Has the mist been peered through? Revisiting the building blocks of human health risk assessment for electronic cigarette use

Human and Ecological Risk Assessment

Volumn 22, Issue 2, 2016, Pages 558-579

  Meng, Qingyu ^a,b,c   Schwander, Stephan ^a,c   Son, Yeongkwon ^a   Rivas, Cesar ^a   Delnevo, Cristine ^a,b,c   Graber, Judith ^a,b,c   Giovenco, Daniel ^a,b   Bruen, Uma ^a   Mathew, Rose ^a   Robson, Mark ^a,c,d  

^a RUTGERS SCHOOL OF PUBLIC HEALTH   (United States)

^b RUTGERS UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^c RUTGERS UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^d RUTGERS UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

electronic cigarette; exposure assessment; meta analysis

Indexed keywords

EID: 84956641113     PISSN: 10807039     EISSN: 15497860     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/10807039.2015.1100064     Document Type: Article

References (86)

1. AMESA. 2015. E-liquid Manufacturing Standards, Ver. 2.02: American E-Liquid Manufacturing Standards Association
2. B.Asgharian, O.T.Price, M.Oldham, et al. 2014. Computational modeling of nanoscale and microscale particle deposition, retention and dosimetry in the mouse respiratory tract. Inhal Toxicol 26(14): 829–42. doi:10.3109/08958378.2014.935535
3. V.Bahl, S.Lin, N.Xu, et al. 2012. Comparison of electronic cigarette refill fluid cytotoxicity using embryonic and adult models. Reprod Toxicol 34(4):529–37. doi: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2012.08.001
4. R.R.Baker and L.J.Bishop. 2004. The pyrolysis of tobacco ingredients. J Analy Appl Pyrol 71(1):223–311
5. R.R.Baker, J.R.P.da Silva, and G.Smith. 2004. The effect of tobacco ingredients on smoke chemistry. Part I: Flavourings and additives. Food Chem Toxicol 42:3–37
6. M.Ballbè, J.M.Martínez-Sánchez, X.Sureda, et al. 2014. Cigarettes vs. e-cigarettes: Passive exposure at home measured by means of airborne marker and biomarkers. Environ Res 135:76–80. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2014.09.005
7. R.Behar, B.Davis, Y.Wang, et al. 2014. Identification of toxicants in cinnamon-flavored electronic cigarette refill fluids. Toxicology in Vitro 28(2):198–208
8. N.L.Benowitz and M.L.Goniewicz. 2013. The regulatory challenge of electronic cigarettes. Jama-JAMA 310(7):685–6. doi: 10.1001/jama.2013.109501
9. A.Bhatnagar, L.P.Whitsel, K.M.Ribisl, et al. 2014. Electronic cigarettes: A policy statement from the American Heart Association. Circulation 130(16):1418–36
10. I.Burstyn 2014. Peering through the mist: Systematic review of what the chemistry of contaminants in electronic cigarettes tells us about health risks. BMC Publ Health 14. doi:10.1186/1471-2458-14-18
11. D.Bush and M.L.Goniewicz. 2015. A pilot study on nicotine residues in houses of electronic cigarette (e-cigarette) users, tobacco smokers, and non-users of nicotine-containing products. Inter J Drug Policy 26(6):609–11
12. F.Cervellati, X.M.Muresan, C.Sticozzi, et al. 2014. Comparative effects between electronic and cigarette smoke in human keratinocytes and epithelial lung cells. Toxicol in Vitro 28(5): 999–1005. doi:10.1016/j.tiv.2014.04.012
13. I.L.Chen 2013. FDA Summary of adverse events on electronic cigarettes. Nicotine & Tobacco Res 15(2):615–6. doi:10.1093/ntr/nts145
