Vitamin D and cardiovascular disease

Maturitas

Volumn 115, Issue , 2018, Pages 1-22

  Apostolakis, Michail ^a   Armeni, Eleni ^a   Bakas, Panagiotis ^a   Lambrinoudaki, Irene ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF ATHENS MEDICAL SCHOOL   (Greece)

Author keywords

Cardiovascular disease; Coronary heart disease; Heart failure; Hypertension; Stroke; Vitamin D supplementation

Indexed keywords

VITAMIN D; VITAMIN;

ARTERIAL STIFFNESS; ARTERIAL WALL THICKNESS; ATHEROSCLEROTIC PLAQUE; BLOOD VESSEL CALCIFICATION; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE; CARDIOVASCULAR MORTALITY; CEREBROVASCULAR DISEASE; COMORBIDITY; CONGESTIVE HEART FAILURE; DIABETES MELLITUS; EMBASE; ENDOTHELIAL DYSFUNCTION; HUMAN; HYPERTENSION; ISCHEMIC HEART DISEASE; MEDLINE; MORBIDITY; PERIPHERAL VASCULAR DISEASE; PREVALENCE; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL (TOPIC); REVIEW; SCOPUS; SYSTEMATIC REVIEW; VITAMIN SUPPLEMENTATION; DIETARY SUPPLEMENT; VITAMIN D DEFICIENCY;

CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES; DIETARY SUPPLEMENTS; HUMANS; PREVALENCE; VITAMIN D; VITAMIN D DEFICIENCY; VITAMINS;

EID: 85048456965     PISSN: 03785122     EISSN: 18734111     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.maturitas.2018.05.010     Document Type: Review

References (97)

1. Wacker, M., Holick, M.F., Sunlight and vitamin D: a global perspective for health. Dermatoendocrinology 5:1 (2013), 51–108.
2. Holick, M.F., Chen, T.C., Vitamin D deficiency: a worldwide problem with health consequences. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 87:4 (2008), 1080S–1086S.
3. Verhave, G., Siegert, C.E., Role of vitamin D in cardiovascular disease. Neth. J. Med. 68:3 (2010), 113–118.
4. Wimalawansa, S.J., Razzaque, D.M.S., Al-Daghri, N.M., Calcium and vitamin D in human health: hype or real?. J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol. 16:17 (2017), 30381–30383.
5. Tejwani, V., Qian, Q., Calcium regulation and bone mineral metabolism in elderly patients with chronic kidney disease. Nutrients 5:6 (2013), 1913–1936.
6. Morris, H.A., Vitamin D activities for health outcomes. Ann. Lab. Med. 34:3 (2014), 181–186.
7. Lappe, J.M., Travers-Gustafson, D., Davies, K.M., Recker, R.R., Heaney, R.P., Vitamin D and calcium supplementation reduces cancer risk: results of a randomized trial. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 85:6 (2007), 1586–1591.
8. Belenchia, A.M., Tosh, A.K., Hillman, L.S., Peterson, C.A., Correcting vitamin D insufficiency improves insulin sensitivity in obese adolescents: a randomized controlled trial. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 97:4 (2013), 774–781.
9. Heyden, E.L., Wimalawansa, S.J., Vitamin D: effects on human reproduction, pregnancy, and fetal well-being. J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol. 17:17 (2017), 30382–30385.
10. Parker, J., Hashmi, O., Dutton, D., Mavrodaris, A., Stranges, S., Kandala, N.B., Clarke, A., Franco, O.H., Levels of vitamin D and cardiometabolic disorders: systematic review and meta-analysis. Maturitas 65:3 (2010), 225–236.
11. Kienreich, K., Tomaschitz, A., Verheyen, N., Pieber, T., Gaksch, M., Grübler, M.R., Pilz, S., Vitamin D and cardiovascular disease. Nutrients 5:8 (2013), 3005–3021.
12. Wacker, M., Holick, M.F., Vitamin D—effects on skeletal and extraskeletal health and the need for supplementation. Nutrients 5:1 (2013), 111–148.
13. Thompson, B., Towler, D.A., Arterial calcification and bone physiology: role of the bone-vascular axis. Nat. Rev. Endocrinol. 8:9 (2012), 529–543.
14. Kwon, D.H., Kim, Y.K., Kook, H., New aspects of vascular calcification: histone deacetylases and beyond. J. Korean Med. Sci. 32:11 (2017), 1738–1748.
