메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 27, Issue 3, 2018, Pages 325-333

Comparing the cytotoxicity of electronic cigarette fluids, aerosols and solvents

Author keywords

aerosol; cytotoxicity; electronic cigarettes; flavors; refill fluid; vegetable glycerin

Indexed keywords

FLAVORING AGENT; SOLVENT;

EID: 85026290020     PISSN: 09644563     EISSN: 14683318     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2016-053472     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (112)

References (68)
  • 1
    • 84922022139 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Four hundred and sixty brands of e-cigarettes and counting: implications for product regulation
    • Zhu SH, Sun JY, Bonnevie E, et al. Four hundred and sixty brands of e-cigarettes and counting: implications for product regulation. Tob Control 2014; 23 (Suppl 3): iii3-iii9. doi:10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2014-051670
    • (2014) Tob Control , vol.233 , pp. iii3-iii9
    • Zhu, S.H.1    Sun, J.Y.2    Bonnevie, E.3
  • 3
    • 84956641113 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Has the mist been peered through? Revisiting the building blocks of human health risk assessment for electronic cigarette use
    • Meng Q, Schwander S, Son Y, et al. Has the mist been peered through? Revisiting the building blocks of human health risk assessment for electronic cigarette use. Human and Ecological Risk Assessment: An International Journal 2016; 22: 558-79. doi:10.1080/10807039.2015.1100064
    • (2016) Human and Ecological Risk Assessment: An International Journal , vol.22 , pp. 558-579
    • Meng, Q.1    Schwander, S.2    Son, Y.3
  • 4
    • 84922459945 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Nicotine concentrations in electronic cigarette refill and do-it-yourself fluids
    • Davis B, Dang M, Kim J, et al. Nicotine concentrations in electronic cigarette refill and do-it-yourself fluids. Nicotine Tob Res 2015; 17: 134-41. doi:10.1093/ntr/ntu080
    • (2015) Nicotine Tob Res , vol.17 , pp. 134-141
    • Davis, B.1    Dang, M.2    Kim, J.3
  • 5
    • 78751689259 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Conventional and electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) have different smoking characteristics
    • Trtchounian A, Williams M, Talbot P. Conventional and electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) have different smoking characteristics. Nicotine Tob Res 2010; 12: 905-12. doi:10.1093/ntr/ntq114
    • (2010) Nicotine Tob Res , vol.12 , pp. 905-912
    • Trtchounian, A.1    Williams, M.2    Talbot, P.3
  • 6
    • 84974845926 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Potential health effects of electronic cigarettes: a systematic review of case reports
    • Hua M, Talbot P. Potential health effects of electronic cigarettes: a systematic review of case reports. Prev Med Rep 2016; 4: 169-78. doi:10.1016/j.pmedr.2016.06.002
    • (2016) Prev Med Rep , vol.4 , pp. 169-178
    • Hua, M.1    Talbot, P.2
  • 7
    • 84987880955 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Flavourings significantly affect inhalation toxicity of aerosol generated from electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS)
    • Leigh NJ, Lawton RI, Hershberger PA, et al. Flavourings significantly affect inhalation toxicity of aerosol generated from electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS). Tob Control 2016; 25 (Suppl 2): ii81-ii87. doi:10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2016-053205
    • (2016) Tob Control , vol.252 , pp. ii81-ii87
    • Leigh, N.J.1    Lawton, R.I.2    Hershberger, P.A.3
  • 8
    • 85010047118 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Airway exposure to E-Cigarette Vapors impairs autophagy and induces Aggresome formation
    • Shivalingappa PC, Hole R, Westphal CV, et al. Airway exposure to E-Cigarette Vapors impairs autophagy and induces Aggresome formation. Antioxid Redox Signal 2015: 6367-19. doi:10.1089/ars.2015.6367
    • (2015) Antioxid Redox Signal , pp. 6319-6367
    • Shivalingappa, P.C.1    Hole, R.2    Westphal, C.V.3
  • 9
    • 84971413393 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Characterization of Electronic Cigarette Aerosol and its induction of Oxidative stress response in Oral keratinocytes
