Expatriate management: A review and directions for research in expatriate selection, training, and repatriation

Handbook of Research in International Human Resource Management

Volumn , Issue , 2007, Pages 183-206

  Mesmer Magnus, Jessica R ^a   Viswesvaran, Chockalingam ^b,c  

^a UNIVERSITY OF NORTH CAROLINA WILMINGTON   (United States)

^b FLORIDA INTERNATIONAL UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^c LANCASTER UNIVERSITY MANAGEMENT SCHOOL   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 85083021884     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: None     Document Type: Chapter

References (116)

1. Ackerman, P. L. (1987). Individual differences in skill learning: An integration of psychometric and information processing perspectives. Psychological Bulletin, 102(1), 3-27.
2. Adler, N. J. (1987). Pacific Basin managers: A Gaijin, not a woman. Human Resource Management, 26, 169-191.
3. Adler, N. J. (1991). International dimensions of organizational behavior (2nd ed). Boston: PWS-Kent.
4. Alliger, G. M., & Janak, E. A. (1989). Kirkpatrick's levels of training criteria: Thirty years later. Personnel Psychology, 42, 331-342.
5. Allport, G. W. (1954). The nature of prejudice. Cambridge, MA: Addison-Wesley.
6. Anderson, J. R. (1996). Skill acquisition: Compilation of weak-method problem solutions. Psychological Review, 94, 192-210.
7. Arthur, W., Jr., & Bennett, W., Jr. (1995). The international assignee: The relative importance of factors perceived to contribute to success. Personnel Psychology, 48, 99-114.
8. Arthur, W., Jr., Bennett, W., Jr., Edens, P. S., & Bell, S. T. (2003). Effectiveness of training in organizations: A meta-analysis of design and evaluation features. Journal of Applied Psychology, 88(2), 234-245.
9. Austin, J. T., & Villanova, P. (1992). The criterion problem: 1917-1992. Journal of Applied Psychology, 77, 836-874.
10. Aycan, Z. (1997). Expatriate adjustment as a multifaceted phenomenon: Individual and organizational level predictors. International Journal of Human Resource Management, 8(4), 434-456.
11. Baldwin, T. T., & Ford, J. K. (1988). Transfer of training: A review and directions for future research. Personnel Psychology, 41, 63-105.
12. Bar-On, R., & Parker, J. D. A. (Eds.). (2000). The handbook of emotional intelligence. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
13. Barrick, M. R., & Mount, M. K. (1991). The Big Five personality dimensions and job performance: A metaanalysis. Personnel Psychology, 44, 1-26.
14. Beamish, P. W., & Inkpen, A. C. (1998). Japanese firms and the decline of the Japanese expatriate. Journal of World Business, 33(1), 35-50.
15. Beehr, T. A. (1995). How job stress is teated. In L. R. Murphy, J. J. Hurrell, Jr., S. L. Sauter, & G. P. Keita (eds.), Job Stress Interventions. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
16. Bhawuk, D. P. S. (1998). The role of culture theory in cross-cultural training: A multimethod study of culture-specific, culture-general, and culture theory-based assimilators. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 29(5), 630-655.
17. Bhuian, S. N., & Menguc, B. (2002). An extension and evaluation of job characteristics, organizational com-mitment, and job satisfaction in an expatriate, guest worker, sales setting. Journal of Personal Selling and Sales Management, 22(1), 1-11.
18. Birdseye, M. G., & Hill, J. S. (1995). Individual, organizational/work and environmental influences on expatriate turnover tendencies: An empirical study. Journal of International Business Studies, 26, 787-813.
19. Black, J. S., & Gregersen, H. B. (1991). Antecedents to cross-cultural adjustment for expatriates in Pacific Rim assignments. Human Relations, 44(5), 497-515.
20. Black, J. S., & Gregersen, H. B. (1999). The right way to manage expats. Harvard Business Review, 77(2), 52-62.
21. Black, J. S., & Mendenhall, M. (1989). A practical but theory-based framework for selecting cross-cultural training methods. Human Resource Management, 28(4), 511-539.
22. Black, J. S., & Mendenhall, M. (1990). Cross-cultural training effectiveness: A review and a theoretical framework for future research. Academy of Management Review, 15(1), 113-136.
