The therapeutic properties and applications of Aloe vera: A review

Journal of Herbal Medicine

Volumn 12, Issue , 2018, Pages 1-10

  Maan, Abid Aslam ^a   Nazir, Akmal ^a,d   Khan, Muhammad Kashif Iqbal ^a   Ahmad, Tahir ^a   Zia, Rabia ^b   Murid, Misbah ^a   Abrar, Muhammad ^c  

^a UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE   (Pakistan)

^b UNIVERSITY OF FAISALABAD   (Pakistan)

^c AYUB AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH INSTITUTE   (Pakistan)

^d UNITED ARAB EMIRATES UNIVERSITY   (United Arab Emirates)

Author keywords

Aloe vera; Composition; Cosmetics; Functional foods; Rheology; Therapeutic

Indexed keywords

ALOE VERA EXTRACT; ANTIULCER AGENT; COSMETIC; LATEX; LAXATIVE; NUTRACEUTICAL;

ALOE VERA; ANTIDIABETIC ACTIVITY; ANTIINFLAMMATORY ACTIVITY; ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY; ANTINEOPLASTIC ACTIVITY; ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY; ASTHMA; BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITY; CHEMICAL COMPOSITION; CLINICAL EFFECTIVENESS; CONCENTRATION PROCESS; DRUG ABSORPTION; DRUG BIOAVAILABILITY; DRUG EFFECT; FLOW KINETICS; FOOD; GEL; GENITAL HERPES; HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS INFECTION; MATERIAL COATING; NONHUMAN; PHARMACEUTICAL CARE; PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY; POWDER; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; TOOTH; WOUND HEALING;

EID: 85044969546     PISSN: 22108033     EISSN: 22108041     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.hermed.2018.01.002     Document Type: Review

References (104)

