Review: Cloud invigoration by aerosols-Coupling between microphysics and dynamics

Atmospheric Research

Volumn 140-141, Issue , 2014, Pages 38-60

  Altaratz, O ^a   Koren, I ^a   Remer, L A ^b   Hirsch, E ^a  

^a WEIZMANN INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE   (Israel)

^b UNIVERSITY OF MARYLAND BALTIMORE COUNTY   (United States)

Author keywords

Aerosol and cloud; Climate; Cloud and precipitation

Indexed keywords

ATMOSPHERIC CIRCULATION; ATMOSPHERIC COLUMNS; CLIMATE; CLOUD MICROPHYSICS; CONVECTIVE CLOUDS; PHYSICAL MECHANISM; RADIATION BALANCE; SATELLITE MEASUREMENTS;

AEROSOLS; CLOUDS; LOADING; NUMERICAL MODELS; PHYSICS;

PRECIPITATION (METEOROLOGY);

AEROSOL; ATMOSPHERIC CIRCULATION; CLOUD MICROPHYSICS; CONVECTIVE CLOUD; NUMERICAL MODEL; PRECIPITATION (CLIMATOLOGY); RADIATION BALANCE;

EID: 84893470721     PISSN: 01698095     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.atmosres.2014.01.009     Document Type: Review

References (182)

