Ethnopharmacological approaches for therapy of jaundice: Part II. Highly used plant species from Acanthaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Asteraceae, Combretaceae, and Fabaceae families

Frontiers in Pharmacology

Volumn 8, Issue AUG, 2017, Pages

  Tewari, Devesh ^a   Mocan, Andrei ^b,c   Parvanov, Emil D ^d   Sah, Archana N ^a   Nabavi, Seyed M ^e   Huminiecki, Lukasz ^f   Ma, Zheng Feei ^g,h   Lee, Yeong Yeh ^g   Horbańczuk, Jaroslaw O ^f   Atanasov, Atanas G ^f,i,j  

^a KUMAUN UNIVERSITY   (India)

^b IULIU HATIEGANU UNIVERSITY OF MEDICINE AND PHARMACY   (Romania)

^c UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES AND VETERINARY MEDICINE   (Romania)

^d INSTITUTE OF MOLECULAR GENETICS   (Czech Republic)

^e BAQIYATALLAH UNIVERSITY OF MEDICAL SCIENCES   (Iran)

^f INSTITUTE OF GENETICS AND ANIMAL BREEDING   (Poland)

^g SCHOOL OF MEDICAL SCIENCES   (Malaysia)

^h XI AN JIAOTONG LIVERPOOL UNIVERSITY   (China)

ⁱ UNIVERSITY OF VIENNA   (Austria)

^j MEDICAL UNIVERSITY OF VIENNA   (Austria)

more..

Author keywords

Alkaline phosphatase; Bilirubin; Jaundice; Oxidative stress; Phytoconstituents; Serum enzymes; Traditional use

Indexed keywords

ALANINE AMINOTRANSFERASE; ALKALINE PHOSPHATASE; ANDROGRAPHIN; ANDROGRAPHIS PANICULATA EXTRACT; ANDROGRAPHOLIDE; ASPARTATE AMINOTRANSFERASE; BILIRUBIN; DITERPENE; ELLAGIC ACID; EMBLICA OFFICINALIS EXTRACT; FLAVONOLIGNAN; GALLIC ACID; GERANIIN; GLYCYRRHIZA GLABRA EXTRACT; GLYCYRRHIZIC ACID; HYPOPHYLLANTHIN; ISOSILIBIN; NIRURISIDE; PHYLLANTHIN; PHYLLANTHUS AMARUS EXTRACT; PHYLLANTHUS NIRURI EXTRACT; PLANT MEDICINAL PRODUCT; QUERCETIN; RUTOSIDE; SILIBININ; SILYBUM MARIANUM EXTRACT; SILYMARIN; SITOSTEROL; TERMINALIA CHEBULA EXTRACT; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG; UNINDEXED DRUG;

ACANTHACEAE; ANDROGRAPHIS PANICULATA; ASTERACEAE; BILIRUBIN BLOOD LEVEL; CELL PROTECTION; CHEMOPROPHYLAXIS; CLINICAL TRIAL (TOPIC); COMBRETACEAE; DRUG MECHANISM; DRUG STRUCTURE; ENZYME ACTIVITY; ENZYME BLOOD LEVEL; ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY; EUPHORBIACEAE; FABACEAE; GLYCYRRHIZA GLABRA; HUMAN; JAUNDICE; LIVER DISEASE; LIVER PROTECTION; NONHUMAN; OXIDATIVE STRESS; PHYLLANTHUS; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL (TOPIC); REVIEW; SILYBUM MARIANUM; TERMINALIA CHEBULA; TRADITIONAL MEDICINE;

EID: 85027458521     PISSN: None     EISSN: 16639812     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2017.00519     Document Type: Review

References (208)