14. T.Cheng 2014. Chemical evaluation of electronic cigarettes. Tobacco Control 23(Suppl 2):ii11–17. doi: 10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2013-051482
15. K.Choi, L.Fabian, N.Mottey, et al. 2012. Young adults' favorable perceptions of snus, dissolvable tobacco products, and electronic cigarettes: Findings from a focus group study. Amer J Publ Health 102(11):2088–93
16. S.Costigan 2014. Contact sensitisation risk assessment for e-cigarette ingredients. Toxicol Lett 229: S128–S128. doi:10.1016/j.toxlet.2014.06.456
17. S.Costigan, B.Lang, and J.Collard. 2014. Risk assessment approach for e-cigarette flavours. Toxicol Lett 229:S127–S128. doi:10.1016/j.toxlet.2014.06.455
18. J.Czogala, M.L.Goniewicz, B.Fidelus, et al. 2014. Secondhand exposure to vapors from electronic cigarettes. Nicotine Tobacco Res: Official J Soc Res Nicotine Tobacco 16(6):655–62. doi:10.1093/ntr/ntt203
19. J.-F.Etter. 2010. Electronic cigarettes: A survey of users. BMC Pub Health 10(1):231. doi:10.1186/1471-2458-10-231
20. J.-F.Etter 2014. Levels of saliva cotinine in electronic cigarette users. Addiction 109(5):825–9. doi:10.1111/add.12475
21. J.F.Etter and C.Bullen. 2011. Saliva cotinine levels in users of electronic cigarettes. Euro Resp J 38(5):1219–20. doi:10.1183/09031936.00066011
22. J.F.Etter, E.Zather, and S.Svensson. 2013. Analysis of refill liquids for electronic cigarettes. Addiction 108(9):1671–9. doi:10.1111/add.12235
23. K.E.Farsalinos, G.Romagana, E.Allifranchini, et al. 2013a. Comparison of the cytotoxic potential of cigarette smoke and electronic cigarette vapour extract on cultured myocardial cells. Int J Environ Res Publ Health 10:5146–62
24. K.E.Farsalinos, G.Romagna, D.Tsiapras, et al. 2013b. Evaluation of electronic cigarette use (vaping) topography and estimation of liquid consumption: Implications for research protocol standards definition and for public health authorities' regulation. Inter J Environ Res Publ Health 10(6):2500–14. doi:10.3390/ijerph10062500
25. K.E.Farsalinos, G.Romagna, and J.Le Houezec. 2014. Comment on E-cigarettes and cardiovascular risk: Beyond science and mysticism. Seminars Thrombosis Hemostasis 40(4):517–18. doi:10.1055/s-0034-1375702
26. FEMA (Federal Emergency Management Agency). 2014. FEMA GRAS™ Flavoring Substance List. 27. Available at https://www.femaflavor.org/fema-gras%E2%84%A2-flavoring-substance-list
27. FEMA. 2015. The Safety Assessment and Regulatory Authority to Use Flavors—Focus on E-Cigarettes. Flavor & Extract Manufacturers Association. Available at https://www.femaflavor.org/safety-assessment-and-regulatory-authority-use-flavors-focus-e-cigarettes
28. A.D.Flouris, M.S.Chorti, K.P.Poulianiti, et al. 2013. Acute impact of active and passive electronic cigarette smoking on serum cotinine and lung function. Inhal Toxicol 25(2):91–101. doi: 10.3109/08958378.2012.758197
29. A.D.Flouris, K.P.Poulianiti, M.S.Chorti, et al. 2012. Acute effects of electronic and tobacco cigarette smoking on complete blood count. Food Chem Toxicol 50(10):3600–3. doi: 10.1016/j.fct.2012.07.025
30. F.C.Fuoco, G.Buonanno, L.Stabile, et al. 2014. Influential parameters on particle concentration and size distribution in the mainstream of e-cigarettes. Environ Pollut 184:523–9. doi: 10.1016/j.envpol.2013.10.010
