메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 8, Issue 12, 2010, Pages

Scientific Opinion on the safety of trivalent chromium as a nutrient added for nutritional purposes to foodstuffs for particular nutritional uses and foods intended for the general population (including food supplements)
[No Author Info available]

Author keywords

food supplements; foods for particular nutritional uses (PARNUTS); nutrient; Trivalent chromium

Indexed keywords


EID: 85077086077     PISSN: None     EISSN: 18314732     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2010.1882     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (31)

References (129)
  • 2
    • 0021881034 scopus 로고
    • Chromium intake, absorption and excretion of subjects consuming self-selected diets
    • Anderson RA and Kozlovsky AS, 1985. Chromium intake, absorption and excretion of subjects consuming self-selected diets. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 41, 1177–1183.
    • (1985) The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition , vol.41 , pp. 1177-1183
    • Anderson, R.A.1    Kozlovsky, A.S.2
  • 4
    • 0030695031 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Elevated intakes of supplemental chromium improve glucose and insulin variables in individuals with type II diabetes
    • Anderson RA, Cheng N, Bryden NA, Polansky MM, Cheng N, Chi J and Feng J, 1997a. Elevated intakes of supplemental chromium improve glucose and insulin variables in individuals with type II diabetes. Diabetes 46, 1786–1791.
    • (1997) Diabetes , vol.46 , pp. 1786-1791
    • Anderson, R.A.1    Cheng, N.2    Bryden, N.A.3    Polansky, M.M.4    Cheng, N.5    Chi, J.6    Feng, J.7
  • 8
    • 0003891403 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR), Atlanta, Georgia, Available from
    • ATSDR (Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry), 2000. Toxicological Profile for Chromium. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR), Atlanta, Georgia. Available from: www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxprofiles/tp7.pdf.
    • (2000) Toxicological Profile for Chromium
  • 13
    • 0024810647 scopus 로고
    • Oral intake of cadmium, lead, cobalt, chromium, nickel, copper, manganese and zink in Spanish diet, estimated by a duplicate meal study
    • Barberá M, Farré R, Lozano A, 1989. Oral intake of cadmium, lead, cobalt, chromium, nickel, copper, manganese and zink in Spanish diet, estimated by a duplicate meal study. Journal of Micronutrient Analysis 6, 47–57.
    • (1989) Journal of Micronutrient Analysis , vol.6 , pp. 47-57
    • Barberá, M.1    Farré, R.2    Lozano, A.3
  • 14
    • 0346122894 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Nickel, chromium and cobalt in consumer products: revisiting safe levels in the new millennium
    • Basketter DA, Angelini G, Ingber A, Kern PS and Menné T, 2003. Nickel, chromium and cobalt in consumer products: revisiting safe levels in the new millennium. Contact Dermatitis 49, 1–7.
    • (2003) Contact Dermatitis , vol.49 , pp. 1-7
    • Basketter, D.A.1    Angelini, G.2    Ingber, A.3    Kern, P.S.4    Menné, T.5
  • 15
    • 0030886199 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effect of long-term ingestion of chromium compounds on aggression, sex behaviour and fertility in the adult male rat
    • Bataineh H, Al-Hamood MH, Elbetieha A and Bani Hani I, 1997. Effect of long-term ingestion of chromium compounds on aggression, sex behaviour and fertility in the adult male rat. Drug and Chemical Toxicology 20, 133–149.
    • (1997) Drug and Chemical Toxicology , vol.20 , pp. 133-149
    • Bataineh, H.1    Al-Hamood, M.H.2    Elbetieha, A.3    Bani Hani, I.4
  • 16
    • 85078389351 scopus 로고
    • Prepared by Biodevelopment Laboratories, Inc. for Nutrition 21, San Diego, Calif.; [BDL Reference Number 30101]
    • BDL, 1995. Evaluation of Chromium(III) picolinate in the Ames/Salmonella Mutagenicity Assay. Prepared by Biodevelopment Laboratories, Inc. for Nutrition 21, San Diego, Calif.; [BDL Reference Number 30101].
    • (1995) Evaluation of Chromium(III) picolinate in the Ames/Salmonella Mutagenicity Assay
  • 17
    • 1942521622 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Determining the safety of chromium tripicolinate for addition to foods as a nutrient supplement
    • Berner TO, Murphy MM and Slesinski R, 2004. Determining the safety of chromium tripicolinate for addition to foods as a nutrient supplement. Food and Chemical Toxicology 42, 1029–1042.
    • (2004) Food and Chemical Toxicology , vol.42 , pp. 1029-1042
    • Berner, T.O.1    Murphy, M.M.2    Slesinski, R.3
  • 18
    • 85078394521 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Bundesinstitut für Risikobewertung (BfR)(Federal Institute for Risk Assessment), Berlin, Germany, Available from
    • BfR (Federal Institute for Risk Assessment), 2004. Verwendung von Mineralstoffen in Lebensmitteln Toxikologische und ernährungsphysiologische Aspekte Teil II. Bundesinstitut für Risikobewertung (BfR)(Federal Institute for Risk Assessment), Berlin, Germany. Available from: www.bfr.bund.de/cm/238/verwendung_von_mineralstoffen_in_lebensmitteln_bfr_wissenschaft_4_2004.pdf.
    • (2004) Verwendung von Mineralstoffen in Lebensmitteln Toxikologische und ernährungsphysiologische Aspekte Teil , vol.2
  • 19
    • 43649104778 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of supplemental chromium on interferon-gamma mRNA expression in response to Newcastle disease vaccine in broiler chicken
    • Bhagat J, Ahmed KA, Tyagi P, Saxena M and Saxena VK, 2008. Effects of supplemental chromium on interferon-gamma mRNA expression in response to Newcastle disease vaccine in broiler chicken. Research in Veterinary Sciences 85, 46–51.
    • (2008) Research in Veterinary Sciences , vol.85 , pp. 46-51
    • Bhagat, J.1    Ahmed, K.A.2    Tyagi, P.3    Saxena, M.4    Saxena, V.K.5
  • 20
    • 0035983152 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Oral chromium picolinate improves carbohydrate and lipid metabolism and enhances skeletal muscle Glut-4 translocation in obese, hyperinsulinemic (JCR-LA corpulent) rats
    • Cefalu WT, Wang ZQ, Zhang XH, Baldor LC and Russell JC, 2002. Oral chromium picolinate improves carbohydrate and lipid metabolism and enhances skeletal muscle Glut-4 translocation in obese, hyperinsulinemic (JCR-LA corpulent) rats. Journal of Nutrition 132, 1107–1114.
    • (2002) Journal of Nutrition , vol.132 , pp. 1107-1114
    • Cefalu, W.T.1    Wang, Z.Q.2    Zhang, X.H.3    Baldor, L.C.4    Russell, J.C.5
  • 21
    • 0030124499 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effect of supplemental chromium on antibody response of newly arrived feeder calves to vaccines and ovalbumin
    • Chang GX, Mallard BA, Mowat DN and Gallo GF, 1996. Effect of supplemental chromium on antibody response of newly arrived feeder calves to vaccines and ovalbumin. Canadian Journal of Veterinary Research 60, 140–144.