15. Bardeesi, A.S.A., Gao, J., Zhang, K., Yu, S., Wei, M., Liu, P., Huang, H., A novel role of cellular interactions in vascular calcification. J. Transl. Med. 15:1 (2017), 017–1190.
16. Holick, M.F., Vitamin D: a D-lightful health perspective. Nutr. Rev. 66:10 Suppl. 2 (2008), 1753–4887.
17. Tarcin, O., Yavuz, D.G., Ozben, B., Telli, A., Ogunc, A.V., Yuksel, M., Toprak, A., Yazici, D., Sancak, S., Deyneli, O., Akalin, S., Effect of vitamin D deficiency and replacement on endothelial function in asymptomatic subjects. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 94:10 (2009), 4023–4030.
18. Jablonski, K.L., Chonchol, M., Pierce, G.L., Walker, A.E., Seals, D.R., 25-Hydroxyvitamin D deficiency is associated with inflammation-linked vascular endothelial dysfunction in middle-aged and older adults. Hypertension 57:1 (2011), 63–69.
19. Sugden, J.A., Davies, J.I., Witham, M.D., Morris, A.D., Struthers, A.D., Vitamin D improves endothelial function in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and low vitamin D levels. Diabet. Med. 25:3 (2008), 320–325.
20. Mazidi, M., Karimi, E., Rezaie, P., Vatanparast, H., The impact of vitamin D supplement intake on vascular endothelial function; A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Food Nutr. Res., 61(1), 2017.
21. Stojanovic, M., Radenkovic, M., Vitamin D versus placebo in improvement of endothelial dysfunction: a meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials. Cardiovasc. Ther. 33:3 (2015), 145–154.
22. Hussin, A.M., Ashor, A.W., Schoenmakers, I., Hill, T., Mathers, J.C., Siervo, M., Effects of vitamin D supplementation on endothelial function: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised clinical trials. Eur. J. Nutr. 56:3 (2017), 1095–1104.
23. Gepner, A.D., Colangelo, L.A., Blondon, M., Korcarz, C.E., de Boer, I.H., Kestenbaum, B., Siscovick, D.S., Kaufman, J.D., Liu, K., Stein, J.H., 25-Hydroxyvitamin D and parathyroid hormone levels do not predict changes in carotid arterial stiffness: the multi-ethnic study of atherosclerosis. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. 34:5 (2014), 1102–1109.
24. van Dijk, S.C., Sohl, E., Oudshoorn, C., Enneman, A.W., Ham, A.C., Swart, K.M., van Wijngaarden, J.P., Brouwer-Brolsma, E.M., van der Zwaluw, N.L., Uitterlinden, A.G., de Groot, L.C., Dhonukshe-Rutten, R.A., Lips, P., van Schoor, N.M., Blom, H.J., Geleijnse, J.M., Feskens, E.J., Smulders, Y.M., Zillikens, M.C., de Jongh, R.T., van den Meiracker, A.H., Mattace Raso, F.U., van der Velde, N., Non-linear associations between serum 25-OH vitamin D and indices of arterial stiffness and arteriosclerosis in an older population. Age Ageing 44:1 (2015), 136–142.
25. Lee, Y.-H., Kweon, S.-S., Choi, J.-S., Nam, H.-S., Park, K.-S., Choi, S.-W., Ryu, S.-Y., Oh, S.-H., Shin, M.-H., Association of serum vitamin d and parathyroid hormone with subclinical atherosclerotic phenotypes: The Dong-gu Study. PLoS One, 12(10), 2017, e0186421.
26. Lee, J.H., Suh, H.S., Association of serum 25-hydroxy-vitamin D concentration and arterial stiffness among korean adults in single center. J. Bone Metab. 24:1 (2017), 51–58.
27. Mozos, I., Stoian, D., Luca, C.T., Crosstalk between vitamins A, B12, D, K, C, and E status and arterial stiffness. Dis. Mark., 8784971(10), 2017, 12.
28. Sluyter, J.D., Camargo, C.A., Stewart, A.W., Waayer, D., Lawes, C.M.M., Toop, L., Khaw, K.T., Thom, S.A.M., Hametner, B., Wassertheurer, S., Parker, K.H., Hughes, A.D., Scragg, R., Effect of monthly, high‐dose, long‐term vitamin D supplementation on central blood pressure parameters: a randomized controlled trial substudy. J. Am. Heart Assoc., 6(10), 2017.