    • Ji EH, Sun B, Zhao T, et al. Characterization of Electronic Cigarette Aerosol and its induction of Oxidative stress response in Oral keratinocytes. PLoS One 2016; 11: e0154447. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0154447
    • (2016) PLoS One , vol.11 , pp. 154447
    • Ji, E.H.1    Sun, B.2    Zhao, T.3
  • 10
    • 84962388369 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Electronic cigarettes induce DNA strand breaks and cell death independently of nicotine in cell lines
    • Yu V, Rahimy M, Korrapati A, et al. Electronic cigarettes induce DNA strand breaks and cell death independently of nicotine in cell lines. Oral Oncol 2016; 52: 58-65. doi:10.1016/j.oraloncology.2015.10.018
    • (2016) Oral Oncol , vol.52 , pp. 58-65
    • Yu, V.1    Rahimy, M.2    Korrapati, A.3
  • 11
    • 84937404195 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Endothelial disruptive proinflammatory effects of nicotine and e-cigarette vapor exposures
    • Schweitzer KS, Chen SX, Law S, et al. Endothelial disruptive proinflammatory effects of nicotine and e-cigarette vapor exposures. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2015; 309: L175-L187. doi:10.1152/ajplung.00411.2014
    • (2015) Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol , vol.309 , pp. L175-L187
    • Schweitzer, K.S.1    Chen, S.X.2    Law, S.3
  • 12
    • 84961208605 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cytotoxicity and apoptosis induction by e-cigarette fluids in human gingival fibroblasts
    • Sancilio S, Gallorini M, Cataldi A, et al. Cytotoxicity and apoptosis induction by e-cigarette fluids in human gingival fibroblasts. Clin Oral Investig 2016; 20: 477-83. doi:10.1007/s00784-015-1537-x
    • (2016) Clin Oral Investig , vol.20 , pp. 477-483
    • Sancilio, S.1    Gallorini, M.2    Cataldi, A.3
  • 13
    • 84877359359 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Health-related effects reported by electronic cigarette users in online forums
    • Hua M, Alfi M, Talbot P. Health-related effects reported by electronic cigarette users in online forums. J Med Internet Res 2013; 15: e59-14. doi:10.2196/jmir.2324
    • (2013) J Med Internet Res , vol.15 , pp. e59-e114
    • Hua, M.1    Alfi, M.2    Talbot, P.3
  • 14
    • 84979784036 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Analysis of symptoms and their potential associations with e-liquids' components: a social media study
    • Li Q, Zhan Y, Wang L, et al. Analysis of symptoms and their potential associations with e-liquids' components: a social media study. BMC Public Health 2016; 16: 674. doi:10.1186/s12889-016-3326-0
    • (2016) BMC Public Health , vol.16 , pp. 674
    • Li, Q.1    Zhan, Y.2    Wang, L.3
  • 15
    • 84872840542 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • FDA summary of adverse events on electronic cigarettes
    • Chen IL. FDA summary of adverse events on electronic cigarettes. Nicotine Tob Res 2013; 15: 615-6. doi:10.1093/ntr/nts145
    • (2013) Nicotine Tob Res , vol.15 , pp. 615-616
    • Chen, I.L.1
  • 16
    • 84959138535 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Electronic cigarettes: analysis of FDA adverse experience reports in non-users
    • Durmowicz EL, Rudy SF, Chen IL. Electronic cigarettes: analysis of FDA adverse experience reports in non-users. Tob Control 2016; 25. doi:10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2015-052235
    • (2016) Tob Control , vol.25
    • Durmowicz, E.L.1    Rudy, S.F.2    Chen, I.L.3
  • 17
    • 84875165218 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Metal and silicate particles including nanoparticles are present in electronic cigarette cartomizer fluid and aerosol
    • Williams M, Villarreal A, Bozhilov K, et al. Metal and silicate particles including nanoparticles are present in electronic cigarette cartomizer fluid and aerosol. PLoS One 2013; 8: e57987-11. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0057987
    • (2013) PLoS One , vol.8 , pp. 57987-579811
    • Williams, M.1    Villarreal, A.2    Bozhilov, K.3
  • 18