1. Agarwal, K., Dhir, H., Sharma, A., and Talukder, G. (1992). The efficacy of two species of Phyllanthus in counteracting nickel clastogenicity. Fitoterapia 63, 49-54.
2. Akbarsha, M. A., and Murugaian, P. (2000). Aspects of the male reproductive toxicity/male antifertility property of andrographolide in albino rats: effect on the testis and the cauda epididymidal spermatozoa. Phytother. Res. 14, 432-435. doi: 10.1002/1099-1573(200009)14:6<432::AID-PTR622>3.0.CO;2-I
3. Alcaraz, M. J., and Jiménez, M. J. (1988). Flavonoids as anti-inflammatory agents. Fitoterapia 59, 25-38.
4. Al-Qarawi, A. A., Abdel-Rahman, H. A., and El-Mougy, S. A. (2001). Hepatoprotective activity of licorice in rat liver injury models. J. Herbs Spices Med. Plants 8, 7-14. doi: 10.1300/J044v08n01_02
5. Anand, K. K., Singh, B., Saxena, A. K., Chandan, B. K., and Gupta, V. N. (1994). Hepatoprotective studies of a fraction from the fruits of Terminalia belerica Roxb. On experimental liver injury in rodents. Phytother. Res. 8, 287-292. doi: 10.1002/ptr.2650080507
6. Angulo, P., Patel, T., Jorgensen, R. A., Therneau, T. M., and Lindor, K. D. (2000). Silymarin in the treatment of patients with primary biliary cirrhosis with a suboptimal response to ursodeoxycholic acid. Hepatology 32, 897-900. doi: 10.1053/jhep.2000.18663
7. Arase, Y., Ikeda, K., Murashima, N., Chayama, K., Tsubota, A., Koida, I., et al. (1997). The long term efficacy of glycyrrhizin in chronic hepatitis C patients. Cancer 79, 1494-1500. doi: 10.1002/(SICI)1097-0142(19970415)79:8<1494::AID-CNCR8>3.0.CO;2-B
8. Arseculeratne, S. N., Gunatilaka, A. A. L., and Panabokke, R. G. (1985). Studies on medicinal plants of Sri Lanka. Part 14: toxicity of some traditional medicinal herbs. J. Ethnopharmacol. 13, 323-335. doi: 10.1016/0378-8741(85)90078-9
9. Asl, M. N., and Hosseinzadeh, H. (2008). Review of pharmacological effects of Glycyrrhiza sp. and its bioactive compounds. Phytother. Res. 22, 709-724. doi: 10.1002/ptr.2362
10. Bachmann, T. L., Ghia, F., and Torssell, K. B. G. (1993). Lignans and lactones from Phyllanthus anisolobus. Phytochemistry 33, 189-191. doi: 10.1016/0031-9422(93)85420-V
11. Bagalkotkar, G., Sagineedu, S. R., Saad, M. S., and Stanslas, J. (2006). Phytochemicals from Phyllanthus niruri Linn. and their pharmacological properties: a review. J. Pharm. Pharmacol. 58, 1559-1570. doi: 10.1211/jpp.58.12.0001
12. Barzaghi, N., Crema, F., Gatti, G., Pifferi, G., and Perucca, E. (1990). Pharmacokinetic studies on IdB 1016, a silybin-phosphatidylcholine complex, in healthy human subjects. Eur. J. Drug Metab. Pharmacokinet. 15, 333-338. doi: 10.1007/BF03190223
13. Beretz, A., Anton, R., and Stoclet, J. C. (1978). Flavonoid compounds are potent inhibitors of cyclic AMP phosphodiesterase. Experientia 34, 1054-1055. doi: 10.1007/BF01915343
14. Blumenthal, M., Goldberg, A., and Brinkmann, J. (2000). Herbal Medicine, Expanded Commission E Monographs Cd-Rom. Austin, TX: American Botanical Council.
15. Bunout, D., Hirsch, S., Petermann, M., De LaMaza, M. P., Silva, G., Kelly, M., et al. (1992). Controlled study of the effect of silymarin on alcoholic liver disease. Rev. Med. Chil 120, 1370-1375.
16. Cai, Y., Xu, Y., Chan, H. F., Fang, X., He, C., and Chen, M. (2016). Glycyrrhetinic acid mediated drug delivery carriers for hepatocellular carcinoma therapy. Mol. Pharm. 13, 699-709. doi: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.5b00677
17. Calabrese, C., Berman, S. H., Babish, J. G., Ma, X., Shinto, L., Dorr, M., et al. (2000). A phase I trial of andrographolide in HIV positive patients and normal volunteers. Phytother. Res. 14, 333-338. doi: 10.1002/1099-1573(200008)14:5<333::AID-PTR584>3.0.CO;2-D
18. Calixto, J. B., Santos, A. R. S., Filho, V. C., and Yunes, R. A. (1998). A review of the plants of the genus Phyllanthus: and therapeutic potential. Med. Res. Rev. 18, 225-258. doi: 10.1002/(SICI)1098-1128(199807)18:4<225::AID-MED2>3.0.CO;2-X
19. Campos, A. H., and Schor, N. (1999). Phyllanthus niruri inhibits calcium oxalate endocytosis by renal tubular cells: its role in urolithiasis. Nephron 81, 393-397. doi: 10.1159/000045322
20. Chander, R., Srivastava, V., Tandon And, J. S., and Kapoor, N. K. (1995). Antihepatotoxic activity of diterpenes of Andrographis paniculata (Kal-Megh) against Plasmodium berghei-induced hepatic damage in Mastomys natalensis. Int. J. Pharmacogn. 33, 135-138. doi: 10.3109/13880209509055213
21. Chatterjee, A., and Pakrashi, S. C. (1991). The Treatise on Indian Medicinal Plants, Vol. 1. New Delhi: Publications and Information Directorate, CSIR, 172.
22. Choi, M.-K., Kim, H.-G., Han, J.-M., Lee, J.-S., Lee, J. S., Chung, S. H., et al. (2015). Hepatoprotective effect of Terminalia chebula against t-BHP-induced acute liver injury in C57/BL6 mice. Evid. Based Complement. Alternat. Med. 2015:517350. doi: 10.1155/2015/517350
23. Chopra, R. N., Nayar, S. L., Chopra, I. C., Asolkar, L. V., Kakkar, K. K., and Chakre, O. J. (1956). Glossary of Indian medicinal plants; [with] Supplement. New Delhi: Council of Scientific & Industrial Research.
24. Choudhury, B. R., and Poddar, M. K. (1984). Andrographolide and kalmegh (Andrographis paniculata) extract: in vivo and in vitro effect on hepatic lipid peroxidation. Methods Find. Exp. Clin. Pharmacol. 6, 481-485.
25. Chturvedi, G. N., Tomar, G. S., Tiwari, S. K., and Singh, K. P. (1983). Clinical studies on Kalmegh (Andrographis paniculata nees) in infective hepatitis. Anc. Sci. Life 2, 208-215.
26. Cruz, T., Galvez, J., Ocete, M. A., Crespo, M. E., Sanchez de Medina, L.-H. F., and Zarzuelo, A. (1998). Oral administration of rutoside can ameliorate inflammatory bowel disease in rats. Life Sci. 62, 687-695. doi: 10.1016/S0024-3205(97)01164-8
27. Cruz-Vega, D., Verde-Star, M. J., Salinas-Gonzalez, N. R., Rosales-Hernandez, B., Estrada-Garcia, I., Mendez-Aragon, P., et al. (2009). Review of pharmacological effects of Glycyrrhiza radix and its bioactive compounds. Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi. 22, 557-559.
28. Dafni, A., Yaniv, Z., and Palevitch, D. (1984). Ethnobotanical survey of medicinal plants in northern Israel. J. Ethnopharmacol. 10, 295-310. doi: 10.1016/0378-8741(84)90017-5
29. Dastagir, G., and Rizvi, M. A. (2016). Glycyrrhiza glabra L.(Liquorice). Pak. J. Pharm. Sci 29, 1727-1733.
30. Deng, W. L., Nie, R. J., and Liu, J. Y. (1982). Comparison of pharmacological effect of four andrographolides. Yaoxue Tongbao 17, 195-198.
