Outcomes based funding and race in higher education: Can equity be bought?

Outcomes Based Funding and Race in Higher Education: Can Equity be Bought?

Volumn , Issue , 2017, Pages 1-170

  Jones, Tiffany ^a   Jones, Sosanya ^b   Elliott, Kayla C ^c   Owens, LaToya Russell ^d   Assalone, Amanda E ^e   Gándara, Denisa ^f  

^a Education Trust   (United States)

^b SOUTHERN ILLINOIS UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^c FLORIDA ATLANTIC UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^d GEORGIA STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^e Southern Education Foundation   (United States)

^f SOUTHERN METHODIST UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

Funding; Higher education; Philanthropy and education; POBF policies; Race and ethnicity

Indexed keywords

EID: 85034057935     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-49436-4     Document Type: Book

References (260)

1. Bell, D. (1980). Brown and the interest-convergence dilemma. In D. Bell (Ed.), Shades of Brown: New perspectives on school desegregation (pp. 90-106). New York, NY: Teachers College Press.
2. Bensimon, E. M., & Bishop, R. (2012). Introduction: Why “critical”? The need for new ways of knowing. The Review of Higher Education, 36(1), 1-7.
3. Burke, J. C., & Modarresi, S. (2000). To keep or not to keep performance funding:Signals from stakeholders. The Journal of Higher Education, 71(4), 432-453.
4. Creswell, J. W., & Plano Clark, V. L. (2007). Designing and conducting mixed methods research. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
5. Cunningham, A., Park, E., & Engle, J. (2014). Minority-serving institutions:Doing more with less. Washington, D.C.: Institute for Higher Education Policy.
6. Dougherty, K. J., Natow, R. S., Jones, S. M., Lahr, H., Pheatt, L., & Reddy, V. (2015). Origins of the second wave of performance funding adoptions. In K. J. Dougherty & R. S. Natow (Eds.), The politics of performance funding for higher education: Origins, discontinuations, and transformations. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press.
7. Eberle-Sudre, K., Welch, M., & Nichols, A. H. (2015). Rising tide: Do college grad rate gains benefit all students? Washington, D.C.: The Education Trust.
8. Halpin, D., & Troyna, B. (Eds.). (1994). Researching education policy: Ethical and methodological issues. London, UK: Psychology Press.
9. Hillman, N., Tandberg, D. A., & Fryar, A. (2015). Evaluating the impacts of “new” performance funding in higher education. Educational Evaluation and Policy Analysis, 37(4), 1-19.
10. Jones, T. (2014). Performance funding at MSIs: Considerations and possible measures for public minority-serving institutions. Atlanta, GA: Southern Education Foundation.
11. Maxwell, J. A. (2005). Qualitative research design: An interactive approach (2nd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
12. McLendon, M. K., Hearn, J. C., & Deaton, R. (2006). Called to account:Analyzing the origins and spread of state performance-accountability policies for higher education. Educational Evaluation and Policy Analysis, 28(1), 1-24.
13. National Conference of State Legislators. (2015). Performance-based funding for higher education. Retrieved from http://www.ncsl.org/research/education/performance-funding.aspx
14. Olson, K. (2011). Essentials of qualitative interviewing. Walnut Creek, CA: Left Coast Press.
15. Patton, M. (1990). Purposeful sampling. Qualitative Evaluation and Research Methods, 2, 169-186.
16. Ruppert, S. (Ed.). (1994). Charting higher education accountability: A sourcebook of state-level performance indicators. Denver, CO: Education Commission of the States.
17. Shulock, N. (2011). Concerns about performance-based funding and ways that states are addressing the concerns. Sacramento, CA: Institute for Higher Education Leadership & Policy.
18. Snyder, M. (2015). Driving better outcomes: Typology and principles to inform outcomes-based funding models. Washington, D. C.: HCM Strategists.
19. Solorzano, D. G., & Yosso, T. J. (2002). Critical race methodology: Counterstorytelling as an analytical framework for education research. Qualitative Inquiry, 8(1), 23-44.
20. Tandberg, D. A., & Hillman, N. W. (2013). State performance funding for higher education: Silver bullet or Red herring? [WISCAPE Policy brief]. Wisconsin Center for the Advancement of Postsecondary Education [WISCAPE]. Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin-Madison.
21. Boland, W. C. (2016). The impact of performance-based funding on historically Black colleges and universities. In C.B.W. Prince & R. L. Ford (Eds.), Administrative Challenges and Organizational Leadership in Historically Black Colleges and Universities, (pp. 151-178). Hershey, PA: IGI Global.
22. College Results. (2015). Tennessee college results. Retrieved from http://www.collegeresults.org/
23. Cunningham, A., Park, E., & Engle, J. (2014). Minority-serving institutions: Doing more with less. Washington, D.C.: Institute for Higher Education Policy.
24. Davis, E. B. (1993). Desegregation in higher education: Twenty-five years of controversy from Geier to Ayersy. Journal of Law and Education, 22, 519.
25. Dougherty, K. J., Jones, S. M., Lahr, H., Natow, R. S., Pheatt, L., & Reddy, V. (2014). Implementing performance funding in three leading states: Instruments, outcomes, obstacles, and unintended impacts. Retrieved from The Community College Research Center: http://ccrc.tc.columbia.edu/publications/imple menting-performance-funding-three-leading-states.html
26. Gasman, M. (2010). Comprehensive funding approaches for HBCUs. Philadelphia, PA: Penn Graduate School of Education.
27. Harper, S. R., Patton, L. D., & Wooden, O. S. (2009). Access and equity for African American students in higher education: A critical race historical analysis of policy efforts. The Journal of Higher Education, 80(4), 389-414.
28. Hillman, N. W., Tandberg, D. A., & Gross, J. P. (2014). Performance funding in higher education: Do financial incentives impact college completions? The Journal of Higher Education, 85(6), 826-857.
29. Jones, T. (2014). POBF at MSIs: Considerations and possible measures for public minority-serving institutions. Atlanta, GA: Southern Education Foundation.
30. Krippendorf, K. 1980. Content analysis: An introduction to its methodology. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage Publications.
31. Minor, T. J. (2008). Contemporary HBCUs: Considering institutional capacities and state priorities. East Lansing, MI: Michigan State University.