1. Albrecht B.A. Aerosols, cloud microphysics, and fractional cloudiness. Science (New York, N.Y.) 1989, 245(4923):1227.
2. Allen M.R., Ingram W.J. Constraints on future changes in climate and the hydrologic cycle. Nature 2002, 419:224-232.
3. Altaratz O., Koren I., Reisin T., Kostinski A., Feingold G., Levin Z., Yin Y. Aerosols' influence on the interplay between condensation, evaporation and rain in warm cumulus cloud. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 2008, 8(1):15-24.
4. Altaratz O., Koren I., Yair Y., Price C. Lightning response to smoke from Amazonian fires. Geophys. Res. Lett. 2010, 37.
5. Andreae M.O. Correlation between cloud condensation nuclei concentration and aerosol optical thickness in remote and polluted regions. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 2009, 9(2):543-556.
6. Andreae M.O., Rosenfeld D., Artaxo P., Costa A.A., Frank G.P., Longo K.M., Silva-Dias M.A.F. Smoking rain clouds over the Amazon. Science 2004, 303(5662):1337-1342.
7. Aumann H.H., et al. Airs/amsu/hsb on the aqua mission: design, science objectives, data products, and processing systems. IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens. 2003, 41(2):253-264.
8. Baker M.B., Peter T. Small-scale cloud processes and climate. Nature 2008, 451(7176):299-300.
9. Bar-Or R., Koren I., Altaratz O. Estimating cloud field coverage using morphological analysis. Environ. Res. Lett. 2010, 5(1).
10. Bell T.L., Rosenfeld D., Kim K.-M., Yoo J.-M., Lee M.-I., Hahnenberger M. Midweek increase in US summer rain and storm heights suggests air pollution invigorates rainstorms. J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. 2008, 113(D2):D02209.
11. Bell T.L., Rosenfeld D., Kim K.M. Weekly cycle of lightning: evidence of storm invigoration by pollution. Geophys. Res. Lett. 2009, 36(23). (L23805).
12. Benmoshe N., Pinsky M., Pokrovsky A., Khain A. Turbulent effects on the microphysics and initiation of warm rain in deep convective clouds: 2-D simulations by a spectral mixed-phase microphysics cloud model. J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. 2012, 117. (D06220).
13. Boucher O., Quaas J. Water vapour affects both rain and aerosol optical depth. Nat. Geosci. 2013, 6(1):4-5.
14. Brenguier J.L., Pawlowska H., Schuller L. Cloud microphysical and radiative properties for parameterization and satellite monitoring of the indirect effect of aerosol on climate. J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. 2003, 108(D15):8632.
15. Breon F.M., Goloub P. Cloud droplet effective radius from spaceborne polarization measurements. Geophys. Res. Lett. 1998, 25(11):1879-1882.
16. Cantrell W., Heymsfield A.J. Production of ice in tropospheric clouds: a review. Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc. 2005, 86:795-807.
17. Charlson R.J., Ackerman A.S., Bender F.A.M., Anderson T.L., Liu Z. On the climate forcing consequences of the albedo continuum between cloudy and clear air. Tellus Ser. B Chem. Phys. Meteorol. 2007, 59(4):715-727.
18. Cheng C.-T., Wang W.-C., Chen J.-P. Simulation of the effects of increasing cloud condensation nuclei on mixed-phase clouds and precipitation of a front system. Atmos. Res. 2010, 96(2-3):461-476.
19. Chylek P., Dubey M.K., Lohmann U., Ramanathan V., Kaufman Y.J., Lesins G., Hudson J., Altmann G., Olsen S. Aerosol indirect effect over the Indian Ocean. Geophys. Res. Lett. 2006, 33(6):L06806.
20. Davidi A., Koren I., Remer L. Direct measurements of the effect of biomass burning over the Amazon on the atmospheric temperature profile. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 2009, 9(21):8211-8221.
21. Davies R., Molloy M. Global cloud height fluctuations measured by MISR on Terra from 2000 to 2010. Geophys. Res. Lett. 2012, 39. (L03701).
22. Dettinger M.D., Earman S. Western ground water and climate change-pivotal to supply sustainability or vulnerable in its own right?. Ground Water News and Views, No. 4 2007, 4-5. National Ground Water Association, Westerville, OH.
23. Deuze J.L., et al. Remote sensing of aerosols over land surfaces from POLDER-ADEOS-1 polarized measurements. J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. 2001, 106(D5):4913-4926.
24. Devasthale A., Kruger O., Grassl H. Change in cloud-top temperatures over Europe. IEEE Geosci. Remote. Sens. Lett. 2005, 2(3):333-336.
25. Dey S., Sengupta K., Basil G., Das S., Nidhi N., Dash S.K., Sarkar A., Srivastava P., Singh A., Agarwal P. Satellite-based 3D structure of cloud and aerosols over the Indian monsoon region: implications for aerosol-cloud interaction. Remote sensing and modeling of the atmosphere, oceans, and interactions iv 2012, M. Kawamiya, T.N. Krishnamurti, S. Maksyutov (Eds.).
26. Diner D.J., et al. MISR aerosol optical depth retrievals over southern Africa during the SAFARI-2000 dry season campaign. Geophys. Res. Lett. 2001, 28(16):3127-3130.