31. Dhar, M. L., Dhar, M. M., Dhawan, B. N., Mehrotra, B. N., and Roy, C. (1968). Screening of Indian plants for biological activity: Part 1. Indian J. Exp. Biol. 6, 232-247.
32. Dhir, H., Roy, A. K., Sharma, A., and Talukder, G. (1990). Protection afforded by aqueous extracts of Phyllanthus species against cytotoxicity induced by lead and aluminium salts. Phytother. Res. 4, 172-176. doi: 10.1002/ptr.2650040503
33. Dias, M. A., Campos, A. H., Cechinel Filho, V., and Yunes, R. A. C. J. (1995). Analysis of the mechanisms underlying the contractile response induced by the hydroalcoholic extract of Phyllanthus urinaria in the guinea-pig urinary bladder in-vitro. J. Pharm. Pharmacol. 47, 846-851. doi: 10.1111/j.2042-7158.1995.tb05752.x
34. Dixit, S. P., Achar, M. P., and Thabrew, M. R. (1982). Phyllanthus niruri (Bhumyamalaki) and jaundice in children. J. Natl. Integ. Med. Ass. 25, 269-272.
35. Duarte, J., Perez-Vizcaino, F., Zarzuelo, A., Jimenez, J., and Tamargo, J. (1993). Vasodilator effects of quercetin in isolated rat vascular smooth muscle. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 239, 1-7. doi: 10.1016/0014-2999(93)90968-N
36. Eerdunbayaer, Orabi, M. A. A., Aoyama, H., Kuroda, T., and Hatano, T. (2014). Structures of new phenolics isolated from licorice, and the effectiveness of licorice phenolics on vancomycin-resistant Enterococci. Molecules 19, 13027-13041. doi: 10.3390/molecules190913027
37. Epstein, M. T., Espiner, E. A., Donald, R. A., and Hughes, H. (1977). Effect of eating liquorice on the renin-angiotensin aldosterone axis in normal subjects. Br. Med. J. 1, 488-490. doi: 10.1136/bmj.1.6059.488
38. Evans, W. C. (2009). Trease and Evans' Pharmacognosy. Amsterdam: Elsevier.
39. Feher, J., Deák, G., and Muzes, G. (1989). Hepatoprotective activity of silymarin (Legalon) therapy in patients with chronic liver disease. Orv. Hetil. 130, 2723-27
40. Ferenci, P., Dragosics, B., Dittrich, H., Frank, H., Benda, L., Lochs, H., et al. (1989). Randomized controlled trial of silymarin treatment in patients with cirrhosis of the liver. J. Hepatol. 9, 105-113. doi: 10.1016/0168-8278(89)90083-4
41. Filho, V. C., Santos, A. R. S., Campos, R. O. P., Miguel, O. G., Yunes, R. A., Ferrari, F., et al. (1996). Chemical and pharmacological studies of Phyllanthus caroliniensis in Mice. J. Pharm. Pharmacol. 48, 1231-1236. doi: 10.1111/j.2042-7158.1996.tb03928.x
42. Finney, R. S. H., and Somers, G. F. (1958). The antiinflammatory activity of glycyrrhetinic acid and derivatives. J. Pharm. Pharmacol. 10, 613-620. doi: 10.1111/j.2042-7158.1958.tb10349.x
43. Fleming, T. (1998). PDR for Herbal Medicines. Montvale, NJ: Medical Economics Company.
44. Flora, K., Hahn, M., Rosen, H., and Benner, K. (1998). Milk thistle (Silybum marianum) for the therapy of liver disease. Am. J. Gastroenterol. 93, 139-143. doi: 10.1111/j.1572-0241.1998.00139.x
45. Flora, K. D., Rosen, H. R., and Benner, K. G. (1996). The use of naturopathic remedies for chronic liver disease. Am. J. Gastroenterol. 91, 2654-2655.
46. Foo, L. Y (1995). Amariinic acid and related ellagitannins from Phyllanthus amarus. Phytochemistry 39, 217-224. doi: 10.1016/0031-9422(94)00836-I
47. Foo, L. Y., and Wong, H. (1992). Phyllanthusiin D, an unusual hydrolysable tannin from Phyllanthus amarus. Phytochemistry 31, 711-713. doi: 10.1016/0031-9422(92)90071-W
48. Foster, S. (1991). Milk thistle: Silybum marianum. Botanical Series, (305). Austin, TX: American Botanical Council.
49. Fu, B., Li, S., Yu, X., Yang, P., Yu, G., Feng, R., et al. (2010). Chinese ecosystem research network: progress and perspectives. Ecol. Complex 7, 225-233. doi: 10.1016/j.ecocom.2010.02.007
50. Fujita, T., Sezik, E., Tabata, M., Yesilada, E., Honda, G., Takeda, Y., et al. (1995). Traditional medicine in Turkey VII. Folk medicine in middle and west Black Sea regions. Econ. Bot. 49, 406-422. doi: 10.1007/BF02863092
51. Fukai, T., Tantai, L., and Nomura, T. (1996). Isoprenoid-substituted flavonoids from Glycyrrhiza glabra. Phytochemistry 43, 531-532. doi: 10.1016/0031-9422(96)00307-X
52. Gálvez, J., Cruz, T., Crespo, E., Ocete, M. A., Lorente, M. D., de Medina, F. S., et al. (1997). Rutoside as mucosal protective in acetic acid-induced rat colitis. Planta Med. 63, 409-414. doi: 10.1055/s-2006-957723
53. Gálvez, J., Sánchez de Medina, F., Jiménez, J., Torres, M. I., Fernández, M. I., Núñez, M. C., et al. (1995). Effect of quercitrin on lactose-induced chronic diarrhoea in rats. Planta Med. 61, 302-306. doi: 10.1055/s-2006-958088
54. Gazak, R., Walterova, D., and Kren, V. (2007). Silybin and silymarin-new and emerging applications in medicine. Curr. Med. Chem. 14, 315-338. doi: 10.2174/092986707779941159
55. Girach, R. D., Aminuddin Siddiqui, P. A., and Khan, S. A. (1994). Traditional plant remedies among the Kondh of district Dhenkanal (Orissa). Int. J. Pharmacogn. 32, 274-283. doi: 10.3109/13880209409083005
56. Greive, M. (1981). A Modern Herbal, Vol. 2. New York, NY: Dover Publications.
57. Gulati, R. K., Agarwal, S., and Agrawal, S. S. (1995). Hepatoprotective studies on Phyllanthus emblica Linn. and quercetin. Indian J. Exp. Biol. 33, 261-268.
58. Gupta, S., Choudhry, M. A., Yadava, J. N. S., Srivastava, V., and Tandon, J. S. (1990). Antidiarrhoeal activity of diterpenes of Andrographis paniculata (Kal-Megh) against Escherichia coli enterotoxin in in vivo models. Int. J. Crude Drug Res. 28, 273-283. doi: 10.3109/13880209009082833
59. Handa, S. S., and Sharma, A. (1990). Hepatoprotective activity of andrographolide from Andrographis paniculata against carbontetrachloride. Indian J. Med. Res. 92, 276-283.
60. Harnisch, G., and Stolze, H. (1983). "Silybum marianum: mariendistel," in Bewaehrte Flanzendrogen in Wissenschaft Und Medizin (Melsungen: Notamed Verlag), 203-215.
61. Harrison, P. M. (1977). Ferritin: an iron-storage molecule. Semin. Hematol. 14, 55-70.
62. Hidaka, I., Hino, K., Korenaga, M., Gondo, T., Nishina, S., Ando, M., et al. (2007). Stronger Neo-Minophagen CTM, a glycyrrhizin-containing preparation, protects liver against carbon tetrachloride-induced oxidative stress in transgenic mice expressing the hepatitis C virus polyprotein. Liver Int. 27, 845-853. doi: 10.1111/j.1478-3231.2007.01492.x