32. National Conference of State Legislatures. (2015). Performance-based funding for higher education. Retrieved from http://www.ncsl.org/research/education/performance-funding.aspx
33. Patton, L. D. (2016). Disrupting postsecondary prose. Urban Education, 51(3), 315-342.
34. Snyder, M. (2015). Driving better outcomes: Typology and principles to inform outcomes-based funding models. Retrieved from HCM Strategists Website:http://hcmstrategists.com/drivingoutcomes/wpcontent/themes/hcm/pdf/Driving%20Outcomes.pdf
35. Tennessee Higher Education Commission. (2015). Outcomes based funding. Retrieved from https://www.tn.gov/thec/
36. Brown, M. C., II (1999). The quest to defined collegiate desegregation: Black colleges, Title VI compliance, and post-Adams litigation. Westport, CT: Bergin & Garvey. Retrieved from http://web.a.ebscohost.com.ezproxy.fau.edu/ehost/detail/detail?sid=78152ed2-b644-4648-a2f9013bb7f2d993%40ses sionmgr4008&vid=0&hid=4206&bdata=JnNpdGU9ZWhvc3QtbGl2ZQ%3d %3d#AN=63673&db=nlebk
37. Brown, M. C., II. (2001). Collegiate desegregation and the public Black college. The Journal of Higher Education, 72(1), 46-62. Retrieved from https://www.jstor.org/stable/2649133?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents
38. Buras, K. L. (2013). Let’s be for real. InM. Lynn & A. Dixson (Eds.), Handbook of critical race theory in education. (pp. 216-231). Retrieved from https://www.routledgehandbooks.com/doi/10.4324/9780203155721.ch16
39. Chase, M. M., Dowd, A. C., Pazich, L. B., & Bensimon, E. B. (2014). Minoritized students: A critical policy analysis of seven states. Educational Policy, 28(5), 669-717. doi:10.1177/0895904812468227
40. Chen, X. (2013). STEM attrition: College students’ paths into and out of STEM fields (NCES 2014-001). Washington, DC: National Center for Education Statistics, Institute of Education Sciences, U.S. Department of Education. Retrieved from http://nces.ed.gov/pubs2014/2014001rev.pdf
41. Complete College America. (2016). Remedial education’ s role in perpetuating achievement gaps. Retrieved from http://completecollege.org/tag/develop mental-education/
42. Coupet, J., & Barnum, D. (2010). HBCU efficiency and endowments: An exploratory analysis. International Journal of Educational Advancement, 10(186). doi:10.1057/ijea.2010.22
43. Covarrubias, A., & Verónica, V. (2013). Critical race quantitative inquiry. In M. Lynn & A. Dixson (Eds.), Handbook of critical race theory in education. (pp. 270-285). Retrieved from: https://www.routledgehandbooks.com/doi/10.4324/9780203155721.ch20
44. Creswell, J. (2014). Research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches (4th ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications.
45. Diem, S., Young, M. D., Welton, A. D., Mansfield, K. C., & Lee, P. (2014). The intellectual landscape of critical policy analysis. International Journal of Qualitative Studies in Education, 27(9), 1068-1090. doi:10.1080/09518398.2014.916007
46. Dixson, A. D., & Rousseau, C. K. (2005). And we are still not saved: critical race theory in education ten years later. Race Ethnicity and Education, 8(1), 7-27. doi:10.1080/1361332052000340971
47. Dougherty, K. J., & Natow, R. S. (2015). The politics of performance funding for higher education: Origins, discontinuations, and transformations. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press.
48. Fiegner, M. K.,&Proudfoot, S. L. (2013). Baccalaureate origins ofU.S. trained S&E doctorate recipients [Special Report NSF 13-323]. Retrieved from The National Science Foundation website: https://www.nsf.gov/statistics/infbrief/nsf13323/
49. Fisher, M. (2015). Women of color and the gender wage gap. Retrieved from Center for American Progress website: https://www.americanprogress.org/issues/women/report/2015/04/14/110962/women-of-color-and-the-genderwage- gap/
50. Florida Agricultural and Mechanical University. (2016). History of Florida Agricultural and Mechanical University (FAMU). Retrieved from http:// www.famu.edu/index.cfm?AboutFAMU&History
51. Florida Board of Governors. (2014). Promoting excellence in teaching, research, and public service. Retrieved from http://www.flbog.edu/about/board/
52. Florida Board of Governors. (2016a, February). Board of governors’ performance funding model (10 metrics) questions and answers. Retrieved from http://www.flbog.edu/about/budget/docs/performance:funding/PBF_FAQs.pdf
53. Florida Board of Governors. (2016b, March). Board of governors’ performance funding model overview. Retrieved from http://www.flbog.edu/about/bud get/docs/performance:funding/Overview-Doc-Performance-Funding-10-Metric-Model-Condensed-Version.pdf
54. Gasman, M., & Epstein, E. (2004). Creating an image for Black colleges: A visual examination of the United Negro College Fund’s publicity, 1944-1960. Educational Foundations, 18(2), 41-61.
55. Hale, F. M. (2007). Introduction. In F.M. Hale (ed.), How Black colleges empower Black students: Lessons for higher education (pp. 5-13). Sterling, VA: Stylus.
56. Jim Crow Laws: Florida. (2011). Retrieved from http://www.findingsources. com/sitebuildercontent/sitebuilderfiles/jimcrowlawsflorida.pdf
57. Johnson, L., Cobb-Roberts, D., & Shircliffe, B. (2007). African Americans and the struggle for opportunity in Florida public higher education, 1947-1977. History of Education Quarterly, 47(3), 328-358. Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org/stable/20462177
58. Lee, J. M., & Keys, S. M. (2013a). Impact of parent plus loan changes on Historically Black Colleges and Universities. Washington, DC: Association for Public Land-Grant Universities.
59. Lee, J. M., & Keys, S. M. (2013b). Land-Grant BUT UNEQUAL: State one-to-one matching funding for 1890 land-grant universities.Washington, DC: Association for Public Land-Grant Universities.
60. Mercer, C. J., & Stedman, J. B. (2008). Minority-serving institutions: Selected institutional and student characteristics. In M. Gasman, B. Baez, & C. Sotello Viernes Turner (Eds.), Understanding minority-serving institutions (pp. 28-54). Albany, NY: State University of New York Press.
61. Minor, J. T. (2008). Segregation residual in higher education: A tale of two states. American Educational Research Journal, 45(4), 861-885. Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org/stable/27667156
62. National Science Foundation, National Center for Science and Engineering Statistics. (2013). Women, minorities, and persons with disabilities in science and engineering: 2013. Special Report NSF 13-304. Retrieved from https:// www.nsf.gov/statistics/wmpd/2013/pdf/nsf13304_digest.pdf
63. Orozco, V. (2012). Florida’ s great cost shift: How higher education cuts undermine its future middle class. Retrieved from Demos Website: http://www.demos. org/publication/florida%E2%80%99s-great-cost-shift-how-higher-educationcuts- undermine-its-future-middle-class
64. Patten, E. (2016). Racial, gender wage gaps persist in U.S. despite some progress. Retrieved from Pew Research Center Website: http://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2016/07/01/racial-gender-wage-gaps-persist-in-u-s-despite-someprogress/
65. Patton, L. D. (2016). Disrupting postsecondary prose: Toward a critical race theory of higher education. Urban Education, 51(3), 315.