27. Fan J., Zhang R., Li G., Tao W.-K. Effects of aerosols and relative humidity on cumulus clouds. J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. 2007, 112(D14). (D14204).
28. Fan J., Yuan T., Comstock J.M., Ghan S., Khain A., Leung L.R., Li Z., Martins J.V., Ovchinnikov M. Dominant role by vertical wind shear in regulating aerosol effects on deep convective clouds. J. Geophys. Res.Atmos. 2009, 114. (D22206).
29. Fan J., Comstock J.M., Ovchinnikov M. The cloud condensation nuclei and ice nuclei effects on tropical anvil characteristics and water vapor of the tropical tropopause layer. Environ. Res. Lett. 2010, 5. (044005). 10.1088/1748-9326/5/4/044005.
30. Fan J., Comstock J.M., Ovchinnikov M., McFarlane S.A., McFarquhar G., Allen G. Tropical anvil characteristics and water vapor of the tropical tropopause layer: impact of heterogeneous and homogeneous freezing parameterizations. J. Geophys. Res. 2010, 115. (D12201). 10.1029/2009JD012696.
31. Fan J., Rosenfeld D., Ding Y., Leung L.R., Li Z. Potential aerosol indirect effects on atmospheric circulation and radiative forcing through deep convection. Geophys. Res. Lett. 2012, 39. L09806. 10.1029/2012GL051851.
32. Feingold G., Morley B. Aerosol hygroscopic properties as measured by lidar and comparison with in situ measurements. J. Geophys. Res. Atmos. 2003, 108(D11).
33. Feingold G., Siebert H. Cloud-aerosol interactions from the micro to the cloud scale. Clouds in the Perturbed Climate System: Their Relationship to Energy Balance, Atmospheric Dynamics, and Precipitation 2009, MIT Press, (Ch. 14). J. Heintzenberg, R.J. Charlson (Eds.).
34. Feingold G., Cotton W.R., Kreidenweis S.M., Davis J.T. The impact of giant cloud condensation nuclei on drizzle formation in stratocumulus: implications for cloud radiative properties. J. Atmos. Sci. 1999, 56(24):4100-4117.
35. Feingold G., Jiang H.L., Harrington J.Y. On smoke suppression of clouds in Amazonia. Geophys. Res. Lett. 2005, 32(2).
36. Ferek R.J., et al. Drizzle suppression in ship tracks. J. Atmos. Sci. 2000, 57(16):2707-2728.
37. Field P.R., Heymsfield A.J., Bansemer A. Shattering and particle interarrival times measured by optical array probes in ice clouds. J. Atmos. Ocean. Technol. 2006, 23:1357-1371. 10.1175/JTECH1922.1.
38. Fierro A.O., Simpson J., LeMone M.A., Straka J.M., Smull B.F. On how hot towers fuel the Hadley cell: an observational and modeling study of line-organized convection in the equatorial trough from TOGA COARE. J. Atmos. Sci. 2009, 66(9):2730-2746.
39. Fletcher N.H. Physics of Rain Clouds 1962, Cambridge University Press, London.
40. Forster P., et al. Changes in atmospheric constituents and in radiative forcing. Climate change 2007: The physical science basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth assessment report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change 2007, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA. S. Solomon, D. Qin, M. Manning, Z. Chen, M. Marquis, K.B. Averyt, M. Tignor, H.L. Miller (Eds.).
41. Fridlind A.M., Ackerman A.S., Jensen E.J., Heymsfield A.J., Poellot M.R., Stevens D.E., Wang D., Miloshevich L.M., Baumgardner D., Lawson R.P., Wilson J.C., Flagan R.C., Seinfeld J.H., Jonsson H.H., VanReken T.M., Varutbangkul V., Rissman T.A. Evidence for the predominance of mid-tropospheric aerosols as subtropical anvil cloud nuclei. Science 2004, 304:718-722.
42. Fusina F., Spichtinger P., Lohmann U. Impact of ice supersaturated regions and thin cirrus on radiation in the midlatitudes. J. Geophys. Res. D- Atmos. 2007, D24. (D24S14-21-12).
43. Gagin A., Rosenfeld D., López R.E. The relationship between height and precipitation characteristics of summertime convective cells in South Florida. J. Atmos. Sci. 1985, 42(1):84-94.
44. Garrett T., Avey L., Palmer P., Stohl A., Neuman J., Brock C., Ryerson T., Holloway J. Quantifying wet scavenging processes in aircraft observations of nitric acid and cloud condensation nuclei. J. Geophys. Res. Atmos. 2006, 111(D23):1984-2012.
45. Givati A., Rosenfeld D. Quantifying precipitation suppression due to air pollution. J. Appl. Meteorol. 2004, 43(7):1038-1056.
46. Goren T., Rosenfeld D. Satellite observations of ship emission induced transitions from broken to closed cell marine stratocumulus over large areas. J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. 2012, 117. (D17206).
47. Grabowski W.W. Indirect impact of atmospheric aerosols in idealized simulations of convective-radfiative equilibrium. J. Clim. 2006, 19:4664-4682.
48. Grabowski W.W., Petch J.C. Deep convective clouds. Clouds in the perturbed climate system: Their relationship to energy balance, atmospheric dynamics, and precipitation 2009, MIT Press, (Ch. 9). J. Heintzenberg, R.J. Charlson (Eds.).
49. Gunn R., Phillips B.B. An experimental investigation of the effect of air pollution on the initiation of rain. J. Meteorol. 1957, 14(3):272-280.