1. Aburjai, T., Natsheh, F.M., Plants used in cosmetics. Phytother. Res. 17:9 (2003), 987–1000.
2. Agarry, O.O., Olaleye, M.T., Comparative antimicrobial activities of Aloe vera gel and leaf. Afr. J.Biotechnol. 4:12 (2005), 1413–1414.
3. Ahlawat, K.S., Khatkar, B.S., Processing, food applications and safety of Aloe vera products: a review. J. Food Sci. Technol. 48:5 (2011), 525–533.
4. Ahmed, M.J., Singh, Z., Khan, A.S., Postharvest Aloe vera gel-coating modulates fruit ripening and quality of ‘Arctic Snow’ nectarine kept in ambient and cold storage. Int. J. Food Sci. Technol. 44:5 (2009), 1024–1033.
5. Akinyele, B.O., Odiyi, A.C., Comparative study of the vegetative morphology and the existing taxonomic status of Aloe vera. J. Plant Sci. 2:5 (2007), 558–563.
6. Aldhous, P., Aloe vera Extract Gave Rats Tumors. 2011 https://www.newscientist.com/article/dn20365-aloe-vera-extract-gave-rats-tumours/.
7. Ali, I.I., Umut, G., Semih, Y., Mehmet, Y.D., Cytotoxicity of Aloe vera gel extracts on Allium cepa root tip cells. Turk. J. Bot. 36 (2012), 263–268.
8. Arowora, K.A., Williams, J.O., Adetunji, C.O., Fawole, O.B., Afolayan, S.S., Olaleye, O.O., Adetunji, J.B., Ogundele, B.A., Effects of Aloe vera coatings on quality characteristics of oranges stored under cold storage. Greener J. Agric. Sci. 3 (2013), 39–47.
9. Arunkumar, S., Muthuselvam, M., Analysis of phytochemical constituents and antimicrobial activities of Aloe vera l. Against clinical pathogens. World J. Agric. Sci. 5:5 (2009), 572–576.
10. Benítez, S., Achaerandio, I., Pujolà M., Sepulcre, F., Aloe vera as an alternative to traditional edible coatings used in fresh-cut fruits: a case of study with kiwifruit slices. LWT – Food Sci. Technol. 61:1 (2015), 184–193.
11. Borra, S.K., Lagisetty, R.K., Mallela, G.R., Anti-ulcer effect of Aloe vera in non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug induced peptic ulcers in rats. Afr. J. Pharm. Pharmacol. 5:16 (2011), 1867–1871.
12. Bouchey, G., Gjerstad, G., Chemical studies of Aloe vera juice II: inorganic ingredients. Q. J. Crude Drug Res. 9:4 (1969), 1445–1453.
13. Boudreau, M.D., Beland, F.A., An evaluation of the biological and toxicological properties of Aloe barbadensis (Miller), Aloe vera. J. Environ. Sci. Health Part C 24:1 (2006), 103–154.
14. Boudreau, M.D., Beland, F.A., An evaluation of the biological and toxicological properties of Aloe barbadensis (Miller), Aloe vera. J. Environ. Sci. Health Part C 24 (2006), 103–154.
15. Bozzi, A., Perrin, C., Austin, S., Arce Vera, F., Quality and authenticity of commercial Aloe vera gel powders. Food Chem. 103:1 (2007), 22–30.
16. Capasso, F., Borrelli, F., Capasso, R.G., Carlo, D., Izzo, A.A., Pinto, L., Mascolo, N., Castaldo, S., Longo, R., Aloe and its therapeutic use. Phytother. Res. 12 (1998), 124–127.
17. Carien, B., Alvaro, V., Josias, H., Modulation of drug efflux by Aloe materials: an in vitro investigation across rat intestinal tissue. Pharmacogn. Mag. 9 (2013), 44–48.
18. Castillo, S., Navarro, D., Zapata, P.J., Guillén, F., Valero, D., Serrano, M., Martínez-Romero, D., Antifungal efficacy of Aloe vera in vitro and its use as a preharvest treatment to maintain postharvest table grape quality. Postharvest Biol. Technol. 57:3 (2010), 183–188.
19. Chauhan, S., Gupta, K.C., Agrawal, M., Application of Biodegradable Aloe vera gel to control post harvest decay and longer the shelf life of Grapes. Int. J. Curr. Microbiol. Appl. Sci. 3:3 (2014), 632–642.
20. Chen, C.-P., Wang, B.-J., Weng, Y.-M., Physiochemical and antimicrobial properties of edible aloe/gelatin composite films. Int. J. Food Sci. Technol. 45:5 (2010), 1050–1055.
21. Christaki, E.V., Florou-Paneri, P.C., Aloe vera: a plant for many uses. J. Food Agric. Environ. 8:2 (2010), 245–249.
22. David, U., Aloe vera-Nature's Gift. 1999, Blackdown Publications, Bristol, England.
