel carbon emissions. Evaluations and recommendations of voluntary offset companies. (Kollmuss, A. and Bowell, B.) Available from: http://www.tufts.edu/tie/tci/pdf/TCI_Carbon_Offsets_Paper_April-2-07.pdf. Accessed 2 March 2008.
431. TUI Fly Nordic (2010). TUIfly Nordics miljöpåverkan. Available from: http://www.fritidsresor. se/36665/Ansvar--Klimat/Flyg/Flyg/. Accessed 30 March 2010.
432. Tyedmers, P. (2001). Energy consumed by North Atlantic Fisheries. Available from: http://sres. management.dal.ca/Files/Tyedmers/Energy_Tyedmers1.pdf. Accessed 21 October 2009.
433. UIC (2007). Energy efficiency technologies for railways - database, International Union of Railways, Paris. Available from: http://www.railway-energy.org/tfee/index.php?ID=200. Accessed 14 December 2007.
434. UK Department for Energy and Climate Change (2009). Various documents. Available from: http:// www.decc.gov.uk/. Accessed 15 March 2010.
435. UKERC (2009). Global oil depletion. An assessment of the evidence for a near-term peak in global oil production. Available from: http://www.ukerc.ac.uk/support/tiki-index.php?page=Global+Oil +Depletion. Accessed 25 February 2010.
436. UNDP (2007). Human Development Report 2007/2008. Fighting Climate Change: Human Solidarity in a Divided World. Published for the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP). Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.
437. UNEP-Oxford University-UNWTO-WMO (2008). Climate Change Adaptation and Mitigation in the Tourism Sector: frameworks, tools and practice. Paris: UNEP-Oxford University-UNWTO-WMO.
438. UNFCCC (1998). Kyoto Protocol to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. Available from: http://unfccc.int/resource/docs/convkp/kpeng.pdf#page=20. Accessed 14 January 2010.
439. UNFCCC (2009). Copenhagen Accord. Available from: http://unfccc.int/files/meetings/cop_15/ application/pdf/cop15_cph_auv.pdf. Accessed 15 January 2010.
440. UNFCCC (2010a). GHG data. Times series - Annex I. Available from: http://unfccc.int/ghg_data/ ghg_data_unfccc/time_series_annex_i/items/3814.php. Accessed 1 March 2010.
441. UNFCCC (2010b). Article 2: Objective. Available from: http://unfccc.int/essential_background/convention/ background/items/1353.php. Accessed 12 January 2010.
442. UNFCCC (2010c). The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. Available from: http://unfccc.int/essential_background/convention/items/2627.php. Accessed 12 January 2010.
443. UNFCCC (2010d). UNFCCC receives governments’ climate pledges. Available from: http://unfccc. int/files/press/news_room/press_releases_and_advisories/application/pdf/pr_accord_100201.pdf. Accessed 8 February 2010.
444. UNFCCC (2010e). Quantified, economy wide targets for 2020. Available from: http://unfccc.int/ home/items/5264.php. Accessed 8 February 2010.
445. UNFCCC (2010f). GHG data from UNFCCC. Available from: http://unfccc.int/ghg_data/ghg_data_ unfccc/items/4146.php. Accessed 2 April 2010.
446. UNSD (2009) Environment Data. Available at: http://unstats.un.org/unsd/environment/air_co2_ emissions.htm. Accessed 8 September 2009.
447. UNWTO (2001). Tourism 2020 Vision: global forecasts and profiles of market segments. Madrid:UNWTO.
448. UNWTO (2003). Djerba Declaration. Available from: http://www.world-tourism.org/sustainable/ climate/decdjerba-eng.pdf. Accessed 2 April 2010.
449. UNWTO (2007). Davos Declaration. Available from: http://www.unwto.org/pdf/pr071046.pdf. Accessed 2 April 2010.
450. UNWTO (2008). Emerging tourism markets - the coming economic boom, Press Release, UNWTO Madrid, 24 June 2008.
451. UNWTO (2009a). Discussion Paper on Climate Change Mitigation Measures for Intenational Air Transport. Discussion Paper. August.
