메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 44, Issue 17, 2017, Pages 9102-9111

Lightning enhancement over major oceanic shipping lanes

Author keywords

aerosols; CCN; convection; lightning; shipping; WWLLN

Indexed keywords

AEROSOLS; FREIGHT TRANSPORTATION; HEAT CONVECTION; SHIPS; WATERWAY TRANSPORTATION;

EID: 85029448660     PISSN: 00948276     EISSN: 19448007     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/2017GL074982     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (126)

References (70)
  • 1
    • 77957604061 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • An evaluation of the Worldwide Lightning Location Network (WWLLN) using the National Lightning Detection Network (NLDN) as ground truth
    • Abarca, S. F., K. L. Corbosiero, and T. J. Galarneau Jr. (2010), An evaluation of the Worldwide Lightning Location Network (WWLLN) using the National Lightning Detection Network (NLDN) as ground truth, J. Geophys. Res., 115, D18206, doi:10.1029/2009JD013411.
    • (2010) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.115
    • Abarca, S.F.1    Corbosiero, K.L.2    Galarneau, T.J.3
  • 2
    • 77950505936 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Lightning response to smoke from Amazonian fires
    • Altaratz, O., I. Koren, Y. Yair, and C. Price (2010), Lightning response to smoke from Amazonian fires, Geophys. Res. Lett., 37, L07801, doi:10.1029/2010GL042679.
    • (2010) Geophys. Res. Lett. , vol.37
    • Altaratz, O.1    Koren, I.2    Yair, Y.3    Price, C.4
  • 3
    • 84893470721 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Review: Cloud invigoration by aerosols—Coupling between microphysics and dynamics
    • Altaratz, O., I. Koren, L. A. Remer, and E. Hirsch (2014), Review: Cloud invigoration by aerosols—Coupling between microphysics and dynamics, Atmos. Res., 140–141, 38–60, doi:10.1016/j.atmosres.2014.01.009.
    • (2014) Atmos. Res. , vol.140-141 , pp. 38-60
    • Altaratz, O.1    Koren, I.2    Remer, L.A.3    Hirsch, E.4
  • 4
    • 1442354691 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Smoking rain clouds over the Amazon
    • Andreae, M. O. (2004), Smoking rain clouds over the Amazon, Science, 303(5662), 1337–1342, doi:10.1126/science.1092779.
    • (2004) Science , vol.303 , Issue.5662 , pp. 1337-1342
    • Andreae, M.O.1
  • 6
    • 41649092520 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Midweek increase in U.S. summer rain and storm heights suggests air pollution invigorates rainstorms
    • Bell, T. L., D. Rosenfeld, K. M. Kim, J. M. Yoo, M. I. Lee, and M. Hahnenberger (2008), Midweek increase in U.S. summer rain and storm heights suggests air pollution invigorates rainstorms, J. Geophys. Res., 113, D02209, doi:10.1029/2007JD008623.
    • (2008) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.113
    • Bell, T.L.1    Rosenfeld, D.2    Kim, K.M.3    Yoo, J.M.4    Lee, M.I.5    Hahnenberger, M.6
  • 7
    • 72049083968 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Weekly cycle of lightning: Evidence of storm invigoration by pollution
    • Bell, T. L., D. Rosenfeld, and K. M. Kim (2009), Weekly cycle of lightning: Evidence of storm invigoration by pollution, Geophys. Res. Lett., 36, L23805, doi:10.1029/2009GL040915.
    • (2009) Geophys. Res. Lett. , vol.36
    • Bell, T.L.1    Rosenfeld, D.2    Kim, K.M.3
  • 8
    • 0036752015 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Performance assessment of the optical transient detector and lightning imaging sensor. Part I: Predicted diurnal variability
    • Boccippio, D. J., W. J. Koshak, and R. J. Blakeslee (2002), Performance assessment of the optical transient detector and lightning imaging sensor. Part I: Predicted diurnal variability, J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol., 19(9), 1318–1332, doi:10.1029/2006JD007787.
    • (2002) J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol. , vol.19 , Issue.9 , pp. 1318-1332
    • Boccippio, D.J.1    Koshak, W.J.2    Blakeslee, R.J.3
  • 9
    • 84982665574 scopus 로고
    • The sulfate-CCN-cloud albedo effect
    • Boucher, O., and U. Lohmann (1995), The sulfate-CCN-cloud albedo effect, Tellus B, 47(3), 281–300, doi:10.1034/j.1600-0889.47.issue3.1.x.