50. Hagos S., Zhang C. Diabatic heating, divergent circulation and moisture transport in the African monsoon system. Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc. 2010, 136(S1):411-425. 10.1002/qj.538.
51. Hansen J., Sato M., Ruedy R. Radiative forcing and climate response. J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. 1997, 102(D6):6831-6864.
52. Hartmann D.L., Doelling D. On the net radiative effectiveness of clouds. J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. 1991, 96(D1):869-891.
53. Heiblum R.H., Koren I., Altaratz O. New evidence of cloud invigoration from TRMM measurements of rain center of gravity. Geophys. Res. Lett. 2012, 39.
54. Herman J.R., Bhartia P.K., Torres O., Hsu C., Seftor C., Celarier E. Global distribution of UV-absorbing aerosols from NIMBUS 7/TOMS data. J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. 1997, 102(D14):16911-16922.
55. Holben B.N., et al. AERONET-a federated instrument network and data archive for aerosol characterization. Remote Sens. Environ. 1998, 66(1):1-16.
56. Hoppel W., Frick G., Larson R. Effect of nonprecipitating clouds on the aerosol size distribution in the marine boundary layer. Geophys. Res. Lett. 1986, 13(2):125-128.
57. Hoppel W., Fitzgerald J., Frick G., Larson R., Mack E. Aerosol size distributions and optical properties found in the marine boundary layer over the Atlantic Ocean. J. Geophys. Res. 1990, 95(D4):3659-3686.
58. Houze R.A. Cloud Dynamics 1993, Academic Pr.
59. Huang J., Zhang C., Prospero J.M. African aerosol and large-scale precipitation variability over West Africa. Environ. Res. Lett. 2009, 4(1):015006.
60. Huang J., Zhang C., Prospero J.M. Aerosol-induced large-scale variability in precipitation over the tropical Atlantic. J. Clim. 2009, 22(19):4970-4988.
61. Huffman G.J., Bolvin D.T., Nelkin E.J., Wolff D.B., Adler R.F., Gu G., Hong Y., Bowman K.P., Stocker E.F. The TRMM multisatellite precipitation analysis (TMPA): quasi-global, multiyear, combined-sensor precipitation estimates at fine scales. J. Hydrometeorol. 2007, 8(1):38-55.
62. Jenkins G.S., Pratt A. Saharan dust, lightning and tropical cyclones in the eastern tropical Atlantic during NAMMA-06. Geophys. Res. Lett. 2008, 35(12):L12804.
63. Jenkins G.S., Pratt A.S., Heymsfield A. Possible linkages between Saharan dust and tropical cyclone rain band invigoration in the Eastern Atlantic during NAMMA-06. Geophys. Res. Lett. 2008, 35(L08815):L08815.
64. Jensen E., Starr D., Toon O.B. Mission investigates tropical cirrus clouds. EOS Trans. Am. Geophys. Union 2004, 85(5):45-50.
65. Jiang H.L., Feingold G. Effect of aerosol on warm convective clouds: aerosol-cloud-surface flux feedbacks in a new coupled large eddy model. J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. 2006, 111(D1).
66. Jiang J.H., Su H., Schoeberl M.R., Massie S.T., Colarco P., Platnick S., Livesey N.J. Clean and polluted clouds: relationships among pollution, ice clouds, and precipitation in South America. Geophys. Res. Lett. 2008, 35(14):L14804.
67. Jiang J.H., Su H., Massie S.T., Colarco P.R., Schoeberl M.R., Platnick S. Aerosol-CO relationship and aerosol effect on ice cloud particle size: analyses from AURA Microwave Limb Sounder AND Aqua MODerate resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer observations. J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. 2009, 114. (D20207).
68. Jirak I.L., Cotton W.R. Effect of air pollution on precipitation along the front range of the Rocky Mountains. J. Appl. Meteorol. Climatol. 2006, 45(1):236-245.
69. Kaufman Y.J., Koren I. Smoke and pollution aerosol effect on cloud cover. Science 2006, 313(5787):655-658.
70. Kaufman Y.J., Koren I., Remer L.A., Rosenfeld D., Rudich Y. The effect of smoke, dust, and pollution aerosol on shallow cloud development over the Atlantic Ocean. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 2005, 102(32):11207-11212.
71. Khain A.P. Notes on state-of-the-art investigations of aerosol effects on precipitation: a critical review. Environ. Res. Lett. 2009, 4(1). (015004 (015020 pp.)-015004).
72. Khain A., Pokrovsky A. Simulation of effects of atmospheric aerosols on deep turbulent convective clouds using a spectral microphysics mixed-phase cumulus cloud model Part II: Sensitivity study. J. Atmos. Sci. 2004, 61(24):2983-3001.
73. Khain A., Rosenfeld D., Pokrovsky A. Aerosol impact on the dynamics and microphysics of deep convective clouds. Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc. 2005, 131(611):2639-2663.
74. Khain A.P., BenMoshe N., Pokrovsky A. Factors determining the impact of aerosols on surface precipitation from clouds: an attempt at classification. J. Atmos. Sci. 2008, 65(6):1721-1748.
75. Koren I., Feingold G. Aerosol-cloud-precipitation system as a predator-prey problem. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 2011, 108(30):12227-12232.