    • (1996) Canadian Journal of Veterinary Research , vol.60 , pp. 140-144
    • Chang, G.X.1    Mallard, B.A.2    Mowat, D.N.3    Gallo, G.F.4
  • 23
    • 60249102469 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Codex Alimentarius Commission, Rome, Italy, [Codex Stan 108–1981 Rev 1–1997]. Available from
    • Codex Alimentarius Commission, 1997. Codex Standard for Natural Mineral Waters. Codex Alimentarius Commission, Rome, Italy; [Codex Stan 108–1981 Rev 1–1997]. Available from: www.codexalimentarius.net/download/standards/223/CXS_108e.pdf.
    • (1997) Codex Standard for Natural Mineral Waters
  • 24
    • 85078375985 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • UK Department of Health, Committee on Mutagenicity (COM) [Committees on Toxicity, Mutagenicity, Carcinogenicity of Chemicals in Food, Consumer Products and the Environment],, London, Engl., [COM/04/S3]. Available from
    • COM (Committee on Mutagenicity of Chemicals in Food, Consumer Products and the Environment), 2004. Statement on the Mutagenicity of Trivalent Chromium and Chromium(III) picolinate. UK Department of Health. Committee on Mutagenicity (COM) [Committees on Toxicity, Mutagenicity, Carcinogenicity of Chemicals in Food, Consumer Products and the Environment], London, Engl.; [COM/04/S3]. Available from: www.advisorybodies.doh.gov.uk/com/chromium.htm.
    • (2004) Statement on the Mutagenicity of Trivalent Chromium and Chromium(III) picolinate
  • 25
    • 85078379272 scopus 로고
    • Chromium
    • Report of the Dietary Reference Values of the Committee on Medical Aspects of Food Policy., UK Department of Health, Committee on Medical Aspects of Food Policy (COMA)/Her Majesty's Stationary Office (HMSO), London, Engl., Report on Health and Social Subjects 41
    • COMA (UK Committee on Medical Aspects of Food Policy), 1991. Chromium. In Dietary Reference Values for Energy and Nutrients for the United Kingdom. Report of the Dietary Reference Values of the Committee on Medical Aspects of Food Policy. UK Department of Health, Committee on Medical Aspects of Food Policy (COMA)/Her Majesty's Stationary Office (HMSO), London, Engl. Report on Health and Social Subjects No. 41, pp. 181–182.
    • (1991) Dietary Reference Values for Energy and Nutrients for the United Kingdom , pp. 181-182
  • 26
    • 77957179721 scopus 로고
    • Chromium toxicology absorption of chromium by the rat when milk containing chromium was fed
    • Conn LW, Webster HL, Johnson AH, 1932. Chromium toxicology absorption of chromium by the rat when milk containing chromium was fed. American Journal of Hygiene 15, 760–765.
    • (1932) American Journal of Hygiene , vol.15 , pp. 760-765
    • Conn, L.W.1    Webster, H.L.2    Johnson, A.H.3
  • 27
    • 33749250186 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Molecular analysis of hprt mutations induced by chromium(III) picolinate in CHO AA8 cells
    • Coryell VH and Stearns DM, 2006. Molecular analysis of hprt mutations induced by chromium(III) picolinate in CHO AA8 cells. Mutation Research 610, 114–23.
    • (2006) Mutation Research , vol.610 , pp. 114-123
    • Coryell, V.H.1    Stearns, D.M.2
  • 29
    • 40449128574 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Trivalent Chromium: Assessing the genotoxic risk of an essential trace element and widely used human and Animal Nutritional supplement
    • Eastmond DA, Macgregor JT and Slesinski RS, 2008. Trivalent Chromium: Assessing the genotoxic risk of an essential trace element and widely used human and Animal Nutritional supplement. Critical Reviews in Toxicology 38(3), 173–190.
    • (2008) Critical Reviews in Toxicology , vol.38 , Issue.3 , pp. 173-190
    • Eastmond, D.A.1    Macgregor, J.T.2    Slesinski, R.S.3
  • 30
    • 85060723513 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Opinion of the Scientific Committee on a request from EFSA related to a harmonised approach for risk assessment of substances which are both genotoxic and carcinogenic
    • Available from
    • EFSA (European Food Safety Authority), 2005. Opinion of the Scientific Committee on a request from EFSA related to a harmonised approach for risk assessment of substances which are both genotoxic and carcinogenic. The EFSA Journal 282, 1–31. Available from: www.efsa.europa.eu/en/scdocs/doc/282.pdf.
    • (2005) The EFSA Journal , vol.282 , pp. 1-31
  • 31
    • 85078384540 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • EFSA Panel on Food Additives and Nutrient Sources added to Food (ANS). Scientific opinion on the mixture of chromium di- and tri-nicotinate as a source of chromium added for nutritional purposes in food supplements and in foods for particular nutritional uses
    • Adopted on 26 November 2008., Available from
    • EFSA (European Food Safety Authority), 2008. EFSA Panel on Food Additives and Nutrient Sources added to Food (ANS). Scientific opinion on the mixture of chromium di- and tri-nicotinate as a source of chromium added for nutritional purposes in food supplements and in foods for particular nutritional uses. Adopted on 26 November 2008. The EFSA Journal 887, 1–24. Available from: www.efsa.europa.eu/en/scdocs/doc/887.pdf.
    • (2008) The EFSA Journal , vol.887 , pp. 1-24
  • 32
    • 85078381922 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • EFSA Panel on Food Additives and Nutrient Sources added to Food (ANS). Scientific opinion on Chromium(III) picolinate, zinc picolinate and zinc picolinate dihydrate added for nutritional purposes in food supplements
    • Adopted on 4 June 2009., Available from
    • EFSA (European Food Safety Authority), 2009a. EFSA Panel on Food Additives and Nutrient Sources added to Food (ANS). Scientific opinion on Chromium(III) picolinate, zinc picolinate and zinc picolinate dihydrate added for nutritional purposes in food supplements. Adopted on 4 June 2009. The EFSA Journal 1113, 1–41. Available from: www.efsa.europa.eu/en/scdocs/doc/1113.pdf.
    • (2009) The EFSA Journal , vol.1113 , pp. 1-41
  • 33
    • 80054700190 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • EFSA Panel on Food Additives and Nutrient Sources added to Food (ANS). Scientific opinion on Chromium nitrate as a source of chromium added for nutritional purposes to food supplements
    • Adopted on 2 June 2009., Available from
    • EFSA (European Food Safety Authority), 2009b. EFSA Panel on Food Additives and Nutrient Sources added to Food (ANS). Scientific opinion on Chromium nitrate as a source of chromium added for nutritional purposes to food supplements. Adopted on 2 June 2009. The EFSA Journal 1111, 1–19. Available from: www.efsa.europa.eu/en/scdocs/doc/1111.pdf.