63. Hino, K., Sainokami, S., Shimoda, K., Iino, S., Wang, Y., Okamoto, H., et al. (1994). Genotypes and titers of hepatitis C virus for predicting response to interferon in patients with chronic hepatitis C. J. Med. Virol. 42, 299-305. doi: 10.1002/jmv.1890420318
64. Hiramatsu, N., Hayashi, N., Katayama, K., Mochizuki, K., Kawanishi, Y., Kasahara, A., et al. (1994). Immunohistochemical detection of Fas antigen in liver tissue of patients with chronic hepatitis C. Hepatology 19, 1354-1359. doi: 10.1002/hep.1840190606
65. Hobbs, C. (1987). Milk Thistle: The Liver Herb. Capitola, CA: Botanica Press.
66. Huo, H. Z., Wang, B., Liang, Y. K., Bao, Y. Y., and Gu, Y. (2011). Hepatoprotective and antioxidant effects of licorice extract against CCl4-induced oxidative damage in rats. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 12, 6529-6543. doi: 10.3390/ijms12106529
67. Hussain, R. A., Dickey, J. K., Rosser, M. P., Matson, J. A., Kozlowski, M. R., Brittain, R. J., et al. (1995). A novel class of non-peptidic endothelin antagonists isolated from the medicinal herb Phyllanthus niruri. J. Nat. Prod. 58, 1515-1520. doi: 10.1021/np50124a006
68. Ikeda, K., Arase, Y., Kobayashi, M., Saitoh, S., Someya, T., Hosaka, T., et al. (2006). A long-term glycyrrhizin injection therapy reduces hepatocellular carcinogenesis rate in patients with interferon-resistant active chronic hepatitis C: a cohort study of 1249 patients. Dig. Dis. Sci. 51, 603-609. doi: 10.1007/s10620-006-3177-0
69. Ikeda, K., Saitoh, S., Koida, I., Arase, Y., Tsubota, A., Chayama, K., et al. (1993). A multivariate analysis of risk factors for hepatocellular carcinogenesis: a prospective observation of 795 patients with viral and alcoholic cirrhosis. Hepatology 18, 47-53. doi: 10.1002/hep.1840180109
70. Iruretagoyena, M. I., Tobar, J. A., González, P. A., Sepúlveda, S. E., Figueroa, C. A., Burgos, R. A., et al. (2004). Andrographolide interferes with T cell activation and reduces experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis in the mouse. J. Pharm. Exp. Ther. 312, 366-372. doi: 10.1124/jpet.104.072512
71. Ishikawa, S., and Saito, T. (1980). The effect of glycyrrhetinic acid on the action of aldosterone in stimulating sodium transport in frog skin. Endocrinol. Jpn. 27, 697-701. doi: 10.1507/endocrj1954.27.697
72. Ishimaru, K., Yoshimatsu, K., Yamakawa, T., Kamada, H., and Shimomura, K. (1992). Phenolic constituents in tissue cultures of Phyllanthus niruri. Phytochemistry 31, 2015-2018. doi: 10.1016/0031-9422(92)80352-F
73. Jarukamjorn, K., Don-in, K., Makejaruskul, C., Laha, T., Daodee, S., Pearaksa, P., et al. (2006). Impact of Andrographis paniculata crude extract on mouse hepatic cytochrome P450 enzymes. J. Ethnopharmacol. 105, 464-467. doi: 10.1016/j.jep.2005.11.024
74. Jeong, H. G., You, H. J., Park, S. J., Moon, A. R., Chung, Y. C., Kang, S. K., et al. (2002). Hepatoprotective effects of 18b-glycyrrhetinic acid on carbon tetrachloride-induced liver injury: inhibition of cytochrome P450 2E1 expression. Pharmacol. Res. 46, 221-227. doi: 10.1016/S1043-6618(02)00121-4
75. Juang, L., Sheu, S., and Lin, T. (2004). Determination of hydrolyzable tannins in the fruit of Terminalia chebula Retz. by high-performance liquid chromatography and capillary electrophoresis. J. Sep. Sci. 27, 718-724. doi: 10.1002/jssc.200401741
76. Kapil, A., Koul, I. B., Banerjee, S. K., and Gupta, B. D. (1993). Antihepatotoxic effects of major diterpenoid constituents of Andrographis paniculata. Biochem. Pharmacol. 46, 182-185. doi: 10.1016/0006-2952(93)90364-3
77. Ketterer, B. (1988). Protective role of glutathione and glutathione transferases in mutagenesis and carcinogenesis. Mutat. Res. 202, 343-361. doi: 10.1016/0027-5107(88)90197-2
78. Khatoon, S., Rai, V., Rawat, A. K. S., and Mehrotra, S. (2006). Comparative pharmacognostic studies of three Phyllanthus species. J. Ethnopharmacol. 104, 79-86. doi: 10.1016/j.jep.2005.08.048
79. Kimura, M., Watanabe, H., and Abo, T. (1992). Selective activation of extrathymic T cells in the liver by glycyrrhizin. Biotherapy 5, 167-176. doi: 10.1007/BF02171049
80. Kitagawa, I., Chen, W. Z., Hori, K., Harada, E., Yasuda, N., Yoshikawa, M., et al. (1994). Chemical studies of Chinese licorice-roots. I. elucidation of five new flavonoid constituents from the roots of Glycyrrhiza glabra L. collected in Xinjiang. Chem. Pharm. Bull. 42, 1056-1062. doi: 10.1248/cpb.42.1056
81. Kokate, C. K., Purohit, A. P., and Gokhale, S. B. (2003). Test Book of Pharmacognosy. Pune: Nirali Prakashan.
82. Kumar, R. A., Sridevi, K., Kumar, N. V., Nanduri, S., and Rajagopal, S. (2004). Anticancer and immunostimulatory compounds from Andrographis paniculata. J. Ethnopharmacol. 92, 291-295. doi: 10.1016/j.jep.2004.03.004
83. Kusirisin, W., Srichairatanakool, S., Lerttrakarnnon, P., Lailerd, N., Suttajit, M., Jaikang, C., et al. (2009). Antioxidative activity, polyphenolic content and antiglycation effect of some Thai medicinal plants traditionally used in diabetic patients. Med. Chem. 5, 139-147. doi: 10.2174/157340609787582918
84. Lau, G. K., Tsiang, M., Hou, J., Yuen, S., Carman, W. F., Zhang, L., et al. (2000). Combination therapy with lamivudine and famciclovir for chronic hepatitis B-infected Chinese patients: a viral dynamics study. Hepatology 32, 394-399. doi: 10.1053/jhep.2000.9143
85. Lee, C. D., Ott, M., Thyagarajan, S. P., Shafritz, D. A., Burk, R. D., and Gupta, S. (1996). Phyllanthus amarus down-regulates hepatitis B virus mRNA transcription and replication. Eur. J. Clin. Invest. 26, 1069-1076. doi: 10.1046/j.1365-2362.1996.410595.x
86. Lee, H.-S., Won, N. H., Kim, K. H., Lee, H., Jun, W., and Lee, K.-W. (2005). Antioxidant effects of aqueous extract of Terminalia chebula in vivo and in vitro. Biol. Pharm. Bull. 28, 1639-1644. doi: 10.1248/bpb.28.1639
87. Lee, J. R., Park, S. J., Lee, H.-S., Jee, S. Y., Seo, J., Kwon, Y. K., et al. (2009). Hepatoprotective activity of licorice water extract against cadmiuminduced toxicity in rats. J. Evid. Based Complement. Altern. Med. 6, 195-201. doi: 10.1093/ecam/nem078
88. Lee, S., Hyun, P., Kim, S., Kim, K., Lee, S., Kim, B., et al. (2005). Suppression of the onset and progression of collagen-induced arthritis by chebulagic acid screened from a natural product library. Arthritis Rheum. 52, 345-353. doi: 10.1002/art.20715
89. Leng-Peschlow, E. (1994). Alcohol-related liver diseases-use of Legalon R . Z. Klin. Med. 2, 22-27.