23. Black, J. S., Mendenhall, M., & Oddou, G. (1991). Toward a comprehensive model of international adjustment: An integration of multiple theoretical perspectives. Academy of Management Review, 16(2), 291-317.
24. Black, J. S., & Stephens, G. K. (1989). The influence of the spouse on American expatriate adjustment and the intent to stay in Pacific Rim overseas assignments. Journal of Management, 15(4), 529-544.
25. Boyacigiller, N. (1990). The role of expatriates in the management of interdependence, complexity, and risk in multinational corporations. Journal of International Business Studies, 21, 357-381.
26. Brett, J. M., Stroh, L. K., & Reilly, A. H. (1993). Pulling up roots in the 1990s: Who's willing to relocate? Journal of Organizational Behavior, 14(1), 49-60.
27. Brewster, C., & Pickard, J. (1994). Evaluating expatriate training. International Studies of Management and Organization, 24(3), 18-35.
28. Brislin, R. W. (1981). Cross-cultural encounters: Face-to-face interaction. New York: Pergamon Press.
29. Caligiuri, P. M. (1997). The Big Five personality characteristics as predictors of expatriate's desire to terminate the assignment and supervisor-rated performance. Personnel Psychology, 53, 67-88.
30. Caligiuri, P. M. (2000). Selecting expatriates for personality characteristics: A moderating effect of personality on the relationship between host national contact and cross-cultural adjustment. Management International Review, 40, 61-80.
31. Caligiuri, P. M., Hyland, M. M., Joshi, A., & Bross, A. S. (1998). Testing a theoretical model for examining the relationship between family adjustment and expatriates' work adjustment. Journal of Applied Psychology, 83(4), 598-614.
32. Caligiuri, P. M., Joshi, A., & Lazarova, M. (1999). Factors influencing the adjustment of women on global assignments. International Journal of Human Resource Management, 10(2), 163-179.
33. Campbell, J. P. (1990). Modeling the performance prediction problem in industrial and organizational psychology. In M. D. Dunnette & L. M. Hough (Eds.), Handbook of industrial and organizational psychology (2nd ed., Vol. 1, pp. 687-732). Palo Alto, CA: Consulting Psychologists Press.
34. Campbell, J. P., McCloy, R. A., Oppler, S. H., & Sager, C. E. (1992). A theory of performance. In N. Schmitt & W. C. Borman (Eds.), Personnel selection in organizations (pp. 35-70). San Francisco: Jossey Bass.
35. Carpenter, M. A., Sanders, W. G., & Gregersen, H. B. (2001). Building human capital with organizational context: The impact of international experience on multinational firm performance and CEO pay. Academy of Management Journal, 44, 493-511.
36. Caudron, S. (1991). Training ensures success overseas: Providing employees and their families with cross-cultural training before they're sent overseas can help prevent costly expatriate failures. Personnel Journal, 70(12), 27-30.
37. Colquitt, J. A., LePine, J. A., & Noe, R. A. (2002). Toward an integrative theory of training motivation: A meta-analytic path analysis of 20 years of research. Journal of Applied Psychology, 85(5), 678-707.
38. Copeland, L., & Griggs, L. (1988). The internationable employee. Management Review, 77, 52-53.
39. Costa, P. T., Jr., & McCrae, R. R. (1992). Four ways the five factors are basic. Personality and Individual Differences, 13, 653-665.
40. Deller, J. (August 9-14, 1998). Personality scales can make a difference in expatriate selection: The case of Germans working in Korea. A paper presented at the International Congress of Applied Psychology, San Francisco, CA.
41. Deshpande, S. P., & Viswesvaran, C. (1992). Is cross-cultural training of expatriate managers effective: A meta-analysis. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 16(2), 295-310.
42. Dicken, C. F., & Black, J. D. (1965). Predictive validity of psychometric evaluations of supervisors. Journal of Applied Psychology, 49, 34-47.
43. Dunbar, E. (1992). Adjustment and satisfaction of expatriate U.S. personnel. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 16, 1-16.
44. Feldman, D. C., & Thomas, D. C. (1991). Career management issues facing expatriates. Journal of International Business Studies, 23, 271-293.