    • (1995) Tellus B , vol.47 , Issue.3 , pp. 281-300
    • Boucher, O.1    Lohmann, U.2
  • 11
    • 0034298538 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Lightning casualties and damages in the United States from 1959 to 1994
    • Curran, E. B., R. L. Holle, and R. E. Lopez (2000), Lightning casualties and damages in the United States from 1959 to 1994, J. Clim., 13(19), 3448–3464, doi:10.1175/1520-0442(2000)013<3448:LCADIT>2.0.CO;2.
    • (2000) J. Clim. , vol.13 , Issue.19 , pp. 3448-3464
    • Curran, E.B.1    Holle, R.L.2    Lopez, R.E.3
  • 12
    • 79955446270 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The ERA-Interim reanalysis: Configuration and performance of the data assimilation system
    • Dee, D. P., et al. (2011), The ERA-Interim reanalysis: Configuration and performance of the data assimilation system, Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc., 137(April), 553–597, doi:10.1002/qj.828.
    • (2011) Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc. , vol.137 , Issue.April , pp. 553-597
    • Dee, D.P.1
  • 13
    • 0036064396 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • VLF lightning location by time of group arrival (TOGA) at multiple sites
    • Dowden, R. L., J. B. Brundell, and C. J. Rodger (2002), VLF lightning location by time of group arrival (TOGA) at multiple sites, J. Atmos. Sol. Terr. Phys., 64, 817–830.
    • (2002) J. Atmos. Sol. Terr. Phys. , vol.64 , pp. 817-830
    • Dowden, R.L.1    Brundell, J.B.2    Rodger, C.J.3
  • 14
    • 84994577474 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Global atmospheric particle formation from CERN CLOUD measurements
    • Dunne, E. M., et al. (2016), Global atmospheric particle formation from CERN CLOUD measurements, Science, 354(6316), 1119–1124, doi:10.1126/science.aaf2649.
    • (2016) Science , vol.354 , Issue.6316 , pp. 1119-1124
    • Dunne, E.M.1
  • 16
    • 84888359589 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Microphysical effects determine macrophysical response for aerosol impacts on deep convective clouds
    • Fan, J., L. R. Leung, D. Rosenfeld, Q. Chen, Z. Li, J. Zhang, and H. Yan (2013), Microphysical effects determine macrophysical response for aerosol impacts on deep convective clouds, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 110(48), E4581–E4590, doi:10.1073/pnas.1316830110.
    • (2013) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. , vol.110 , Issue.48 , pp. E4581-E4590
    • Fan, J.1    Leung, L.R.2    Rosenfeld, D.3    Chen, Q.4    Li, Z.5    Zhang, J.6    Yan, H.7
  • 17
    • 0000112151 scopus 로고
    • Lightning-ignited forest fires in northwestern Ontario
    • Flannigan, M. D., and B. M. Wotton (1991), Lightning-ignited forest fires in northwestern Ontario, Can. J. For. Res., 21(3), 277–287, doi:10.1139/x91-035.
    • (1991) Can. J. For. Res. , vol.21 , Issue.3 , pp. 277-287
    • Flannigan, M.D.1    Wotton, B.M.2
  • 18
    • 84892646050 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Nitrogen cycles: Past, present, and future
    • Galloway, J. N., et al. (2004), Nitrogen cycles: Past, present, and future, Biogeochemistry, 70(2), 153–226, doi:10.1007/s10533-004-0370-0.
    • (2004) Biogeochemistry , vol.70 , Issue.2 , pp. 153-226
    • Galloway, J.N.1
  • 19
    • 84973484558 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Delaying precipitation and lightning by air pollution over the Pearl River Delta. Part I: Observational analyses
    • Guo, J., M. Deng, S. S. Lee, F. Wang, Z. Li, P. Zhai, H. Liu, W. Lv, W. Yao, and X. Li (2016), Delaying precipitation and lightning by air pollution over the Pearl River Delta. Part I: Observational analyses, J. Geophys. Res. Atmos., 121, 6472–6488, doi:10.1002/2015JD023257.
