메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 107, Issue D20, 2002, Pages

Contrasting convective regimes over the Amazon: Implications for cloud electrification

(33)  Williams, E a   Rosenfeld, D b   Madden, N a,p   Gerlach, J c,k   Gears, N c,k   Atkinson, L c,k   Dunnemann, N c,k   Frostrom, G c,k   Antonio, M d,n   Biazon, B d,n   Camargo, R d,n   Franca, H d,n   Gomes, A d,n   Lima, M d,n   Machado, R d,n   Manhaes, S d,n   Nachtigall, L d,n   Piva, H d,n   Quintiliano, W d,n   Machado, L e   more..


Author keywords

Aerosol; Convention; Lightning; Precipitation; Radar; Regimes

Indexed keywords


EID: 84925662475     PISSN: 2169897X     EISSN: 21698996     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1029/2001JD000380     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (380)

References (54)
  • 1
    • 36448952763 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Surface diurnal cycle and boundary layer structure over Rondônia during the rainy season
    • in press
    • Betts, A. K., J. Fuentes, M. Garstang, and J. H. Ball, Surface diurnal cycle and boundary layer structure over Rondônia during the rainy season, J. Geophys. Res., 107, 10.1029/2000JD000356, in press, 2002.
    • (2002) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.107
    • Betts, A.K.1    Fuentes, J.2    Garstang, M.3    Ball, J.H.4
  • 2
    • 0022830684 scopus 로고
    • Observations of the distribution of ice in hurricanes
    • Black, R. A., and J. Hallett, Observations of the distribution of ice in hurricanes, J. Atmos. Sci., 43, 802-822, 1986.
    • (1986) J. Atmos. Sci. , vol.43 , pp. 802-822
    • Black, R.A.1    Hallett, J.2
  • 4
    • 0002689139 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Global Frequency and distribution of lightning as observed by the Optical Transient Detector (OTD)
    • Guntersville, Ala., June
    • Christian, H. J., et al., Global Frequency and distribution of lightning as observed by the Optical Transient Detector (OTD), in 11th International Conference on Atmospheric Electricity, NASA/CP-1999-209261, pp. 726-729, Guntersville, Ala., June 1999.
    • (1999) 11Th International Conference on Atmospheric Electricity, NASA/CP-1999-209261 , pp. 726-729
    • Christian, H.J.1
  • 5
    • 0021639098 scopus 로고
    • Mesoscale updraft magnitude and cloud ice content deduced from the ice budget of the stratiform region of a tropical cloud cluster
    • Churchill, D. D., and R. A. Houze Jr., Mesoscale updraft magnitude and cloud ice content deduced from the ice budget of the stratiform region of a tropical cloud cluster, J. Atmos. Sci., 41, 1717-1725, 1984.
    • (1984) J. Atmos. Sci. , vol.41 , pp. 1717-1725
    • Churchill, D.D.1    Houze, R.A.2
  • 6
    • 36448985346 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Radar observations of the kinematic, microphysical, and precipitation characteristics of two MCSs in TRMM LBA
    • in press
    • Cifelli, R., W. A. Petersen, L. D. Carey, S. A. Rutledge, and M. A. F. Silva Dias, Radar observations of the kinematic, microphysical, and precipitation characteristics of two MCSs in TRMM LBA, J. Geophys. Res., 107, 10.1029/2000JD000264, in press, 2002.
    • (2002) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.107
    • Cifelli, R.1    Petersen, W.A.2    Carey, L.D.3    Rutledge, S.A.4    Silva Dias, M.A.F.5
  • 7
    • 0032454225 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The vertical structure of TOGA COARE convection, part I, Radar echo distributions
    • DeMott, C. A., and S. A. Rutledge, The vertical structure of TOGA COARE convection, part I, Radar echo distributions, J. Atmos. Sci., 55, 2748-2762, 1998.
    • (1998) J. Atmos. Sci. , vol.55 , pp. 2748-2762
    • Demott, C.A.1    Rutledge, S.A.2
  • 8
    • 0031402345 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Global lightning and climate variability inferred from ELF field variations
    • Fullekrug, M., and A. Fraser-Smith, Global lightning and climate variability inferred from ELF field variations, Geophys. Res. Lett., 24, 2411-2414, 1997.