66. Powers, S., & Zaragoza, L. (2010, April 17). Minority enrollment falls after One Florida. South Florida Sun-Sentinel. Retrieved from http://search. proquest.com.ezproxy.fau.edu/docview/387502098?pq-origsite=sum mon&accountid=10902
67. Rivard, R. (2014). Fighting for survival: Inside higher ed. Retrieved from https:// www.insidehighered.com/news/2014/06/24/public-hbcus-facing-testsmany- fronts-fight-survival
68. Snyder, M. (2015). Driving better outcomes: Typology and principles to inform outcomes-based funding models. Retrieved from HCM Strategists website:http://hcmstrategists.com/drivingoutcomes/wpcontent/themes/hcm/pdf/Driving%20Outcomes.pdf
69. Sum, P. E., Light, S. A., & King, R. F. (2004). Race, reform, and desegregation in Mississippi higher education: Historically Black institutions after United States v. Fordice. Law & Social Inquiry, 29(2), 403-435. Retrieved from http:// www.jstor.org/stable/4092690
70. United States Census Bureau. (2015). QuickFacts: Florida [Data file]. Retrieved from http://www.census.gov/quickfacts/table/PST045215/12
71. United States v. Fordice. (n.d.). Retrieved September 13, 2016, from https:// www.oyez.org/cases/1991/90-1205
72. Upton, R., & Tanenbaum, C. (2014). The role of historically Black colleges and universities as pathway providers: Institutional pathways to the STEM PhD among Black students. Retrieved from American Institutes for Research Website: http://www.air.org/sites/default/files/downloads/report/Role% 20of%20HBCUs%20in%20STEM%20PhDs%20for%20Black%20Students.pdf
73. Benitez, M., Jr. (2010). Resituating culture centers within a social justice framework:Is there room for examining Whiteness? In L. D. Patton (Ed.), Culture centers in higher education: Perspectives on identity, theory, and practice (pp. 119-134). Sterling, VA: Stylus.
74. Center for MSIs. (2015). On their own terms: Two-year minority serving institutions. Philadelphia, PA: Penn GSE. Retrieved from http://www2.gse.upenn. edu/cmsi/sites/gse.upenn.edu.cmsi/files/MSI_CCreport_FINAL.pdf
75. Contreras, F. E., Malcolm, L. E., & Bensimon, E. M. (2008). Hispanic-serving institutions: Closeted identity and the production of equitable outcomes for Latina/o students. In M. Gasman, B. Baez, & C. Turner (Eds.), Understanding minority-serving institutions (pp. 71-90). Albany, NY: State University of New York Press.
76. Cunningham, A. F., Park, E., & Engle, J. (2014). Minority serving institutions:Doing more with less. Washington, DC: Institute of Higher Education Policy.
77. D’Amico, M. M., Friedel, J. N., Katsinas, S. G., & Thornton, Z. M. (2014). Current developments in community college performance funding. Community College Journal of Research and Practice, 38(2-3), 231-241. doi:http://doi.org/10.1080/10668926.2014.851971
78. Dadgar, M., & Trimble, M. J. (2015). Labor market returns to sub-baccalaureate credentials: How much does a community college degree or certificate pay? Educational Evaluation and Policy Analysis, 37(4), 399-418. doi:10.3102/0162373714553814
79. Dougherty, K. J., & Natow, R. S. (2015). The politics of performance funding for higher education: Origins, discontinuations, and transformations. Baltimore, MD: JHU Press.
80. Fry, R. (2011). Hispanic enrollment spikes, narrowing gaps with other groups. Washington, DC: Pew Hispanic Center.
81. Helig, J. V. (2013, March 15). If it ain’t broke, break it: TX politicians now want NCLB for higher education. Cloaking Inequity. Retrieved from https://cloa kinginequity.com/2013/03/15/if-it-aint-broke-break-it-tx-politicians-nowwant- nclb-for-higher-education/
82. Henry, M., Lingard, B., & Rizvi, F. (2013). Educational policy and the politics of change. Abingdon, Oxon, GB: Routledge. Retrieved from http://site.ebrary. com.proxy.libraries.smu.edu/lib/smulibraries/reader.action?docID= 10648027&ppg=3
83. Hillman, N. W., Tandberg, D. A., & Fryar, A. H. (2015). Evaluating the impacts of “new” performance funding in higher education. Educational Evaluation and Policy Analysis, 37(4), 501-519. doi:10.3102/0162373714560224
84. Jones, T. (2014). Performance funding at MSIs: Considerations and possible measures for public minority-serving institutions. Atlanta, GA: Southern Education Foundation.
85. Kaufffman, A. (2016, May 29). Border higher ed gains began with a lawsuit. The Monitor. Retrieved from http://www.themonitor.com/opinion/columnists/commentary-lawsuit-leads-to-improvements-in-texas-border-higher-educa tion/article_cc92bd68-2469-11e6-8543-371e9abe9135.html
86. Lahr, H., Pheatt, L., Dougherty, K. J., Jones, S. M., Natow, R. S., & Reddy, V. (2014). Unintended impacts of performance funding on community colleges and universities in three states (No. 78). New York, NY: Community College Research Center. Retrieved from http://ccrc.tc.columbia.edu/Performance-Funding.html
87. Legislative Budget Board. (2013). Financing higher education in Texas legislative primer (5th ed.). Austin, TX. Retrieved from http://www.lbb.state.tx.us/Documents/Publications/Primer/690_Higher_Education_Finance.pdf
88. Leinbach, T., & Jenkins, P. D., 2008. Using longitudinal data to increase community college student success: A guide to measuring milestone and momentum point attainment. New York, NY: Community College Research Center. Retrieved from http://ccrc.tc.columbia.edu/media/k2/attachments/longitu dinal-data-momentum-point-research-tool.pdf
89. Li, A. (2017). The point of the point: Washington’s student achievement initiative through the looking glass of a community college. Community College Journal of Research and Practice, 41(3), 183-202.
90. McKinney, L., & Hagedorn, L. S. (2015). Performance-based funding for community colleges in Texas: Are colleges disadvantaged by serving the most disadvantaged students? Bryan, TX: Greater Texas Foundation. Retrieved from http:// greatertexasfoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/McKinney-Full-White-final.pdf
91. Mellow, G. O., & Heelan, C. (2008). Minding the dream: The process and practice of the American community college. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers.