452. UNWTO (2009b). Roadmap for recovery. Available from: http://www.unwto.org/conferences/ga/en/ pdf/18_08.pdf. Accessed 15 March 2010.
453. UNWTO (2009c). World Tourism Barometer, volume 7, no. 2, June 2009. Available from: http:// www.unwto.org/facts/eng/pdf/barometer/UNWTO_Barom09_2_en_excerpt.pdf. Accessed 15 July 2009.
454. UNWTO (2009d). From Davos to Copenhagen and beyond: advancing tourism’s response to climate change. Available from: http://www.unwto.org/conferences/ga/en/pdf/18_08.pdf. Accessed 15 March 2010.
455. UNWTO (2010a). Historical perspective of world tourism. Available from: http://www.unwto.org/ facts/eng/historical.htm. Accessed 24 February 2010.
456. UNWTO (2010b). UNWTO World Tourism Barometer, volume 8, no. 1, January 2010. Available from: http://www.unwto.org/facts/eng/pdf/barometer/UNWTO_Barom10_1_en_excerpt.pdf.
457. UNWTO-UNEP-WMO (2007). Davos Declaration. Climate change and tourism: responding to global challenges. Second International Conference on Climate Change and Tourism, Davos, Switzerland.
458. UNWTO-UNEP-WMO (2008). Climate Change and Tourism: responding to global challenges. Madrid: UNWTO.
459. Upham, P., Tomei, J. and Boucher, P. (2009a). Biofuels, aviation and sustainability. In: Gössling, S. and Upham, P. (eds) Climate Change and Aviation: issues, challenges and solutions. London:Earthscan, pp. 309-328.
460. Upham, P., Thornley, P., Tomei, J. and Boucher, P. (2009b). Substitutable biodiesel feedstocks for the UK: a review of sustainability issues with reference to the UK RTFO. Journal of Cleaner Production 17: 537-545.
461. USA TODAY (2007). ‘Saudi Prince Alwaleed buys his own A380 jumbo jet’, USA Today. 13 November. Available from: http://www.usatoday.com/money/industries/travel/2007-11-12-prince-alwaleeda380_N.htm. Accessed 9 July 2008.
462. Van der Werf, G.R., Morton, D.C., DeFries, R.S., Olivier, J.G.J., Kasibhatla, P.S., Jackson, R.B., Collatz, G.J. and Randerson, J.T. (2009). CO2 emissions from forest loss. Nature Geoscience 2:737-738.
463. Vasedua, R. (2008). Trend analysis of greenhouse gas emissions from the Indian aviation sector: a study of the implications of future civil aviation demand. M.Sc. Thesis, International Master’s Programme in Environmental Sciences and Sustainability Studies, Lund University, Sweden.
464. Veggiedag 2010. DonderdagVeggiedag. Available from: http://www.donderdagveggiedag.be/. Accessed 13 February 2010.
465. Vera-Morales, M. and Schäfer, A. (2009). Final report: fuel-cycle assessment of alternative aviation fuels. University of Cambridge, Institute for Aviation and the Environment. Available from: http:// www.omega.mmu.ac.uk/Downloads/Final-Reports/10%20Final%20Report%20Sustainable%20Fuels%20for%20Aviation.pdf. Accessed 16 February 2010.
466. Virgin-Atlantic (2008). Biofuel demonstration. Available from: http://www.virgin-atlantic.com:80/ en/gb/allaboutus/environment/biofuel.jsp. Accessed 2 March 2010.
467. Vos, E. (2000). EU food safety regulation in the aftermath of the BSE crisis. Journal of Consumer Policy 23(3): 227-255.
468. Wall, G. (1998). Climate change, tourism and the IPCC. Tourism Recreation Research 23(2):65-68.
469. Wall, G., Harrison, R., Kinnaird, V., McBoyle, G. and Quinlan, C. (1986). The implications of climatic change for camping in Ontario. Recreation Research Review 13(1): 50-60.
470. Walz, A., Calonder, G.-P., Hagedorn, F., Lardelli, C., Lundström, C. and Stöckli, V. (2008). Regional CO2 budget, countermeasures and reduction aims for the Alpine tourist region of Davos, Switzerland. Energy Policy 36: 811-820.