45. Fiedler, F. E., & Mitchell, T. (1971). The culture assimilator: An approach to cross-cultural training. Journal of Applied Psychology, 55(2), 95-102.
46. Fukuda, K. J., & Chu, P. (1994). Wrestling with expatriate family problems: Japanese experience in East Asia. International Studies of Management and Organization, 24(3), 36-47.
47. Gardner, H. (1983). Frames of mind: The theory of multiple intelligences. New York: Basic Books.
48. Garonzik, R., Brockner, J., & Siegel, P. A. (2000). Identifying international assignees at risk for premature departure: The interactive effect of outcome favorability and procedural fairness. Journal of Applied Psychology, 85(1), 13-20.
49. Goldberg, L. R. (1993). The structure of phenotypic personality traits. American Psychologist, 48, 26-34.
50. Goldman, A. (1992). Intercultural training of Japanese for U.S.-Japanese interorganizational communication. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 16, 195-215.
51. Goldstein, I. L., & Ford, J. K. (2002). Training in organizations (4th ed.). Belmont, CA: Wadsworth.
52. Goleman, D. (1995). Emotional intelligence: Why it can matter more than IQ. New York: Bantam.
53. Graf, A., & Harland, L. K. (2005). Expatriate selection: Evaluating the discriminant, convergent and predictive validity of five measures of interpersonal and intercultural competence. Journal of Leadership and Organizational Studies, 11(2), 46-62.
54. Gregersen, H. B., & Black, J. S. (1990). A multifaceted approach to expatriate retention in international assign-ments. Group & Organization Studies, 15(4), 461-485.
55. Gregersen, H. B., & Black, J. S. (1992). Antecedents to commitment to a parent company and a foreign operation. Academy of Management Journal, 35(1), 65-90.
56. Gudykunst, W., Hammer, M., & Wiseman, R. (1977). An analysis of an integrated approach to cross-cultural training. International Journal of Intercultural Relations. 1(2), 99-110.
57. Hammer, M. R., Hart, W., & Rogan, R. (1998). Can you go home again? An analysis of the repatriation of corporate managers and spouses. Management International Review, 38, 67-86.
58. Harris, J. G. Jr., (1973). A science of the South Pacific: Analysis of the character structure of the Peace Corps volunteer. American Psychologist, 28, 232-247.
59. Hays, R. D. (1974). Expatriate selection: Insuring success and avoiding failure. Journal of International Business Studies, 5, 25-37.
60. Hechanova, R., Beehr, T. A., & Christiansen, N. D. (2003). Antecedents and consequences of employees' adjustment to overseas assignment: A meta-analytic review. Applied Psychology: An International Review, 52(2), 213-236.
61. Hogan, R., Hogan, J., & Roberts, B. W. (1996). Personality measurement and employment decisions: Questions and answers. American Psychologist, 51, 469-477.
62. Hunt, S. T. (1996). Generic work behavior: An investigation into the dimensions of entry-level, hourly job performance. Personnel Psychology, 49, 51-83.
63. Jackson, S. E., & Schuler, R. S. (1985). A meta-analysis and a conceptual critique of research on role ambiguity and role conflict in work settings. Organizational Decision and Human Decision Processes, 36, 16-78.
64. Kealey, D. J. (1989). A study of cross-cultural effectiveness: Theoretical issues, practical applications. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 13, 387-428.
65. Kraiger, K., Ford, J. K., & Salas, E. (1993). Application of cognitive, skill-based, and affective theories of learning outcomes to new methods of training evaluation. Journal of Applied Psychology, 78(2), 311-328.
66. Kraimer, M. L., Wayne, S. J., & Jaworski, R. A. (2001). Sources of support and expatriate performance: The mediating role of expatriate adjustment. Personnel Psychology, 54, 71-99.
67. Landis, D., & Brislin, R. (1983). Handbook on intercultural training (Vol. 1). Elmsford, NY: Pergamon Press.
68. Mendenhall, M. E., & Oddou, G. R. (1985). The dimensions of expatriate acculturation: A review. Academy of Management Review, 10, 39-47.