    • (2009) The EFSA Journal , vol.1111 , pp. 1-19
  • 34
    • 80054700190 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • EFSA Panel on Food Additives and Nutrient Sources added to Food (ANS). Scientific opinion on Chromium(III) lactate trihydrate as a source of chromium added for nutritional purposes to food supplements
    • Adopted on 2 June 2009., Available from
    • EFSA (European Food Safety Authority), 2009c. EFSA Panel on Food Additives and Nutrient Sources added to Food (ANS). Scientific opinion on Chromium(III) lactate trihydrate as a source of chromium added for nutritional purposes to food supplements. Adopted on 2 June 2009. The EFSA Journal 1112, 1–20. Available from: www.efsa.europa.eu/en/scdocs/doc/1112.pdf.
    • (2009) The EFSA Journal , vol.1112 , pp. 1-20
  • 35
    • 84888725465 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Safety and efficacy of chromium methionine (Availa®Cr) as feed additive for all species. Scientific Opinion of the Panel on Additives and Products or Substances used in Animal Feed (Question No EFSA-Q-2006-066)
    • Adopted on 1 April 2009
    • EFSA (European Food Safety Authority), 2009d. Safety and efficacy of chromium methionine (Availa®Cr) as feed additive for all species. Scientific Opinion of the Panel on Additives and Products or Substances used in Animal Feed (Question No EFSA-Q-2006-066). Adopted on 1 April 2009. The EFSA Journal 1043, 1–53.
    • (2009) The EFSA Journal , vol.1043 , pp. 1-53
  • 36
    • 85078385757 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Scientific Opinion on the safety of chromium picolinate as a source of chromium added for nutritional purposes to foodstuff for particular nutritional uses and to foods intended for the general population). Scientific Opinion of the Panel on Food Additives and Nutrient Sources added to Food (Question N$ EFSA-Q-2009-00763). Adopted on 10 November 2010
    • EFSA (European Food Safety Authority), 2010. Scientific Opinion on the safety of chromium picolinate as a source of chromium added for nutritional purposes to foodstuff for particular nutritional uses and to foods intended for the general population). Scientific Opinion of the Panel on Food Additives and Nutrient Sources added to Food (Question N$ EFSA-Q-2009-00763). Adopted on 10 November 2010. The EFSA Journal 1883, 8(11).
    • (2010) The EFSA Journal 1883 , vol.8 , Issue.11
  • 37
    • 0031036489 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Long-term exposure of male and female mice to trivalent and hexavalent chromium compounds: effect on fertility
    • Elbetieha A and Al-Hamood MH, 1997. Long-term exposure of male and female mice to trivalent and hexavalent chromium compounds: effect on fertility. Toxicology 116, 39–47.
    • (1997) Toxicology , vol.116 , pp. 39-47
    • Elbetieha, A.1    Al-Hamood, M.H.2
  • 38
    • 0004139691 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • National Center for Environmental Assessment, Office of Research and Development, Washington DC
    • EPA US (Environmental Protection Agency), 1998. Toxicological Review of Trivalent Chromium (CAS No. 16065-83-1). National Center for Environmental Assessment, Office of Research and Development, Washington DC. www.epa.gov/NCEA/iris/toxreviews/0028tr.pdf.
    • (1998) Toxicological Review of Trivalent Chromium (CAS No. 16065-83-1)
  • 39
    • 0013034984 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evaluation of chromium(III) picolinate in the Ames and the rat in vivo of chromosomal aberration assays
    • Esber H, Moreno V and Loveday KS, 1997. Evaluation of chromium(III) picolinate in the Ames and the rat in vivo of chromosomal aberration assays. Mutation Research 379, S89 [Abstract No. PXII.15].
    • (1997) Mutation Research , vol.379 , pp. S89
    • Esber, H.1    Moreno, V.2    Loveday, K.S.3
  • 41
    • 85078382360 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Risk assessment: Chromium
    • Report on the Expert Group on Vitamins and Minerals (EVM)., U.K. Food Standards Agency (FSA), Committee on Nutrition (SACN), Expert Group on Vitamins and Minerals (EVM), London, Engl., Available from
    • EVM (Expert Group on Vitamins and Minerals), 2003. Risk assessment: Chromium. In: Safe Upper Levels for Vitamins and Minerals. Report on the Expert Group on Vitamins and Minerals (EVM). U.K. Food Standards Agency (FSA), Committee on Nutrition (SACN), Expert Group on Vitamins and Minerals (EVM), London, Engl.; pp. 172–179. Available from: www.food.gov.uk/multimedia/pdfs/vitmin2003.pdf.
    • (2003) Safe Upper Levels for Vitamins and Minerals , pp. 172-179
  • 42
    • 0023241677 scopus 로고
    • Chromium chloride induces chromosomal aberrations in human lymphocytes via indirect action
    • Friedman J, Shabtai F, Levy LS and Djaldetti M, 1987. Chromium chloride induces chromosomal aberrations in human lymphocytes via indirect action. Mutation Research 191, 207–210.
    • (1987) Mutation Research , vol.191 , pp. 207-210
    • Friedman, J.1    Shabtai, F.2    Levy, L.S.3    Djaldetti, M.4
  • 44
    • 85078375177 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Food Standards Agency (FSA), London, Engl., [Press release issued December 13, 2004]. Available from
    • FSA (UK Food Standard Agency), 2004. Agency Revises Chromium(III) picolinate Advice. Food Standards Agency (FSA), London, Engl.; [Press release issued December 13, 2004]. Available from: www.food.gov.uk/news/newsarchive/2004/dec/chromiumupdate.
    • (2004) Agency Revises Chromium(III) picolinate Advice
  • 45
    • 85062155025 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Food Standards Agency (FSA), Eat Well, Be Well-Helping You Make Heathier Choices,, London, Engl., Available from
    • FSA (UK Food Standard Agency), 2008. Chromium. Food Standards Agency (FSA). Eat Well, Be Well-Helping You Make Heathier Choices, London, Engl. Available from: www.eatwell.gov.uk/healthydiet/nutritionessentials/vitaminsandminerals/chromium/?lang=gn.
    • (2008) Chromium
  • 46
    • 0032800704 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • In vitro metabolism and permeation studies in rat jejunum: Organic chromium compared to inorganic chromium
    • Gammelgaard B, Jensen K and Steffansen B, 1999. In vitro metabolism and permeation studies in rat jejunum: Organic chromium compared to inorganic chromium. Journal of Trace Elements in Medicine and Biology 13, 82–88.
    • (1999) Journal of Trace Elements in Medicine and Biology , vol.13 , pp. 82-88
    • Gammelgaard, B.1    Jensen, K.2    Steffansen, B.3
  • 47
    • 0034803654 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Daily dietary intake of chromium in southern Spain measured with duplicate diet sampling
    • Cited in SCF, 2003b
    • Garcia E, Cabrera C, Lorenzo ML, Sánchez J and López MC, 2001. Daily dietary intake of chromium in southern Spain measured with duplicate diet sampling. The British Journal of Nutrition 86, 391–6. Cited in: SCF, 2003b.