    • (2016) J. Geophys. Res. Atmos. , vol.121 , pp. 6472-6488
    • Guo, J.1    Deng, M.2    Lee, S.S.3    Wang, F.4    Li, Z.5    Zhai, P.6    Liu, H.7    Lv, W.8    Yao, W.9    Li, X.10
  • 20
    • 84860193470 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • New evidence of cloud invigoration from TRMM measurements of rain center of gravity
    • Heiblum, R. H., I. Koren, and O. Altaratz (2012), New evidence of cloud invigoration from TRMM measurements of rain center of gravity, Geophys. Res. Lett., 39, L08803, doi:10.1029/2012GL051158.
    • (2012) Geophys. Res. Lett. , vol.39
    • Heiblum, R.H.1    Koren, I.2    Altaratz, O.3
  • 21
    • 0033792512 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Emissions from ships with respect to their effects on clouds
    • Hobbs, P. V., et al. (2000), Emissions from ships with respect to their effects on clouds, J. Atmos. Sci., 57(16), 2570–2590, doi:10.1175/1520-0469(2000)057<2570:EFSWRT>2.0.CO;2.
    • (2000) J. Atmos. Sci. , vol.57 , Issue.16 , pp. 2570-2590
    • Hobbs, P.V.1
  • 22
    • 33947356755 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The TRMM Multisatellite Precipitation Analysis (TMPA): Quasi-global, multiyear, combined-sensor precipitation estimates at fine scales
    • Huffman, G. J., D. T. Bolvin, E. J. Nelkin, D. B. Wolff, R. F. Adler, G. Gu, Y. Hong, K. P. Bowman, and E. F. Stocker (2007), The TRMM Multisatellite Precipitation Analysis (TMPA): Quasi-global, multiyear, combined-sensor precipitation estimates at fine scales, J. Hydrometeorol., 8(1), 38–55, doi:10.1175/JHM560.1.
    • (2007) J. Hydrometeorol. , vol.8 , Issue.1 , pp. 38-55
    • Huffman, G.J.1    Bolvin, D.T.2    Nelkin, E.J.3    Wolff, D.B.4    Adler, R.F.5    Gu, G.6    Hong, Y.7    Bowman, K.P.8    Stocker, E.F.9
  • 23
    • 84871388598 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Relative detection efficiency of the World Wide Lightning Location Network
    • Hutchins, M. L., R. H. Holzworth, J. B. Brundell, and C. J. Rodger (2012), Relative detection efficiency of the World Wide Lightning Location Network, Radio Sci., 47, 1–9, doi:10.1029/2012RS005049.
    • (2012) Radio Sci. , vol.47 , pp. 1-9
    • Hutchins, M.L.1    Holzworth, R.H.2    Brundell, J.B.3    Rodger, C.J.4
  • 25
    • 84897589554 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Diurnal variation of the global electric circuit from clustered thunderstorms
    • Hutchins, M. L., R. H. Holzworth, and J. B. Brundell (2014), Diurnal variation of the global electric circuit from clustered thunderstorms, J. Geophys. Res. Space Physics, 119, 620–629, doi:10.1002/2013JA019593.
    • (2014) J. Geophys. Res. Space Physics , vol.119 , pp. 620-629
    • Hutchins, M.L.1    Holzworth, R.H.2    Brundell, J.B.3
  • 26
    • 0034465224 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Rain-profiling algorithm for the TRMM precipitation radar
    • Iguchi, T., T. Kozu, R. Meneghini, J. Awaka, and K. Okamoto (2000), Rain-profiling algorithm for the TRMM precipitation radar, J. Appl. Meteorol., 39(12), 2038–2052, doi:10.1175/1520-0450(2001)040<2038:RPAFTT>2.0.CO;2.
    • (2000) J. Appl. Meteorol. , vol.39 , Issue.12 , pp. 2038-2052
    • Iguchi, T.1    Kozu, T.2    Meneghini, R.3    Awaka, J.4    Okamoto, K.5
  • 27
    • 33747888194 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Performance assessment of the World Wide Lightning Location Network (WWLLN), using the Los Alamos Sferic Array (LASA) as ground truth
    • Jacobson, A. R., R. Holzworth, J. Harlin, R. Dowden, and E. Lay (2006), Performance assessment of the World Wide Lightning Location Network (WWLLN), using the Los Alamos Sferic Array (LASA) as ground truth, J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol., 23(8), 1082–1092, doi:10.1175/JTECH1902.1.