69. Mendenhall, M. E., Dunbar, E., & Oddou, G. R. (1987). Expatriate selection, training and career-pathing: A review and critique. Human Resource Management, 26(3), 331-345.
70. Mervosh, E. M., & McClenahen, J. S. (1997). The care and feeding of expats. Industry Week, 246(22), 68-72.
71. Miller, E. L., & Cheng, J. L. C. (1978). A closer look at the decision to accept an overseas position. Management International Review, 18, 25-34.
72. Naumann, E. (1992). A conceptual model of expatriate turnover. Journal of International Business Studies, 23, 499-531.
73. Oddou, G. R., & Mendenhall, M. E. (1991). Succession planning for the 21st century: How well are we grooming our future business leaders? Business Horizons, 26-34.
74. Ones, D. S., & Viswesvaran, C. (1997). Personality determinants in the prediction of aspects of expatriate job success. In D. M. Saunder (Series Ed.) & Z. Aycan (Vol. Ed.), New approaches to employee management. Vol. 4. Expatriate management: Theory and research (pp. 63-92). Greenwich, CT: JAI Press.
75. Ones, D. S., & Viswesvaran, C. (1999). Relative importance of personality dimensions for expatriate selection: A policy capturing study. Human Performance, 12(3/4), 275-294.
76. Ones, D. S., Viswesvaran, C., & Dilchert, S. (2005). Intelligence testing in applied settings: Issues and opportunities. In O. Wilhelm & R. W. Engle (Eds.), Handbook of understanding and measuring intelligence (pp. 431-468). London: Sage.
77. Pazy, A., & Zeira, Y. (1985). Compatibility of expectations in training parent-country managers and professionals in host-country organizations. International Studies of Management and Organization, 15(1), 75-93.
78. Salgado, J. F. (1997). The Five Factor model of personality and job performance in the European Community. Journal of Applied Psychology, 82, 30-43.
79. Salovey, P., Brackett, M. A., & Mayer, J. D. (Eds.). (2004). Emotional intelligence: Key readings on the Mayer and Salovey model. Port Chester, NY: National Professional Resources, Inc.
80. Schmidt, F. L. (2002). The role of general cognitive ability and job performance: Why there cannot be a debate. Human Performance, 15, 187-210.
81. Schmidt, F. L., & Hunter, J. E. (1998). The validity and utility of selection methods in personnel psychology: Prac-tical and theoretical implications of 85 years of research findings. Psychological Bulletin, 124, 262-274.
82. Schmitt, N., & Chan, D. (1998). Personnel selection. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
83. Schneider, B. (1987). The people make the place. Personnel Psychology, 40, 437-453.
84. Scullion, H. (1994). Staffing policies and strategic control in British multinationals. International Studies of Management and Organization, 24(4), 86-104.
85. Selmer, J. (1998). Expatriation: Corporate policy, personal intentions, and international adjustment. International Journal of Human Resource Management, 9(6), 996-1007.
86. Selmer, J. (2004a). Expatriates' hesitation and the localization of Western business operations in China. Inter-national Journal of Human Resource Management, 15(6), 1094-1107.
87. Selmer, J. (2004b). Psychological barriers to adjustment of Western business expatriates in China: Newcomers vs. long stayers. International Journal of Human Resource Management, 15(4), 794-813.
88. Selmer, J., & Leung, A. (2003). Personal characteristics of female vs. male business expatriates. International Journal of Cross-Cultural Management, 3(2), 195-212.
89. Selmer, J., Torbiorn, I., & deLeon, C. T. (1998). Sequential cross-cultural training for expatriate business managers: Pre-departure and post-arrival. International Journal of Human Resource Management, 9(5), 831-840.
90. Sergent, A., & Frenkel, S. (1998). Managing people in China: Perceptions of expatriate managers. Journal of World Business, 33(1), 17-34.
91. Shaffer, M. A., & Harrison, D. A. (1998). Expatriates' psychological withdrawal from international assignments: Work, nonwork, and family influences. Personnel Psychology, 51, 87-118.
92. Sinangil, H. K., & Ones, D. S. (1998, August). Personality correlates of expatriate adjustment in Turkey. Paper presented at the International Congress of Applied Psychology, San Francisco, CA.