    • 84922744671 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Environmental health hazards of e-cigarettes and their components: oxidants and copper in e-cigarette aerosols
    • Lerner CA, Sundar IK, Watson RM, et al. Environmental health hazards of e-cigarettes and their components: oxidants and copper in e-cigarette aerosols. Environ Pollut 2015; 198: 100-7. doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2014.12.033
    • (2015) Environ Pollut , vol.198 , pp. 100-107
    • Lerner, C.A.1    Sundar, I.K.2    Watson, R.M.3
  • 19
    • 84902822422 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Use of electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) impairs indoor air quality and increases FeNO levels of e-cigarette consumers
    • Schober W, Szendrei K, Matzen W, et al. Use of electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) impairs indoor air quality and increases FeNO levels of e-cigarette consumers. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2014; 217: 628-37. doi:10.1016/j.ijheh.2013.11.003
    • (2014) Int J Hyg Environ Health , vol.217 , pp. 628-637
    • Schober, W.1    Szendrei, K.2    Matzen, W.3
  • 20
    • 84922444070 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evaluation of electronic cigarette liquids and aerosol for the presence of selected inhalation toxins
    • Farsalinos KE, Kistler KA, Gillman G, et al. Evaluation of electronic cigarette liquids and aerosol for the presence of selected inhalation toxins. Nicotine Tob Res 2015; 17: 168-74. doi:10.1093/ntr/ntu176
    • (2015) Nicotine Tob Res , vol.17 , pp. 168-174
    • Farsalinos, K.E.1    Kistler, K.A.2    Gillman, G.3
  • 21
    • 84889561299 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Identification of toxicants in cinnamon-flavored electronic cigarette refill fluids
    • Behar RZ, Davis B, Wang Y, et al. Identification of toxicants in cinnamon-flavored electronic cigarette refill fluids. Toxicology in Vitro 2014; 28: 198-208. doi:10.1016/j.tiv.2013.10.006
    • (2014) Toxicology in Vitro , vol.28 , pp. 198-208
    • Behar, R.Z.1    Davis, B.2    Wang, Y.3
  • 22
    • 84985991232 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Emissions from electronic cigarettes: key parameters affecting the Release of Harmful Chemicals
    • Sleiman M, Logue JM, Montesinos VN, et al. Emissions from electronic cigarettes: key parameters affecting the Release of Harmful Chemicals. Environ Sci Technol 2016; 50: 9644-51. doi:10.1021/acs.est.6b01741
    • (2016) Environ Sci Technol , vol.50 , pp. 9644-9651
    • Sleiman, M.1    Logue, J.M.2    Montesinos, V.N.3
  • 23
    • 84921466573 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Hidden formaldehyde in e-cigarette aerosols
    • Jensen RP, Luo W, Pankow JF, et al. Hidden formaldehyde in e-cigarette aerosols. N Engl J Med 2015; 372: 392-4. doi:10.1056/NEJMc1413069
    • (2015) N Engl J Med , vol.372 , pp. 392-394
    • Jensen, R.P.1    Luo, W.2    Pankow, J.F.3
  • 24
    • 84905035301 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Carbonyl compounds in Electronic Cigarette Vapors: effects of Nicotine Solvent and Battery output voltage
    • Kosmider L, Sobczak A, Fik M, et al. Carbonyl compounds in Electronic Cigarette Vapors: effects of Nicotine Solvent and Battery output voltage. Nicotine & Tobacco Research 2014; 16: 1319-26. doi:10.1093/ntr/ntu078
    • (2014) Nicotine & Tobacco Research , vol.16 , pp. 1319-1326
    • Kosmider, L.1    Sobczak, A.2    Fik, M.3
  • 25
    • 79954612185 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A revisited picture of the mechanism of glycerol dehydration
    • Laino T, Tuma C, Curioni A, et al. A revisited picture of the mechanism of glycerol dehydration. J Phys Chem A 2011; 115: 3592-5. doi:10.1021/jp201078e
    • (2011) J Phys Chem A , vol.115 , pp. 3592-3595
    • Laino, T.1    Tuma, C.2    Curioni, A.3
  • 26
    • 84861016257 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mechanisms of propylene glycol and triacetin pyrolysis
    • Laino T, Tuma C, Moor P, et al. Mechanisms of propylene glycol and triacetin pyrolysis. J Phys Chem A 2012; 116: 4602-9. doi:10.1021/jp300997d
    • (2012) J Phys Chem A , vol.116 , pp. 4602-4609
    • Laino, T.1    Tuma, C.2    Moor, P.3
  • 27