    • (1997) Geophys. Res. Lett. , vol.24 , pp. 2411-2414
    • Fullekrug, M.1    Fraser-Smith, A.2
  • 11
    • 0035870937 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Maritime/continental drizzle in small cumuli
    • Hudson, J. G., and S. S. Yum, Maritime/continental drizzle in small cumuli, J. Atmos. Sci., 58, 915-926, 2001.
    • (2001) J. Atmos. Sci. , vol.58 , pp. 915-926
    • Hudson, J.G.1    Yum, S.S.2
  • 12
    • 0024812761 scopus 로고
    • Vertical velocity characteristics of oceanic convection
    • Jorgensen, D. P., and M. A. LeMone, Vertical velocity characteristics of oceanic convection, J. Atmos. Sci., 46, 621-640, 1989.
    • (1989) J. Atmos. Sci. , vol.46 , pp. 621-640
    • Jorgensen, D.P.1    Lemone, M.A.2
  • 13
    • 0035888532 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Simulating convective clouds with sustained supercooled liquid water down to 37.5°C using a spectral microphysics model
    • Khain, A. P., D. Rosenfeld, and A. Pokrovsky, Simulating convective clouds with sustained supercooled liquid water down to 37.5°C using a spectral microphysics model, Geophys. Res. Lett., 28, 3887-3890, 2001.
    • (2001) Geophys. Res. Lett. , vol.28 , pp. 3887-3890
    • Khain, A.P.1    Rosenfeld, D.2    Pokrovsky, A.3
  • 14
    • 0019147573 scopus 로고
    • Cumulonimbus vertical velocity events in GATE, part I, Diameter, intensity and mass flux
    • LeMone, M. A., and E. J. Zipser, Cumulonimbus vertical velocity events in GATE, part I, Diameter, intensity and mass flux, J. Atmos. Sci., 37, 2444-2457, 1980.
    • (1980) J. Atmos. Sci. , vol.37 , pp. 2444-2457
    • Lemone, M.A.1    Zipser, E.J.2
  • 15
    • 0000877280 scopus 로고
    • Vertical velocity in oceanic convection off tropical Australia
    • Lucas, C., E. Zipser, and M. A. LeMone, Vertical velocity in oceanic convection off tropical Australia, J. Atmos. Sci., 51, 3183-3193, 1994.
    • (1994) J. Atmos. Sci. , vol.51 , pp. 3183-3193
    • Lucas, C.1    Zipser, E.2    Lemone, M.A.3
  • 16
    • 0001071885 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Reply to ‘‘Comments on ‘Convective available potential energy in the environment of oceanic and continental clouds
    • Lucas, C., E. Zipser, and M. A. LeMone, Reply to ‘‘Comments on ‘Convective available potential energy in the environment of oceanic and continental clouds’,’’J. Atmos. Sci., 53, 1212-1214, 1996.
    • (1996) J. Atmos. Sci. , vol.53 , pp. 1212-1214
    • Lucas, C.1    Zipser, E.2    Lemone, M.A.3
  • 17
    • 36448933508 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Diurnal march of the convection observed during the TRMM-WETAMC/LBA
    • in press
    • Machado, L. A. T., H. Laurent, and A. A. Lima, Diurnal march of the convection observed during the TRMM-WETAMC/LBA, J. Geophys. Res., 107(X), 10.1029/2001JD000338, in press, 2002.
    • (2002) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.107
    • Machado, L.A.T.1    Laurent, H.2    Lima, A.A.3
  • 18
    • 0343083399 scopus 로고
    • Global change monitoring through the temporal variation of the ionospheric potential, AMS Conference on the Global Electric Circuit
    • Markson, R. J., and D. Lane-smith, Global change monitoring through the temporal variation of the ionospheric potential, AMS Conference on the Global Electric Circuit, pp. 273-278, Am. Meteorol. Soc., Boston, Mass., 1994.
    • (1994) Am. Meteorol. Soc., Boston, Mass. , pp. 273-278
    • Markson, R.J.1    Lane-Smith, D.2
  • 19
    • 0022825638 scopus 로고
    • Global distribution of midnight lightning: December 1977 to August 1978
    • Orville, R. E., and R. W. Henderson, Global distribution of midnight lightning: December 1977 to August 1978, Mon. Weather. Rev., 114, 2640-2653, 1986.