92. Murdock, S. H., Cline, M. E., Zey, M. A., Jeanty, P. W., & Perez, D. (2014). Changing Texas: Implications of addressing or ignoring the Texas challenge. College Station, TX: Texas A&M University Press.
93. National Conference of State Legislatures. (2016). Performance-based funding for higher education. Retrieved March 12, 2016, from http://www.ncsl.org/research/education/performance-funding.aspx
94. Nuñez, A. M., Hurtado, S., & Calderon Galdeano, E. C. (Eds.). (2015). Hispanic-Serving Institutions: Advancing research and transformative practice. New York, NY: Routledge.
95. Ortegon, R. R. (2014). LULAC v. Richards: The class action lawsuit that prompted the South Texas border initiative and enhanced access to higher education for Mexican Americans living along the South Texas border. Doctoral dissertation. Retrieved from ProQuest.
96. Rodriguez, A., & Calderon Galdeano, E. (2015). Do Hispanic-serving institutions really underperform? Using propensity score matching to compare outcomes of Hispanic-serving and non-Hispanic-serving institutions. In A. M. Nunez, S. Hurtado, & E. C. Calderon Galdeano (Eds.). Hispanic-Serving Institutions:Advancing research and transformative practice (pp. 196-216). New York, NY:Routledge.
97. Stewart, D. L. (2013). Racially minoritized students at US four-year institutions. The Journal of Negro Education, 82(2), 184-197.
98. Tandberg, D. A., Hillman, N. W., & Barakat, M. (2014). State higher education performance funding for community colleges: Diverse effects and policy implications. Teacher’ s College Record, 116(12), 1-31.
99. Texas Association of Community College (TACC). (2013). Student success points:An overview. Austin, TX. Retrieved from http://www.tacc.org/uploads/tinymce/data%20and%20info/snapshot1_1.pdf
100. Texas Higher Education Coordinating Board (THECB). (2015). 60x30TX Texas higher education strategic Plan: 2015-2030. Austin, TX. Retrieved from http://www.thecb.state.tx.us/reports/PDF/6862.PDF?CFID= 47515001&CFTOKEN=20707971
101. Texas Higher Education Coordinating Board (THECB). (2016). Degrees awarded:Statewide by institutional type. Austin, TX. Retrieved from http://www.thecb. state.tx.us/reports/PDF/8004.PDF?CFID=47515001&CFTOKEN= 20707971
102. Anyon, J. (2014). Radical possibilities: Public policy, urban education, and a new social movement. London, UK: Routledge.
103. Ball, S. J. (2012). Politics and policy making in education: Explorations in sociology. London, UK: Routledge.
104. Beeson, A., Helmcamp, L., & Cerna, A. (2014). Immigrants drive the Texas economy: Economic benefits of immigrants to Texas. Retrieved from http:// forabettertexas.org/images/EO_2014_09_PP_Immigration.pdf
105. Bowles, S., & Gintis, H. (2011). Schooling in capitalist America: Educational reform and the contradictions of economic life. Chicago, IL: Haymarket Books.
106. Burke, J. C. (2002). Funding public colleges and universities for performance. Albany, NY: SUNY Press.
107. California Department of Alcohol and Drug Programs. (2013, June). Racial/ethic disparities: A data informed perspective. Retrieved from https://www.cdph.ca. gov/programs/Documents/ADP_Race-Ethnicity_Report_Final.PDF
108. California Legislative Counsel. (2010). SB 1143. Retrieved from http://info.sen. ca.gov/cgi-bin/postquery
109. California Tomorrow. (2006). Public education, advocacy and alliance building. Retrieved from http://www.californiatomorrow.org/program_areas/califor nia_community_colleges/public_education-_advocacy_and_alliance:build ing/index.php
110. ChildrenNow. (2016). CA children’ s report card. Retrieved from https://www.childrennow.org/reports-research/2016cachildrensreportcard/
111. CNN. (2011). Hispanics drive growth of US white population. Retrieved from http://news.blogs.cnn.com/2011/09/29/hispanics-drive-growth-of-u-swhite- population/
112. Cortez-Navel, B. (2013, March 28). Branch promotes big expansion of performancebased higher education funding. Retrieved from https://www.texasobserver.org/outcomes-based-funding-hearing/
113. Davies, L. (2014). State “shared responsibility” policies for improved outcomes:Lessons learned. Washington, DC: HCM.
114. Department of Legislative Services Office of Policy Analysis. (2013, January). Higher education overview. Retrieved from http://mgaleg.maryland.gov/pubs/budgetfiscal/2014fy-budget-docs-operating-HIGHED-Higher-Education-Overview.pdf
115. Department of Legislative Services Office of Policy Analysis. (2015, January). Maryland demographics. Retrieved from http://dls.state.md.us/data/polana subare/polanasubare_intmatnpubadm/polanasubare_intmatnpubadm_ sperep/Maryland-Demographics-January-2015.pdf
116. Dougherty, K. J., & Hong, E. (2006). Performance accountability as imperfect panacea: The community college experience. In T. Bailey & V. Smith Morest (Eds.), Defending the community college equity agenda (pp. 51-86). Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press.
117. Dougherty, K. J., Natow, R. S., Hare, R. J., & Vega, B. E. (2010). The political origins of state-level performance funding for higher education: The cases of Florida, Illinois, Missouri, South Carolina, Tennessee, and Washington. CCRC Working Paper No. 22. New York, NY: Community College Research Center, Teachers College, Columbia University.
118. Duncan, A. (2015, July 27). Toward a new focus on outcomes in higher education:Remarks by Secretary Arne Duncan at the University of Maryland-Baltimore County (UMBC), July 27, 2015. Retrieved from Archives of the U.S.
119. Department of Education: http://www.ed.gov/news/speeches/towardnew- focus-outcomes-higher-education
120. Education Commission of the States. (2016). Postsecondary governance structures-state profile. Retrieved from http://ecs.force.com/mbdata/MBProfSN?SID= a0i700000009vZI&Rep=PSST&state=Maryland
121. Friedel, J. N., Thornton, Z. M., D’Amico, M. M., & Katsinas, S. G. (2013). Performance-based funding: The national landscape. Tuscaloosa, AL: University of Alabama, Education Policy Center.
122. Gittell, M., & Kleiman, N. S. (2000). The political context of higher education. American Behavioral Scientist, 43(7), 1058-1091. Retrieved from http:// asccc.org/sites/default/files/PBFunding.pdf
123. Jones, T. (2014). Performance funding at MSIs. Retrieved from The Lumina Foundation Online: https://www.luminafoundation.org/files/resources/per formance-funding-at-msis.pdf
124. Kingkade, T. (2015, November, 12). The States where students make up the highest amount of the population. The Huffington Post. Retrieved from http:// www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/states-college-student-population_us_ 561b2ed4e4b0082030a30bfc
125. Kurtz, K. (2015, December). Who we elect: The demographics of state legislatures. National legislatures magazine. Retrieved from: http://www.ncsl.org/research/about-state-legislatures/who-we-elect.aspx
126. Letizia, A. (2015). Performance-based funding in higher education: The State of truth in the information age. Lanham, MD: Lexington Books.