31. O.Geiss, I.Bianchi, F.Barahona, et al. 2015. Characterisation of mainstream and passive vapours emitted by selected electronic cigarettes. Inter J Hyg Environ Health 218(1):169–80. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijheh.2014.10.001
32. M.L.Goniewicz, T.Kuma, M.Gawron, et al. 2013. Nicotine levels in electronic cigarettes. Nicotine Tobacco Res 15(1):158–66. doi:10.1093/ntr/nts103
33. M.A.Ha, G.J.Smith, J.A.Cichocki, et al. 2015. Menthol attenuates respiratory irritation and elevates blood cotinine in cigarette smoke exposed mice. PloS One 10(2):e0117128
34. M.E.Hadwiger, M.L.Trehy, W.Ye, et al. 2010. Identification of amino-tadalafil and rimonabant in electronic cigarette products using high pressure liquid chromatography with diode array and tandem mass spectrometric detection. J Chromatog A 1217(48):7547–55. doi:10.1016/j.chroma.2010.10.018
35. P.Hajek 2014. Electronic cigarettes have a potential for huge public health benefit. BMC Med 9(12):225. doi:10.1186/s12916-014-0225-z
36. M.Hua, M.Alfi, and P.Talbot. 2013. Health-related effects reported by electronic cigarette users in online forums. J Med Internet Res 15(4). doi:10.2196/jmir.2324
37. J.Hureaux, M.Drouet, and T.Urban. 2014. A case report of subacute bronchial toxicity induced by an electronic cigarette. Thorax 69(6):596–7. doi:10.1136/thoraxjnl-2013-204767
38. B.J.Ingebrethsen, S.K.Cole, and S.L.Alderman. 2012. Electronic cigarette aerosol particle size distribution measurements. Inhal Toxicol 24(14):976–84. doi: 10.3109/08958378.2012.744781
39. N.Kaur, M.Lacasse, J.-P.Roy, et al. 2010. Evaluation of precision and accuracy of the Borgwaldt RM20S® smoking machine designed for in vitro exposure. Inhal Toxicol 22(14):1174–83
40. M.P.Kavvalakis, P.D.Stivaktakis, M.N.Tzatzarakis, et al. 2015. Multicomponent analysis of replacement liquids of electronic cigarettes using chromatographic techniques. J Analy Toxicol:bkv002
41. H.J.Kim and H.S.Shin. 2013. Determination of tobacco-specific nitrosamines in replacement liquids of electronic cigarettes by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatog A 1291:48–55. doi:10.1016/j.chroma.2013.03.035
42. B.A.King, S.Alam, G.Promoff, et al. 2013. Awareness and ever-use of electronic cigarettes among U.S. adults, 2010–2011. Nicotine Tobacco Res 15(9):1623–7. doi:10.1093/ntr/ntt013
43. R.I.Kirschner, R.Gerona, and K.L.Jacobitz. 2013. Nicotine content of liquid for electronic cigarettes. Clin Toxicol 51(7):684
44. L.Kosmider, A.Sobczak, M.Fik, et al. 2014. Carbonyl compounds in electronic cigarette vapors: Effects of nicotine solvent and battery output voltage. Nicotine Tobacco Res 16(10):1319–26. doi:10.1093/ntr/ntu078
45. P.Kubica, A.Wasik, A.Kot-Wasik, et al. 2014. An evaluation of sucrose as a possible contaminant in e-liquids for electronic cigarettes by hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Analy Bioanaly Chem 406(13):3013–8. doi: 10.1007/s00216-014-7690-2
46. C.A.Lerner, I.K.Sundar, H.Yao, et al. 2015. Vapors produced by electronic cigarettes and e-juices with flavorings induce toxicity, oxidative stress, and inflammatory response in lung epithelial cells and in mouse lung. PloS One 10:e0116732
47. H.B.Lim and S.H.Kim. 2014. Inhallation of e-cigarette cartridge solution aggravates Allergen-induced airway inflammation and hyper-responsiveness in mice. Toxicol Res 30(1):13–8. doi:10.5487/tr.2014.30.1.013