    • (2006) J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol. , vol.23 , Issue.8 , pp. 1082-1092
    • Jacobson, A.R.1    Holzworth, R.2    Harlin, J.3    Dowden, R.4    Lay, E.5
  • 28
    • 50849100748 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Saharan dust, lightning and tropical cyclones in the eastern tropical Atlantic during NAMMA-06
    • Jenkins, G. S., and A. Pratt (2008), Saharan dust, lightning and tropical cyclones in the eastern tropical Atlantic during NAMMA-06, Geophys. Res. Lett., 35, L12804, doi:10.1029/2008GL033979.
    • (2008) Geophys. Res. Lett. , vol.35
    • Jenkins, G.S.1    Pratt, A.2
  • 29
    • 65549159673 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Possible aerosol effects on lightning activity and structure of hurricanes
    • Khain, A., N. Cohen, B. Lynn, and A. Pokrovsky (2008), Possible aerosol effects on lightning activity and structure of hurricanes, J. Atmos. Sci., 65, 3652–3677, doi:10.1175/2008JAS2678.1.
    • (2008) J. Atmos. Sci. , vol.65 , pp. 3652-3677
    • Khain, A.1    Cohen, N.2    Lynn, B.3    Pokrovsky, A.4
  • 30
    • 25444435723 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Aerosol invigoration and restructuring of Atlantic convective clouds
    • Koren, I., Y. J. Kaufman, D. Rosenfeld, L. A. Remer, and Y. Rudich (2005), Aerosol invigoration and restructuring of Atlantic convective clouds, Geophys. Res. Lett., 32, L14828, doi:10.1029/2005GL023187.
    • (2005) Geophys. Res. Lett. , vol.32
    • Koren, I.1    Kaufman, Y.J.2    Rosenfeld, D.3    Remer, L.A.4    Rudich, Y.5
  • 31
    • 67649991417 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Particulate emissions from commercial shipping: Chemical, physical, and optical properties
    • D00F04
    • Lack, D. A., et al. (2009), Particulate emissions from commercial shipping: Chemical, physical, and optical properties, J. Geophys. Res., 114, D00F04, doi:10.1029/2008JD011300.
    • (2009) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.114
    • Lack, D.A.1
  • 32
    • 85039106095 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Global model simulations of the impact of ocean-going ships on aerosols, clouds, and the radiation budget
    • Lauer, A., V. Eyring, J. Hendricks, P. Jöckel, and U. Lohmann (2007), Global model simulations of the impact of ocean-going ships on aerosols, clouds, and the radiation budget, Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss., 7(4), 9419–9464, doi:10.5194/acpd-7-9419-2007.
    • (2007) Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss. , vol.7 , Issue.4 , pp. 9419-9464
    • Lauer, A.1    Eyring, V.2    Hendricks, J.3    Jöckel, P.4    Lohmann, U.5
  • 33
    • 82455198944 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Long-term impacts of aerosols on the vertical development of clouds and precipitation
    • Li, Z., F. Niu, J. Fan, Y. Liu, D. Rosenfeld, and Y. Ding (2011), Long-term impacts of aerosols on the vertical development of clouds and precipitation, Nat. Geosci., 4(12), 888–894, doi:10.1038/ngeo1313.
    • (2011) Nat. Geosci. , vol.4 , Issue.12 , pp. 888-894
    • Li, Z.1    Niu, F.2    Fan, J.3    Liu, Y.4    Rosenfeld, D.5    Ding, Y.6
  • 34
    • 0020969842 scopus 로고
    • Nitrogen oxides in the trophosphere: Global and regional budgets
    • Logan, J. A. (1983), Nitrogen oxides in the trophosphere: Global and regional budgets, J. Geophys. Res., 88, 10,785–10,807, doi:10.1029/JC088iC15p10785.