29. Tomson, J., Hin, H., Emberson, J., Kurien, R., Lay, M., Cox, J., Hill, M., Arnold, L., Leeson, P., Armitage, J., Clarke, R., Effects of vitamin D on blood pressure, arterial stiffness, and cardiac function in older people after 1 year: BEST – D (biochemical efficacy and safety trial of vitamin D). J. Am. Heart Assoc., 6(10), 2017.
30. Rodriguez, A.J., Scott, D., Srikanth, V., Ebeling, P., Effect of vitamin D supplementation on measures of arterial stiffness: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Clin. Endocrinol. 84:5 (2016), 645–657.
31. Ryu, O.H., Chung, W., Lee, S., Hong, K.S., Choi, M.G., Yoo, H.J., The effect of high-dose vitamin D supplementation on insulin resistance and arterial stiffness in patients with type 2 diabetes. Korean J. Intern. Med. 29:5 (2014), 620–629.
32. Lee, Y.H., Kweon, S.S., Choi, J.S., Nam, H.S., Park, K.S., Choi, S.W., Ryu, S.Y., Oh, S.H., Shin, M.H., Association of serum vitamin D and parathyroid hormone with subclinical atherosclerotic phenotypes: The Dong-gu Study. PLoS One, 12(10), 2017.
33. Carrelli, A.L., Walker, M.D., Lowe, H., McMahon, D.J., Rundek, T., Sacco, R.L., Silverberg, S.J., Vitamin D deficiency is associated with subclinical carotid atherosclerosis: the Northern Manhattan study. Stroke 42:8 (2011), 2240–2245.
34. Chen, F.H., Liu, T., Xu, L., Zhang, L., Zhou, X.B., Association of serum vitamin D level and carotid atherosclerosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J. Ultrasound Med., 24(10), 2017, 14494.
35. Lupoli, R., Vaccaro, A., Ambrosino, P., Poggio, P., Amato, M., Di Minno, M.N., Impact of vitamin D deficiency on subclinical carotid atherosclerosis: a pooled analysis of cohort studies. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., 9(10), 2017 2017-00342.
36. Reis, J.P., von Mühlen, D., Michos, E.D., Miller, E.R., Appel, L.J., Araneta, M.R., Barrett-Connor, E., Serum vitamin D, parathyroid hormone levels, and carotid atherosclerosis. Atherosclerosis 207:2 (2009), 585–590.
37. Juonala, M., Voipio, A., Pahkala, K., Viikari, J.S., Mikkila, V., Kahonen, M., Hutri-Kahonen, N., Jula, A., Burgner, D., Sabin, M.A., Marniemi, J., Loo, B.M., Laitinen, T., Jokinen, E., Taittonen, L., Magnussen, C.G., Raitakari, O.T., Childhood 25-OH vitamin D levels and carotid intima-media thickness in adulthood: the cardiovascular risk in young Fnns study. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 100:4 (2015), 1469–1476.
38. Huff, H., Merchant, A.T., Lonn, E., Pullenayegum, E., Smaill, F., Smieja, M., Vitamin D and progression of carotid intima-media thickness in HIV-positive Canadians. HIV Med., 6(10), 2017, 12563.
39. Chen, W.R., Qian, Y.A., Chen, Y.D., Shi, Y., Yin, D.W., Wang, H., Zhu, P., Liu, H.W., Sha, Y., The effects of low vitamin D on coronary artery disease. Heart Lung Circ. 23:4 (2014), 314–319.
40. Liew, J.Y., Sasha, S.R., Ngu, P.J., Warren, J.L., Wark, J., Dart, A.M., Shaw, J.A., Circulating vitamin D levels are associated with the presence and severity of coronary artery disease but not peripheral arterial disease in patients undergoing coronary angiography. Nutr. Metab. Cardiovasc. Dis. 25:3 (2015), 274–279.
41. Ng, Y.M., Lim, S.K., Kang, P.S., Kadir, K.A., Tai, M.S., Association between serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels and carotid atherosclerosis in chronic kidney disease patients. BMC Nephrol. 17:1 (2016), 016–0367.