127. Lipman, P. (2013). The new political economy of urban education: Neoliberalism, race, and the right to the city. Abingdon, OX: Taylor & Francis.
128. Magagnini, S. (2015, June 30). Census: Hispanics overtake Whites to become California’ s largest ethnic group. Retrieved from http://www.sacbee.com/news/local/article25940218.html
129. McGuinness, A. C. (2002). Postsecondary governance structures database. Denver, CO: Education Commission of the States. Retrieved from http://www.ecs. org/clearinghouse/31/02/3102.htm.
130. McKinney, L., & Hagedorn, L. S. (2015). Performance funding for community colleges in Texas. Retrieved from http://greatertexasfoundation.org/wp-con tent/uploads/2015/03/McKinney-Full-White-final.pdf
131. McLendon, M., & Hearn, J. (2013, November-December). The resurgent interest in performance-based funding for higher education. American Association ofUniversity Professors Online Retrieved from: https://www.aaup.org/article/resurgent-inter est-performance-based-funding-higher-education#.V6yjKygrKUk
132. National Conference of State Legislatures. (2015). State partisan composition. Retrieved from: http://www.ncsl.org/research/about-state-legislatures/partisan-composition.aspx
133. National Conference of State Legislatures. (2014). State partisan composition. Retrieved from: http://www.ncsl.org/research/about-state-legislatures/partisan-composition.aspx
134. National Conference of State Legislatures. (2013). State partisan composition. Retrieved from: http://www.ncsl.org/research/about-state-legislatures/parti san-composition.aspx
135. National Conference of State Legislatures. (2012). State partisan composition. Retrieved from: http://www.ncsl.org/research/about-state-legislatures/partisan-composition.aspx
136. National Conference of State Legislatures. (2011). State partisan composition. Retrieved from: http://www.ncsl.org/research/about-state-legislatures/partisan-composition.aspx
137. National Conference of State Legislatures. (2010). State partisan composition. Retrieved from: http://www.ncsl.org/research/about-state-legislatures/parti san-composition.aspx
138. Office of Program Policy Analysis and Government Accountability. (1997). Performance based program budgeting in context: History and comparison. OPPAGA 96-077a. Tallahassee, FL.: The Florida Legislature Office of Program Policy Analysis and Government Accountability.
139. Ordorika, I., & Lloyd, M. (2016). The state and contest in higher education in the globalized era. In A. M. Martinez-Aleman, E. M. Bensimon, & B. Pusser (Eds.), Critical approaches to the study of higher education (pp. 130-152). Baltimore, MD: John Hopkins University Press.
140. Ostrander, R. R. (2015). School funding: Inequality in district funding and the disparate impact on urban and migrant school children. Brigham Young University Education and Law Journal, 2015(1), Article 9, 271-295.
141. Perna, L., Callan, P., & Finney, J. (2012). Much accomplished, much at stake:Performance and policy in Maryland Higher Education. Retrieved from https://www.gse.upenn.edu/pdf/irhe/Much_Accomplished_Much_at_ Stake_Maryland.pdf
142. Public Policy Institute of Higher Education Center. (2016). Higher education in California. Retrieved from http://ppic.org/content/pubs/report/R_0416HEBKR.pdf
143. Rankin, D., Scott, J., & Kim, J. (2015, Spring). Oklahoma and Texas completion policies for community colleges. Retrieved from https://nau.edu/COE/eJournal/_Forms/spring2015/Rankin_Scott_Kim/
144. Renteria, E. N. (2016). Ponchos/as push back: multiracial Latinos/as, White passing, and the politics of belonging. Retrieved from https://sfsu-dspace. calstate.edu/bitstream/handle/10211.3/173657/AS362016ETHSTR46. pdf?sequence=1
145. Richardson, Jr., R. C., Bracco, K. R., Callan, P., & Finney, J. (1999). Designing state higher education systems for a new century. Phoenix, AZ: American Council on Education and Oryx Press.
146. Selingo, J. and Der Werf, M. (2016, March). Linking appropriations for the Texas State Technical College System to student employment outcomes. Lumina Issue Papers. Indiana: Lumina Foundation.
147. Serrano, J. (2013, April 20). Group urges performance-based funding, other strategies to boost college graduation. Austin American-Statesman. Retrieved from http://www.statesman.com/news/local-education/groupurges- performance-based-funding-other-strategies-boost-college-graduation/JNddVKqUFJM5DLuIXIZz5L/
148. Shulock, N., & Moore, C. (2002). An accountability framework for California higher education: Informing public policy and improving outcomes. Sacramento, CA: California State.
149. Stepler, R. (2016, April 21). Texas immigrant population now rivals New York’ s in size. Retrieved from Pew Research Center Online: http://www.pewresearch. org/fact-tank/2016/04/21/texas-immigrant-population-now-rivals-newyorks- in-size/
150. Stile, M. (2013). Texas looming Hispanic shift explained. Retrieved from http:// www.npr.org/sections/itsallpolitics/2013/07/03/198345561/texas-loom ing-hispanic-shift-explained-in-2-charts
151. Taylor, S., Rizvi, F., Lingard, B., & Henry, M. (1997). Educational policy and the politics of change. London: Routledge.
152. Texas Association of Community Colleges (2017). Students success points. Retrieved from: http://www.tacc.org/pages/data-and-info/student-successpoints
153. Texas Higher Education Coordinating Board. (2008). Formula funding recommendations for the 2010-2011 biennium. Retrieved from: http://www.thecb. state.tx.us/reports/pdf/1511.PDF
154. The Legislative Budget Board Staff. (2013). Financing higher education in Texas:Legislative primer. The Legislative Budget Board. Retrieved from: http:// www.lbb.state.tx.us/Documents/Publications/Primer/690_Higher_ Education_Finance.pdf
155. The Texas Student Data System (TSDS). (2015). About TSDS. Retrieved from http://www.texasstudentdatasystem.org/TSDS/About/
156. The Western Interstate Commission for Higher Education. (2015a). Maryland. Retrieved from http://higheredpolicies.wiche.edu/content/policy/state/MD
157. The Western Interstate Commission for Higher Education. (2015b). California. Retrieved from http://www.wiche.edu/info/factsheets/CA.pdf
158. The Western Interstate Commission for Higher Education. (2015c). Texas. Retrieved from http://higheredpolicies.wiche.edu/content/policy/state/TX
159. The White House Office of the Secretary. (2013). Press release: Fact sheet. Retrieved from https://www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/2013/08/22/fact-sheet-president-s-plan-make-college-more-affordable-better-bargain.