    • (1983) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.88 , pp. 10,785-10,807
    • Logan, J.A.1
  • 35
    • 0028667683 scopus 로고
    • Convective available potential energy in the environment of oceanic and continental clouds: Correction and comments
    • Lucas, C., E. J. Zipser, and M. A. Lemone (1994), Convective available potential energy in the environment of oceanic and continental clouds: Correction and comments, J. Atmos. Sci., 51(24), 3829–3830, doi:10.1175/1520-0469(1996)053<1209:COAPEI>2.0.CO;2.
    • (1994) J. Atmos. Sci. , vol.51 , Issue.24 , pp. 3829-3830
    • Lucas, C.1    Zipser, E.J.2    Lemone, M.A.3
  • 36
    • 84881278453 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Aerosol effects on simulated storm electrification and precipitation in a two-moment bulk microphysics model
    • Mansell, E. R., and C. L. Ziegler (2013), Aerosol effects on simulated storm electrification and precipitation in a two-moment bulk microphysics model, J. Atmos. Sci., 70(7), 2032–2050, doi:10.1175/JAS-D-12-0264.1.
    • (2013) J. Atmos. Sci. , vol.70 , Issue.7 , pp. 2032-2050
    • Mansell, E.R.1    Ziegler, C.L.2
  • 38
    • 0035086601 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Uncertainty in preindustrial abundance of tropospheric ozone: Implications for radiative forcing calculations
    • Mickley, L. J., D. J. Jacob, and D. Rind (2001), Uncertainty in preindustrial abundance of tropospheric ozone: Implications for radiative forcing calculations, J. Geophys. Res., 106, 3389–3399, doi:10.1029/2000JD900594.
    • (2001) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.106 , pp. 3389-3399
    • Mickley, L.J.1    Jacob, D.J.2    Rind, D.3
  • 39
    • 84902023166 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • On the interaction of Tropical Cyclone Flossie and emissions from Hawaii's Kilauea volcano
    • Pattantyus, A., and S. Businger (2014), On the interaction of Tropical Cyclone Flossie and emissions from Hawaii's Kilauea volcano, Geophys. Res. Lett., 41, 4082–4089, doi:10.1002/2014GL060033.
    • (2014) Geophys. Res. Lett. , vol.41 , pp. 4082-4089
    • Pattantyus, A.1    Businger, S.2
  • 40
    • 84855468764 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A search for large-scale effects of ship emissions on clouds and radiation in satellite data
    • Peters, K., J. Quaas, and H. Graßl (2011), A search for large-scale effects of ship emissions on clouds and radiation in satellite data, J. Geophys. Res., 116, D24205, doi:10.1029/2011JD016531.
    • (2011) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.116
    • Peters, K.1    Quaas, J.2    Graßl, H.3
  • 41
    • 85029929794 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Contribution of carbonaceous aerosol to cloud condensation nuclei: Processes and uncertainties evaluated with a global aerosol microphysics model
    • Pierce, J. R., K. Chen, and P. J. Adams (2007), Contribution of carbonaceous aerosol to cloud condensation nuclei: Processes and uncertainties evaluated with a global aerosol microphysics model, Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss., 7(3), 7723–7765, doi:10.5194/acpd-7-7723-2007.
    • (2007) Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss. , vol.7 , Issue.3 , pp. 7723-7765
    • Pierce, J.R.1    Chen, K.2    Adams, P.J.3
  • 42
    • 0031455432 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • x from lightning: 1. Global distribution based on lightning physics
    • x from lightning: 1. Global distribution based on lightning physics, J. Geophys. Res., 102, 5929–5941, doi:10.1029/96JD03504.
    • (1997) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.102 , pp. 5929-5941
    • Price, C.1    Penner, J.2    Prather, M.3
  • 43
    • 0035824399 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Aerosol, climate, and the hydrological cycle
    • Ramanathan, V., P. J. Crutzen, J. T. Kiehl, and D. Rosenfeld (2001), Aerosol, climate, and the hydrological cycle, Science, 294(5549), 2119–2124, doi:10.1126/science.1064034.
    • (2001) Science , vol.294 , Issue.5549 , pp. 2119-2124
    • Ramanathan, V.1    Crutzen, P.J.2    Kiehl, J.T.3    Rosenfeld, D.4
  • 44
    • 57749181885 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Global aerosol climatology from the MODIS satellite sensors
    • D14S07
    • Remer, L. A., et al. (2008), Global aerosol climatology from the MODIS satellite sensors, J. Geophys. Res., 113, D14S07, doi:10.1029/2007JD009661.