42. Salekzamani, S., Bavil, A.S., Mehralizadeh, H., Jafarabadi, M.A., Ghezel, A., Gargari, B.P., The effects of vitamin D supplementation on proatherogenic inflammatory markers and carotid intima media thickness in subjects with metabolic syndrome: a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled clinical trial. Endocrine 57:1 (2017), 51–59.
43. Eckard, A.R., Raggi, P., O'Riordan, M.A., Rosebush, J.C., Labbato, D., Chahroudi, A., Ruff, J.H., Longenecker, C.T., Tangpricha, V., McComsey, G.A., Effects of vitamin D supplementation on carotid intima-media thickness in HIV-infected youth. Virulence 11 (2017), 1–12.
44. Lee, S., Ahuja, V., Masaki, K., Evans, R.W., Barinas-Mitchell, E.J., Ueshima, H., Shin, C., Choo, J., Hassen, L., Edmundowicz, D., Kuller, L.H., Willcox, B., Sekikawa, A., A significant positive association of vitamin D deficiency with coronary artery calcification among middle-aged men: for the ERA JUMP study. J. Am. Coll. Nutr. 35:7 (2016), 614–620.
45. Young, K.A., Snell-Bergeon, J.K., Naik, R.G., Hokanson, J.E., Tarullo, D., Gottlieb, P.A., Garg, S.K., Rewers, M., Vitamin D deficiency and coronary artery calcification in subjects with type 1 diabetes. Diab. Care 34:2 (2011), 454–458.
46. Sung, K.C., Chang, Y., Ryu, S., Chung, H.K., High levels of serum vitamin D are associated with a decreased risk of metabolic diseases in both men and women, but an increased risk for coronary artery calcification in Korean men. Cardiovasc. Diabetol. 15:1 (2016), 016–0432.
47. Zagura, M., Serg, M., Kampus, P., Zilmer, M., Eha, J., Unt, E., Lieberg, J., Cockcroft, J.R., Kals, J., Aortic stiffness and vitamin D are independent markers of aortic calcification in patients with peripheral arterial disease and in healthy subjects. Eur. J. Vasc. Endovasc. Surg. 42:5 (2011), 689–695.
48. Manson, J.E., Allison, M.A., Carr, J.J., Langer, R.D., Cochrane, B.B., Hendrix, S.L., Hsia, J., Hunt, J.R., Lewis, C.E., Margolis, K.L., Robinson, J.G., Rodabough, R.J., Thomas, A.M., Calcium/vitamin D supplementation and coronary artery calcification. Menopause (New York, N.Y.) 17:4 (2010), 683–691.
49. Fan, H., Yu, W., Cao, H., Li, J., Liu, B., Wang, J., Shao, Y., Fan, Y., Yang, J., Zhang, Q., Hu, X., Meta-analysis of circulating 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels and risk of cardiovascular and all-cause mortality in elderly population. Int. J. Cardiol. 176:October (3) (2014), 1025–1029, 10.1016/j.ijcard.2014.07.074 Epub 2014 Aug 4.2014.
50. Zhang, R., Li, B., Gao, X., Tian, R., Pan, Y., Jiang, Y., Gu, H., Wang, Y., Liu, G., Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D and the risk of cardiovascular disease: dose-response meta-analysis of prospective studies. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 105:4 (2017), 810–819.
51. Leu Agelii, M., Lehtinen-Jacks, S., Zetterberg, H., Sundh, V., Bjorkelund, C., Lissner, L., Low vitamin D status in relation to cardiovascular disease and mortality in Swedish women – effect of extended follow-up. Nutr. Metab. Cardiovasc. Dis. 25:17 (2017), 30240–30245.
52. Durup, D., Jorgensen, H.L., Christensen, J., Tjonneland, A., Olsen, A., Halkjaer, J., Lind, B., Heegaard, A.M., Schwarz, P., A reverse J-shaped association between serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D and cardiovascular disease mortality: the CopD study. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 100:6 (2015), 2339–2346.
53. Siasos, G., Tousoulis, D., Oikonomou, E., Maniatis, K., Kioufis, S., Kokkou, E., Miliou, A., Zaromitidou, M., Kassi, E., Stefanadis, C., Vitamin D serum levels are associated with cardiovascular outcome in coronary artery disease. Int. J. Cardiol. 168:October (4) (2013), 4445–4447, 10.1016/j.ijcard.2013.06.151 Epub 2013 Jul 26.