    • (2001) The British Journal of Nutrition , vol.86 , pp. 391-396
    • Garcia, E.1    Cabrera, C.2    Lorenzo, M.L.3    Sánchez, J.4    López, M.C.5
  • 48
    • 0027933945 scopus 로고
    • Urinary excretion of chromium by humans following ingestion of chromium(III) picolinate. Implications for biomonitoring
    • and
    • Gargas ML, Norton RL, Paustenbach D and, Finley BL, 1994. Urinary excretion of chromium by humans following ingestion of chromium(III) picolinate. Implications for biomonitoring. Drug Metabolism and Disposition 22, 522–529.
    • (1994) Drug Metabolism and Disposition , vol.22 , pp. 522-529
    • Gargas, M.L.1    Norton, R.L.2    Paustenbach, D.3    Finley, B.L.4
  • 50
    • 27144556601 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Chromium(III) picolinate does not produce chromosome damage in CHO cells
    • Gudi R, Slesinski RS, Clarke JJ and San RH, 2005. Chromium(III) picolinate does not produce chromosome damage in CHO cells. Mutation Research 587, 140–146.
    • (2005) Mutation Research , vol.587 , pp. 140-146
    • Gudi, R.1    Slesinski, R.S.2    Clarke, J.J.3    San, R.H.4
  • 51
    • 23044520031 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effect of dietary chromium tripicolinate on productivity of sows under commercial conditions
    • Hagen CD, Lindemann MD and Purser KW, 2000. Effect of dietary chromium tripicolinate on productivity of sows under commercial conditions. Swine Health and Production 8, 59–63.
    • (2000) Swine Health and Production , vol.8 , pp. 59-63
    • Hagen, C.D.1    Lindemann, M.D.2    Purser, K.W.3
  • 52
    • 0023501950 scopus 로고
    • Chromosome aberrations in workers at a tannery in Iraq
    • Hamamy HA, Al-Hakkak, ZS and Hussain AF, 1987. Chromosome aberrations in workers at a tannery in Iraq. Mutation Research 189, 395–398.
    • (1987) Mutation Research , vol.189 , pp. 395-398
    • Hamamy, H.A.1    Al-Hakkak, Z.S.2    Hussain, A.F.3
  • 54
    • 33646559984 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cr(III) and Cr(VI) in leather and elicitation of eczema
    • Volume, Issue
    • Hansen MB, Menne T, Johansen JD, 2006. Cr(III) and Cr(VI) in leather and elicitation of eczema. Contact Dermatitis, Volume 54, Issue 5, 278–282.
    • (2006) Contact Dermatitis , vol.54 , Issue.5 , pp. 278-282
    • Hansen, M.B.1    Menne, T.2    Johansen, J.D.3
  • 55
    • 0036170890 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • In vivo distribution of chromium from chromium(III) picolinate in rats and implications for the safety of the dietary supplement
    • Hepburn DDD and Vincent JB, 2002. In vivo distribution of chromium from chromium(III) picolinate in rats and implications for the safety of the dietary supplement. Chemical Research in Toxicology 15, 93–100.
    • (2002) Chemical Research in Toxicology , vol.15 , pp. 93-100
    • Hepburn, D.D.D.1    Vincent, J.B.2
  • 57
    • 0037322256 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The nutritional supplement chromium(III) picolinate generates oxidative DNA damage and peroxidized lipids in vivo
    • Hepburn DDD, Burney JM Woski SA and Vincent JB, 2003b. The nutritional supplement chromium(III) picolinate generates oxidative DNA damage and peroxidized lipids in vivo. Polyhedron 22, 455–463.
    • (2003) Polyhedron , vol.22 , pp. 455-463
    • Hepburn, D.D.D.1    Burney, J.M.2    Woski, S.A.3    Vincent, J.B.4
  • 59
    • 0019280033 scopus 로고
    • In Some Metals and Metallic Compounds, Lyon (France)
    • IARC (International Agency for Research on Cancer), 1980. Chromium and chromium compounds. In: Some Metals and Metallic Compounds, Lyon (France), 205–323.
    • (1980) Chromium and chromium compounds , pp. 205-323
  • 60
    • 0025035027 scopus 로고
    • Chromium, nickel and welding
    • IARC Scientific Publications, IARC, Lyon
    • IARC (International Agency for Research on Cancer), 1990. Chromium, nickel and welding. IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, Vol. 49. IARC Scientific Publications, IARC, Lyon.
    • (1990) IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans , vol.49
  • 61
    • 0025542590 scopus 로고
    • Chromium and chromium compounds
    • IARC Working Group, June 5–13, 1989,, Lyon, France, World Health Organization (WHO), International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), Lyon, France. IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, Available from
    • IARC (International Agency for Research on Cancer), 1990. Chromium and chromium compounds. In Chromium, Nickel and Welding. IARC Working Group. June 5–13, 1989, Lyon, France. World Health Organization (WHO), International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), Lyon, France. IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, Vol. 49, 49–256. Available from: monographs.iarc.fr/ENG/Monographs/vol49/volume49.pdf.
    • (1990) Chromium, Nickel and Welding , vol.49 , pp. 49-256
  • 62
    • 11244353566 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Chromium
    • Panel on Micronutrients, Subcommittees on Upper Reference Levels of Nutrients and of Interpretation and Use of Dietary Reference Intakesthe Standing Committee on the Scientific Evaluation of Dietary Reference Intakes,, Food and Nutrition Board, Institute of Medicine (IOM). National Academy Press (NAP), Washington, DC, Available from
    • IOM (Institute of Medicine), 2001 Chromium. In: Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin A, Vitamin K, Arsenic, Boron, Chromium, Copper, Iodine, Iron, Manganese, Molybdenum, Nickel, Silicon, Vanadium and Zinc. Panel on Micronutrients, Subcommittees on Upper Reference Levels of Nutrients and of Interpretation and Use of Dietary Reference Intakes, and the Standing Committee on the Scientific Evaluation of Dietary Reference Intakes, Food and Nutrition Board, Institute of Medicine (IOM). National Academy Press (NAP), Washington, DC; pp. 197–223. Available from: books.nap.edu/openbook.php?record_id=10026&page=197.
    • (2001) Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin A, Vitamin K, Arsenic, Boron, Chromium, Copper, Iodine, Iron, Manganese, Molybdenum, Nickel, Silicon, Vanadium and Zinc , pp. 197-223
  • 63
    • 0004137827 scopus 로고
    • Environmental Health Criteria 61)., World Health Organisation, Geneva
    • IPCS (International Programme on Chemical Safety), 1988. Chromium. Environmental Health Criteria 61). World Health Organisation. Geneva.
    • (1988) Chromium
  • 64
    • 0016794956 scopus 로고
    • Absence of toxic and carcinogenic effects after administration of high doses of chromic oxide pigment in subacute and long-term feeding experiments in rats
    • Ivankovic S and Preussmann R, 1975. Absence of toxic and carcinogenic effects after administration of high doses of chromic oxide pigment in subacute and long-term feeding experiments in rats. Food and Cosmetics Toxicology 13, 347–351.
    • (1975) Food and Cosmetics Toxicology , vol.13 , pp. 347-351
    • Ivankovic, S.1    Preussmann, R.2
  • 65
    • 65749093459 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Chromium(III) picolinate induced apoptosis of lymphocytes and the signalling mechanisms thereof
    • Jana M, Rajaram A et al., 2009. “Chromium(III) picolinate induced apoptosis of lymphocytes and the signalling mechanisms thereof.” Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology 237(3), 331–44.