471. Washington Post (2009). Fewer Americans believe in global warming, polls show. Available from:http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/11/24/AR2009112402989.html. Accessed 16 February 2010.
472. WBGU (2009). Solving the Climate Dilemma: the budget approach. Berlin: WBGU.
473. Weaver, D. (2004). Tourism and the Elusive Paradigm of Sustainable Development. In: Lew, A., Hall, C.M. and Williams, A. (eds) Companion to Tourism. Oxford: Blackwell, pp. 510-521.
474. Weaver, D. (2007). Toward sustainable mass tourism: paradigm shift or paradigm nudge? Tourism Recreation Research 32(3): 65-69.
475. Weber, C.L. and Matthews, H.S. (2008). Food-miles and the relative climate impacts of food choices in the United States. Environment, Science, and Technology 42: 3508-3513.
476. Westerling, A.L., Hidalgo, H.G., Cayan, D.R. and Swetnam, T.W. (2006). Warming and earlier spring increase. Western U.S. forest wildfire activity. Science 313: 940-943.
477. Wilkinson, P.F. (2003). Tourism Policy and Planning in St. Lucia. In: Gössling, S. (ed.) Tourism and Development in Tropical Islands: political ecology perspectives. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar Publishing, pp. 88-120.
478. Williams, A.M. and Montanari, A. (1995). Tourism regions and spaces in a changing social framework. Tijdschrift Voor Economische en Sociale Geografie 86(1): 3-12.
479. Winebrake, J.J., Corbett, J.J., Green, E.H., Lauer, A., and Eyring, V. (2009). Mitigating the health impacts of pollution from international shipping: an assessment of low-sulfur fuel mandates. Environmental Science and Technology 49(13): 4776-4782.
480. WEF (2009). Climate policies: from Kyoto to Copenhagen. Available from: http://www.weforum. org/en/knowledge/Themes/Enviroment/ClimateChange/KN_SESS_SUMM_28001?url=/en/ knowledge/Themes/Enviroment/ClimateChange/KN_SESS_SUMM_28001. Accessed 22 December 2009.
481. Worldwatch Institute (2010). State of the World. Transforming cultures. From consumerism to sustainability. New York, London: W.W. Norton.
482. WRI (2004). Good stuff? Available from: http://www.worldwatch.org/system/files/GS0000.pdf. Accessed 15 March 2010.
483. WTO (1997). Tourism market trends 1997. World overview. Madrid: World Tourism Organisation.
484. WTO (2000). Tourism 2020 vision. Volume 7. Global forecasts and profiles of market segments.Madrid: World Tourism Organisation.
485. WTRG Economics (2010). Oil price history and analysis. Available from: http://www.wtrg.com/prices.htm. Accessed 30 March 2010.
486. WTTC (2009). Leading the Challenge on Climate Change. London: World TravelandTourism Council.
487. WWF-UK (2002). Holiday footprinting: a practical tool for responsible tourism. Available from:http://www.wwf.org.uk/filelibrary/pdf/holidayfootprintingfull.pdf. Accessed 20 October 2009.
488. Xuereb, M. (2005). Food miles: environmental implications of food imports to Waterloo region. Available from: http://www.region.waterloo.on.ca/web/health.nsf/4f4813c75e78d71385256e5a0057f5e1/ 54ED787F44ACA44C852571410056AEB0/$file/FOOD_MILES_REPORT.pdf?openelement. Accessed 3 March 2010.
489. Yeoman, I. and McMahon-Beattie, U. (2006). Understanding the impact of climate change on Scottish tourism. Journal of Vacation Marketing 12(4): 371-379.
490. Yeoman, I., John Lennon, J., Blake, A., Galt, M., Greenwood, C. and McMahon-Beattie, U. (2007). Oil depletion: what does this mean for Scottish tourism? Tourism Management 28(5): 1354-1365.
491. Zahavi, Y. (1981). The UMOT-Urban Interactions. DOT-RSPA-DPB 10/7. Washington, DC: US Department of Transportation.
492. Zmeureanu, R.G., Hanna, Z.A. and Fazio, P. (1994). Energy performance of hotels in Ottawa. ASHRAE Transactions 100(1): 314-322.