54. Nie, Z., Ji, X.C., Wang, J., Zhang, H.X., Serum levels of 25-hydroxyvitamin D predicts infarct volume and mortality in ischemic stroke patients. J. Neuroimmunol. 313 (2017), 41–45.
55. Aleksova, A., Beltrami, A.P., Belfiore, R., Barbati, G., Di Nucci, M., Scapol, S., De Paris, V., Carriere, C., Sinagra, G., U-shaped relationship between vitamin D levels and long-term outcome in large cohort of survivors of acute myocardial infarction. Int. J. Cardiol. 223 (2016), 962–966.
56. Bajaj, A., Stone, K.L., Peters, K., Parimi, N., Barrett-Connor, E., Bauer, D., Cawthon, P.M., Ensrud, K.E., Hoffman, A.R., Orwoll, E., Schernhammer, E.S., Circulating vitamin D, supplement use, and cardiovascular disease risk: the MrOS Sleep Study. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 99:9 (2014), 3256–3262.
57. Welles, C.C., Whooley, M.A., Karumanchi, S.A., Hod, T., Thadhani, R., Berg, A.H., Ix, J.H., Mukamal, K.J., Vitamin D deficiency and cardiovascular events in patients with coronary heart disease: data from the Heart and Soul Study. Am. J. Epidemiol. 179:11 (2014), 1279–1287.
58. Grandi, N.C., Breitling, L.P., Vossen, C.Y., Hahmann, H., Wusten, B., Marz, W., Rothenbacher, D., Brenner, H., Serum vitamin D and risk of secondary cardiovascular disease events in patients with stable coronary heart disease. Am. Heart J. 159:6 (2010), 1044–1051.
59. Rapson, I.R., Michos, E.D., Alonso, A., Hirsch, A.T., Matsushita, K., Reis, J.P., Lutsey, P.L., Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D is associated with incident peripheral artery disease among white and black adults in the ARIC study cohort. Atherosclerosis 257 (2017), 123–129.
60. Nsengiyumva, V., Fernando, M.E., Moxon, J.V., Krishna, S.M., Pinchbeck, J., Omer, S.M., Morris, D.R., Jones, R.E., Moran, C.S., Seto, S.W., Golledge, J., The association of circulating 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentration with peripheral arterial disease: a meta-analysis of observational studies. Atherosclerosis 243:2 (2015), 645–651.
61. Li, D.M., Zhang, Y., Li, Q., Xu, X.H., Ding, B., Ma, J.H., Low 25-hydroxyvitamin D level is associated with peripheral arterial disease in type 2 diabetes patients. Arch. Med. Res. 47:1 (2016), 49–54.
62. Tunstall‐Pedoe, H., Peters, S.A.E., Woodward, M., Struthers, A.D., Belch, J.J.F., Twenty‐year predictors of peripheral arterial disease compared with coronary heart disease in the Scottish Heart Health Extended Cohort (SHHEC). J. Am. Heart Assoc.: Cardiovasc. Cerebrovasc. Dis., 6(9), 2017, e005967.
63. Correia, L.C., Sodre, F., Garcia, G., Sabino, M., Brito, M., Kalil, F., Barreto, B., Lima, J.C., Noya-Rabelo, M.M., Relation of severe deficiency of vitamin D to cardiovascular mortality during acute coronary syndromes. Am. J. Cardiol. 111:3 (2013), 324–327.
64. Qi, L., Ma, W., Heianza, Y., Zheng, Y., Wang, T., Sun, D., Rimm, E.B., Hu, F.B., Giovannucci, E., Albert, C.M., Rexrode, K.M., Manson, J.E., Independent and synergistic associations of biomarkers of vitamin D status with risk of coronary heart disease. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. 37:11 (2017), 2204–2212.
65. Robinson-Cohen, C., Zelnick, L.R., Hoofnagle, A.N., Lutsey, P.L., Burke, G., Michos, E.D., Shea, S.J.C., Tracy, R., Siscovick, D.S., Psaty, B., Kestenbaum, B., de Boer, I.H., Associations of vitamin D-binding globulin and bioavailable vitamin D concentrations with coronary heart disease events: the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA). J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 102:8 (2017), 3075–3084.
66. Michos, E.D., Misialek, J.R., Selvin, E., Folsom, A.R., Pankow, J.S., Post, W.S., Lutsey, P.L., 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels, vitamin D binding protein gene polymorphisms and incident coronary heart disease among whites and blacks: the ARIC study. Atherosclerosis 241:1 (2015), 12–17.