    • (2009) Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology , vol.237 , Issue.3 , pp. 331-344
    • Jana, M.1    Rajaram, A.2
  • 66
    • 0033458861 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The role of chromium in nutrition and therapeutics and as a potential toxin
    • Jeejeebhoy KN, 1999. The role of chromium in nutrition and therapeutics and as a potential toxin. Nutrition Reviews 57, 329–335.
    • (1999) Nutrition Reviews , vol.57 , pp. 329-335
    • Jeejeebhoy, K.N.1
  • 67
    • 22144493912 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Antimutagenic activity of chromium(III) picolinate in the Salmonella assay
    • Juturu V and Komorowski JR, 2002. Antimutagenic activity of chromium(III) picolinate in the Salmonella assay. Pharmacologist Supplement 44, A59 [Abstract No. 38.2].
    • (2002) Pharmacologist Supplement , vol.44 , pp. A59
    • Juturu, V.1    Komorowski, J.R.2
  • 68
    • 32744465453 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Chromium(III) picolinate does not produce chromosome damage in the in vitro mammalian chromosome abberation test with CHO cells
    • Juturu V, Siesinshi RS, Gudi R, San R and Komorowshi JR, 2004. Chromium(III) picolinate does not produce chromosome damage in the in vitro mammalian chromosome abberation test with CHO cells. Environmental and Molecular Mutagenesis 44, 208 [Abstract No. 87].
    • (2004) Environmental and Molecular Mutagenesis , vol.44 , pp. 208
    • Juturu, V.1    Siesinshi, R.S.2    Gudi, R.3    San, R.4    Komorowshi, J.R.5
  • 69
    • 0036253131 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of chromium picolinate supplementation on insulin sensitivity, serum lipids, and body weight in dexamethasone-treated rats
    • Kim DS, Kim TW, Park IK, Kang JS and Om AS, 2002. Effects of chromium picolinate supplementation on insulin sensitivity, serum lipids, and body weight in dexamethasone-treated rats. Metabolism 51, 589–594.
    • (2002) Metabolism , vol.51 , pp. 589-594
    • Kim, D.S.1    Kim, T.W.2    Park, I.K.3    Kang, J.S.4    Om, A.S.5
  • 70
    • 1942534587 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Chromium picolinate supplementation improves insulin sensitivity in Goto-Kakzaki diabetic rats
    • Kim DS, Kim TW and Kang JS, 2004. Chromium picolinate supplementation improves insulin sensitivity in Goto-Kakzaki diabetic rats. Journal of Trace Elements in Medicine and Biology 17, 243–247.
    • (2004) Journal of Trace Elements in Medicine and Biology , vol.17 , pp. 243-247
    • Kim, D.S.1    Kim, T.W.2    Kang, J.S.3
  • 72
    • 33645736669 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Carcinogenic Cr(VI) and the Nutritional Supplement Cr(III) Induce DNA Deletions in Yeast and Mice
    • Kirpnick-Sobol Z, Reliene R and Schiestl RH, 2006. Carcinogenic Cr(VI) and the Nutritional Supplement Cr(III) Induce DNA Deletions in Yeast and Mice. Cancer Research 66, 3480–3484.
    • (2006) Cancer Research , vol.66 , pp. 3480-3484
    • Kirpnick-Sobol, Z.1    Reliene, R.2    Schiestl, R.H.3
  • 73
    • 40049084824 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Chromium(III) picolinate does not produce chromosome damage
    • Komorowski JR, Greenberg D and Juturu V, 2008. Chromium(III) picolinate does not produce chromosome damage. Toxicology in vitro 22, 819–826.
    • (2008) Toxicology in vitro , vol.22 , pp. 819-826
    • Komorowski, J.R.1    Greenberg, D.2    Juturu, V.3
  • 76
    • 0019298525 scopus 로고
    • Carcinogenicity and mutagenicity of chromium
    • Léonard A and Lauwerys RR, 1980. Carcinogenicity and mutagenicity of chromium. Mutation Research 76, 227–239.
    • (1980) Mutation Research , vol.76 , pp. 227-239
    • Léonard, A.1    Lauwerys, R.R.2
  • 77
    • 41849147879 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Chemical properties and toxicity of chromium(III) nutritional supplements
    • Levina A and Lay P, 2008. Chemical properties and toxicity of chromium(III) nutritional supplements. Chemical Research in Toxicology 21, 563–571.
    • (2008) Chemical Research in Toxicology , vol.21 , pp. 563-571
    • Levina, A.1    Lay, P.2
  • 78
    • 0018194279 scopus 로고
    • Cytotoxic Effects of Hexavalent and Trivalent Chromium On Mammalian Cells In Vitro
    • Levis AG, Bianchi V, Tamino G and Pegoraro B, 1978. Cytotoxic Effects of Hexavalent and Trivalent Chromium On Mammalian Cells In Vitro. British Journal of Cancer 37, 387–396.
    • (1978) British Journal of Cancer , vol.37 , pp. 387-396
    • Levis, A.G.1    Bianchi, V.2    Tamino, G.3    Pegoraro, B.4
  • 79
    • 0029242461 scopus 로고
    • Dietary chromium(III) picolinate additions improve gain:feed and carcass characteristics in growing-finishing pigs and increase litter size in reproducing sows
    • Lindemann MD, Wood CM, Harper AF, Kornegay ET and Anderson RA, 1995. Dietary chromium(III) picolinate additions improve gain:feed and carcass characteristics in growing-finishing pigs and increase litter size in reproducing sows. Journal of Animal Science 73, 457–465.
    • (1995) Journal of Animal Science , vol.73 , pp. 457-465
    • Lindemann, M.D.1    Wood, C.M.2    Harper, A.F.3    Kornegay, E.T.4    Anderson, R.A.5
  • 81
  • 82
    • 0039302241 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Nutritional Recommendations for the French Population: The “Apports Nutritionnels Conseillés” (ANCs)
    • (Guest ed.-in-chief),, Micronutrients. 1.12. Chromium. In, (English condensed ed.). Lavoisier, Paris
    • Martin A (Guest ed.-in-chief), 2001. Micronutrients. 1.12. Chromium. In: Nutritional Recommendations for the French Population: The “Apports Nutritionnels Conseillés” (ANCs) (English condensed ed.). Lavoisier, Paris. Sciences des Aliments Sciences des Aliments 21, 4, 391–392.
    • (2001) Sciences des Aliments Sciences des Aliments , vol.21 , Issue.4 , pp. 391-392
    • Martin, A.1
  • 83
    • 0030527040 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Graphite Furnace Atomic Absorption Spectrometry for the Determination of the Chromium Content of Selected U.S. Foods
    • Miller-Ihli NJ, Graphite Furnace Atomic Absorption Spectrometry for the Determination of the Chromium Content of Selected U.S. Foods, 1996. J. Food Comp. Anal. 9, 290–300.