48. J.G.Lisko, H.Tran, S.B.Stanfill, et al. 2015. Chemical composition and evaluation of nicotine, Tobacco alkaloids, pH, and selected flavors in e-cigarette cartridges and refill solutions. Nicotine Tobacco Res: ntu279
49. M.Manigrasso, G.Buonanno, F.C.Fuoco, et al. 2015a. Aerosol deposition doses in the human respiratory tree of electronic cigarette smokers. Environ Pollut 196:257–67. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2014.10.013
50. M.Manigrasso, G.Buonanno, L.Stabile, et al. 2015b. Particle doses in the pulmonary lobes of electronic and conventional cigarette users. Environ Pollut 202:24–31
51. R.E.Martinez, S.Dhawan, W.Sumner, et al. 2014. On-line chemical composition analysis of refillable electronic cigarette aerosol–measurement of nicotine and nicotyrine. Nicotine Tobacco Res: ntu334
52. T.R.McAuley, P.K.Hopke, J.Zhao, et al. 2012. Comparison of the effects of e-cigarette vapor and cigarette smoke on indoor air quality. Inhal Toxicol 24(12):850–7. doi: 10.3109/08958378.2012.724728
53. M.McCarthy 2013. E-cigarette use doubles among US middle and high school students. BMJ 347. doi:10.1136/bmj.f5543
54. L.McCauley, C.Markin, and D.Hosmer. 2012. An unexpected consequence of electronic cigarette use. Chest 141(4):1110–3. doi:10.1378/chest.11-1334
55. S.A.McGrath-Morrow, M.Hayashi, A.Aherrera, et al. 2015. The effects of electronic cigarette emissions on systemic cotinine levels, weight and postnatal lung growth in neonatal mice. PloS One 10(2):e0118344
56. S.A.McKee and A.H.Weinberger. 2015. Innovations in translational sex and gender-sensitive tobacco research. Nicotine Tobacco Res 17(4):379–81
57. M.Moreno 2014. Electronic cigarettes. JAMA Ped 168(7):688–688. doi: 10.1001/jamapediatrics.2013.3355
58. M.J.Oldham, H.-J.Haussmann, W.Gomm, et al. 2012. Discriminatory power of standard toxicity assays used to evaluate ingredients added to cigarettes. Reg Toxicol Pharmacol 62(1):49–61. doi:10.1016/j.yrtph.2011.11.018
59. C.A.Oncken, M.D.Litt, L.D.McLaughlin, et al. 2015. Nicotine concentrations with electronic cigarette use: Effects of sex and flavor. Nicotine Tobacco Res 17(4):473–8
60. J.Ordonez, M.B.Forrester, and K.Kleinschmidt. 2013. Electronic cigarette exposures reported to poison centers. Clin Toxicol 51(7):685
61. J.K.Pepper, P.L.Reiter, A.L.McRee, et al. 2013. Adolescent males' awareness of and willingness to try electronic cigarettes. J Adolesc Health 52(2):144–50. doi: 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2012.09.014
62. J.Phillips, B.Kluss, A.Richter, et al. 2005. Exposure of bronchial epithelial cells to whole cigarette smoke: Qssessment of cellular responses. Altern Lab Anim 33(3):239–48
63. C.Pisinger 2014. Why public health people are more worried than excited over e-cigarettes. BMC Med 12:226. doi:10.1186/s12916-014-0226-y
64. G.Romagna, E.Allifranchini, E.Bocchietto, et al. 2013. Cytotoxicity evaluation of electronic cigarette vapor extract on cultured mammalian fibroblasts (ClearStream-LIFE): Comparison with tobacco cigarette smoke extract. Inhal Toxicol 25(6):354–61. doi: 10.3109/08958378.2013.793439
65. A.Saffari, N.Daher, A.Ruprecht, et al. 2014. Particulate metals and organic compounds from electronic and tobacco-containing cigarettes: Comparison of emission rates and secondhand exposure. Environ Sci—Processes Impacts 16(10):2259–67. doi: 10.1039/c4em00415a