23. Devaraj, S., Jialal, R., Jialal, I., Rockwood, R., A pilot randomized placebo controlled trial of 2 Aloe vera supplements in patients with pre-diabetes/metabolic syndrome. Planta Med., 74, 2008, 77.
24. El-Shemy, H.A., Aboul-Soud, M.A.M., Nassr-Allah, A.A., Aboul-Enein, K.M., Kabash, A., Yagi, A., Antitumor properties and modulation of antioxidant enzymes’ activity by Aloe vera leaf active principles isolated via supercritical carbon dioxide extraction. Curr. Med. Chem. 17 (2010), 129–138.
25. Elbandy, M.A., Abed, S.M., Gad, S.S.A., Abdel-Fadeel, M.G., Aloe vera gel as a functional ingredient and natural preservative in mango nectar. World J. Dairy Food Sci. 9:2 (2014), 191–203.
26. Eshun, K., He, Q., Aloe vera: a valuable ingredient for the food, pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries: a review. Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr. 44:2 (2004), 91–96.
27. Femenia, A., Sánchez, E.S., Simal, S., Rosselló C., Compositional features of polysaccharides from Aloe vera (Aloe barbadensis Miller) plant tissues. Carbohydr. Polym. 39:2 (1999), 109–117.
28. Hamman, J., Composition and applications of Aloe vera leaf gel. Molecules 13:8 (2008), 1599–1616.
29. He, Q., Changhong, L., Kojo, E., Tian, Z., Quality and safety assurance in the processing of Aloe vera gel juice. Food Control 16:2 (2005), 95–104.
30. Huang, S., Fu, X., Cell behavior on microparticles with different surface morphology. J. Alloys Compd. 493 (2010), 246–251.
31. Huseini, H.F., Kianbakht, S., Hajiaghaee, R., Dabaghian, F.H., Anti-hyperglycemic and anti-hypercholesterolemic effects of Aloe vera leaf gel in hyperlipidemic type 2 diabetic patients: a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled clinical trial. Planta Med. 78 (2012), 311–316.
32. Hussain, S.A., Patil, G.R., Yadav, V., Singh, R.R.B., Effect of storage on sensory quality, pH, wheying-off and probiotic count of lassi supplemented with Aloe barbadensis Miller juice. Indian J. Dairy Sci. 68:2 (2014), 105–110.
33. Ikada, Y., Challenges in tissue engineering. J. R. Soc. Interface 3:10 (2006), 589–601.
34. Iwu, M.M., Handbook of African Medicinal Plants. 2nd ed., 2014, Taylor & Francis, NY, USA.
35. Jain, N., Vijayaraghavan, R., Pant, S.C., Lomash, V., Ali, M., Aloe vera gel alleviates cardiotoxicity in streptozocin-induced diabetes in rats. J. Pharm. Pharmacol. 62 (2010), 115–123.
36. Jiang, T., Feng, L., Zheng, X., Li, J., Physicochemical responses and microbial characteristics of shiitake mushroom (Lentinus edodes) to gum arabic coating enriched with natamycin during storage. Food Chem. 138:2 (2013), 1992–1997.
37. Joshy, K.S., Sharma, C.P., Kalarikkal, N., Sandeep, K., Thomas, S., Pothen, L.A., Evaluation of in-vitro cytotoxicity and cellular uptake efficiency of zidovudine-loaded solid lipid nanoparticles modified with Aloe vera in glioma cells. Mater. Sci. Eng.: C 66 (2016), 40–50.
38. Kang, M.C., Kim, S.Y., Kim, Y.T., Kim, E.A., Lee, S.H., Ko, S.C., Wijesinghe, W.A., Samarakoon, K.W., Kim, Y.S., Cho, J.H., Jang, H.S., Jeon, Y.J., In vitro and in vivo antioxidant activities of polysaccharide purified from Aloe vera (Aloe barbadensis) gel. Carbohydr. Polym. 99 (2014), 365–371.
39. Kapoor, V.K., Dureja, J., Chadha, R., Herbals in the control of ageing. Drug Discov. Today 14:19–20 (2009), 992–998.
40. Kedarnath, Kaveri, K.M., Chimkod, V.B., Patil, C.S., Antimicrobial activity of Aloe vera leaf extract. Int. J Appl. Biol. Pharm. Technol. 4:4 (2013), 286–290.
41. Khan, M.K.I., Ansar, M., Nazir, A., Maan, A.A., Sustainable dehydration of onion slices through novel microwave hydro-diffusion gravity technique. Innov. Food Sci. Emerg. Technol. 33 (2016), 327–332.
42. Kilic, N., The effect of Aloe vera gel on experimentally induced peritoneal adhesions in rats. Rev. Med. Vet.–Toulouse 156:7 (2005), 409–413.