    • (2008) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.113
    • Remer, L.A.1
  • 45
    • 36348948705 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Daily high-resolution-blended analyses for sea surface temperature
    • Reynolds, R. W., T. M. Smith, C. Liu, D. B. Chelton, K. S. Casey, and M. G. Schlax (2007), Daily high-resolution-blended analyses for sea surface temperature, J. Clim., 20(22), 5473–5496, doi:10.1175/2007JCLI1824.1.
    • (2007) J. Clim. , vol.20 , Issue.22 , pp. 5473-5496
    • Reynolds, R.W.1    Smith, T.M.2    Liu, C.3    Chelton, D.B.4    Casey, K.S.5    Schlax, M.G.6
  • 46
    • 0001438162 scopus 로고
    • Thunderstorm charge separation
    • Reynolds, S. E., M. Brook, and M. F. Gourley (1957), Thunderstorm charge separation, J. Meteorol., 14(5), 426–436, doi:10.1175/1520-0469(1957)014<0426:TCS>2.0.CO;2.
    • (1957) J. Meteorol. , vol.14 , Issue.5 , pp. 426-436
    • Reynolds, S.E.1    Brook, M.2    Gourley, M.F.3
  • 47
    • 33845947167 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Detection efficiency of the VLF World-Wide Lightning Location Network (WWLLN): Initial case study
    • Rodger, C. J., S. Werner, J. B. Brundell, E. H. Lay, N. R. Thomson, R. H. Holzworth, and R. L. Dowden (2006), Detection efficiency of the VLF World-Wide Lightning Location Network (WWLLN): Initial case study, Ann. Geophys., 24(12), 3197–3214, doi:10.5194/angeo-24-3197-2006.
    • (2006) Ann. Geophys. , vol.24 , Issue.12 , pp. 3197-3214
    • Rodger, C.J.1    Werner, S.2    Brundell, J.B.3    Lay, E.H.4    Thomson, N.R.5    Holzworth, R.H.6    Dowden, R.L.7
  • 48
    • 0033368643 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Characteristics of lightning and wildland fire ignition in the Pacific Northwest
    • Rorig, M. L., and S. A. Ferguson (1999), Characteristics of lightning and wildland fire ignition in the Pacific Northwest, J. Appl. Meteorol., 38(1986), 1565–1575, doi:10.1175/1520-0450(1999)038<1565:COLAWF>2.0.CO;2.
    • (1999) J. Appl. Meteorol. , vol.38 , Issue.1986 , pp. 1565-1575
    • Rorig, M.L.1    Ferguson, S.A.2
  • 49
    • 0034629546 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Suppression of rain and snow by urban and industrial air pollution
    • Rosenfeld, D. (2000), Suppression of rain and snow by urban and industrial air pollution, Science, 287(5459), 1793–1796, doi:10.1126/science.287.5459.1793.
    • (2000) Science , vol.287 , Issue.5459 , pp. 1793-1796
    • Rosenfeld, D.1
  • 50
    • 0034713365 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Deep convective clouds with sustained supercooled liquid water down to −37.5°C
    • Rosenfeld, D., and W. Woodley (2000), Deep convective clouds with sustained supercooled liquid water down to −37.5°C, Nature, 405(6785), 440–442, doi:10.1038/35013030.
    • (2000) Nature , vol.405 , Issue.6785 , pp. 440-442
    • Rosenfeld, D.1    Woodley, W.2
  • 52
    • 84921759191 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Global observations of aerosol-cloud-precipitation-climate interactions
    • Rosenfeld, D., et al. (2014), Global observations of aerosol-cloud-precipitation-climate interactions, Rev. Geophys., 52, 750–808, doi:10.1002/2013RG000441.
    • (2014) Rev. Geophys. , vol.52 , pp. 750-808
    • Rosenfeld, D.1
  • 53
    • 0019210295 scopus 로고
    • Estimates of gross and net fluxes of carbon between the biosphere and the atmosphere from biomass burning
    • Seiler, W., and P. J. Crutzen (1980), Estimates of gross and net fluxes of carbon between the biosphere and the atmosphere from biomass burning, Clim. Change, 2(3), 207–247, doi:10.1007/BF00137988.