76. Koren I., Kaufman Y.J., Remer L.A., Martins J.V. Measurement of the effect of Amazon smoke on inhibition of cloud formation. Science 2004, 303(5662):1342-1345.
77. Koren I., Kaufman Y.J., Rosenfeld D., Remer L.A., Rudich Y. Aerosol invigoration and restructuring of Atlantic convective clouds. Geophys. Res. Lett. 2005, 32(14).
78. Koren I., Remer L.A., Kaufman Y.J., Rudich Y., Martins J.V. On the twilight zone between clouds and aerosols. Geophys. Res. Lett. 2007, 34(8).
79. Koren I., Martins J.V., Remer L.A., Afargan H. Smoke invigoration versus inhibition of clouds over the Amazon. Science 2008, 321(5891):946-949.
80. Koren I., Feingold G., Jiang H.L., Altaratz O. Aerosol effects on the inter-cloud region of a small cumulus cloud field. Geophys. Res. Lett. 2009, 36.
81. Koren I., Feingold G., Remer L.A. The invigoration of deep convective clouds over the Atlantic: aerosol effect, meteorology or retrieval artifact?. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 2010, 10(18):8855-8872.
82. Koren I., Remer L.A., Altaratz O., Martins J.V., Davidi A. Aerosol-induced changes of convective cloud anvils produce strong climate warming. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 2010, 10(10):5001-5010.
83. Koren I., Altaratz O., Remer L.A., Feingold G., Martins J.V., Heiblum R.H. Aerosol-induced intensification of rain from the tropics to the mid-latitudes. Nat. Geosci. 2012, 5:118-122.
84. Koren I., Altaratz O., Remer L.A., Feingold G., Martins J.V., Heiblum R. Reply to 'water vapour affects both rain and aerosol optical depth'. Nat. Geosci. 2013, 6(1):5-5.
85. Korolev A.V., Emery E.F., Strapp J.W., Cober S.G., Isaac G.A. Quantification of the effects of shattering on airborne ice particle measurements. J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol 2013, 30:2527-2553. 10.1175/JTECH-D-13-00115.1.
86. Kucienska B., Raga G., Romero-Centeno R. High lightning activity in maritime clouds near Mexico. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 2012, 12:8055-8072.
87. Lebo Z., Seinfeld J. Theoretical basis for convective invigoration due to increased aerosol concentration. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 2011, 11:5407-5429.
88. Lee S.S. Effect of aerosol on circulations and precipitation in deep convective clouds. J. Atmos. Sci. 2012, 69. (1957-1974). 10.1175/JAS-D-11-0111.1.
89. Lee S.-S., Feingold G. Precipitating cloud-system response to aerosol perturbations. Geophys. Res. Lett. 2010, 37. (L23806).
90. Lee S.S., Donner L.J., Phillips V.T.J., Ming Y. The dependence of aerosol effects on clouds and precipitation on cloud-system organization, shear and stability. J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. 2008, 113(D16):D16202.
91. Lee S., Donner L., Penner J. Thunderstorm and stratocumulus: how does their contrasting morphology affect their interactions with aerosols. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 2010, 10(14):6819-6837.
92. Lerach David G., Cotton William R. Comparing aerosol and low-level moisture influences on supercell tornadogenesis: three-dimensional idealized simulations. J. Atmos. Sci. 2012, 69:969-987.
93. Lerach D.G., Gaudet B.J., Cotton W.R. Idealized simulations of aerosol influences on tornadogenesis. Geophys. Res. Lett. 2008, 35(23):L23806.
94. Levin Z., Cotton W.R. Aerosol Pollution Impact on Precipitation: A scientific Review 2009, Springer.
95. Levy R.C., Remer L.A., Mattoo S., Vermote E.F., Kaufman Y.J. Second-generation operational algorithm: retrieval of aerosol properties over land from inversion of MODerate resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer spectral reflectance. J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. 2007, 112(D13).
96. Li G., Wang Y., Lee K.-H., Diao Y., Zhang R. Increased winter precipitation over the North Pacific from 1984-1994 to 1995-2005 inferred from the global precipitation climatology project. Geophys. Res. Lett. 2008, 35(13):L13821.
97. Li G., Wang Y., Zhang R. Implementation of a two-moment bulk microphysics scheme to the WRF model to investigate aerosol-cloud interaction. J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. 2008, 113(D15):D15211.
98. Li G., Wang Y., Lee K.-H., Diao Y., Zhang R. Impacts of aerosols on the development and precipitation of a mesoscale squall line. J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. 2009, 114:D17205.
99. Li Z., Niu F., Fan J., Liu Y., Rosenfeld D., Ding Y. Long-term impacts of aerosols on the vertical development of clouds and precipitation. Nat. Geosci. 2011, 4(12):888-894.
100. Lin J.C., Matsui T., Pielke R.A., Kummerow C. Effects of biomass-burning-derived aerosols on precipitation and clouds in the Amazon Basin: a satellite-based empirical study. J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. 2006, 111(D19):D19204.
101. Lindsey D.T., Fromm M. Evidence of the cloud lifetime effect from wildfire-induced thunderstorms. Geophys. Res. Lett. 2008, 35(22):L22809.