90. Li, Z., Li, Q., Jiang, X., Zhang, K., and Guan, R. (2014). Isolation and preparation of gallic acid from Terminalia chebula Retz. with high-speed counter-current chromatography. Se Pu 32, 1404-1408.
91. Lin, C. N., and Tome, W. P. (1988). Antihepatotoxic principles of Sambucus formosana. Planta Med. 54, 223-224. doi: 10.1055/s-2006-962410
92. Lin, G., Nnane, I. P., and Cheng, T.-Y. (1999). The effects of pretreatment with glycyrrhizin and glycyrrhetinic acid on the retrorsine-induced hepatotoxicity in rats. Toxicon 37, 1259-1270. doi: 10.1016/S0041-0101(98)00263-3
93. Lindahl, M., and Tagesson, C. (1993). Selective inhibition of group II phospholipase A2 by quercetin. Inflammation 17, 573-582. doi: 10.1007/BF00914195
94. Loguercio, C., and Festi, D. (2011). Silybin and the liver: from basic research to clinical practice. World J. Gastroenterol. 17, 2288-2301. doi: 10.3748/wjg.v17.i18.2288
95. Luper, S. (1998). A review of plants used in the treatment of liver disease: part 1. Altern. Med. Rev. 3, 410-421.
96. Mabberley, D. J. (2008). Mabberley's Plant-book: A Portable Dictionary of Plants, Their Classification and Uses. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
97. Magliulo, E., Gagliardi, B., and Fiori, G. P. (1978). Results of a double blind study on the effect of silymarin in the treatment of acute viral hepatitis, carried out at two medical centres (author's transl). Med. Klin. 73, 1060-1065.
98. Mao, X., Wu, L.-F., Guo, H.-L., Chen, W.-J., Cui, Y.-P., Qi, Q., et al. (2016). The genus Phyllanthus: an ethnopharmacological, phytochemical, and harmacological review. J. Evid. Based Complement. Altern. Med. 2016:7584952.
99. Meister, A. (1994). Glutathione, ascorbate, and cellular protection. Cancer Res. 54(7 Suppl.), 1969s-1975s.
100. Meyer, H. S., Eldredge, J. D., and Hogan, R. (1999). Herbal medicines. The complete german commission e monographs: therapeutic guide to herbal medicines. JAMA 281, 1852-1853. doi: 10.1001/jama.281.19.1852-JBK0519-2-1
101. Mhaskar, K. S., Blatter, E., and Caius, J. F. (2000). Kirtikar and Basu's Illustrated Indian Medicinal Plants: Their Usage in Ayurveda and Unani Medicines. New Delhi: Sri Satguru Publications.
102. Miadonna, A., Tedeschi, A., Leggieri, E., Lorini, M., Froldi, M., and Zanussi, C. (1987). Effects of silybin on histamine release from human basophil leucocytes. Br. J. Clin. Pharmacol. 24, 747-752. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2125.1987.tb03241.x
103. Mita, E., Hayashi, N., Iio, S., Takehara, T., Hijioka, T., Kasahara, A., et al. (1994). Role of fas ligand in apoptosis induced by hepatitis C virus infection. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 204, 468-474. doi: 10.1006/bbrc.1994.2483
104. Miyakawa, Y., and Iino, S. (2001). Toward prevention of hepatocellular carcinoma developing in chronic hepatitis C. J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 16, 711-714. doi: 10.1046/j.1440-1746.2001.02543.x
105. Morales, M. A., and Lozoya, X. (1994). Calcium-antagonist effects of quercetin on aortic smooth muscle. Planta Med. 60, 313-317. doi: 10.1055/s-2006-959491
106. Morazzoni, P., and Bombardelli, E. (1995). Silybum marianum (Carduus marianus). Fitoterapia 66, 3-42.
107. Morton, J. F. (1981). Atlas of Medicinal Plants of Middle America: Bahamas to Yucatan. Springfield: Charles C. Thomas, 458-462.
108. Mourelle, M., Muriel, P., Favari, L., and Franco, T. (1989). Prevention of CCl4- induced liver cirrhosis by silymarin. Fundam. Clin. Pharmacol. 3, 183-191. doi: 10.1111/j.1472-8206.1989.tb00449.x
109. Naik, A. D., and Juvekar, A. R. (2003). Effects of alkaloidal extract of Phyllanthus niruri on HIV replication. Indian J. Med. Sci. 57, 387.
110. Nakamura, T., Fujii, T., and Ichihara, A. (1985). Enzyme leakage due to change of membrane permeability of primary cultured rat hepatocytes treated with various hepatotoxins and its prevention by glycyrrhizin. Cell Biol. Toxicol. 1, 285-295. doi: 10.1007/BF00118193
111. Nanduri, S., Nyavanandi, V. K., Thunuguntla, S. S. R., Kasu, S., Pallerla, M. K., Ram, P. S., et al. (2004). Synthesis and structure-activity relationships of andrographolide analogues as novel cytotoxic agents. Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett. 14, 4711-4717. doi: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2004.06.090
112. Nomura, T., Fukai, T., and Akiyama, T. (2002). Chemistry of phenolic compounds of licorice (Glycyrrhiza species) and their estrogenic and cytotoxic activities. Pure Appl. Chem. 74, 1199-1206. doi: 10.1351/pac200274071199
113. Nose, M., Ito, M., Kamimura, K., Shimizu, M., and Ogihara, Y. (1994). A comparison of the antihepatotoxic activity between glycyrrhizin and glycyrrhetinic acid. Planta Med. 60, 136-139. doi: 10.1055/s-2006-959435
114. Ody, P. (2000). The Complete Guide Medicinal Herbal. London: Dorling Kindersley.
115. Ogata, T., Higuchi, H., Mochida, S.,Matsumoto, H., Kato, A., Endo, T., et al. (1992). HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor from Phyllanthus niruri. AIDS Res. Hum. Retroviruses 8, 1937-1944. doi: 10.1089/aid.1992.8.1937
116. Ohno, H., Miyoshi, S., Araho, D., Kanamoto, T., Terakubo, S., Nakashima, H., et al. (2014). Efficient utilization of licorice root by alkaline extraction. In Vivo 28, 785-794.
117. Ohuchi, K., and Tsurufuji, A. (1982). A study of the anti-inflammatory mechanism of glycyrrhizin. Mino. Med. Rev. 27, 188-193.
118. Oliver-Bever, B. (1983). Medicinal plants in tropical west africa III. Anti-infection therapy with higher plants. J. Ethnopharmacol. 9, 1-83. doi: 10.1016/0378-8741(83)90028-4
119. Owoyele, B. V., Olaleye, S. B., Oke, J. M., and Elegbe, R. A. (2001). Anti-Inflammatory and analgesic activities of leaf extracts of Landolphia owariensis. Afr. J. Biomed. Res. 4, 131-133.
120. Padmalatha, K., Jayaram, K., Raju, N. L., Prasad, M. N. V., and Arora, R. (2009). Ethnopharmacological and biotechnological significance of Vitex. Biorem. Biodiv. Bioavail. 3, 6-14. doi: 10.3329/bjsir.v43i3.1149
121. Panunto, W., Jaijoy, K., Lerdvuthisopon, N., Lertprasertsuke, N., Jiruntanat, N., Soonthornchareonnon, N., et al. (2010). Acute and chronic toxicity studies of the water extract from dried fruits of Terminalia chebula Rezt. in rats. Int. J. Appl. Res. Nat. Prod. 3, 36-43.
122. Parés, A., Planas, R., Torres, M., Caballería, J., Viver, J. M., Acero, D., et al. (1998). Effects of silymarin in alcoholic patients with cirrhosis of the liver: results of a controlled, double-blind, randomized and multicenter trial. J. Hepatol. 28, 615-621. doi: 10.1016/S0168-8278(98)80285-7