67. Nargesi, A.A., Heidari, B., Esteghamati, S., Hafezi-Nejad, N., Sheikhbahaei, S., Pajouhi, A., Nakhjavani, M., Esteghamati, A., Contribution of vitamin d deficiency to the risk of coronary heart disease in subjects with essential hypertension. Atherosclerosis 244 (2016), 165–171.
68. Robinson-Cohen, C., Hoofnagle, A.N., Ix, J.H., Sachs, M.C., Tracy, R.P., Siscovick, D.S., Kestenbaum, B.R., de Boer, I.H., Racial differences in the association of serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentration with coronary heart disease events. Jama 310:2 (2013), 179–188.
69. Ford, J.A., MacLennan, G.S., Avenell, A., Bolland, M., Grey, A., Witham, M., Cardiovascular disease and vitamin D supplementation: trial analysis, systematic review, and meta-analysis. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 100:3 (2014), 746–755.
70. Cauley, J.A., Chlebowski, R.T., Wactawski-Wende, J., Robbins, J.A., Rodabough, R.J., Chen, Z., Johnson, K.C., O'Sullivan, M.J., Jackson, R.D., Manson, J.E., Calcium plus vitamin D supplementation and health outcomes five years after active intervention ended: the women's health initiative. J. Womens Health 22:11 (2013), 915–929.
71. Prentice, R.L., Pettinger, M.B., Jackson, R.D., Wactawski-Wende, J., Lacroix, A.Z., Anderson, G.L., Chlebowski, R.T., Manson, J.E., Van Horn, L., Vitolins, M.Z., Datta, M., LeBlanc, E.S., Cauley, J.A., Rossouw, J.E., Health risks and benefits from calcium and vitamin D supplementation: women's health initiative clinical trial and cohort study. Osteoporos. Int. 24:2 (2013), 567–580.
72. Harvey, N.C., D'Angelo, S., Paccou, J., Curtis, E.M., Edwards, M., Raisi-Estabragh, Z., Walker-Bone, K., Petersen, S.E., Cooper, C., Calcium and vitamin D supplementation are not associated with risk of incident ischemic cardiac events or death: findings from the UK biobank cohort. J. Bone Min. Res., 4(10), 2018.
73. Qiu, H., Wang, M., Mi, D., Zhao, J., Tu, W., Liu, Q., Vitamin D status and the risk of recurrent stroke and mortality in ischemic stroke patients: data from a 24-month follow-up study in China. J. Nutr. Health Aging 21:7 (2017), 766–771.
74. D'Amore, C., Marsico, F., Parente, A., Paolillo, S., De Martino, F., Gargiulo, P., Ferrazzano, F., De Roberto, A.M., La Mura, L., Marciano, C., Dellegrottaglie, S., Trimarco, B., Perrone Filardi, P., Vitamin D deficiency and clinical outcome in patients with chronic heart failure: a review. Nutr. Metab. Cardiovasc. Dis. 27:10 (2017), 837–849.
75. Porto, C.M., Silva, V.L., da Luz, J.S.B., Filho, B.M., da Silveira, V.M., Association between vitamin D deficiency and heart failure risk in the elderly. ESC Heart Fail., 17(10), 2017, 12198.
76. Donneyong, M.M., Hornung, C.A., Taylor, K.C., Baumgartner, R.N., Myers, J.A., Eaton, C.B., Gorodeski, E.Z., Klein, L., Martin, L.W., Shikany, J.M., Song, Y., Li, W., Manson, J.E., Risk of heart failure among postmenopausal women: a secondary analysis of the randomized trial of vitamin D plus calcium of the women's health initiative. Circul. Heart Fail. 8:1 (2015), 49–56.
77. Jiang, W.L., Gu, H.B., Zhang, Y.F., Xia, Q.Q., Qi, J., Chen, J.C., Vitamin D supplementation in the treatment of chronic heart failure: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Clin. Cardiol. 39:1 (2016), 56–61.
78. Adeniran, I., MacIver, D.H., Hancox, J.C., Zhang, H., Abnormal calcium homeostasis in heart failure with preserved ejection fraction is related to both reduced contractile function and incomplete relaxation: an electromechanically detailed biophysical modeling study. Front. Physiol., 6(78), 2015.