    • 84866168663 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Comparison of electronic cigarette refill fluid cytotoxicity using embryonic and adult models
    • Bahl V, Lin S, Xu N, et al. Comparison of electronic cigarette refill fluid cytotoxicity using embryonic and adult models. Reprod Toxicol 2012; 34: 529-37. doi:10.1016/j.reprotox.2012.08.001
    • (2012) Reprod Toxicol , vol.34 , pp. 529-537
    • Bahl, V.1    Lin, S.2    Xu, N.3
  • 28
    • 84987887522 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Distribution, quantification and toxicity of cinnamaldehyde in electronic cigarette refill fluids and aerosols
    • Behar RZ, Luo W, Lin SC, et al. Distribution, quantification and toxicity of cinnamaldehyde in electronic cigarette refill fluids and aerosols. Tob Control 2016; 25 (Suppl 2): ii94-ii102. doi:10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2016-053224
    • (2016) Tob Control , vol.252 , pp. ii94-ii102
    • Behar, R.Z.1    Luo, W.2    Lin, S.C.3
  • 29
    • 84874201319 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mining data on usage of electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS) from YouTube videos
    • Hua M, Yip H, Talbot P. Mining data on usage of electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS) from YouTube videos. Tob Control 2013; 22: 103-6. doi:10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2011-050226
    • (2013) Tob Control , vol.22 , pp. 103-106
    • Hua, M.1    Yip, H.2    Talbot, P.3
  • 30
    • 77956672918 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Altered fibroblast proteoglycan production in COPD
    • Hallgren O, Nihlberg K, Dahlbäck M, et al. Altered fibroblast proteoglycan production in COPD. Respir Res 2010; 11: 55. doi:10.1186/1465-9921-11-55
    • (2010) Respir Res , vol.11 , pp. 55
    • Hallgren, O.1    Nihlberg, K.2    Dahlbäck, M.3
  • 31
    • 79959993129 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mouse and human lung fibroblasts regulate dendritic cell trafficking, airway inflammation, and fibrosis through integrin αvβ8-mediated activation of TGF-β
    • Kitamura H, Cambier S, Somanath S, et al. Mouse and human lung fibroblasts regulate dendritic cell trafficking, airway inflammation, and fibrosis through integrin αvβ8-mediated activation of TGF-β. J Clin Invest 2011; 121: 2863-75. doi:10.1172/JCI45589
    • (2011) J Clin Invest , vol.121 , pp. 2863-2875
    • Kitamura, H.1    Cambier, S.2    Somanath, S.3
  • 32
    • 48249116344 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Lung fibroblast repair functions in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease are altered by multiple mechanisms
    • Togo S, Holz O, Liu X, et al. Lung fibroblast repair functions in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease are altered by multiple mechanisms. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2008; 178: 248-60. doi:10.1164/rccm.200706-929OC
    • (2008) Am J Respir Crit Care Med , vol.178 , pp. 248-260
    • Togo, S.1    Holz, O.2    Liu, X.3
  • 33
    • 78650730724 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The origin and identity of embryonic stem cells
    • Nichols J, Smith A. The origin and identity of embryonic stem cells. Development 2011; 138: 3-8. doi:10.1242/dev.050831
    • (2011) Development , vol.138 , pp. 3-8
    • Nichols, J.1    Smith, A.2
  • 34
    • 79952200696 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Methods for culturing mouse and human embryonic stem cells
    • Lin S, Talbot P. Methods for culturing mouse and human embryonic stem cells. Methods Mol Biol 2011; 690: 31-56. doi:10.1007/978-1-60761-962-8_2
    • (2011) Methods Mol Biol , vol.690 , pp. 31-56
    • Lin, S.1    Talbot, P.2
  • 35
    • 84870700504 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A method for rapid dose-response screening of environmental chemicals using human embryonic stem cells
    • Behar RZ, Bahl V, Wang Y, et al. A method for rapid dose-response screening of environmental chemicals using human embryonic stem cells. J Pharmacol Toxicol Methods 2012; 66: 238-45. doi:10.1016/j.vascn.2012.07.003
    • (2012) J Pharmacol Toxicol Methods , vol.66 , pp. 238-245
    • Behar, R.Z.1    Bahl, V.2    Wang, Y.3
  • 36