160. United States Census. (2015). QuickFacts: United States. Retrieved from http:// www.census.gov/quickfacts/table/RHI125215/00
161. Valencia, L. (2016, July 21). Texas population trends, characteristics, & projections:Texas State Agency Business Administrators Association Annual Summer Conference, Corpus Christi, TX. Retrieved from http://demographics.texas. gov/Resources/Presentations/OSD/2016/2016_07_21_TexasStateAgencyBusinessAdministratorsAssociation.pdf
162. Women Donors Network, (2015). Who leads us. Retrieved from http://wholeads. us/electedofficials/
163. Boland, W. C. (2016). The impact of performance-based funding on Historically Black Colleges and Universities. In R. L. Ford & C. B. W. Prince (Eds.), Administrative challenges and organizational leadership in Historically Black Colleges and Universities (pp.151-178). Hershey, PA: IGI Global.
164. Glaser, B. G., & Strauss, A. (1967). The discovery of grounded theory: Strategies for qualitative research. Chicago: Aldin.
165. Hillman, N. W., Tandberg, D. A., & Gross, J. P. (2014). Performance funding in higher education: Do financial incentives impact college completions? The Journal of Higher Education, 85(6), 826-857.
166. Jones, T. (2014). POBF at MSIs: Considerations and possible measures for public minority-serving institutions. Atlanta, GA: Southern Education Foundation.
167. Kingdon, J. W. (2011). Agendas, alternatives and public policies. New York, NY:Longman.
168. McLendon, M. K., Hearn, J. C., & Deaton, R. (2006). Called to account:Analyzing the origins and spread of state performance-accountability policies for higher education. Educational Evaluation and Policy Analysis, 28(1), 1-24.
169. National Conference of State Legislatures. (2015). Performance-based funding for higher education. Retrieved from http://www.ncsl.org/research/education/performance-funding.aspx
170. Olson, K. (2011). Essentials of qualitative interviewing. Walnut Creek, CA: Left Coast Press.
171. Patton, M. (1990). Purposeful sampling. Qualitative Evaluation and Research Methods, 2, 169-186.
172. Aleman, A. M. (2015). Critical discourse analysis in higher education policy research. In A. M. Martínez-Alemán, B. Pusser, & E. M. Bensimon (Eds.), Critical approaches to the study of higher education: A practical introduction. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press.
173. Arkansas Department of Higher Education. (2015). Performance funding for four-year institutions. Retrieved from http://www.adhe.edu/institutions/institutionalresearch/performance-funding/four-year-institutions
174. Bensimon, E. M., Dowd, A. C., & Witham, K. (2016). Five principles for enacting equity by design. Retrieved from https://www.aacu.org/diversitydemocracy/2016/winter/bensimon
175. Board of Regents, State of Iowa. (2014). Report of performance-based revenue model task force. Retrieved from http://www.iowaregents.edu/media/cms/0614-item02-pdf26A80334.pdf
176. Burke, J. C. (2002). Funding public colleges and universities for performance. Albany, NY: SUNY Press.
177. Carnevale, A. P., Rose, S. J., & Strohl, J. (2015). Achieving racial and economic diversity with race-blind admissions policy. Retrieved from The Century Foundation: https://tcf.org/assets/downloads/15_Achieving-Racial-and-Economic-Diversity-with-Race-Blind-Admissions-Policy.pdf
178. Carter, D. F., Locks, A.M., & Winkle-Wagner, R. (2013). From when and where I enter: Theoretical and empirical considerations ofminority students’ transition to college. In L. Lomotey, P. Braboy Jackson, M. Adem, P. Ruf, V. Copeland, A. Huerta, N. Iglesias-Prieto, & D. Brown (Eds.), Higher education: Handbook of theory and research (pp. 93-149). Netherlands: ABC-CLIO.
179. Chang, M. J. (2002). Preservation or transformation: Where’s the real educational discourse ondiversity? The Review of Higher Education, 25(2), 125-140.
180. Chiteji, N. (2003). The political economy of hope and fear. Review of Social Economy, 61(3), 409-414.
181. Colorado General Assembly. (2014). House bill 14-1319. Retrieved from http:// w w w. l e g. s t a t e. c o. u s / c l i c s / c l i c s 2 0 1 4 a / c s l. n s f / f s b i l l c o n t / 07005675E98BAA1287257C83007BF534?Open&file=1319_enr.pdf
182. Connecticut General Assembly. (2015). Substitute house bill No. 6919 special act No. 15-20: An act establishing a task force concerning outcomes-based financing. Retrieved from https://www.cga.ct.gov/2015/act/sa/2015SA-00020-R00HB-06919-SA.htm
183. Craig, G. (2013). Invisibilizing “race” in public policy. Critical Social Policy, 33(4), 712-720.
184. Department of Legislative Services Office of Policy Analysis Annapolis, Maryland. (2013, January). Higher education overview. Retrieved from http://mgaleg. maryland.gov/pubs/budgetfiscal/2014fy-budget-docs-operating-HIGHEDHigher-Education-Overview.pdf
185. Dougherty, K. J., & Natow, R. S. (2015). The politics of performance funding for higher education: Origins, discontinuations, and transformations. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press.
186. Dougherty, K. J., & Reddy, V. (2013). Performance funding for higher education:What are the mechanisms what are the impacts (ASHE Higher Education Report, 39.2). Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons.
187. Drakulich, K. M. (2015). Explicit and hidden racial bias in the framing of social problems. Social Problems, 62(3), 391-418.
188. Gurin, P. (2004). Defending diversity: Affirmative action at the University of Michigan. Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press.
189. Hawaii State Legislature. (2008). H.B. No. 2979, Twenty-fourth Legislature, 2008. Retrieved from http://www.capitol.hawaii.gov/session2008/bills/HB2978_ cd1_.htm
190. House Fiscal Activity. (2014). University performance funding formula. Retrieved from: http://www.house.mi.gov/hfa/PDF/HigherEducation/University_ Performance:Funding_Formula_Memo_July2014.pdf
191. Huber, G. A., & Lapinski, J. S. (2006). The “race card” revisited: Assessing racial priming in policy contests.American Journal of Political Science, 50(2), 421-440.