123. Pathak, D., Pathak, K., and Singla, A. K. (1991). Flavonoids as medicinal agentsrecent advances. Fitoterapia 62, 371-389.
124. Perry L. M., and Metzger J. (1980). Medicinal Plants of East and Southeast Asia, Attributed Properties and Uses. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 149-151.
125. Pettit, G. R., Cragg, G. M., Gust, D., Brown, P., and Schmidt, J. M. (1982a). The structures of phyllanthostatin 1 and phyllanthoside from the Central American tree Phyllanthus acuminatus Vahl. Can. J. Chem. 60, 939-941.
126. Pettit, G. R., Cragg, G. M., Herald, D. L., Schmidt, J. M., and Lohavanijaya, P. (1982b). Isolation and structure of combretastatin. Can. J. Chem. 60, 1374-1376. doi: 10.1139/v82-202
127. Piva, R., Penolazzi, L., Borgatti, M., Lampronti, I., Lambertini, E., Torreggiani, E., et al. (2009). Apoptosis of human primary osteoclasts treated with molecules targeting nuclear factor-kB. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 1171, 448-456. doi: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2009.04906.x
128. Polya, G. M., Wang, B. H., and Foo, L. Y. (1995). Inhibition of signal-regulated protein kinases by plant-derived hydrolysable tannins. Phytochemistry 38, 307-314. doi: 10.1016/0031-9422(94)00547-7
129. Pradhan, S. C., and Girish, C. (2006). Hepatoprotective herbal drug, silymarin from experimental pharmacology to clinical medicine. Indian J. Med. Res. 124, 491-504.
130. Prakash, A., Satyan, K. S., Wahi, S. P., and Singh, R. P. (1995). Comparative hepatoprotective activity of three Phyllanthus species, P. urinaria, P. niruri and P. simplex, on carbon tetrachloride induced liver injury in the rat. Phytother. Res. 9, 594-596. doi: 10.1002/ptr.2650090813
131. Pramyothin, P., Udomuksorn, W., Poungshompoo, S., and Chaichantipyuth, C. (1994). Hepatoprotective effect of Andrographis paniculata and its constituent, andrographolide, on ethanol hepatotoxicity in rats. Asia Pac. J. Pharmacol. 9, 73-78.
132. Puri, A., Saxena, R., Saxena, R. P., Saxena, K. C., Srivastava, V., and Tandon, J. S. (1993). Immunostimulant agents from Andrographis paniculata. J. Nat. Prod. 56, 995-999. doi: 10.1021/np50097a002
133. Qian-Cutrone, J., Huang, S., Trimble, J., Li, H., Lin, P. F., Alam, M., et al. (1996). Niruriside, a new HIV REV/RRE binding inhibitor from Phyllanthus niruri. J. Nat. Prod. 59, 196-199. doi: 10.1021/np9600560
134. Rajurkar, N. S., and Pardeshi, B. M. (1997). Analysis of some herbal plants from India used in the control of diabetes mellitus byNAA and AAS techniques. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 48, 1059-1062. doi: 10.1016/S0969-8043(97)00103-6
135. Ramellini, G., and Meldolesi, J. (1974). Stabilization of isolated rat liver plasma membranes by treatment in vitro with silymarin. Arzneimittelforschung 24, 806-808.
136. Raphael, T. J., and Kuttan, G. (2003). Effect of naturally occurring triterpenoids glycyrrhizic acid, ursolic acid, oleanolic acid and nomilin on the immune system. Phytomedicine 10, 483-489. doi: 10.1078/094471103322331421
137. Row, L. R., Srinivasulu, C., Smith, M., and Rao, G. S. R. S. (1966). Crystalline constituents of euphorbiaceae-V. Tetrahedron 22, 2899-2908. doi: 10.1016/S0040-4020(01)99083-0
138. Rush, G. F., Gorski, J. R., Ripple, M. G., Sowinski, J., Bugelski, P., and Hewitt, W. R. (1985). Organic hydroperoxide-induced lipid peroxidation and cell death in isolated hepatocytes. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 78, 473-483. doi: 10.1016/0041-008X(85)90255-8
139. Sabouri Ghannad, M., Mohammadi, A., Safiallahy, S., Faradmal, J., Azizi, M., and Ahmadvand, Z. (2014). The effect of aqueous extract of Glycyrrhiza glabra on herpes simplex virus 1. Jundishapur J. Microbiol. 7:e11616. doi: 10.5812/jjm.11616
140. Salmi, H., and Sarna, S. (1982). Effect of silymarin on chemical, functional, and morphological alterations of the liver: a double-blind controlled study. Scand. J.Gastroenterol. 17, 517-521. doi: 10.3109/00365528209182242
141. Sanchez de Medina, F., Vera, B., Galvez, J., and Zarzuelo, A. (2002). Effect of quercitrin on the early stages of hapten induced colonic inflammation in the rat. Life Sci. 70, 3097-3108. doi: 10.1016/S0024-3205(02)01568-0
142. Santos, A. R., Filho, V. C., Niero, R., Viana, A. M., Moreno, F. N., Campos, M. M., et al. (1994). Analgesic effects of callus culture extracts from selected species of Phyllanthus in mice. J. Pharm. Pharmacol. 46, 755-759. doi: 10.1111/j.2042-7158.1994.tb03897.x
143. Saraswat, B., Visen, P. K. S., Patnaik, G. K., and Dhawan, B. N. (1995). Effect of andrographolide against galactosamine-induced hepatotoxicity. Fitoterapia 66, 415-420.
144. Sarkar, R., Hazra, B., and Mandal, N. (2012). Reducing power and iron chelating property of Terminalia chebula (Retz.) alleviates iron induced liver toxicity in mice. BMC Complement. Altern. Med. 12:144. doi: 10.1186/1472-6882-12-144
145. Satomi, Y., Nishino, H., and Shibata, S. (2005). Glycyrrhetinic acid and related compounds induce G1 arrest and apoptosis in human hepatocellular carcinoma HepG2. Anticancer Res. 25, 4043-4047.
146. Schuppan, D., Jia, J., Brinkhaus, B., and Hahn, E. G. (1999). Herbal products for liver diseases: a therapeutic challenge for the new millennium. Hepatology 30, 1099-1104. doi: 10.1002/hep.510300437
147. Sharma, A., and Rathore, H. S. (2010). Prevention of acetaminophen induced hepatorenal toxicity in mice with fruits of Terminalia chebula (Myrobalan). Thai. J. Toxicol. 25, 144-153.
148. Sharma, A., Singh, R. T., Sehgal, V., and Handa, S. S. (1991). Antihepatotoxic activity of some plants used in herbal formulations. Fitoterapia 62, 131-138. doi: 10.1016/j.fitote.2015.01.001
149. Shebl, R. I., Amin, M. A., Emad-Eldin, A., BinDajem, S. M., Mostafa, A. S., Ibrahim, E. H., et al. (2012). Antiviral activity of liquorice powder extract against varicella zoster virus isolated from Egyptian patients. Chang Gung Med. J. 35, 231-239.
150. Shen, Y.-C., Chen, C.-F., and Chiou, W.-F. (2002). Andrographolide prevents oxygen radical production by human neutrophils: possible mechanism(s) involved in its anti-inflammatory effect. Br. J. Pharmacol. 135, 399-406. doi: 10.1038/sj.bjp.0704493