102. Loeb N.G., Schuster G.L. An observational study of the relationship between cloud, aerosol and meteorology in broken low-level cloud conditions. J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. 2008, 113(D14).
103. Lohmann U., Feichter J. Global indirect aerosol effects: a review. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 2005, 5:715-737.
104. Lohmann U., Koren I., Kaufman Y.J. Disentangling the role of microphysical and dynamical effects in determining cloud properties over the Atlantic. Geophys. Res. Lett. 2006, 33(9):L09802.
105. Lynn B.H., Khain A.P., Dudhia J., Rosenfeld D., Pokrovsky A., Seifert A. Spectral (bin) microphysics coupled with a mesoscale model (MM5) Part II: Simulation of a cape rain event with a squall line. Mon. Weather Rev. 2005, 133(1):59-71.
106. Lynn B.H., Khain A.P., Dudhia J., Rosenfeld D., Pokrovsky A., Seifert A. Spectral (bin) microphysics coupled with a mesoscale model (MM5) Part I: Model description and first results. Mon. Weather Rev. 2005, 133(1):44-58.
107. Marshak A., Platnick S., Varnai T., Wen G.Y., Cahalan R.F. Impact of three-dimensional radiative effects on satellite retrievals of cloud droplet sizes. J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. 2006, 111(D9).
108. Martins J.V., Marshak A., Remer L.A., Rosenfeld D., Kaufman Y.J., Fernandez-Borda R., Koren I., Correia A.L., Zubko V., Artaxo P. Remote sensing the vertical profile of cloud droplet effective radius, thermodynamic phase, and temperature. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 2011, 11(18):9485-9501.
109. Mason B.J. The Physics of Clouds 1971, Oxford University Press.
110. Massie S.T., Heymsfield A., Schmitt C., Mueller D., Seifert P. Aerosol indirect effects as a function of cloud top pressure. J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. 2007, 112(D6):D06202.
111. Matsui T., Masunaga H., Pielke R.A., Tao W.K. Impact of aerosols and atmospheric thermodynamics on cloud properties within the climate system. Geophys. Res. Lett. 2004, 31(6):L06109.
112. Mauger G.S., Norris J.R. Meteorological bias in satellite estimates of aerosol-cloud relationships. Geophys. Res. Lett. 2007, 34(16):L16824.
113. Mauger G.S., Norris J.R. Meteorological bias in satellite estimates of aerosol-cloud relationships (vol 35, art no l07815, 2008). Geophys. Res. Lett. 2008, 35(7):L07815.
114. McComiskey A., Feingold G. The scale problem in quantifying aerosol indirect effects. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 2012, 12(2):1031-1049.
115. Meskhidze N., Remer L.A., Platnick S., Negrón Juárez R., Lichtenberger A.M., Aiyyer A.R. Exploring the differences in cloud properties observed by the Terra and Aqua MODIS Sensors. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 2009, 9:3461-3475. 10.5194/acp-9-3461-2009.
116. Morrison H., Grabowski W.W. Cloud-system resolving model simulations of aerosol indirect effects on tropical deep convection and its thermodynamic environment. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 2011, 11:10503-10523. 10.5194/acp-11-10503-2011.
117. Morrison H., Grabowski W.W. Response of tropical deep convection to localized heating perturbations: implications for aerosol-induced convective invigoration. J. Atmos. Sci. 2013, 70:3533-3555. 10.1175/JAS-D-13-027.1.
118. O'Gorman P.A., Schneider T. Scaling of precipitation extremes over a wide range of climates simulated with an idealized GCM. J. Clim. 2009, 22:5676-5685. 10.1175/2009JCLI2701.1.
119. Pall P., Allen M.R., Stone D.A. Testing the Clausius-Clapeyron constraint on changes in extreme precipitation under CO2 warming. Clim. Dyn. 2007, 28:351-363.
120. Petty G.W. A First Course in Atmospheric Radiation 2006, Sundog Pub.
121. Pierce David W., et al. The key role of heavy precipitation events in climate model disagreements of future annual precipitation changes in California. J. Clim. 2013, 26:5879-5896. 10.1175/JCLI-D-12-00766.1.
122. Pinsky M.B., Khain A.P. Some effects of cloud turbulence on water-ice and ice-ice collisions. Atmos. Res. 1998, 48:69-86.
123. Platnick S., King M.D., Ackerman S.A., Menzel W.P., Baum B.A., Riedi J.C., Frey R.A. The MODIS cloud products: algorithms and examples from Terra. IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens. 2003, 41(2):459-473.
124. Pruppacher H.R., Klett J.D. Microphysics of Clouds and Precipitation 1978, (xvi+706pppp., D. Reidel).
125. Quaas J., Stevens B., Stier P., Lohmann U. Interpreting the cloud cover-aerosol optical depth relationship found in satellite data using a general circulation model. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 2010, 10(13):6129-6135.
126. Radke L.F., Coakley J.A., King M.D. Direct and remote-sensing observations of the effects of ships on clouds. Science 1989, 246(4934):1146-1149.