    • (1996) J. Food Comp. Anal , vol.9 , pp. 290-300
    • Miller-Ihli, N.J.1
  • 85
    • 85078370405 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Combined Summary Report (1500)
    • Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS). National Toxicology Program (NTP), Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, Unpublished Report. Cited In NTP, 2009
    • NTP (US National Toxicology Programme), 1999. Combined Summary Report (1500). Frequency of Micronuclei in Erythrocytes Following Administration of Chromium(III) picolinate Monohydrate by GAV (a). Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS). National Toxicology Program (NTP), Research Triangle Park, North Carolina. Unpublished Report. Cited In: NTP, 2009.
    • (1999) Frequency of Micronuclei in Erythrocytes Following Administration of Chromium(III) picolinate Monohydrate by GAV (a)
  • 86
    • 85078374578 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS). National Toxicology Program (NTP), Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, NTP Technical Report Series, 556. Abstract available from, Full Draft available from, http://ntp.niehs.nih.gov/files/TR556board_webRev.pdf
    • NTP (US National Toxicology Programme), 2008. NTP Technical Report on the Toxicology and Carcinogenesis Studies of Chromium(III) picolinate Monohydrate (CAS No. 27882-76-4) in F344/N Rats and B6C3F1 Mice (Feed Studies): DRAFT. Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS). National Toxicology Program (NTP), Research Triangle Park, North Carolina. NTP Technical Report Series, No. 556. Abstract available from: ntp.niehs.nih.gov/index.cfm?objectid=6A4A18CB-F1F6-975E-72D4856D552E4068. Full Draft available from: http://ntp.niehs.nih.gov/files/TR556board_webRev.pdf.
    • (2008) NTP Technical Report on the Toxicology and Carcinogenesis Studies of Chromium(III) picolinate Monohydrate (CAS No. 27882-76-4) in F344/N Rats and B6C3F1 Mice (Feed Studies): DRAFT
  • 87
    • 85078372452 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • National Toxicology Program (NTP), Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 2009. Available from
    • NTP. Testing Status: Chromium(III) picolinate Monohydrate M010098: CASRN: 27882-76-4. National Toxicology Program (NTP), Research Triangle Park, North Carolina; 2009. Available from: ntp.niehs.nih.gov/go/TS-M010098.
    • Testing Status: Chromium(III) picolinate Monohydrate M010098: CASRN: 27882-76-4
  • 88
    • 84864763551 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Test 475 Mammalian Bone Marrow Chromosome Aberration Test. Adopted on 21 July 1997
    • OECD (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development), 1997. OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals, Section 4: Health Effects. Test No. 475: Mammalian Bone Marrow Chromosome Aberration Test. Adopted on 21 July 1997.
    • (1997) OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals, Section 4: Health Effects
  • 89
    • 0028051940 scopus 로고
    • Comparative retention/absorption of 51chromium (51Cr) from 51Cr chloride, 51Cr nicotinate and 51Cr picolinate in a rat model
    • Olin KL, Stearns DM, Armstrong WH and Keen CL, 1994. Comparative retention/absorption of 51chromium (51Cr) from 51Cr chloride, 51Cr nicotinate and 51Cr picolinate in a rat model. Trace Elements and Electrolytes 11, 182–186.
    • (1994) Trace Elements and Electrolytes , vol.11 , pp. 182-186
    • Olin, K.L.1    Stearns, D.M.2    Armstrong, W.H.3    Keen, C.L.4
  • 90
    • 24044516550 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The influence of chromium supplementation on metabolism, performance and reproduction of dairy cows in a herd with increased occurrence of ketosis
    • Pechova A, Cech S, Pavlata L and Podhorsky, 2003. The influence of chromium supplementation on metabolism, performance and reproduction of dairy cows in a herd with increased occurrence of ketosis. Czech Journal of Animal Science, 48, 348–358.
    • (2003) Czech Journal of Animal Science , vol.48 , pp. 348-358
    • Pechova, A.1    Cech, S.2    Pavlata, L.3    Podhorsky4
  • 91
    • 15844407591 scopus 로고
    • Effects of Form of Chromium on Chromium Absorption
    • abstract no 442
    • Polansky MM, Bryden NA, Anderson RA, 1993. Effects of Form of Chromium on Chromium Absorption. FASEB J. 7, abstract no 442.
    • (1993) FASEB J , vol.7
    • Polansky, M.M.1    Bryden, N.A.2    Anderson, R.A.3
  • 93
    • 0348238632 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Optimal dietary concentrations of vitamin C and chromium(III) picolinate for alleviating the effect of low ambient temperature (6.2 °C) on egg production, some egg characteristics, and nutrient digestibility in laying hens
    • Sahin N and Sahin K, 2001. Optimal dietary concentrations of vitamin C and chromium(III) picolinate for alleviating the effect of low ambient temperature (6.2 °C) on egg production, some egg characteristics, and nutrient digestibility in laying hens. Veterinární Medícina 46, 229–236.
    • (2001) Veterinární Medícina , vol.46 , pp. 229-236
    • Sahin, N.1    Sahin, K.2
  • 94
    • 0034765311 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of dietary chromium supplementation on egg production, egg quality and serum concentrations of insulin, corticosterone, and some metabolites of Japanese quails
    • Sahin K, Küçük O, Sahin N and Ozbey, 2001. Effects of dietary chromium supplementation on egg production, egg quality and serum concentrations of insulin, corticosterone, and some metabolites of Japanese quails. Nutrition Research 21, 1315–1321.
    • (2001) Nutrition Research , vol.21 , pp. 1315-1321
    • Sahin, K.1    Küçük, O.2    Sahin, N.3    Ozbey4
  • 95
    • 0036276830 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Chromium supplementation can alleviate negative effects of heat stress on egg production, egg quality and some serum metabolites of laying Japanese quail
    • Sahin K, Ozbey O, Onderci M, Cikim G and Aysondu MH, 2002a. Chromium supplementation can alleviate negative effects of heat stress on egg production, egg quality and some serum metabolites of laying Japanese quail. Journal of Nutrition 132, 1265–1268.
    • (2002) Journal of Nutrition , vol.132 , pp. 1265-1268
    • Sahin, K.1    Ozbey, O.2    Onderci, M.3    Cikim, G.4    Aysondu, M.H.5
  • 96
    • 0035986116 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of dietary chromium and ascorbic acid supplementation on digestion of nutrients, serum antioxidant status, and mineral concentrations in laying hens reared at low ambient temperature
    • Sahin K, Sahin N and Kucuk O, 2002b. Effects of dietary chromium and ascorbic acid supplementation on digestion of nutrients, serum antioxidant status, and mineral concentrations in laying hens reared at low ambient temperature. Biological Trace Element Research 87, 113–124.
    • (2002) Biological Trace Element Research , vol.87 , pp. 113-124
    • Sahin, K.1    Sahin, N.2    Kucuk, O.3
  • 97
    • 85078395721 scopus 로고
    • Chromium (Chapter 32)
    • Commission of the European Communities (EEC), Scientific Committee for Food (SCF), Brussels, Belgium, Reports of the Scientific Committee for Food, 31st Series, Available from
    • SCF (Scientific Committee on Food), 1993. Chromium (Chapter 32). In: Nutrient and Energy Intakes for the European Community (Opinion Expressed on 11 December, 1992). Commission of the European Communities (EEC), Scientific Committee for Food (SCF), Brussels, Belgium. Reports of the Scientific Committee for Food, 31st Series, pp. 218–219. Available from: www.europa.eu.int/comm/food/fs/sc/scf/reports/scf_reports_31.pdf.