43. Kumar, M., Rakesh, S., Nagpal, R., Hemalatha, R., Ramakrishna, A., Sudarshan, V., Ramagoni, R., Shujauddin, M., Verma, V., Kumar, A., Tiwari, A., Singh, B., Kumar, R., Probiotic Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG and Aloe vera gel improve lipid profiles in hypercholesterolemic rats. Nutrition 29:3 (2013), 574–579.
44. Lad, V.N., Murthy, Z.V.P., Rheology of Aloe barbadensis Miller: a naturally available material of high therapeutic and nutrient value for food applications. J. Food Eng. 115:3 (2013), 279–284.
45. Langmead, L., Makins, R.J., Rampton, D.S., Anti-inflammatory effects of Aloe vera gel in human colorectal mucosa in vitro. Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther. 19 (2004), 521–527.
46. Lawrence, R., Tripathi, P., Jeyakumar, E., Isolation, purification and evaluation of antibacterial agents from Aloe vera. Braz. J. Microbiol. 40:4 (2009), 906–915.
47. Lone, M.A., Malviya, D., Mishra, P., Dubey, A., Saxena, R.C., Antiinflammatory and antimicrobial activity of anthraquinone isolated from Aloe vera (Liliaceae). Asian J. Chem., 21(3), 2009, 1807.
48. Lopez, A., de Tangil, M.S., Vega-Orellana, O., Ramirez, A.S., Rico, M., Phenolic constituents, antioxidant and preliminary antimycoplasmic activities of leaf skin and flowers of Aloe vera (L.) Burm. f. (syn. A. barbadensis Mill.) from the Canary Islands (Spain). Molecules 18:5 (2013), 4942–4954.
49. Maenthaisong, R., Chaiyakunapruk, N., Niruntraporn, S., Kongkaew, C., The efficacy of Aloe vera used for burn wound healing: a systematic review. Burns 33:6 (2007), 713–718.
50. Manoharan, A.P., Ramasamy, D., Physico-chemical, microbial and sensory analysis of Aloe vera (pulp) ice cream with natural colour in different artificial sweeteners. Indian J. Fundam. Appl. Life Sci. 3:2 (2013), 114–121.
51. Mansour, G., Ouda, S., Shaker, A., Abdallah, H.M., Clinical efficacy of new Aloe vera and myrrh-based oral mucoadhesive gels in the management of minor recurrent aphthous stomatitis: a randomized, double-blind, vehicle-controlled study. J. Oral Pathol. Med. 43 (2014), 405–409.
52. Martínez-Romero, D., Alburquerque, N., Valverde, J.M., Guillén, F., Castillo, S., Valero, D., Serrano, M., Postharvest sweet cherry quality and safety maintenance by Aloe vera treatment: a new edible coating. Postharvest Biol. Technol. 39:1 (2006), 93–100.
53. Martínez-Romero, D., Castillo, S., Guillén, F., Díaz-Mula, H.M., Zapata, P.J., Valero, D., Serrano, M., Aloe vera gel coating maintains quality and safety of ready-to-eat pomegranate arils. Postharvest Biol. Technol. 86 (2013), 107–112.
54. Meadows, T.P., Aloe as a humectant in new skin preparations. Cosmet. Toiletries 95 (1980), 51–56.
55. Misir, J., Brishti, F.H., Hoque, M.M., Aloe vera gel as a novel edible coating for fresh fruits: a review. Am. J. Food Sci. Technol. 2:3 (2014), 93–97.
56. Mohamed, E.A.K., Antidiabetic, antihypercholestermic and antioxidative effect of Aloe vera gel extract in alloxan induced diabetic rats. Aust. J. Basic Appl. Sci. 5:11 (2011), 1321–1327.
57. Moore, D.E., McAnalley, B.H., 1995. Drink Containing Mucilaginous Polysaccharides and Its Preparation. Google Patents.
58. Mulay, S., Aloe vera–a review. Int. J. Pharm. Phytopharmacol. Res., 3(3), 2014.
59. Ni, Y., Turner, D., Yates, K.M., Tizard, I., Isolation and characterization of structural components of Aloe vera L. leaf pulp. Int. Immunopharmacol. 4:14 (2004), 1745–1755.
60. Nidiry, E.S.J., Ganeshan, G., Lokesha, A.N., Antifungal activity of some extractives and constituents of Aloe vera. Res. J. Med. Plant 5:2 (2011), 196–200.
61. Nwaoguikpe, R., Braide, W., Ezejiofor, T., The effect of Aloe vera plant (Aloe barbadensis) extracts on sickle cell blood (hbss). Afr. J. Food Sci. Technol. 1:3 (2010), 058–063.
62. Olatunya, O.S., Olatunya, A.M., Anyabolu, H.C., Adejuyigbe, E.A., Oyelami, O.A., Preliminary trial of Aloe vera gruel on HIV infection. J. Altern. Complement. Med. 18 (2012), 850–853.