    • (1986) Mon. Weather. Rev. , vol.114 , pp. 2640-2653
    • Orville, R.E.1    Henderson, R.W.2
  • 20
    • 0001130785 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cloud-to-ground lightning observations from TOGA COARE: Selected results and lightning location algorithms
    • Petersen, W. A., S. A. Rutledge, and R. E. Orville, Cloud-to-ground lightning observations from TOGA COARE: Selected results and lightning location algorithms, Mon. Weather. Rev., 124, 602-620, 1996.
    • (1996) Mon. Weather. Rev. , vol.124 , pp. 602-620
    • Petersen, W.A.1    Rutledge, S.A.2    Orville, R.E.3
  • 21
    • 0036608318 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • TRMM Observations of intraseasonal variability in convective regimes over the Amazon
    • Petersen, W. A., S. W. Nesbitt, R. J. Blakeslee, R. Cifeli, P. Hein, and S. A. Rutledge, TRMM Observations of intraseasonal variability in convective regimes over the Amazon, J. Clim., 15, 1278-1294, 2002.
    • (2002) J. Clim. , vol.15 , pp. 1278-1294
    • Petersen, W.A.1    Nesbitt, S.W.2    Blakeslee, R.J.3    Cifeli, R.4    Hein, P.5    Rutledge, S.A.6
  • 22
    • 0030724914 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cloud condensation nuclei measurements in southern Arizona: Instrumentation and early observations
    • Phillipin, S., and E. A. Betterton, Cloud condensation nuclei measurements in southern Arizona: Instrumentation and early observations, Atmos. Res., 43, 263-275, 1997.
    • (1997) Atmos. Res. , vol.43 , pp. 263-275
    • Phillipin, S.1    Betterton, E.A.2
  • 23
    • 0027871374 scopus 로고
    • Global surface temperatures and the atmospheric electric circuit
    • Price, C., Global surface temperatures and the atmospheric electric circuit, Geophys Res. Lett., 20, 1363-1366, 1993.
    • (1993) Geophys Res. Lett. , vol.20 , pp. 1363-1366
    • Price, C.1
  • 24
    • 0032793518 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Lightning activity as an indicator of climate change
    • Reeve, N., and R. Toumi, Lightning activity as an indicator of climate change, Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc., 125, 893-903, 1999.
    • (1999) Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc. , vol.125 , pp. 893-903
    • Reeve, N.1    Toumi, R.2
  • 26
    • 0009972040 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Modulation of convection in the southwestern Amazon basin by extratropical stationary fonts
    • in press
    • Rickenbach, T. M., R. N. Ferreira, J. Halverson, D. L. Herdies, and M. A. F. Silva Dias, Modulation of convection in the southwestern Amazon basin by extratropical stationary fonts, J. Geophys. Res., 107(X), 10.1029/ 2001JD000263, in press, 2002.
    • (2002) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.107
    • Rickenbach, T.M.1    Ferreira, R.N.2    Halverson, J.3    Herdies, D.L.4    Silva Dias, M.A.F.5
  • 27
    • 0035878313 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cloud condensation nuclei in the Amazon basin: ‘‘Marine’’ conditions over a continent?
    • Roberts, G., M. Andreae, J. Zhou, and P. Artaxo, Cloud condensation nuclei in the Amazon basin: ‘‘Marine’’ conditions over a continent?, Geophys. Res. Lett., 28, 2807-2810, 2001.
    • (2001) Geophys. Res. Lett. , vol.28 , pp. 2807-2810
    • Roberts, G.1    Andreae, M.2    Zhou, J.3    Artaxo, P.4
  • 28
    • 0033569054 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • TRMM observed first direct evidence of smoke from forest fires inhibiting rainfall
    • Rosenfeld, D., TRMM observed first direct evidence of smoke from forest fires inhibiting rainfall, Geophys. Res. Lett., 26, 3105-3108, 1999.
    • (1999) Geophys. Res. Lett. , vol.26 , pp. 3105-3108
    • Rosenfeld, D.1
  • 29
    • 0034629546 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Suppression of rain and snow by urban and industrial air pollution
    • Rosenfeld, D., Suppression of rain and snow by urban and industrial air pollution, Science, 287, 1793-1796, 2000.