151. Shibata, S. (2000). A drug over the millennia: pharmacognosy, chemistry, and pharmacology of licorice. J. Pharm. Soc. Jpn. 120, 849-862. doi: 10.1248/yakushi1947.120.10_849
152. Shiki, Y., Shirai, K., Saito, Y., Yoshida, S. H. O., Mori, Y., and Wakashin, M. (1992). Effect of glycyrrhizin on lysis of hepatocyte membranes induced by anti-liver cell membrane antibody. J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 7, 12-16. doi: 10.1111/j.1440-1746.1992.tb00927.x
153. Shimizu, M., Horie, S., Terashima, S., Ueno, H., Hayashi, T., Arisawa, M., et al. (1989). Studies on aldose reductase inhibitors from natural products. II. Active components of a Paraguayan crude drug "Para-parai mi," Phyllanthus niruri. Chem. Pharm. Bull. 37, 2531-2532. doi: 10.1248/cpb.37.2531
154. Shisheva, A., and Shechter, Y. (1992). Quercetin selectively inhibits insulin receptor function in vitro and the bioresponses of insulin and insulinomimetic agents in rat adipocytes. Biochemistry 31, 8059-8063.
155. Šimanek, V., Kren, V., Ulrichová, J.,Vicar, J., and Cvak, L. (2000). Silymarin: what is in the name? An appeal for a change of editorial policy. Hepatology 32, 442-444. doi: 10.1021/bi00149a041
156. Singh, R. P., Banerjee, S., and Rao, A. R. (2001). Modulatory influence of Andrographis paniculata on mouse hepatic and extrahepatic carcinogen metabolizing enzymes and antioxidant status. Phytother. Res. 15, 382-390. doi: 10.1053/jhep.2000.9770
157. Srividya, N., and Periwal, S. (1995). Diuretic, hypotensive and hypoglycaemic effect of Phyllanthus amarus. Indian J. Exp. Biol. 33, 861-864. doi: 10.1002/ptr.730
158. Suolinna, E. M., Lang, D. R., and Racker, E. (1974). Quercetin, an artificial regulator of the high aerobic glycolysis of tumor cells. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 53, 1515-1519.
159. Suzuki, H. (1983). Effects of glycyrrhizin on biochemical tests in patients with chronic hepatitis. Double Blind Trial Asian Med. J. 26, 423-438. doi: 10.1093/jnci/53.5.1515
160. Suzuki, H., Ohta, Y., Takino, T., Fujisawa, K., Hirayama, C., Shimizu, N., et al. (1977). The therapeutic effects of stronger neo minophagen C for chronic hepatitis. Igaku No Ayumi 102, 562-568.
161. Syamasundar, K. V., Singh, B., Thakur, R. S., Husain, A., Kiso, Y., and Hikino, H. (1985). Antihepatotoxic principles of Phyllanthus niruri herbs. J. Ethnopharmacol. 14, 41-44.
162. Takahara, T., Watanabe, A., and Shiraki, K. (1994). Effects of glycyrrhizin on hepatitis B surface antigen: a biochemical and morphological study. J. Hepatol. 21, 601-609. doi: 10.1016/S0168-8278(94)80108-8
163. Tanaka, N., Yamamura, Y., Santa, T., Kotaki, H., Uchino, K., Sawada, Y., et al. (1993). Pharmacokinetic profiles of glycyrrhizin in patients with chronic hepatitis. Biopharm. Drug Dispos. 14, 609-614. doi: 10.1016/S0168-8278(94)80108-8
164. Tănăsescu, C., Petrea, S., Băldescu, R., Macarie, E., Chiriloiu, C., and Purice, S. (1987). Use of the Romanian product Silimarina in the treatment of chronic liver diseases. Med. Interne 26, 311-322. doi: 10.1002/bdd.2510140707
165. Tandon, A., Tandon, B. N., and Bhujwala, R. A. (2001). Treatment of subacute hepatitis with lamivudine and intravenous glycyrrhizin: a pilot study. Hepatol. Res. 20, 1-8. doi: 10.1016/S1386-6346(00)00123-6
166. Tandon, A., Tandon, B. N., and Bhujwala, R. A. (2002). Clinical spectrum of acute sporadic hepatitis E and possible benefit of glycyrrhizin therapy. Hepatol. Res. 23, 55-61. doi: 10.1016/S1386-6346(01)00155-3
167. Tasaduq, S. A., Singh, K., Sethi, S., Sharma, S. C., Bedi, K. L., Singh, J., et al. (2003). Hepatocurative and antioxidant profile of HP-1, a polyherbal phytomedicine. Hum. Exp. Toxicol. 22, 639-645. doi: 10.1191/0960327103ht406oa
168. Tasduq, S. A., Singh, K., Satti, N. K., Gupta, D. K., Suri, K. A., and Johri, R. K. (2006). Terminalia chebula (fruit) prevents liver toxicity caused by sub-chronic administration of rifampicin, isoniazid and pyrazinamide in combination. Hum. Exp. Toxicol. 25, 111-118. doi: 10.1191/0960327106ht601oa
169. Thai Pharmacopoeia Committee (1995). Thai herbal pharmacopoeia. Depart. Med. Sci. 1, 51-56.
170. Thyagarajan, S. P., Thirunalasundari, T., Subramanian, S., Venkateswaran, P. S., and Blumberg, B. S. (1988). Effect of phyllanthus amarus on chronic carriers of hepatitis b virus. Lancet 332, 764-766. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(88)92416-6
171. Trivedi, N., and Rawal, U. M. (2000). Hepatoprotective and toxicological evaluation of Andrographis paniculata on severe liver damage. Ind. J. Pharmacol. 32, 288-293.
172. Uesato, S., Kitagawa, Y., Kamishimoto, M., Kumagai, A., Hori, H., and Nagasawa, H. (2001). Inhibition of green tea catechins against the growth of cancerous human colon and hepatic epithelial cells. Cancer Lett. 170, 41-44. doi: 10.1016/S0304-3835(01)00571-7
173. Ullah, M., Khan, M. U., Mahmood, A., Malik, R. N., Hussain, M., Wazir, S. M., et al. (2013). An ethnobotanical survey of indigenous medicinal plants in Wana district south Waziristan agency. Pak. J. Ethnopharmacol. 150, 918-924. doi: 10.1016/j.jep.2013.09.032
174. Ulmann, A., Menard, J., and Corvol, P. (1975). Binding of glycyrrhetinic acid to kidney mineralocorticoid and glucocorticoid receptors. Endocrinology 97, 46-51. doi: 10.1210/endo-97-1-46
175. Umarani, D., Devaki, T., Govindaraju, P., and Shanmugasundaram, K. R. (1985). Ethanol induced metabolic alterations and the effect of Phyllanthus niruri in their reversal. Anc. Sci. Life 4, 174-180.
176. Unander, D. W., and Blumberg, B. S. (1991). In vitro activity of Phyllanthus (Euphorbiaceae) species against theDNA polymerase of hepatitis viruses: effects of growing environment and inter- and intra-specific differences. Econ. Bot. 45, 225-242. doi: 10.1007/BF02862050
177. Unander, D. W., Webster, G. L., and Blumberg, B. S. (1990). Records of usage or assays in Phyllanthus (Euphorbiaceae) I. Subgenera Isocladus, Kirganelia, Cicca and Emblica. J. Ethnopharmacol. 30, 233-264. doi: 10.1016/0378-8741(90)90105-3
178. Unander, D. W., Webster, G. L., and Blumberg, B. S. (1991). Uses and bioassays in Phyllanthus (Euphorbiaceae): a compilation. II. The subgenus Phyllanthus. J. Ethnopharmacol. 34, 97-133. doi: 10.1016/0378-8741(91)90029-D
179. Unander, D. W., Webster, G. L., and Blumberg, B. S. (1992). Usage and bioassays in Phyllanthus (Euphorbiaceae): a compilation III. The subgenera Eriococcus, Conami, Gomphidium, Botryanthus, Xylophylla and Phyllanthodendron, and a complete list of the species cited in the three-part series. J. Ethnopharmacol. 36, 103-112. doi: 10.1016/0378-8741(92)90009-G