63. Paladines, D., Valero, D., Valverde, J.M., Díaz-Mula, H., Serrano, M., Martínez-Romero, D., The addition of rosehip oil improves the beneficial effect of Aloe vera gel on delaying ripening and maintaining postharvest quality of several stonefruit. Postharvest Biol. Technol. 92 (2014), 23–28.
64. Park, Y.I., Jo, T.H., Perspective of industrial application of Aloe vera. Park, Y.I., Lee, S.K., (eds.) New Perspectives on Aloe, 2006, Springer, 191–200.
65. Peng, S.Y., Norman, J., Curtin, G., Corrier, D., McDaniel, H.R., Busbee, D., Decreased mortality of Norman murine sarcoma in mice treated with the immunomodulator, Acemannan. Mol. Biother. 3:2 (1991), 79–87.
66. Pereira, G.G., Santos-Oliveira, R., Albernaz, M.S., Canema, D., Weismüller, G., Barros, E.B., Magalhães, L., Lima-Ribeiro, M.H.M., Pohlmann, A.R., Guterres, S.S., Microparticles of Aloe vera/vitamin E/chitosan: microscopic, a nuclear imaging and an in vivo test analysis for burn treatment. Eur. J. Pharm. Biopharm. 86:2 (2014), 292–300.
67. Pushkala, R., Srividya, N., Influence of Aloe gel enrichment on the physicochemical, textural and sensory characteristics of dahi. J. Food Sci. Eng. 1 (2011), 141–153.
68. Qian, H., Study on the technology of Aloe gel freeze dried powder. Food Ferment. Ind. 28 (2002), 49–52.
69. Radha, M.H., Laxmipriya, N.P., Evaluation of biological properties and clinical effectiveness of Aloe vera: a systematic review. J. Tradit. Complement. Med. 5:1 (2015), 21–26.
70. Ramachandra, C.T., Rao, P.S., Processing of Aloe vera leaf gel: a review. Am. J. Agric. Biol. Sci. 3:2 (2008), 502–510.
71. Reynolds, T., Dweck, A.C., Aloe vera leaf gel: a review update. J. Ethnopharmacol. 68:1 (1999), 3–37.
72. Robbers, J.E., Speedie, M.K., Tyler, V.E., Pharmacognosy and Pharmacobiotechnology. 9th ed., 1996, Williams & Wilkins, the University of Michigan, Michigan, USA.
73. Rodŕiguez, E.R., Martin, J.D., Romero, C.D., Aloe vera as a functional ingredient in foods. Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr. 50 (2010), 305–326.
74. Saeed, M., Ahmad, I., Yaqub, U., Akbar, S., Waheed, A., Saleem, M., Din, N., Aloe vera: a plant of vital significance. Sci. Vis. 9:2 (2004), 1–13.
75. Saibuatong, O.-A., Phisalaphong, M., Novo Aloe vera–bacterial cellulose composite film from biosynthesis. Carbohydr. Polym. 79:2 (2010), 455–460.
76. Samuelsson, G., Bohlin, L., Drugs of Natural Origin: A Textbook of Pharmacognosy. fifth edition, 2004, Swedish Pharmaceutical Press, Stockholm.
77. Sawant, K.K., Dodiya, S.S., Recent advances and patents on solid lipid nanoparticles. Recent Pat. Drug Deliv. Formul. 10:3 (2008), 120–135.
78. Serrano, M., Martínez-Romero, D., Valero, D., Guillén, F., Castillo, S., Valverde, J.M., Use of Aloe vera gel coating preserves the functional properties of table grapes. J. Agric. Food Chem. 54:11 (2006), 3882–3886.
79. Shakespeare, P., Burn wound healing and skin substitutes. Burns 27:5 (2001), 517–522.
80. Sharma, R., Tandon, D., Joshi, V.K., Attri, S., Development and evaluation of different beverages from Aloe vera (L.) Burm f. for their nutritional, functional and sensory qualities. Indial J. Nat. Products Resour. 6:4 (2015), 278–282.
81. Shelton, R.M., Aloe vera: its chemical and therapeutic properties. Int. J. Dermatol. 30:10 (1991), 679–683.
82. Shida, T., Yagi, A., Nishimura, H., Nishioka, I., Effect of Aloe extract on peripheral phagocytosis in adult bronchial asthma. Planta Med. 51:3 (1985), 273–275.
83. Silva, S.S., Caridade, S.G., Mano, J.F., Reis, R.L., Effect of crosslinking in chitosan/Aloe vera-based membranes for biomedical applications. Carbohydr. Polym. 98:1 (2013), 581–588.
84. Silva, S.S., Popa, E.G., Gomes, M.E., Cerqueira, M., Marques, A.P., Caridade, S.G., Teixeira, P., Sousa, C., Mano, J.F., Reis, R.L., An investigation of the potential application of chitosan/Aloe-based membranes for regenerative medicine. Acta Biomater. 9:6 (2013), 6790–6797.