    • (2000) Science , vol.287 , pp. 1793-1796
    • Rosenfeld, D.1
  • 30
    • 0000169635 scopus 로고
    • Retrieving microphysical properties near the tops of potential rain clouds by multispectral analysis of AVHRR data
    • Rosenfeld, D., and G. Gutman, Retrieving microphysical properties near the tops of potential rain clouds by multispectral analysis of AVHRR data, Atmos. Res., 34, 259-283, 1994.
    • (1994) Atmos. Res. , vol.34 , pp. 259-283
    • Rosenfeld, D.1    Gutman, G.2
  • 31
    • 0032458748 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Space-borne based insights into precipitation formation processes in continental and maritime convective clouds
    • Rosenfeld, D., and M. I. Lensky, Space-borne based insights into precipitation formation processes in continental and maritime convective clouds, Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 79, 2457-2476, 1998.
    • (1998) Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc. , vol.79 , pp. 2457-2476
    • Rosenfeld, D.1    Lensky, M.I.2
  • 32
    • 0034713365 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Convective clouds with sustained highly supercooled liquid water down to 37.5°C
    • Rosenfeld, D., and W. L. Woodley, Convective clouds with sustained highly supercooled liquid water down to 37.5°C, Nature, 405, 440-442, 2000.
    • (2000) Nature , vol.405 , pp. 440-442
    • Rosenfeld, D.1    Woodley, W.L.2
  • 33
    • 0041587539 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Closing the 50-year circle: From cloud seeding to space and back to climate change through precipitation physics
    • in press
    • Rosenfeld, D., and W. L. Woodley, Closing the 50-year circle: From cloud seeding to space and back to climate change through precipitation physics, Meteorol. Monogr., in press, 2002.
    • (2002) Meteorol. Monogr.
    • Rosenfeld, D.1    Woodley, W.L.2
  • 34
    • 0026454849 scopus 로고
    • The Down Under Doppler and Electricity Experiment (DUNDEE): Overview and preliminary results
    • Rutledge, S. A., E. R. Williams, and T. D. Keenan, The Down Under Doppler and Electricity Experiment (DUNDEE): Overview and preliminary results, Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 73, 3-16, 1992.
    • (1992) Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc. , vol.73 , pp. 3-16
    • Rutledge, S.A.1    Williams, E.R.2    Keenan, T.D.3
  • 35
    • 84865650148 scopus 로고
    • The production and removal of small ions and charged nuclei over the Atlantic Ocean
    • edited by L. G. Smith, Pergamon, New York
    • Sagalyn, R. C., The production and removal of small ions and charged nuclei over the Atlantic Ocean, in Recent Advances in Atmospheric Electricity, edited by L. G. Smith, Pergamon, New York, 1958.
    • (1958) Recent Advances in Atmospheric Electricity
    • Sagalyn, R.C.1
  • 36
    • 0006707244 scopus 로고
    • Aircraft investigation of the large ion content and conductivity of the atmosphere and their relation to meteorological factors
    • Sagalyn, R. C., and G. A. Faucher, Aircraft investigation of the large ion content and conductivity of the atmosphere and their relation to meteorological factors, J. Atmos. Terr. Phys., 5, 253-272, 1954.
    • (1954) J. Atmos. Terr. Phys. , vol.5 , pp. 253-272
    • Sagalyn, R.C.1    Faucher, G.A.2
  • 37
    • 0005747067 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Spectral characteristics of Schumann resonances observed in Central Europe
    • Satori, G., and B. Zieger, Spectral characteristics of Schumann resonances observed in Central Europe, J. Geophys. Res., 101, 29,663-29,670, 1996.
    • (1996) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.101 , Issue.29 , pp. 663-729
    • Satori, G.1    Zieger, B.2
  • 38
    • 0026272378 scopus 로고
    • The effect of liquid water on thunderstorm charging
    • Saunders, C. P. R., W. D. Keith, and R. P. Mitzeva, The effect of liquid water on thunderstorm charging, J. Geophys. Res., 96, 11,007-11,017, 1991.
    • (1991) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.96 , Issue.11
    • Saunders, C.P.R.1    Keith, W.D.2    Mitzeva, R.P.3
  • 40
    • 0001580374 scopus 로고
    • The microstructure and colloidal stability of warm clouds
    • Squires, P., The microstructure and colloidal stability of warm clouds, Tellus, 10, 256-271, 1958.