    • 84876497891 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Adaptation of stem cells to 96-well plate assays: use of human embryonic and mouse neural stem cells in the MTT assay
    • Behar RZ, Bahl V, Wang Y, et al. Adaptation of stem cells to 96-well plate assays: use of human embryonic and mouse neural stem cells in the MTT assay. Curr Protoc Stem Cell Biol 2012; Chapter 1: Unit 1C.13. doi:10.1002/9780470151808.sc01c13s23
    • (2012) Curr Protoc Stem Cell Biol , vol.1 , pp. Unit
    • Behar, R.Z.1    Bahl, V.2    Wang, Y.3
  • 37
    • 84889561299 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Identification of toxicants in cinnamon-flavored electronic cigarette refill fluids
    • Behar RZ, Davis B, Wang Y, et al. Identification of toxicants in cinnamon-flavored electronic cigarette refill fluids. Toxicol In Vitro 2014; 28: 198-208. doi:10.1016/j.tiv.2013.10.006
    • (2014) Toxicol In Vitro , vol.28 , pp. 198-208
    • Behar, R.Z.1    Davis, B.2    Wang, Y.3
  • 39
    • 84922717584 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Vapors produced by electronic cigarettes and e-juices with flavorings induce toxicity, oxidative stress, and inflammatory response in lung epithelial cells and in mouse lung
    • Lerner CA, Sundar IK, Yao H, et al. Vapors produced by electronic cigarettes and e-juices with flavorings induce toxicity, oxidative stress, and inflammatory response in lung epithelial cells and in mouse lung. PLoS One 2015; 10: e0116732. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0116732
    • (2015) PLoS One , vol.10 , pp. 116732
    • Lerner, C.A.1    Sundar, I.K.2    Yao, H.3
  • 40
    • 84977578845 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Electronic cigarette exposure triggers neutrophil inflammatory responses
    • Higham A, Rattray NJ, Dewhurst JA, et al. Electronic cigarette exposure triggers neutrophil inflammatory responses. Respir Res 2016; 17: 56. doi:10.1186/s12931-016-0368-x
    • (2016) Respir Res , vol.17 , pp. 56
    • Higham, A.1    Rattray, N.J.2    Dewhurst, J.A.3
  • 41
    • 84907217555 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Electronic cigarette liquid increases inflammation and virus infection in primary human airway epithelial cells
    • Wu Q, Jiang D, Minor M, et al. Electronic cigarette liquid increases inflammation and virus infection in primary human airway epithelial cells. PLoS One 2014; 9: e108342. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0108342
    • (2014) PLoS One , vol.9 , pp. 108342
    • Wu, Q.1    Jiang, D.2    Minor, M.3
  • 42
    • 84949183886 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A C. elegans model of electronic cigarette use: physiological effects of e-liquids in Nematodes
    • Panitz D, Swamy H, Nehrke K. A C. elegans model of electronic cigarette use: physiological effects of e-liquids in Nematodes. BMC Pharmacol Toxicol 2015; 16: 32. doi:10.1186/s40360-015-0030-0
    • (2015) BMC Pharmacol Toxicol , vol.16 , pp. 32
    • Panitz, D.1    Swamy, H.2    Nehrke, K.3
  • 43
    • 84977514600 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Vapours of US and EU Market Leader Electronic Cigarette Brands and Liquids are cytotoxic for human vascular endothelial cells
    • Putzhammer R, Doppler C, Jakschitz T, et al. Vapours of US and EU Market Leader Electronic Cigarette Brands and Liquids are cytotoxic for human vascular endothelial cells. PLoS One 2016; 11: e0157337-15. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0157337
    • (2016) PLoS One , vol.11 , pp. 157337-1573315
    • Putzhammer, R.1    Doppler, C.2    Jakschitz, T.3
  • 44
    • 84908328821 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Comparative in Vitro Toxicity Profile of Electronic and tobacco cigarettes, smokeless tobacco and nicotine replacement therapy Products: e-liquids, extracts and Collected Aerosols
    • Misra M, Leverette R, Cooper B, et al. Comparative in Vitro Toxicity Profile of Electronic and tobacco cigarettes, smokeless tobacco and nicotine replacement therapy Products: e-liquids, extracts and Collected Aerosols. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2014; 11: 11325-47. doi:10.3390/ijerph111111325
    • (2014) Int J Environ Res Public Health , vol.11 , pp. 11325-11347