192. Illinois Board of Higher Education, Higher Education Performance Funding Steering Committee. (2014). Retrieved from http://www.ibhe.org/PerformanceFunding/default.htm
193. Indiana Commission for Higher Education (2013). 2013-15 budget for performance funding. Retrieved from http://www.in.gov/che/3148.htm
194. Jones, S. M., Dougherty, K. J., Lahr, H., Natow, R. S., Pheatt, L., & Reddy, V. (2015). Organizational learning by colleges responding to performance funding:Deliberative structures and their challenges. Achieving the Dream. Indiana:Lumina Foundation.
195. Kansas Legislature. (2014). 2014 statute. Retrieved from http://kslegislature. org/li_2014/b2013_14/statute/074_000_0000_chapter/074_032_0000_ article/074_032_0002d_section/074_032_0002d_k/
196. Legislature of Vermont. (2015). Report of the Higher Education Subcommittee to the PreK-16 Council. Study of state funding for higher education related to a performance/outcomes-based formula: Section E.608 of Act 58, 2015. Retrieved from http://legislature.vermont.gov/assets/Legislative-Reports/Performance-Based-Funding-Proposal-2015-Act-58-SectionE608.pdf
197. Letizia, A. (2015). The evolution of control: The convergence of neoliberalism and neoconservatismin performance-based funding policies. Critical Education, 7, 2. ISSN 1920-4125, pp. 1-19.
198. McGowan, V. (2016). Improving institutional report card indicators. International Journal of Education and Development Using Information and Communication Technology, 12(1), 4.
199. Mendelberg, T. (2001). The race card: Campaign strategy, implicit messages, and the norm of equality. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
200. Minnesota Chapter 5-H.F.No. 4 Article 1: Higher Education Appropriations (2011). Retrieved from https://www.revisor.mn.gov/laws/?id=5&doctype= Chapter&year=2011&type=1
201. Minnesota Office of Higher Education. (2007). Minnesota measures: 2007 report on higher education performance. Retrieved from http://www.ohe.state.mn. us/pdf/MinnesotaMeasures.pdf
202. Mississippi State Institutions of Higher Learning. (2013, April 18). Presentation to the Board of Trustees: Performance allocation model. Retrieved from: http:// www.mississippi.edu/downloads/ihl_130418-1.pdf
203. Montana University System. (2015). Performance funding. Retrieved from http://mus.edu/CCM/performancefunding/default.asp
204. Museus, S.D.,&Jayakumar, U.M. (2012). (Eds.). Creating campus cultures: Fostering success among racially diverse student populations. London, UK: Routledge.
205. National Conference of State Legislatures. (2015), Performance funding for higher education. Retrieved from http://www.ncsl.org/research/education/performance-funding.aspx
206. New Mexico Higher Education Department. (2013). Performance goals for New Mexico’ s Higher Education System. Retrieved from http://www.hed.state.nm.us/uploads/files/Performance%20Goals/Performance%20Goals%2012%2016% 202013%20rev.pdf
207. New Mexico Legislature. (2015). Report to the legislative finance committee. Retrieved from https://www.nmlegis.gov/lcs/lfc/lfcdocs/perfaudit/Higher% 20Education%20-%20On-Time%20Graduation%20and%20Degree% 20Production.pdf
208. New York State General Assembly. (2015). Bill A03003 summary. Retrieved from http://assembly.state.ny.us/leg/?default_fld=&bn=A03003&term= 2015&Summary=Y&Text=Y
209. Ohio Board of Regents. (2013). State share of instruction handbook: providing the methodology for allocating state share of instruction funds for scale year 2014.
210. Ohio Higher Education Funding Commission. (2012). Recommendations of the Ohio Higher Education Funding Commission. Retrieved from https://www.ohiohighered.org/sites/ohiohighered.org/les/uploads/nancial/ssi/Ohio% 20Higher%20Education%20Funding%20Commission%20-%20Report.pdf
211. Oklahoma State Regents for Higher Education. (2015). 2015 Legislative Agenda. Oklahoma, OK.
212. Oregon Higher Education Commission. (2014). Outcomes based performance funding 2.0. Retrieved from: https://www.oregon.gov/HigherEd/Documents/HECC/06_Jun- 1 2-14/WICHEOregonHECC_OutcomesBasedFunding.pdf
213. PASSHE. (2011). Board of Governors’ quarterly meeting agenda. Retrieved from:http://www.passhe.edu/inside/bog/BOG%20Agendas/01-2011% 20Agenda.pdf
214. Park, J. J. (2014). Clubs and the campus racial climate: Student organizations and interracial friendship in college. Journal of College Student Development, 55(7), 641-660.
215. Pascarella, E. T., Edison, M., Nora, A., Hagedorn, L. S., & Terenzeni, P. T. (1996). Influences on students’ openness to diversity and challenge in the first year of college. The Journal of Higher Education, 67(2), 174-195.
216. Pennsylvania State System of Higher Education. (2012, January 20). 2011-2017 performance funding program conceptual framework approved by Board of Governors. University in Harrisburg, PA.
217. Pewewardy, C. D., & Frey, B. (2002). Surveying the landscape: Perceptions of multicultural support services and racial climate at a predominantly White university. Journal of Negro Education, 71(1/2), 77-95.
218. Pike, G. R., & Kuh, G. D. (2006). Relationships among structural diversity, informal peer interactions and perceptions of the campus environment. The Review of Higher Education, 29(4), 425-450.
219. Rutherford, A., & Rabovsky, T. (2014). Evaluating impacts of performance funding policies on student outcomes in higher education. The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 655(1), 185-208.
220. Smith, D. G. (2015). Diversity’ s promise for higher education: Making it work. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press.
221. Solorzano, D., Ceja, M., & Yosso, T. (2000). Critical race theory, racial microaggressions, and campus racial climate: The experiences of African American college students. The Journal of Negro Education, 69, 6073.
222. South Dakota Legislature, Legislative Research Council. (2015). Chapter 13-48A education accountability report. Retrieved from http://www.sdlegislature. gov/Statutes/Codified_Laws/DisplayStatute.aspx?Type=Statute&Statute= 13-48A
223. State of New Mexico Legislative Finance Committee. (2011, November 3). LFC report of investment performance - FY12 first quarter. Retrieved from:https://www.nmlegis.gov/Entity/LFC/Documents/Quarterly_Investment_ Reports/2012/first_quarter.pdf
224. State of Rhode Island General Assembly. (2016). 2016-H7428. Retrieved from http://webserver.rilin.state.ri.us/BillText/BillText16/HouseText16/H7428.pdf
225. Taylor, S. (1997). Critical policy analysis: Exploring contexts, texts and consequences. Discourse: Studies in the Cultural Politics of Education, 18(1), 23-35.