127. Ramanathan V., Crutzen P.J., Kiehl J.T., Rosenfeld D. Atmosphere-aerosols, climate, and the hydrological cycle. Science 2001, 294(5549):2119-2124.
128. Rauber R.M., et al. Rain in shallow cumulus over the ocean-the RICO campaign. Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc. 2007, 88(12):1912-1928.
129. Redelsperger J.-L., Thorncroft C.D., Diedhiou A., Lebel T., Parker D.J., Polcher J. African monsoon multidisciplinary analysis-an international research project and field campaign. Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc. 2006, 87(12):1739-1746.
130. Remer L.A., et al. The MODIS aerosol algorithm, products, and validation. J. Atmos. Sci. 2005, 62(4):947-973.
131. Riehl H., Malkus J.S. On the heat balance in the equatorial trough zone. Geophysica 1958, 6(3-4):503-538.
132. Riehl H., Simpson J. The heat balance of the equatorial trough zone, revisited. Contrib. Atmos. Phys. 1979, 52:287-305.
133. Rosenfeld D. TRMM observed first direct evidence of smoke from forest fires inhibiting rainfall. Geophys. Res. Lett. 1999, 26(20):3105-3108.
134. Rosenfeld D. Suppression of rain and snow by urban and industrial air pollution. Science 2000, 287(5459):1793-1796.
135. Rosenfeld D., Bell T.L. Why do tornados and hailstorms rest on weekends?. J. Geophys. Res. 2011, 116(D20). (D20211).
136. Rosenfeld D., Lensky I.M. Satellite-based insights into precipitation formation processes in continental and maritime convective clouds. Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc. 1998, 79(11):2457-2476.
137. Rosenfeld D., Woodley W.L. Deep convective clouds with sustained supercooled liquid water down to -37.5 degrees C. Nature 2000, 405(6785):440-442.
138. Rosenfeld D., Kaufman Y.J., Koren I. Switching cloud cover and dynamical regimes from open to closed Bénard cells in response to the suppression of precipitation by aerosols. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 2006, 6:2503-2511.
139. Rosenfeld D., Fromm M., Trentmann J., Luderer G., Andreae M.O., Servranckx R. The Chisholm firestorm: observed microstructure, precipitation and lightning activity of a pyro-cumulonimbus. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 2007, 7:645-659.
140. Rosenfeld D., Lohmann U., Raga G.B., O'Dowd C.D., Kulmala M., Fuzzi S., Reissell A., Andreae M.O. Flood or drought: how do aerosols affect precipitation?. Science 2008, 321(5894):1309-1313.
141. Rosenfeld D., Wood R., Donner L., Sherwood S. Aerosol cloud-mediated radiative forcing: Highly uncertain and opposite effects from shallow and deep clouds. Climate science for serving society 2013, 105-149. Springer, Netherlands. G.R. Asrar, J.W. Hurrell (Eds.).
142. Saleeby S.M., Berg W., van den Heever S., L'Ecuyer T. Impact of cloud-nucleating aerosols in cloud-resolving model simulations of warm-rain precipitation in the East China Sea. J. Atmos. Sci. 2010, 67(12):3916-3930.
143. Seifert A., Beheng K.D. A two-moment cloud microphysics parameterization for mixed-phase clouds. Part 2: Maritime vs Continental deep convective storms. Meteorog. Atmos. Phys. 2006, 92(1-2):67-82.
144. Seinfeld J.H., Pandis S.N. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics: From Air Pollution to Climate Change 2012, Wiley-Interscience.
145. Sherwood S. A microphysical connection among biomass burning, cumulus clouds, and stratospheric moisture. Science 2002, 295(5558):1272-1275.
146. Sherwood S.C. Aerosols and ice particle size in tropical cumulonimbus. J. Clim. 2002, 15(9):1051-1063.
147. Sherwood S.C., Phillips V.T.J., Wettlaufer J.S. Small ice crystals and the climatology of lightning. Geophys. Res. Lett. 2006, 33(5):L05804.
148. Small J.D., Jiang J.H., Su H., Zhai C. Relationship between aerosol and cloud fraction over Australia. Geophys. Res. Lett. 2011, 38:L23802.
149. Squires P. The microstructure and colloidal stability of warm clouds. Tellus 1958, 10(2):262-271.
150. Stephens G.L., Kummerow C.D. The remote sensing of clouds and precipitation from space: a review. J. Atmos. Sci. 2007, 64(11):3742-3765.
151. Stephens G.L., Webster P.J. Clouds and climate-sensitivity of simple systems. J. Atmos. Sci. 1981, 38(2):235-247.
152. Stevens B., Feingold G. Untangling aerosol effects on clouds and precipitation in a buffered system. Nature 2009, 461(7264):607-613.
153. Storer R.L., van den Heever S.C. Microphysical processes evident in aerosol forcing of tropical deep convective clouds. J. Atmos. Sci. 2012, 70(2):430-446.
154. Storer R.L., van den Heever S.C., Stephens G.L. Modeling aerosol impacts on convective storms in different environments. J. Atmos. Sci. 2010, 67(12):3904-3915.
155. Tao W.K., Li X., Khain A., Matsui T., Lang S., Simpson J. Role of atmospheric aerosol concentration on deep convective precipitation: cloud-resolving model simulations. J. Geophys. Res. 2007, 112. (D24S18).
156. Tao W.-K., Chen J.-P., Li Z., Wang C., Zhang C. Impact of aerosols on convective clouds and precipitation. Rev. Geophys. 2012, 50(2). (RG2001).