    • (1958) Tellus , vol.10 , pp. 256-271
    • Squires, P.1
  • 41
    • 0000824734 scopus 로고
    • Riming electrification as a charge generation mechanism in thunderclouds
    • Takahashi, T., Riming electrification as a charge generation mechanism in thunderclouds, J. Atmos. Sci., 35, 1536-1548, 1978.
    • (1978) J. Atmos. Sci. , vol.35 , pp. 1536-1548
    • Takahashi, T.1
  • 43
    • 65249149983 scopus 로고
    • On the association of the diurnal variation of electric potential gradient in fine weather with the distribution of thunderstorms over the globe
    • Whipple, F. J. W., On the association of the diurnal variation of electric potential gradient in fine weather with the distribution of thunderstorms over the globe, Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc., 55, 1-17, 1929.
    • (1929) Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc. , vol.55 , pp. 1-17
    • Whipple, F.J.W.1
  • 44
    • 0026494815 scopus 로고
    • The Schumann resonance: A global tropical thermometer
    • Williams, E. R., The Schumann resonance: A global tropical thermometer, Science, 256, 1184-1187, 1992.
    • (1992) Science , vol.256 , pp. 1184-1187
    • Williams, E.R.1
  • 45
    • 0028557580 scopus 로고
    • Global circuit response to seasonal variations in global surface air temperature
    • Williams, E. R., Global circuit response to seasonal variations in global surface air temperature, Mon. Weather Rev., 172, 1917-1929, 1994.
    • (1994) Mon. Weather Rev. , vol.172 , pp. 1917-1929
    • Williams, E.R.1
  • 47
    • 0027386522 scopus 로고
    • The local diurnal variation of cloud electrification and the global diurnal variation of negative charge on the Earth
    • Williams, E. R., and S. J. Heckman, The local diurnal variation of cloud electrification and the global diurnal variation of negative charge on the Earth, J. Geophys. Res., 98, 5221-5234, 1993.
    • (1993) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.98 , pp. 5221-5234
    • Williams, E.R.1    Heckman, S.J.2
  • 48
    • 0027843040 scopus 로고
    • An analysis of the conditional instability in the tropical atmosphere
    • Williams, E. R., and N. O. Renno, An analysis of the conditional instability in the tropical atmosphere, Mon. Weather Rev., 121, 21-36, 1993.
    • (1993) Mon. Weather Rev. , vol.121 , pp. 21-36
    • Williams, E.R.1    Renno, N.O.2
  • 51
    • 0028590781 scopus 로고
    • Deep cumulonimbus cloud systems in the tropics with and without lightning
    • Zipser, E. J., Deep cumulonimbus cloud systems in the tropics with and without lightning, Mon. Weather. Rev., 122, 1837-1851, 1994.
    • (1994) Mon. Weather. Rev. , vol.122 , pp. 1837-1851
    • Zipser, E.J.1
  • 52
    • 2442595535 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Some views on ‘‘hot towers’’ after 50 years of tropical field programs and two years of TRMM data
    • in press
    • Zipser, E. J., Some views on ‘‘hot towers’’ after 50 years of tropical field programs and two years of TRMM data, Meteorol. Monogr., in press, 2002.
    • (2002) Meteorol. Monogr.
    • Zipser, E.J.1
  • 53
    • 0019175938 scopus 로고
    • Cumulonimbus vertical velocity events in GATE, part II, Synthesis and model core structure
    • Zipser, E. J., and M. A. LeMone, Cumulonimbus vertical velocity events in GATE, part II, Synthesis and model core structure, J. Atmos. Sci., 37, 2458-2469, 1980.
    • (1980) J. Atmos. Sci. , vol.37 , pp. 2458-2469
    • Zipser, E.J.1    Lemone, M.A.2
  • 54
    • 0028600928 scopus 로고
    • The vertical profile of radar reflectivity of convective cells: A strong indicator of storm intensity and lightning probability
    • Zipser, E. J., and K. Lutz, The vertical profile of radar reflectivity of convective cells: A strong indicator of storm intensity and lightning probability, Mon. Weather. Rev., 122, 1751-1759, 1994.
    • (1994) Mon. Weather. Rev. , vol.122 , pp. 1751-1759
    • Zipser, E.J.1    Lutz, K.2


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.