    • (1980) Clim. Change , vol.2 , Issue.3 , pp. 207-247
    • Seiler, W.1    Crutzen, P.J.2
  • 55
    • 85029947973 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Third IMO greenhouse gas study 2014
    • Smith, T. W. P., et al. (2014), Third IMO greenhouse gas study 2014, Int. Marit. Organ., 327, doi:10.1007/s10584-013-0912-3. [Available at www.shipmap.org.]
    • (2014) Int. Marit. Organ. , vol.327
    • Smith, T.W.P.1
  • 56
    • 84875718937 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Tropospheric ozone changes, radiative forcing and attribution to emissions in the Atmospheric Chemistry and Climate Model Intercomparison Project (ACCMIP)
    • Stevenson, D. S., et al. (2013), Tropospheric ozone changes, radiative forcing and attribution to emissions in the Atmospheric Chemistry and Climate Model Intercomparison Project (ACCMIP), Atmos. Chem. Phys., 13(6), 3063–3085, doi:10.5194/acp-13-3063-2013.
    • (2013) Atmos. Chem. Phys. , vol.13 , Issue.6 , pp. 3063-3085
    • Stevenson, D.S.1
  • 57
    • 84955716834 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Simultaneous influences of thermodynamics and aerosols on deep convection and lightning in the tropics
    • Stolz, D. C., S. A. Rutledge, and J. R. Pierce (2015), Simultaneous influences of thermodynamics and aerosols on deep convection and lightning in the tropics, J. Geophys. Res. Atmos., 120, 6207–6231, doi:10.1002/2014JD023033.
    • (2015) J. Geophys. Res. Atmos. , vol.120 , pp. 6207-6231
    • Stolz, D.C.1    Rutledge, S.A.2    Pierce, J.R.3
  • 58
    • 84920591144 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Observations of aerosol-induced convective invigoration in the tropical east Atlantic
    • Storer, R. L., S. C. van den Heever, and T. S. L'Ecuyer (2014), Observations of aerosol-induced convective invigoration in the tropical east Atlantic, J. Geophys. Res. Atmos., 119, 3963–3975, doi:10.1002/2013JD020272.
    • (2014) J. Geophys. Res. Atmos. , vol.119 , pp. 3963-3975
    • Storer, R.L.1    van den Heever, S.C.2    L'Ecuyer, T.S.3
  • 59
    • 0029474559 scopus 로고
    • Effects of aerosol particles on the microphysics of coastal stratiform clouds
    • Twohy, C. H., P. A. Durkee, B. J. Huebert, and R. J. Charlson (1995), Effects of aerosol particles on the microphysics of coastal stratiform clouds, J. Clim., 8(4), 773–783, doi:10.1175/1520-0442(1995)008<0773:EOAPOT>2.0.CO;2.
    • (1995) J. Clim. , vol.8 , Issue.4 , pp. 773-783
    • Twohy, C.H.1    Durkee, P.A.2    Huebert, B.J.3    Charlson, R.J.4
  • 60
    • 84878136612 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Highlights of a new ground-based, hourly global lightning climatology
    • Virts, K. S., J. M. Wallace, M. L. Hutchins, and R. H. Holzworth (2013), Highlights of a new ground-based, hourly global lightning climatology, Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 94(9), 1381–1391, doi:10.1175/BAMS-D-12-00082.1.
    • (2013) Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc. , vol.94 , Issue.9 , pp. 1381-1391
    • Virts, K.S.1    Wallace, J.M.2    Hutchins, M.L.3    Holzworth, R.H.4
  • 61
    • 84872405437 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Thermal surface signatures of ship propeller wakes in stratified waters
    • Voropayev, S. I., C. Nath, and H. J. S. Fernando (2012), Thermal surface signatures of ship propeller wakes in stratified waters, Phys. Fluids, 24(11), doi:10.1063/1.4767130.
    • (2012) Phys. Fluids , vol.24 , Issue.11
    • Voropayev, S.I.1    Nath, C.2    Fernando, H.J.S.3
  • 62
    • 0027706153 scopus 로고
    • A satellite-derived climatology of the ITCZ
    • Waliser, D. E., and C. Gautier (1993), A satellite-derived climatology of the ITCZ, J. Clim., 6(11), 2162–2174, doi:10.1175/1520-0442(1993)006<2162:ASDCOT>2.0.CO;2.