180. Unander, D. W., Webster, G. L., and Blumberg, B. S. (1995). Usage and bioassays in Phyllanthus (Euphorbiaceae). IV. Clustering of antiviral uses and other effects. J. Ethnopharmacol. 45, 1-18. doi: 10.1016/0378-8741(94)01189-7
181. Utsumi, K. (1984). Action of glycyrrhizin on biomembrane [in Japanese]. Proc. Symp. Liver Glycyrrhizin 104.
182. van Rossum, T. G., Vulto, A. G., Hop, W. C., Brouwer, J. T., Niesters, H. G., and Schalm, S. W. (1999). Intravenous glycyrrhizin for the treatment of chronic hepatitis C: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled phase I/II trial. J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 14, 1093-1099. doi: 10.1046/j.1440-1746.1999.02008.x
183. van Rossum, T. G., Vulto, A. G., Hop, W. C., and Schalm, S. W. (2001). Glycyrrhizin-induced reduction of ALT in European patients with chronic hepatitis C. Am. J. Gastroenterol. 96, 2432-2437. doi: 10.1111/j.1572-0241.2001.04049.x
184. Varshney, I. P., Jain, D. C., and Srivastava, H. C. (1983). Study of saponins from Glycyrrhiza glabra root. Int. J. Crude Drug Res. 21, 169-172. doi: 10.3109/13880208309070637
185. Veldt, B. J., Hansen, B. E., Ikeda, K., Verhey, E., Suzuki, H., and Schalm, S. W. (2006). Long-term clinical outcome and effect of glycyrrhizin in 1093 chronic hepatitis C patients with non-response or relapse to interferon. Scand. J. Gastroenterol. 41, 1087-1094. doi: 10.1080/00365520600641365
186. Venkateswaran, P. S., Millman, I., and Blumberg, B. S. (1987). Effects of an extract from Phyllanthus niruri on hepatitis B and woodchuck hepatitis viruses: in vitro and in vivo studies. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 84, 274-278. doi: 10.1073/pnas.84.1.274
187. Visen, P. K. S., Shukia, B., Patnaik, G. K., and Dhawan, B. N. (1993). Andrographolide protects rat hepatocytes against paracetamol-induced damage. J. Ethnopharmacol. 40, 131-136. doi: 10.1016/0378-8741(93)90058-D
188. Wagner, H., Diesel, P., and Seitz, M. (1974). The chemistry and analysis of silymarin from Silybum marianum Gaertn. Arzneimittelforschung 24, 466-471.
189. Wakamatsu, T., Nakahashi, Y., Hachimine, D., Seki, T., and Okazaki, K. (2007). The combination of glycyrrhizin and lamivudine can reverse the cisplatin resistance in hepatocellular carcinoma cells through inhibition of multidrug resistance-associated proteins. Int. J. Oncol. 31, 1465-1472. doi: 10.3892/ijo.31.6.1465
190. Wang, B. E. (2000). Treatment of chronic liver diseases with traditional Chinese medicine. J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 15(Suppl.), E67-E70. doi: 10.1046/j.1440-1746.2000.02100.x
191. Wang, L., Yang, R., Yuan, B., Liu, Y., and Liu, C. (2015). The antiviral and antimicrobial activities of licorice, a widely-used Chinese herb. Acta Pharm. Sin. B 5, 310-315. doi: 10.1016/j.apsb.2015.05.005
192. Wang, M., Cheng, H., Li, Y., Meng, L., Zhao, G., and Mai, K. (1995). Herbs of the genus Phyllanthus in the treatment of chronic hepatitis B: observations with three preparations from different geographic sites. J. Lab. Clin. Med. 126, 350-352.
193. Wang, Y., Kong, L., and Chen, Y. (2005). Behavioural and biochemical effects of fractions prepared from Banxia houpu decoction in depression models in mice. Phytother. Res. 19, 526-529. doi: 10.1002/ptr.1697
194. Wang, Z., Okamoto, M., Kurosaki, Y., Nakayama, T., and Kimura, T. (1996). Pharmacokinetics of glycyrrhizin in rats with D-galactosamine-induced hepatic disease. Biol. Pharm. Bull. 19, 901-904. doi: 10.1248/bpb.19.901
195. Watari, N. (1973). An electronmicroscopic study of the effects of glycyrrhizin on experimentally injured liver. Mini Med. Rev. 11, 12-17.
196. Wellington, K., and Jarvis, B. (2001). Silymarin: a review of its clinical properties in the management of hepatic disorders. BioDrugs 15, 465-489. doi: 10.2165/00063030-200115070-00005
197. WHO (1999). WHO Monographs on Selected Medicinal Plants, Vol. 2. Geneva: World Health Organization.
198. Williamson, E. M. (2003). "Liquorice," in Potter's Cyclopedia of Herbal Medicines. ed. C. W. Daniels (Saffron Walden: C. W. Daniels), 269-271.
199. Wong, W., Wu, P., Yuen, M., Cheng, C., Yew, W., Wong, P., et al. (2000). Antituberculosis drug-related liver dysfunction in chronic hepatitis B infection. Hepatology 31, 201-206. doi: 10.1002/hep.510310129
200. Xu, H. (1986). Oriental materia medica: a concise guide. New Canaan, CT: Keats Publishing.
201. Yamamoto, S., Maekawa, Y., Imamura, M., and Hisajima, T. (1958). Treatment of hepatitis with the antiallergic drug, Stronger Neo-Minophagen C. Clin. Med. Pediatr. 13:73.
202. Yamamura, Y., Tanaka, N., Santa, T., Kotaki, H., Aikawa, T., Uchino, K., et al. 1995). The relationship between pharmacokinetic behaviour of glycyrrhizin and hepatic function in patients with acute hepatitis and liver cirrhosis. Biopharm. Drug Dispos. 16, 13-21. doi: 10.1002/bdd.2510160103
203. Yang, R., Yuan, B.-C., Ma, Y.-S., Zhou, S., and Liu, Y. (2016). The antiinflammatory activity of licorice, a widely used Chinese Herb. Pharm. Biol. 55, 5-18. doi: 10.1080/13880209.2016.1225775
204. Yarnell, E. (1997). Botanical medicine for cystitis. J. Altern. Complement. Med. 3, 269-275. doi: 10.1089/act.1997.3.269
205. Yeasmin, T., Akhter, Q. S., Tasnim, M., and Jahan, S. (2016). Hepatoprotective effect of Terminalia chebula (Haritaki) on serum bilirubin in paracetamol induced liver damage in wister albino rats. Dinajpur. Med. Col. J. 9, 78-83.
206. Yeh, S. F., Hong, C. Y., Huang, Y. L., Liu, T. Y., Choo, K. B., and Chou, C. K. (1993). Effect of an extract from Phyllanthus amarus on hepatitis B surface antigen gene expression in human hepatoma cells. Antiviral Res. 20, 185-192. doi: 10.1016/0166-3542(93)90019-F
207. Yoshikawa, M., Matsui, Y., Kawamoto, H., Umemoto, N., Oku, K., Koizumi, M., et al. (1997). Effects of glycyrrhizin on immune-mediated cytotoxicity. J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 12, 243-248. doi: 10.1111/j.1440-1746.1997.tb00416.x
208. Yu, J.-Y., Ha, J. Y., Kim, K.-M., Jung, Y.-S., Jung, J.-C., and Oh, S. (2015). Anti-Inflammatory activities of licorice extract and its active compounds, glycyrrhizic acid, liquiritin and liquiritigenin, in BV2 cells and mice liver. Molecules 20, 13041-13054. doi: 10.3390/molecules200713041