    • Misra, M.1    Leverette, R.2    Cooper, B.3
  • 45
    • 84878929968 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cytotoxicity evaluation of electronic cigarette vapor extract on cultured mammalian fibroblasts (ClearStream-LIFE): comparison with tobacco cigarette smoke extract
    • Romagna G, Allifranchini E, Bocchietto E, et al. Cytotoxicity evaluation of electronic cigarette vapor extract on cultured mammalian fibroblasts (ClearStream-LIFE): comparison with tobacco cigarette smoke extract. Inhal Toxicol 2013; 25: 354-61. doi:10.3109/08958378.2013.793439
    • (2013) Inhal Toxicol , vol.25 , pp. 354-361
    • Romagna, G.1    Allifranchini, E.2    Bocchietto, E.3
  • 46
    • 84964595349 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cigarette smoke but not electronic cigarette aerosol activates a stress response in human coronary artery endothelial cells in culture
    • Teasdale JE, Newby AC, Timpson NJ, et al. Cigarette smoke but not electronic cigarette aerosol activates a stress response in human coronary artery endothelial cells in culture. Drug Alcohol Depend 2016; 163: 256-60. doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2016.04.020
    • (2016) Drug Alcohol Depend , vol.163 , pp. 256-260
    • Teasdale, J.E.1    Newby, A.C.2    Timpson, N.J.3
  • 47
    • 85006826895 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • E-cigarette aerosols induce lower oxidative stress in vitro when compared to tobacco smoke
    • Taylor M, Carr T, Oke O, et al. E-cigarette aerosols induce lower oxidative stress in vitro when compared to tobacco smoke. Toxicol Mech Methods 2016; 26: 465-76. doi:10.1080/15376516.2016.1222473
    • (2016) Toxicol Mech Methods , vol.26 , pp. 465-476
    • Taylor, M.1    Carr, T.2    Oke, O.3
  • 48
    • 85163353032 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Molecular impact of electronic cigarette aerosol exposure in human bronchial epithelium
    • Moses E, Wang T, Corbett S, et al. Molecular impact of electronic cigarette aerosol exposure in human bronchial epithelium. Toxicol Sci 2016: kfw198.
    • (2016) Toxicol Sci , pp. kfw198
    • Moses, E.1    Wang, T.2    Corbett, S.3
  • 49
    • 84927549632 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evaluation of E-cigarette liquid vapor and mainstream cigarette smoke after direct exposure of primary human bronchial epithelial cells
    • Scheffler S, Dieken H, Krischenowski O, et al. Evaluation of E-cigarette liquid vapor and mainstream cigarette smoke after direct exposure of primary human bronchial epithelial cells. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2015; 12: 3915-25. doi:10.3390/ijerph120403915
    • (2015) Int J Environ Res Public Health , vol.12 , pp. 3915-3925
    • Scheffler, S.1    Dieken, H.2    Krischenowski, O.3
  • 50
    • 84901019653 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Comparative effects between electronic and cigarette smoke in human keratinocytes and epithelial lung cells
    • Cervellati F, Muresan XM, Sticozzi C, et al. Comparative effects between electronic and cigarette smoke in human keratinocytes and epithelial lung cells. Toxicol In Vitro 2014; 28: 999-1005. doi:10.1016/j.tiv.2014.04.012
    • (2014) Toxicol In Vitro , vol.28 , pp. 999-1005
    • Cervellati, F.1    Muresan, X.M.2    Sticozzi, C.3
  • 51
    • 84958653298 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cherry-flavoured electronic cigarettes expose users to the inhalation irritant, benzaldehyde
    • Kosmider L, Sobczak A, Prokopowicz A, et al. Cherry-flavoured electronic cigarettes expose users to the inhalation irritant, benzaldehyde. Thorax 2016; 71: 376-7. doi:10.1136/thoraxjnl-2015-207895
    • (2016) Thorax , vol.71 , pp. 376-377
    • Kosmider, L.1    Sobczak, A.2    Prokopowicz, A.3
  • 52
    • 84977498397 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Airway epithelial cell exposure to distinct e-cigarette liquid flavorings reveals toxicity thresholds and activation of CFTR by the chocolate flavoring 2,5-dimethypyrazine
    • Sherwood CL, Boitano S. Airway epithelial cell exposure to distinct e-cigarette liquid flavorings reveals toxicity thresholds and activation of CFTR by the chocolate flavoring 2,5-dimethypyrazine. Respir Res 2016: 1-11.