226. The Florida Senate. (2013). Performance funding for state universities. Retrieved from http://www.flsenate.gov/Laws/Statutes/2013/1011.905
227. The State Council of Higher Education for Virginia. (2015, November). 2016-18 System wide operating budget and financial aid recommendations for public higher education in Virginia. Retrieved from http://www.schev.edu/docs/default-source/Reports-and-Studies/2013/2013socrecommendations.pdf? sfvrsn=4
228. The 189th General Court of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts. (2016). FY 2017 final budget. Retrieved from https://malegislature.gov/Budget/CurrentBudget
229. University of Maine System. (2013, January). An outcomes-based funding model for the University of Maine System. Retrieved from: http://thinkmissionexcellence. maine.edu/wp-content/uploads/2013/06/Final-Draft-OBF-Report-Jan-2013.pdf
230. Utah System of Higher Education. (2015, August 4). Regents establish performance metrics for new state funding. Retrieved from http://higheredutah.org/regents-establish-performance-metrics-for-new-state-funding/
231. Witham, K., Chase, M., Bensimon, E., Hanson, D., & Longanecker, D. (2015, July/August). Moving the attainment agenda from policy to action. Change Magazine, pp. 6-15.
232. American Association of University Professors. (1940). 1940 Statement of Principles on Academic Freedom and Tenure. Retrieved from https://www.aaup.org/file/1940%20Statement.pdf
233. Bell, D. (1980). Brown and the interest-convergence dilemma. In D. Bell (Ed.), Shades of Brown: New perspectives on school desegregation (pp. 90-106). New York, NY: Teachers College Press.
234. Boland, W. C., & Gasman, M. (2014). America’ s public HBCUs: A four state comparison of institutional capacity and state funding priorities. Retrieved from http://www.gse.upenn.edu/pdf/cmsi/four_state_comparison.pdf
235. Chang, M. J. (2002). The impact of an undergraduate diversity course requirement on students’ racial views and attitudes. The Journal of General Education, 51(1), 21-42.
236. Cunningham, A., Park, E., & Engle, J. (2014). Minority-serving institutions:Doing more with less. Washington, DC: Institute for Higher Education Policy.
237. Denby, G. (2015). Did South Carolina sabotage its public historically Black college? National Public Radio (NPR). Retrieved from http://www.npr.org/blogs/codeswitch/2015/02/17/386980460/did-south-carolina-sabotage-its-pub lic-historically-black-college
238. Dougherty, K. J., & Reddy, V. (Eds.). (2013). Performance funding for higher education: What are the mechanisms? What are the impacts? (ASHE Higher Education Report 39.2). San Francisco, CA: John Wiley & Sons.
239. Gansemer-Topf, A. M., & Schuh, J. H. (2006). Institutional selectivity and institutional expenditures: Examining organizational factors that contribute to retention and graduation. Research in Higher Education, 47(6), 613-642.
240. Hillman, N. W., Tandberg, D. A., & Fryar, A. H. (2015). Evaluating the impacts of “new” performance funding in higher education. Educational Evaluation and Policy Analysis, 37(4), 501-519.
241. Holland, L. (2006). Teaching and learning in diversity classes: The significance of classroom climate and teacher credibility. Journal of Political Science Education, 2, 187-203.
242. Humphreys, D. (2000). National survey finds diversity requirements common around the country. Diversity Digest. Retrieved from http://www.diversity web.org/Digest/f00/survey.html
243. Hurtado, S. (2007). Linking diversity with the educational and civic missions of higher education. The Review of Higher Education, 30(2), 185-196.
244. Jaschik, S. (2015). UCLA faculty approves diversity requirement. Inside Higher Education. Retrieved from https://www.insidehighered.com/news/2015/04/13/ucla-faculty-approves-diversity-requirement
245. Jones, T. (2014). Performance based funding at MSIs: Considerations and possible measures for public minority-serving institutions. Atlanta, GA: Southern Education Foundation.
246. Jones, T. (2016). A historical mission in the accountability era: HBCU perspectives on a state performance funding policy. Educational Policy, 30(7), 999-1041.
247. Lee, J. M., & Keys, S. W. (2013). Land-grant but unequal: State one-to-one match funding for 1890 land-grant universities. Washington, DC: Association of Public and Land-Grant Universities.
248. McKinney, L., & Hagedorn, L. S. (2015). Performance-based funding for community colleges in Texas: Are colleges disadvantaged by serving the most disadvantaged students? Bryan, TX: Greater Texas Foundation. Retrieved from http://greatertexasfoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/McKinney-Full-White-final.pdf
249. McMickens, T. L. (2011). Racism readiness as an educational outcome for graduates of historically Black colleges and universities: A multi-campus grounded theory study (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA.
250. Merton, R. K. (1968). The Matthew effect in science. Science, 159, 56-63.
251. Minor, J. T. (2004). Introduction: Decision making in Historically Black Colleges and Universities: Defining the governance context. The Journal of Negro Education, 73(1), 40-52.
252. Minor, J.T. (2008). Contemporary HBCUs: Considering institutional capacities and state priorities. East Lansing, MI: Michigan State University.
253. Montgomery, R., & Montgomery, B. L. (2012). Graduation rates at Historically Black Colleges and Universities: An underperforming performance measure for determining institutional funding policies. The Journal of Continuing Higher Education, 60(2), 93-109.
254. National Center for Education Statistics. (2013). Percentage distribution of fulltime instructional faculty in degree-granting postsecondary institutions, by academic rank, selected race/ethnicity, and sex: Fall 2013. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Education.
255. Rocha, V. (2015). Kanye West-themed frat party at UCLA sparks protests, claims of racism. Los Angeles Times. Retrieved from http://www.latimes.com/local/lanow/la-me-ln-ucla-blackface-kanye-party-20151008-story.html
256. Shin, J. C. (2010). Impacts of performance-based accountability on institutional performance in the US. Higher Education, 60(1), 47-68.
257. Sjoquist, D. L., & Winters, J. V. (2015). State merit aid programs and college major: A focus on STEM. Journal of Labor Economics, 33(4), 973-1006.
258. Svrluga, S. (2015). OU: Frat members learned racist chant at national SAE leadership event. The Washington Post. Retrieved from https://www.washington post.com/news/grade-point/wp/2015/03/27/ou-investigation-sae-mem bers-learned-racist-chant-at-national-leadership-event/
259. Wisconsin Hope Lab. (2015). Equity & reasonable costs in public higher education. Retrieved from http://wihopelab.com/news/Wisconsin%20HOPE% 20Lab%20Workshop%20on%20Equity%20and%20Reasonable%20Costs% 20Convening%20Summary.pdf
260. Zhang, L. (2008). Does state funding affect graduation rates at public four-year colleges and universities? Educational Policy, 23(5), 714-731.