85. Silva, S.S., Oliveira, M.B., Mano, J.F., Reis, R.L., Bio-inspired Aloe vera sponges for biomedical applications. Carbohydr. Polym. 112 (2014), 264–270.
86. Sims, R.M., Zimmermann, E.R., Effect of Aloe vera on Herpes Simplex and Herpes Virus (Strain Zoster). Aloe vera of American Archives. Stabilized Aloe vera, vol. 1, 1971, 239–240.
87. Sophia, O., Robert, G.M., Ngwela, W.J., Effect of Aloe vera gel coating on post harvest quality and shelf life of mango (Mangifera Indica L.) fruits var. Ngowe J. Hortic. For. 7:1 (2014), 1–7.
88. Steenkamp, V., Stewart, M.J., Medicinal applications and toxicological activities of Aloe products. Pharm. Biol. 45 (2007), 411–420.
89. Suganya, S., Venugopal, J., Ramakrishna, S., Lakshmi, B.S., Dev, V.R.G., Naturally derived biofunctional nanofibrous scaffold for skin tissue regeneration. Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 68 (2014), 135–143.
90. Sujatha, G., Kumar, G.S., Muruganandan, J., Prasad, T.S., Aloe vera in dentistry. J. Clin. Diagn. Res. 8:10 (2014), 1–2.
91. Surjushe, A., Vasani, R., Saple, D.G., Aloe vera: a short review. Indian J. Dermatol., 53(4), 2008, 163.
92. Suvitayavat, W., Sumrongkit, C., Thirawarapan, S.S., Bunyapraphatsara, N., Effects of Aloe preparation on the histamine-induced gastric secretion in rats. J. Ethnopharmacol. 90 (2004), 239–247.
93. Syed, T.A., Ahmad, S.A., Holt, A.H., Ahmad, S.A., Ahmad, S.H., Afzal, M., Management of psoriasis with Aloe vera extract in a hydrophilic cream: a placebo-controlled, double-blind study. Trop. Med. Int. Health 1:4 (1996), 505–509.
94. Syed, T., Afzal, M., Ahmad, S.A., Holt, A., Ahmad, S.A., Ahmad, S., Management of genital herpes in men with 0.5% Aloe vera extract in a hydrophilic cream: a placebo-controlled double-blind study. J. Dermatolog. Treat. 8:2 (2009), 99–102.
95. Takahashi, M., Kitamoto, D., Asikin, Y., Takara, K., Wada, K., Liposomes encapsulating Aloe vera leaf gel extract significantly enhance proliferation and collagen synthesis in human skin cell lines. J. Oleo Sci. 58:12 (2009), 643–650.
96. Tarameshloo, M., Norouzian, M., Zarein-Dolab, S., Dadpay, M., Mohsenifar, J., Gazor, R., Aloe vera gel and thyroid hormone cream may improve wound healing in Wistar rats. Anat Cell Biol. 45 (2012), 170–177.
97. Valverde, J.M., Valero, D., Martínez-Romero, D., Guillén, F., Castillo, S., Serrano, M., Novel edible coating based on Aloe vera gel to maintain table grape quality and safety. J. Agric. Food Chem. 53:20 (2005), 7807–7813.
98. Vashisth, I., Ahad, A., Aqil, M., Agarwal, S.P., Investigating the potential of essential oils as penetration enhancer for transdermal losartan delivery: effectiveness and mechanism of action. Asian J. Pharm. Sci. 9:5 (2014), 260–267.
99. Vieira, J.M., Flores-López, M.L., de Rodríguez, D.J., Sousa, M.C., Vicente, A.A., Martins, J.T., Effect of chitosan–Aloe vera coating on postharvest quality of blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum) fruit. Postharvest Biol. Technol. 116 (2016), 88–97.
100. Vinson, J.A., Al Kharrat, H., Andreoli, L., Effect of Aloe vera preparations on the human bioavailability of vitamins C and E. Phytomedicine 12 (2005), 760–765.
101. Wu, J.A., Attele, A.S., Zhang, L., Yuan, C.S., Anti-HIV activity of medicinal herbs: usage and potential development. Am. J. Chin. Med. 29:1 (2001), 69–81.
102. Yongchaiyudha, S., Rungpitarangsi, V., Bunyapraphatsara, N., Chokechaijaroenporn, O., Antidiabetic activity of Aloe vera L. juice. I. Clinical trial in new cases of diabetes mellitus. Phytomedicine 3:3 (1996), 241–243.
103. Yu, Z., Jin, C., Xin, M., JianMin, H., Effect of Aloe vera polysaccharides on immunity and antioxidant activities in oral ulcer animal models. Carbohydr. Polym. 75:2 (2009), 307–311.
104. Zandi, K., Zadeh, M.A., Sartavi, K., Rastian, Z., Antiviral activity of Aloe vera against herpes simplex virus type 2: an in vitro study. Afr. J. Biotechnol., 6(15), 2007.