93. Sinangil, H. K., & Ones, D. S. (2001). Expatriate management. In N. Anderson, D. S. Ones, H. K. Sinangil, & C. Viswesvaran (Eds.), Handbook of industrial, work and organizational psychology: Organizational psychology (pp. 424-443). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
94. Stahl, G. K., Miller, E. L., & Tung, R. L. (2002). Toward a boundaryless career: A closer look at the expatriate career concept and the perceived implications of an international assignment. Journal of World Business, 37, 216-227.
95. Stroh, L. K., Black, J. S., Mendenhall, M. E., & Gregersen, H. B. (2005). International assignments: An integration of strategy, research and practice. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
96. Stroh, L. K., Gregersen, H. B., & Black, J. S. (1998). Closing the gap: Expectations versus reality among repatriates. Journal of World Business, 33(2), 111-124.
97. Takeuchi, R., Tesluk, P. E., Yun, S., & Lepak, D. P. (2005). An integrative view of the international experience. Academy of Management Journal, 48(1), 85-100.
98. Tannenbaum, S. (2002). A strategic view of organizational training and learning. In K. Kraiger (Ed.), Creating, implementing, and managing effective training and development (pp. 10-52). San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
99. Thorndike, R. L. (1937). An evaluation of the attempts to measure social intelligence. Psychological Bulletin. 34(5), 275-285.
100. Toh, S. M., & DeNisi, A. S. (2005). A local perspective to expatriate success. Academy of Management Executive, 19(1), 124-131.
101. Torbiorn, I. (1982). Living abroad: Personal adjustment and personnel policy in the overseas setting. New York: Wiley.
102. Tung, R. L. (1981). Selection and training of personnel for overseas assignments. Columbia Journal of World Business, 16, 68-78.
103. Tung, R. L. (1987). Expatriate assignments: Enhancing success and minimizing failure. Academy of Management Executive, 1(2), 117-126.
104. Tung, R. L. (1988). Career issues in international assignments. Academy of Management Executive, 11(3), 241-244.
105. Tung, R. L. (1998). American expatriates abroad: From neophytes to cosmopolitans. Journal of World Business, 33(2), 125-144.
106. Van Rooy, D. L., & Viswesvaran, C. (2004). Emotional intelligence: A meta-analytic investigation of predictive validity and nomological net. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 65, 71-95.
107. Vance, C. M., Boje, D. M., & Stage, H. D. (1991). An examination of the cross-cultural transferability of traditional training principles for optimizing individual learning. Journal of Teaching in International Business, 2(3/4), 107-120.
108. Vance, C. M., & Paderon, E. S. (1993). An ethical argument for host country workforce training and development in the expatriate management assignment. Journal of Business Ethics, 12, 635-641.
109. Vance, C. M., & Paik, Y. (2002). One size fits all in expatriate pre-departure training? Comparing the host country voices of Mexican, Indonesian, and US workers. Journal of Management, 21(7), 557-571.
110. Van Vianen, A., De Pater, I., & Kristof-Brown, A. (2004). Fitting in: Surface-and deep-level cultural differences and expatriates' adjustment. Academy of Management Journal, 47(5), 697-709.
111. Viswesvaran, C., & Ones, D. S. (2001). Perspectives on models of job performance. International Journal of Selection and Assessment, 8, 216-227.
112. Viswesvaran, C., Ones, D. S., & Schmidt, F. L. (1996). Comparative analysis of the reliability of job performance ratings. Journal of Applied Psychology, 81, 557-574.
113. Welch, D. E., & Welch, L. S. (1997). Pre-expatriation: The role of HR factors in the early stages of internation-alization. International Journal of Human Resource Management, 8(4), 402-413.
114. Worchel, S., & Mitchell, T. R. (1972). An evaluation of the effectiveness of the culture assimilator in Thailand and Greece. Journal of Applied Psychology, 56(6), 472-479.
115. Zajanoc, R. B. (1968). Attitudinal effects of mere exposure. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 9, 1-27.
116. Zeira, Y., & Banai, M. (1985). Selection of expatriate managers in MNCs: The host-environment point of view. International Studies of Management and Organization, 15(1), 33-51.