    • (2016) Respir Res , pp. 1-11
    • Sherwood, C.L.1    Boitano, S.2
  • 53
    • 34247164124 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Diacetyl-Induced lung disease
    • Harber P, Saechao K, Boomus C. Diacetyl-Induced lung disease. Toxicol Rev 2006; 25: 261-72. doi:10.2165/00139709-200625040-00006
    • (2006) Toxicol Rev , vol.25 , pp. 261-272
    • Harber, P.1    Saechao, K.2    Boomus, C.3
  • 54
    • 32544443173 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evaluation of flavorings-related lung disease risk at six microwave popcorn plants
    • Kanwal R, Kullman G, Piacitelli C, et al. Evaluation of flavorings-related lung disease risk at six microwave popcorn plants. J Occup Environ Med 2006; 48: 149-57. doi:10.1097/01.jom.0000194152.48728.fb
    • (2006) J Occup Environ Med , vol.48 , pp. 149-157
    • Kanwal, R.1    Kullman, G.2    Piacitelli, C.3
  • 55
    • 84865233293 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Respiratory and olfactory cytotoxicity of inhaled 2,3-pentanedione in Sprague-Dawley rats
    • Hubbs AF, Cumpston AM, Goldsmith WT, et al. Respiratory and olfactory cytotoxicity of inhaled 2,3-pentanedione in Sprague-Dawley rats. Am J Pathol 2012; 181: 829-44. doi:10.1016/j.ajpath.2012.05.021
    • (2012) Am J Pathol , vol.181 , pp. 829-844
    • Hubbs, A.F.1    Cumpston, A.M.2    Goldsmith, W.T.3
  • 56
    • 84971576760 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Response to "Comment on € Flavoring Chemicals in E-Cigarettes: Diacetyl, 2,3-Pentanedione, and Acetoin in a Sample of 51 Products, Including Fruit-, Candy-, and Cocktail-Flavored E-Cigarettes'"
    • Allen JG, Flanigan SS, LeBlanc M, et al. Response to "Comment on € Flavoring Chemicals in E-Cigarettes: Diacetyl, 2,3-Pentanedione, and Acetoin in a Sample of 51 Products, Including Fruit-, Candy-, and Cocktail-Flavored E-Cigarettes'". Environ Health Perspect 2016; 124: 1. doi:10.1289/EHP348
    • (2016) Environ Health Perspect , vol.124 , pp. 1
    • Allen, J.G.1    Flanigan, S.S.2    LeBlanc, M.3
  • 57
    • 84910079668 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A systematic review of health effects of electronic cigarettes
    • Pisinger C, Døssing M. A systematic review of health effects of electronic cigarettes. Prev Med 2014; 69: 248-60. doi:10.1016/j.ypmed.2014.10.009
    • (2014) Prev Med , vol.69 , pp. 248-260
    • Pisinger, C.1    Døssing, M.2
  • 58
    • 84924719277 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Success rates with nicotine personal vaporizers: a prospective 6-month pilot study of smokers not intending to quit
    • Polosa R, Caponnetto P, Maglia M, et al. Success rates with nicotine personal vaporizers: a prospective 6-month pilot study of smokers not intending to quit. BMC Public Health 2014; 14: 1159. doi:10.1186/1471-2458-14-1159
    • (2014) BMC Public Health , vol.14 , pp. 1159
    • Polosa, R.1    Caponnetto, P.2    Maglia, M.3
  • 59
    • 84900500097 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effect of smoking abstinence and reduction in asthmatic smokers switching to electronic cigarettes: evidence for harm reversal
    • Polosa R, Morjaria J, Caponnetto P, et al. Effect of smoking abstinence and reduction in asthmatic smokers switching to electronic cigarettes: evidence for harm reversal. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2014; 11: 4965-77. doi:10.3390/ijerph110504965
    • (2014) Int J Environ Res Public Health , vol.11 , pp. 4965-4977
    • Polosa, R.1    Morjaria, J.2    Caponnetto, P.3
  • 60
    • 84929340188 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cardiac development in zebrafish and human embryonic stem cells is inhibited by exposure to tobacco cigarettes and e-cigarettes
    • Palpant NJ, Hofsteen P, Pabon L, et al. Cardiac development in zebrafish and human embryonic stem cells is inhibited by exposure to tobacco cigarettes and e-cigarettes. PLoS One 2015; 10: e0126259. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0126259