157. Teller A., Levin Z. The effects of aerosols on precipitation and dimensions of subtropical clouds: a sensitivity study using a numerical cloud model. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 2006, 6:67-80.
158. Ten Hoeve J.E., Jacobson M.Z., Remer L.A. Comparing results from a physical model with satellite and in situ observations to determine whether biomass burning aerosols over the Amazon brighten or burn off clouds. J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. 2012, 117. (D08203).
159. Trenberth K.E., Fasullo J.T., Kiehl J. Earth's global energy budget. Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc. 2009, 90(3):311-323.
160. Twohy C.H., Coakley J.A., Tahnk W.R. Effect of changes in relative humidity on aerosol scattering near clouds. J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. 2009, 114.
161. Twomey S. The influence of pollution on the shortwave albedo of clouds. J. Atmos. Sci. 1977, 34(7):1149-1152.
162. van den Heever S.C., Cotton W.R. Urban aerosol impacts on downwind convective storms. J. Appl. Meteorol. Climatol. 2007, 46(6):828-850.
163. van den Heever S.C., Carrio G.G., Cotton W.R., DeMott P.J., Prenni A.J. Impacts of nucleating aerosol on Florida storms Part I: Mesoscale simulations. J. Atmos. Sci. 2006, 63(7):1752-1775.
164. van den Heever S.C., Stephens G.L., Wood N.B. Aerosol indirect effects on tropical convection characteristics under conditions of radiative-convective equilibrium. J. Atmos. Sci. 2011, 68(4):699-718.
165. Varnai T., Marshak A. MODIS observations of enhanced clear sky reflectance near clouds. Geophys. Res. Lett. 2009, 36.
166. Wang C. A modeling study of the response of tropical deep convection to the increase of cloud condensation nuclei concentration: 1. Dynamics and microphysics. J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. 2005, 110(D21). (D21211).
167. Wang C. Impact of anthropogenic absorbing aerosols on clouds and precipitation: a review of recent progresses. Atmos. Res. 2013, 122:237-249.
168. Warner J. A reduction in rainfall associated with smoke from sugar-cane fires-an inadvertent weather modification?. J. Appl. Meteorol. 1968, 7(2):247-251.
169. Wen G.Y., Marshak A., Cahalan R.F., Remer L.A., Kleidman R.G. 3-D aerosol-cloud radiative interaction observed in collocated MODIS and ASTER images of cumulus cloud fields. J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. 2007, 112(D13).
170. Williams E., Rosenfeld D., Madden N., Gerlach J., Gears N., Atkinson L., Dunnemann N., Frostrom G., Antonio M., Biazon B. Contrasting convective regimes over the Amazon: implications for cloud electrification. J. Geophys. Res. 2002, 107(10.1029).
171. Winker D.M., Vaughan M.A., Omar A., Hu Y., Powell K.A., Liu Z., Hunt W.H., Young S.A. Overview of the CALIPSO Mission and CALIOP Data Processing Algorithms. J. Atmos. Ocean. Technol. 2009, 26(11):2310-2323.
172. Wood R. Stratocumulus clouds. Mon. Weather Rev. 2012, 140(8):2373-2423.
173. Wood R., et al. The VAMOS ocean-cloud-atmosphere-land study regional experiment (vocals-rex): goals, platforms, and field operations. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 2011, 11(2):627-654.
174. Xue H., Feingold G., Stevens B. Aerosol effects on clouds, precipitation, and the organization of shallow cumulus convection. J. Atmos. Sci. 2008, 65(2):392-406.
175. Yang X., Yao Z., Li Z., Fan T. Heavy air pollution suppresses summer thunderstorms in Central China. J. Atmos. Sol. Terr. Phys. 2013, 95-96:28-40.
176. Yin Y., Levin Z., Reisin T.G., Tzivion S. The effects of giant cloud condensation nuclei on the development of precipitation in convective clouds-a numerical study. Atmos. Res. 2000, 53(1):91-116.
177. Yu H.B., Liu S.C., Dickinson R.E. Radiative effects of aerosols on the evolution of the atmospheric boundary layer. J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. 2002, 107(D12):4142.
178. Yuan T., Li Z., Zhang R., Fan J. Increase of cloud droplet size with aerosol optical depth: an observation and modeling study. J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. 2008, 113(D4):D04201.
179. Yuan T., Remer L.A., Pickering K.E., Yu H. Observational evidence of aerosol enhancement of lightning activity and convective invigoration. Geophys. Res. Lett. 2011, 38:L04701.
180. Yuan T., Remer L.A., Yu H. Microphysical, macrophysical and radiative signatures of volcanic aerosols in trade wind cumulus observed by the A-train. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 2011, 11(14):7119-7132.
181. Zelinka M.D., Hartmann D.L. Why is longwave cloud feedback positive?. J. Geophys. Res. 2010, 115:D16117. 10.1029/2010JD013817.
182. Zhang R., Li G., Fan J., Wu D.L., Molina M.J. Intensification of Pacific storm track linked to Asian pollution. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 2007, 104(13):5295-5299.