    • (1993) Nutrient and Energy Intakes for the European Community (Opinion Expressed on 11 December, 1992) , pp. 218-219
  • 98
    • 6444230614 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • European Commission, Health and Consumer Protection Directorate-General, Directorate C -Scientific Opinions, C2 - Management of Scientific Committees II; Scientific Co-operation and Networks, Scientific Committee on Food (SCF),, Brussels, Belgium, [SCF/CS/NUT/GEN/18 Final]. Available from
    • SCF (Scientific Committee on Food), 2003a. Opinion of the Scientific Committee on Food on the Revision of Reference Values for Nutrition Labelling (Opinion expressed on 5 March 2003). European Commission, Health and Consumer Protection Directorate-General, Directorate C -Scientific Opinions, C2 - Management of Scientific Committees II; Scientific Co-operation and Networks, Scientific Committee on Food (SCF), Brussels, Belgium. [SCF/CS/NUT/GEN/18 Final]. Available from: ec.europa.eu/food/fs/sc/scf/out171_en.pdf.
    • (2003) Opinion of the Scientific Committee on Food on the Revision of Reference Values for Nutrition Labelling (Opinion expressed on 5 March 2003)
  • 99
    • 3042690109 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • European Commission, Health and Consumer Protection Directorate-General, Directorate C - Scientific Opinions, C2 - Management of Scientific Committees II; Scientific Co-operation and Networks, Scientific Committee on Food (SCF),, Brussels, Belgium, [SCF/CS/NUT/UPPLEV/67 Final]. Available from
    • SCF (Scientific Committee on Food), 2003b. Opinion of the Scientific Committee on Food on the Tolerable Upper Intake Level of Trivalent Chromium (expressed in 4 April 2003). European Commission, Health and Consumer Protection Directorate-General, Directorate C - Scientific Opinions, C2 - Management of Scientific Committees II; Scientific Co-operation and Networks, Scientific Committee on Food (SCF), Brussels, Belgium. [SCF/CS/NUT/UPPLEV/67 Final]. Available from: ec.europa.eu/food/fs/sc/scf/out197_en.pdf.
    • (2003) Opinion of the Scientific Committee on Food on the Tolerable Upper Intake Level of Trivalent Chromium (expressed in 4 April 2003)
  • 100
    • 0000483632 scopus 로고
    • Chromium, lead, cadmium, nickel and titanium in mice: Effect on mortality, tumors and tissue levels
    • Schroeder HA, Balassa JJ and Vinton WH Jr., 1964. Chromium, lead, cadmium, nickel and titanium in mice: Effect on mortality, tumors and tissue levels. Journal of Nutrition 83, 239–250.
    • (1964) Journal of Nutrition , vol.83 , pp. 239-250
    • Schroeder, H.A.1    Balassa, J.J.2    Vinton, W.H.3
  • 101
    • 0002323405 scopus 로고
    • Chromium, cadmium and lead in rats: Effects on lifespan, tumors and tissue levels
    • Schroeder HA, Balassa JJ and Vinton WH Jr., 1965. Chromium, cadmium and lead in rats: Effects on lifespan, tumors and tissue levels. Journal of Nutrition 86, 51–66.
    • (1965) Journal of Nutrition , vol.86 , pp. 51-66
    • Schroeder, H.A.1    Balassa, J.J.2    Vinton, W.H.3
  • 102
    • 70349416611 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Low chromate diet in dermatology
    • Sharma AD, 2009. Low chromate diet in dermatology. Indian Journal of Dermatology 54(3), 293–295.
    • (2009) Indian Journal of Dermatology , vol.54 , Issue.3 , pp. 293-295
    • Sharma, A.D.1
  • 104
    • 0242606933 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effect of chromium picolinate on histopathological alterations in STZ and neonatal STZ diabetic rats
    • Shinde UA and Goyal RK, 2003. Effect of chromium picolinate on histopathological alterations in STZ and neonatal STZ diabetic rats. Journal of Cellular and Molecular Medicine 7, 322–329.
    • (2003) Journal of Cellular and Molecular Medicine , vol.7 , pp. 322-329
    • Shinde, U.A.1    Goyal, R.K.2
  • 106
    • 85078366973 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Lack of mutagenicity of chromium(III) picolinate in the cho/hgprt mutation assay: results from standard tests and a test with 48-hour exposure
    • Slesinski RS, San R, Clarke J, Juturu V and Komorowski JR, 2004. Lack of mutagenicity of chromium(III) picolinate in the cho/hgprt mutation assay: results from standard tests and a test with 48-hour exposure. Environmental and Molecular Mutagenesis 44, 227 [Abstract No. 163].
    • (2004) Environmental and Molecular Mutagenesis , vol.44 , pp. 227
    • Slesinski, R.S.1    San, R.2    Clarke, J.3    Juturu, V.4    Komorowski, J.R.5
  • 109
    • 33749246750 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Nutritional supplement chromium(III) picolinate generates chromosomal aberrations and impedes progeny development in Drosophila melanogaster
    • Stallings DM, Hepburn DDD, Hannah M, Vincent JB and O'Donnel J, 2006. Nutritional supplement chromium(III) picolinate generates chromosomal aberrations and impedes progeny development in Drosophila melanogaster. Mutation Research 610, 101–113.
    • (2006) Mutation Research , vol.610 , pp. 101-113
    • Stallings, D.M.1    Hepburn, D.D.D.2    Hannah, M.3    Vincent, J.B.4    O'Donnel, J.5
  • 110
    • 0029603641 scopus 로고
    • Chromium(III) picolinate produces chromosome damage in Chinese hamster ovary cells
    • L
    • Stearns DM, Wise JP, Patierno SR and Wetterhahn KE, 1995. Chromium(III) picolinate produces chromosome damage in Chinese hamster ovary cells. FASEB JournalL 9, 1643–1648.
    • (1995) FASEB Journal , vol.9 , pp. 1643-1648
    • Stearns, D.M.1    Wise, J.P.2    Patierno, S.R.3    Wetterhahn, K.E.4
  • 111
    • 0035863782 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Chromium(III) tris(picolinate) is mutagenic at the hypoxanthine (guanine) phosphoribosyltransferase locus in Chinese hamster ovary cells
    • Stearns DM, Silveira SM, Wolf KK and Luke AM, 2002. Chromium(III) tris(picolinate) is mutagenic at the hypoxanthine (guanine) phosphoribosyltransferase locus in Chinese hamster ovary cells. Mutation Research 513,135–142.