79. Runte, K.E., Bell, S.P., Selby, D.E., Haussler, T.N., Ashikaga, T., LeWinter, M.M., Palmer, B.M., Meyer, M., Relaxation and the role of calcium in isolated contracting myocardium from patients with hypertensive heart disease and heart failure with preserved ejection fraction. Circ. Heart Fail., 10(8), 2017, 004311.
80. Libby, P., Theroux, P., Pathophysiology of coronary artery disease. Circulation 111:25 (2005), 3481–3488.
81. Jeong, H.Y., Park, K.M., Lee, M.J., Yang, D.H., Kim, S.H., Lee, S.Y., Vitamin D and hypertension. Electrolyte Blood Press. 15:1 (2017), 1–11.
82. Kunutsor, S.K., Apekey, T.A., Steur, M., Vitamin D and risk of future hypertension: meta-analysis of 283,537 participants. Eur. J. Epidemiol. 28:3 (2013), 205–221.
83. Vimaleswaran, K.S., Cavadino, A., Berry, D.J., Jorde, R., Dieffenbach, A.K., Lu, C., Alves, A.C., Heerspink, H.J., Tikkanen, E., Eriksson, J., Wong, A., Mangino, M., Jablonski, K.A., Nolte, I.M., Houston, D.K., Ahluwalia, T.S., van der Most, P.J., Pasko, D., Zgaga, L., Thiering, E., Vitart, V., Fraser, R.M., Huffman, J.E., de Boer, R.A., Schottker, B., Saum, K.U., McCarthy, M.I., Dupuis, J., Herzig, K.H., Sebert, S., Pouta, A., Laitinen, J., Kleber, M.E., Navis, G., Lorentzon, M., Jameson, K., Arden, N., Cooper, J.A., Acharya, J., Hardy, R., Raitakari, O., Ripatti, S., Billings, L.K., Lahti, J., Osmond, C., Penninx, B.W., Rejnmark, L., Lohman, K.K., Paternoster, L., Stolk, R.P., Hernandez, D.G., Byberg, L., Hagstrom, E., Melhus, H., Ingelsson, E., Mellstrom, D., Ljunggren, O., Tzoulaki, I., McLachlan, S., Theodoratou, E., Tiesler, C.M., Jula, A., Navarro, P., Wright, A.F., Polasek, O., Wilson, J.F., Rudan, I., Salomaa, V., Heinrich, J., Campbell, H., Price, J.F., Karlsson, M., Lind, L., Michaelsson, K., Bandinelli, S., Frayling, T.M., Hartman, C.A., Sorensen, T.I., Kritchevsky, S.B., Langdahl, B.L., Eriksson, J.G., Florez, J.C., Spector, T.D., Lehtimaki, T., Kuh, D., Humphries, S.E., Cooper, C., Ohlsson, C., Marz, W., de Borst, M.H., Kumari, M., Kivimaki, M., Wang, T.J., Power, C., Brenner, H., Grimnes, G., van der Harst, P., Snieder, H., Hingorani, A.D., Pilz, S., Whittaker, J.C., Jarvelin, M.R., Hypponen, E., Association of vitamin D status with arterial blood pressure and hypertension risk: a mendelian randomisation study. Lancet Diab. Endocrinol. 2:9 (2014), 719–729.
84. Qi, D., Nie, X.-l., Wu, S., Cai, J., Vitamin D and hypertension: prospective study and meta-analysis. PLoS One, 12(3), 2017, e0174298.
85. Nasri, H., Behradmanesh, S., Ahmadi, A., Rafieian-Kopaei, M., Impact of oral vitamin D (cholecalciferol) replacement therapy on blood pressure in type 2 diabetes patients; a randomized, double-blind, placebo controlled clinical trial. J. Nephropathol. 3:1 (2014), 29–33.
86. Larsen, T., Mose, F.H., Bech, J.N., Hansen, A.B., Pedersen, E.B., Effect of cholecalciferol supplementation during winter months in patients with hypertension: a randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Am. J. Hypertens. 25:11 (2012), 1215–1222.
87. de Paula, T.P., Kramer, C.K., Viana, L.V., Azevedo, M.J., Effects of individual micronutrients on blood pressure in patients with type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials. Sci. Rep., 7(40751), 2017.