    • (2015) PLoS One , vol.10 , pp. 126259
    • Palpant, N.J.1    Hofsteen, P.2    Pabon, L.3
  • 61
    • 84945561378 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Adult behavior in Male mice exposed to E-Cigarette Nicotine Vapors during late prenatal and early Postnatal Life
    • Smith D, Aherrera A, Lopez A, et al. Adult behavior in Male mice exposed to E-Cigarette Nicotine Vapors during late prenatal and early Postnatal Life. PLoS One 2015; 10: e0137953-14. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0137953
    • (2015) PLoS One , vol.10 , pp. 137953-1379514
    • Smith, D.1    Aherrera, A.2    Lopez, A.3
  • 62
    • 84916240405 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Antenatal exposure to e-cigarette vapor as a possible etiology to total colonic necrotizing enterocolitits: a case report
    • Gillen S, Saltzman D. Antenatal exposure to e-cigarette vapor as a possible etiology to total colonic necrotizing enterocolitits: a case report. J Pediatr Surg Case Rep 2014; 2: 536-7. doi:10.1016/j.epsc.2014.10.004
    • (2014) J Pediatr Surg Case Rep , vol.2 , pp. 536-537
    • Gillen, S.1    Saltzman, D.2
  • 63
    • 84942905849 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Knowledge, attitudes, and practice of electronic cigarette use among pregnant women
    • Mark KS, Farquhar B, Chisolm MS, et al. Knowledge, attitudes, and practice of electronic cigarette use among pregnant women. J Addict Med 2015; 9: 266-72. doi:10.1097/ADM.0000000000000128
    • (2015) J Addict Med , vol.9 , pp. 266-272
    • Mark, K.S.1    Farquhar, B.2    Chisolm, M.S.3
  • 64
    • 84910077991 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Perceptions about e-cigarette safety may lead to e-smoking during pregnancy
    • Baeza-Loya S, Viswanath H, Carter A, et al. Perceptions about e-cigarette safety may lead to e-smoking during pregnancy. Bull Menninger Clin 2014; 78: 243-52. doi:10.1521/bumc.2014.78.3.243
    • (2014) Bull Menninger Clin , vol.78 , pp. 243-252
    • Baeza-Loya, S.1    Viswanath, H.2    Carter, A.3
  • 65
    • 84908329920 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Carbonyl compounds generated from electronic cigarettes
    • Bekki K, Uchiyama S, Ohta K, et al. Carbonyl compounds generated from electronic cigarettes. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2014; 11: 11192-200. doi:10.3390/ijerph111111192
    • (2014) Int J Environ Res Public Health , vol.11 , pp. 11192-111200
    • Bekki, K.1    Uchiyama, S.2    Ohta, K.3
  • 66
    • 84966290932 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Determination of Chemical compounds generated from Second-generation E-cigarettes using a Sorbent Cartridge followed by a Two-step Elution Method
    • Uchiyama S, Senoo Y, Hayashida H, et al. Determination of Chemical compounds generated from Second-generation E-cigarettes using a Sorbent Cartridge followed by a Two-step Elution Method. Anal Sci 2016; 32: 549-55. doi:10.2116/analsci.32.549
    • (2016) Anal Sci , vol.32 , pp. 549-555
    • Uchiyama, S.1    Senoo, Y.2    Hayashida, H.3
  • 67
    • 85009152847 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A Device-Independent evaluation of Carbonyl Emissions from Heated Electronic Cigarette Solvents
    • Wang P, Chen W, Liao J, et al. A Device-Independent evaluation of Carbonyl Emissions from Heated Electronic Cigarette Solvents. PLoS One 2017; 12: e0169811. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0169811
    • (2017) PLoS One , vol.12 , pp. 169811
    • Wang, P.1    Chen, W.2    Liao, J.3
  • 68
    • 85104340605 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • E-Cigarette Use among Youth and Young adults
    • U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. E-Cigarette Use among Youth and Young adults. A Report of the Surgeon General 2016: 1-298.
    • (2016) A Report of the Surgeon General , pp. 1-298


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.