    • (2002) Mutation Research , vol.513 , pp. 135-142
    • Stearns, D.M.1    Silveira, S.M.2    Wolf, K.K.3    Luke, A.M.4
  • 112
    • 0028798434 scopus 로고
    • Oxidative Mechanisms In The Toxicity of Metal Ions
    • Stohs SJ and Bagchi D, 1995. Oxidative Mechanisms In The Toxicity of Metal Ions. Free Radical Biology and Medicine 18, 321–336.
    • (1995) Free Radical Biology and Medicine , vol.18 , pp. 321-336
    • Stohs, S.J.1    Bagchi, D.2
  • 113
    • 60849121392 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Chronic toxicity and carcinogenicity studies of chromium(III) picolinate monohydrate administered in feed to F344/N rats and B6C3F1 mice for 2 years
    • Stout MD, Nyska A, Collins BJ, Witt KL, Kissling GE, Malarkey DE and Hooth MJ, 2009. Chronic toxicity and carcinogenicity studies of chromium(III) picolinate monohydrate administered in feed to F344/N rats and B6C3F1 mice for 2 years. Food and Chemical Toxicology 47, 729–733.
    • (2009) Food and Chemical Toxicology , vol.47 , pp. 729-733
    • Stout, M.D.1    Nyska, A.2    Collins, B.J.3    Witt, K.L.4    Kissling, G.E.5    Malarkey, D.E.6    Hooth, M.J.7
  • 114
    • 0033997417 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The binding of trivalent chromium to low-molecular-weight chromium-binding substance (LMWCr) and the transfer of chromium from transferring and chromium(III) picolinate to LMWCr
    • Sun Y, Ramirez J, Woski SA and Vincent JB, 2000. The binding of trivalent chromium to low-molecular-weight chromium-binding substance (LMWCr) and the transfer of chromium from transferring and chromium(III) picolinate to LMWCr. Journal of Biological Inorganic Chemistry: JBIC 5, 129–136.
    • (2000) Journal of Biological Inorganic Chemistry: JBIC , vol.5 , pp. 129-136
    • Sun, Y.1    Ramirez, J.2    Woski, S.A.3    Vincent, J.B.4
  • 115
    • 64749117089 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Study of oxidative damage in growing-finishing pigs with continuous excess dietary chromium(III) picolinate intake
    • Tan GY, Zheng SS, Zhang MH, Feng JH, Xie P and Bi JM, 2008. Study of oxidative damage in growing-finishing pigs with continuous excess dietary chromium(III) picolinate intake. Biological Trace Elements Research 126,129–40.
    • (2008) Biological Trace Elements Research , vol.126 , pp. 129-140
    • Tan, G.Y.1    Zheng, S.S.2    Zhang, M.H.3    Feng, J.H.4    Xie, P.5    Bi, J.M.6
  • 116
    • 0018722531 scopus 로고
    • Distribution of chromium in poisoned rats
    • Tandon SK, Behari JR and Kachru DN, 1979. Distribution of chromium in poisoned rats. Toxicology, 18, 29–34.
    • (1979) Toxicology , vol.18 , pp. 29-34
    • Tandon, S.K.1    Behari, J.R.2    Kachru, D.N.3
  • 117
    • 77049102900 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Metal allergy a review on exposures, penetration, genetics, prevalence, and clinical implications
    • Thyssen JP and Menné T, 2010. Metal allergy a review on exposures, penetration, genetics, prevalence, and clinical implications. Chemical Research in Toxicology 23 (2), 309–318.
    • (2010) Chemical Research in Toxicology , vol.23 , Issue.2 , pp. 309-318
    • Thyssen, J.P.1    Menné, T.2
  • 118
    • 85078377393 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Centre for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), National Centre for Health Statistics (NCHS), Hyattsville, Maryland, Cited in SCF, 2003b. Information available from
    • US DHHS (United States Department of Health and Human Services), 2003. The Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 1988–1994 (NHANES III). Centre for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), National Centre for Health Statistics (NCHS), Hyattsville, Maryland. Cited in: SCF, 2003b. Information available from: www.cdc.gov/nchs/about/major/nhanes/nh3data.htm.
    • (2003) The Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 1988–1994 (NHANES III)
  • 122
    • 0028675286 scopus 로고
    • Chromate-allergic patients challenged orally with potassium dichromate
    • Veien NK, Hattel T and Laurberg G, 1994. Chromate-allergic patients challenged orally with potassium dichromate. Contact Dermatitis 31,137–9.
    • (1994) Contact Dermatitis , vol.31 , pp. 137-139
    • Veien, N.K.1    Hattel, T.2    Laurberg, G.3
  • 123
    • 0017696860 scopus 로고
    • Acute toxicity and skin corrosion data for some organic and inorganic compounds and aqueous solutions
    • Vernot EH, MacEwen JD, Haun CC and Kinkead ER, 1977. Acute toxicity and skin corrosion data for some organic and inorganic compounds and aqueous solutions. Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology 42, 417–423.
    • (1977) Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology , vol.42 , pp. 417-423
    • Vernot, E.H.1    MacEwen, J.D.2    Haun, C.C.3    Kinkead, E.R.4
  • 124
    • 0034019757 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The biochemistry of chromium
    • Vincent JB, 2000a. The biochemistry of chromium. Journal of Nutrition 130, 715–718.
    • (2000) Journal of Nutrition , vol.130 , pp. 715-718
    • Vincent, J.B.1
  • 125
    • 0034012962 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Quest for the molecular mechanism of chromium action and its relationship to diabetes
    • Vincent JB, 2000b. Quest for the molecular mechanism of chromium action and its relationship to diabetes. Nutrition Reviews 58, 67–72.
    • (2000) Nutrition Reviews , vol.58 , pp. 67-72
    • Vincent, J.B.1
  • 126
    • 77954851324 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • N-acetyl cysteine inhibits chromium hypersensitivity in co-adjuvant chromium-sensitized albino guinea pigs by suppressing the effects of reactive oxygen species
    • Volume, Issue, pages, August 2010
    • Wang BJ, Sheu HM, Guo YL, Lee YH, Lai CS, Pan MH and Wang YJ, 2010. N-acetyl cysteine inhibits chromium hypersensitivity in co-adjuvant chromium-sensitized albino guinea pigs by suppressing the effects of reactive oxygen species. Experimental Dermatology, Volume 19, Issue 8, pages e191–e200, August 2010.
    • (2010) Experimental Dermatology , vol.19 , Issue.8 , pp. e191-e200
    • Wang, B.J.1    Sheu, H.M.2    Guo, Y.L.3    Lee, Y.H.4    Lai, C.S.5    Pan, M.H.6    Wang, Y.J.7
  • 128
    • 24644443253 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mutagenicity of chromium(III) picolinate and its components in Salmonella typhimurium and L5178Y mouse lymphoma cells
    • Whittaker P, San RH, Clarke JJ, Seifried HE and Dunkel VC, 2005. Mutagenicity of chromium(III) picolinate and its components in Salmonella typhimurium and L5178Y mouse lymphoma cells. Food and Chemical Toxicology 43, 1619–1625.
    • (2005) Food and Chemical Toxicology , vol.43 , pp. 1619-1625
    • Whittaker, P.1    San, R.H.2    Clarke, J.J.3    Seifried, H.E.4    Dunkel, V.C.5


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.