88. Beveridge, L.A., Struthers, A.D., Khan, F., Jorde, R., Scragg, R., Macdonald, H.M., Alvarez, J.A., Boxer, R.S., Dalbeni, A., Gepner, A.D., Isbel, N.M., Larsen, T., Nagpal, J., Petchey, W.G., Stricker, H., Strobel, F., Tangpricha, V., Toxqui, L., Vaquero, M.P., Wamberg, L., Zittermann, A., Witham, M.D., Effect of vitamin D supplementation on blood pressure: a systematic review and meta-analysis incorporating individual patient data. JAMA Intern. Med. 175:5 (2015), 745–754.
89. Qi, D., Nie, X., Cai, J., The effect of vitamin D supplementation on hypertension in non-CKD populations: a systemic review and meta-analysis. Int. J. Cardiol. 227 (2017), 177–186.
90. Golzarand, M., Shab-Bidar, S., Koochakpoor, G., Speakman, J.R., Djafarian, K., Effect of vitamin D3 supplementation on blood pressure in adults: an updated meta-analysis. Nutr. Metab. Cardiovasc. Dis. 26:8 (2016), 663–673.
91. Manson, J.E., Bassuk, S.S., Lee, I.M., Cook, N.R., Albert, M.A., Gordon, D., Zaharris, E., Macfadyen, J.G., Danielson, E., Lin, J., Zhang, S.M., Buring, J.E., The VITamin D and OmegA-3 TriaL (VITAL): rationale and design of a large randomized controlled trial of vitamin D and marine omega-3 fatty acid supplements for the primary prevention of cancer and cardiovascular disease. Contemp. Clin. Trials 33:1 (2012), 159–171.
92. CORDIS, DO-Health Report Summary., 2017, Universitaet Zuerich, Switzerland.
93. Zittermann, A., The biphasic effect of vitamin D on the musculoskeletal and cardiovascular system. Int. J. Endocrinol., 3206240(10), 2017, 23.
94. Holick, M.F., Binkley, N.C., Bischoff-Ferrari, H.A., Gordon, C.M., Hanley, D.A., Heaney, R.P., Murad, M.H., Weaver, C.M., Evaluation, treatment, and prevention of vitamin D deficiency: an endocrine society clinical practice guideline. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 96:7 (2011), 1911–1930.
95. Pludowski, P., Karczmarewicz, E., Bayer, M., Carter, G., Chlebna-Sokol, D., Czech-Kowalska, J., Debski, R., Decsi, T., Dobrzanska, A., Franek, E., Gluszko, P., Grant, W.B., Holick, M.F., Yankovskaya, L., Konstantynowicz, J., Ksiazyk, J.B., Ksiezopolska-Orlowska, K., Lewinski, A., Litwin, M., Lohner, S., Lorenc, R.S., Lukaszkiewicz, J., Marcinowska-Suchowierska, E., Milewicz, A., Misiorowski, W., Nowicki, M., Povoroznyuk, V., Rozentryt, P., Rudenka, E., Shoenfeld, Y., Socha, P., Solnica, B., Szalecki, M., Talalaj, M., Varbiro, S., Zmijewski, M.A., Practical guidelines for the supplementation of vitamin D and the treatment of deficits in Central Europe – recommended vitamin D intakes in the general population and groups at risk of vitamin D deficiency. Endokrynol. Pol. 64:4 (2013), 319–327.
96. Pludowski, P., Holick, M.F., Grant, W.B., Konstantynowicz, J., Mascarenhas, M.R., Haq, A., Povoroznyuk, V., Balatska, N., Barbosa, A.P., Karonova, T., Rudenka, E., Misiorowski, W., Zakharova, I., Rudenka, A., Lukaszkiewicz, J., Marcinowska-Suchowierska, E., Laszcz, N., Abramowicz, P., Bhattoa, H.P., Wimalawansa, S.J., Vitamin D supplementation guidelines. J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol. 175 (2018), 125–135.
97. Cesareo, R., Attanasio, R., Caputo, M., Castello, R., Chiodini, I., Falchetti, A., Guglielmi, R., Papini, E., Santonati, A., Scillitani, A., Toscano, V., Triggiani, V., Vescini, F., Zini, M., Italian Association of Clinical Endocrinologists (AME) and Italian chapter of the American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists (AACE) position statement: clinical management of vitamin D deficiency in adults. Nutrients, 10(5), 2018.