    • (1993) J. Clim. , vol.6 , Issue.11 , pp. 2162-2174
    • Waliser, D.E.1    Gautier, C.2
  • 63
    • 84891654226 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • An investigation of the aerosol indirect effect on convective intensity using satellite observations
    • Wall, C., E. Zipser, and C. Liu (2014), An investigation of the aerosol indirect effect on convective intensity using satellite observations, J. Atmos. Sci., 71(1), 430–447, doi:10.1175/JAS-D-13-0158.1.
    • (2014) J. Atmos. Sci. , vol.71 , Issue.1 , pp. 430-447
    • Wall, C.1    Zipser, E.2    Liu, C.3
  • 64
    • 84900497574 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Assessing the effects of anthropogenic aerosols on Pacific storm track using a multiscale global climate model
    • Wang, Y., M. Wang, R. Zhang, S. J. Ghan, Y. Lin, J. Hu, B. Pan, M. Levy, J. H. Jiang, and M. J. Molina (2014), Assessing the effects of anthropogenic aerosols on Pacific storm track using a multiscale global climate model, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 111(19), 6894–6899, doi:10.1073/pnas.1403364111.
    • (2014) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. , vol.111 , Issue.19 , pp. 6894-6899
    • Wang, Y.1    Wang, M.2    Zhang, R.3    Ghan, S.J.4    Lin, Y.5    Hu, J.6    Pan, B.7    Levy, M.8    Jiang, J.H.9    Molina, M.J.10
  • 65
    • 0038323318 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The physical origin of the land-ocean contrast in lightning activity
    • Williams, E., and S. Stanfill (2002), The physical origin of the land-ocean contrast in lightning activity, Comptes Rendus Phys., 3(10), 1277–1292, doi:10.1016/S1631-0705(02)01407-X.
    • (2002) Comptes Rendus Phys. , vol.3 , Issue.10 , pp. 1277-1292
    • Williams, E.1    Stanfill, S.2
  • 66
    • 84925662475 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Contrasting convective regimes over the Amazon: Implications for cloud electrification
    • Williams, E., et al. (2002), Contrasting convective regimes over the Amazon: Implications for cloud electrification, J. Geophys. Res., 107(D20), 8082, doi:10.1029/2001JD000380.
    • (2002) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.107 , Issue.D20 , pp. 8082
    • Williams, E.1
  • 67
    • 23144442012 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Lightning and climate: A review
    • Williams, E. R. (2005), Lightning and climate: A review, Atmos. Res., 76, 272–287, doi:10.1016/j.atmosres.2004.11.014.
    • (2005) Atmos. Res. , vol.76 , pp. 272-287
    • Williams, E.R.1
  • 68
    • 35148883564 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Initial performance assessment of CALIOP
    • Winker, D. M., W. H. Hunt, and M. J. McGill (2007), Initial performance assessment of CALIOP, Geophys. Res. Lett., 34, L19803, doi:10.1029/2007GL030135.
    • (2007) Geophys. Res. Lett. , vol.34
    • Winker, D.M.1    Hunt, W.H.2    McGill, M.J.3
  • 69
    • 79951937220 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Observational evidence of aerosol enhancement of lightning activity and convective invigoration
    • Yuan, T., L. A. Remer, K. E. Pickering, and H. Yu (2011), Observational evidence of aerosol enhancement of lightning activity and convective invigoration, Geophys. Res. Lett., 38, L04701, doi:10.1029/2010GL046052.
    • (2011) Geophys. Res. Lett. , vol.38
    • Yuan, T.1    Remer, L.A.2    Pickering, K.E.3    Yu, H.4
  • 70
    • 84919831474 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The effects of aerosol on development of thunderstorm electrification: A simulation study in Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model
    • Zhao, P., Y. Yin, and H. Xiao (2014), The effects of aerosol on development of thunderstorm electrification: A simulation study in Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model, 2014 Int. Conf. Light. Prot. ICLP 2014, 153, 177–180, doi:10.1109/ICLP.2014.6973116.
    • (2014) 2014 Int. Conf. Light. Prot. ICLP 2014 , vol.153 , pp. 177-180
    • Zhao, P.1    Yin, Y.2    Xiao, H.3


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.