66. W.Schober, K.Szendrei, W.Matzen, et al. 2014. Use of electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) impairs indoor air quality and increases FeNO levels of e-cigarette consumers. Inter J Hyg Environ Health 217(6):628–37. doi:10.1016/j.ijheh.2013.11.003
67. T.Schripp, D.Markewitz, E.Uhde, et al. 2013. Does e-cigarette consumption cause passive vaping? Indoor Air 23(1):25–31. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0668.2012.00792.x
68. M.J.Schroeder and A.C.Hoffman. 2014. Electronic cigarettes and nicotine clinical pharmacology. Tobacco Control 23(Suppl 2):ii30–35. doi:10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2013-051469
69. T.E.Sussan, S.Gajghate, R.K.Thimmulappa, et al. 2015. Exposure to electronic cigarettes impairs pulmonary anti-bacterial and anti-viral defenses in a mouse model. PloS One 10(2):e0116861
70. E.L.Sutfin, T.P.McCoy, H.E.R.Morrell, et al. 2013. Electronic cigarette use by college students. Drug Alcohol Depend 131(3):214–221. doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2013.05.001
71. D.Thota and E.Latham 2014. Case report of electronic cigarettes possibly associated with eosinophilic pneumonitis in a previously healthy active-duty sailor. J Emer Med 47(1):15–7. doi:10.1016/j.jemermed.2013.09.034
72. M.L.Trehy, W.Ye, M.E.Hadwiger, et al. 2011. Analysis of electronic cigarette cartridges, refill solutions, and smoke for nicotine and nicotine related impurities. J Liquid Chromatog Rel Technol 34(14):1442–58. doi:10.1080/10826076.2011.572213
73. A.R.Vansickel, C.O.Cobb, M.F.Weaver, et al. 2010. A clinical laboratory model for evaluating the acute effects of electronic “cigarettes”: Nicotine delivery profile and cardiovascular and subjective effects. Cancer Epidemiol Biom Prev 19(8):1945–53. doi:10.1158/1055-9965.epi-10-0288
74. C.I.Vardavas, N.Anagnostopoulos, M.Kougias, et al. 2012. Short-term pulmonary effects of using an electronic cigarette impact on respiratory flow resistance, impedance, and exhaled nitric oxide. Chest 141(6):1400–6. doi:10.1378/chest.11-2443
75. S.Varughese, K.Teschke, M.Brauer, et al. 2005. Effects of theatrical smokes and fogs on respiratory health in the entertainment industry. Amer J Industr Med 47(5):411–8
76. A.F.Villa, P.Saviuc, V.Gazin, et al. 2012. Electronic cigarettes: Risk assessment. Clin Toxicol 50(4):309–10
77. Weerawatanakorn M, Wu JC, Pan MH, et al. 2015. Reactivity and stability of selected flavor compounds. J Food Drug Anal 23(2):176–90
78. WHO (World Health Organization). 2014. Electronic nicotine delivery systems. Available at http://apps.who.int/gb/fctc/PDF/cop6/FCTC_COP6_10-en.pdf
79. G.Wieslander, D.Norbäck, and T.Lindgren. 2001. Experimental exposure to propylene glycol mist in aviation emergency training: Acute ocular and respiratory effects. Occup Environ Med 58(10):649–55
80. I.Willershausen, T.Wolf, V.Weyer, et al. 2014. Influence of e-smoking liquids on human periodontal ligament fibroblasts. Head Face Med 10. doi:10.1186/1746-160x-10-39
81. M.Williams, A.Villarreal, K.Bozhilov, et al. 2013. Metal and silicate particles including nanoparticles are present in electronic cigarette cartomizer fluid and aerosol. Plos One 8(3). doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0057987
82. Q.Wu, D.Jiang, M.Minor, et al. 2014. Electronic cigarette liquid increases inflammation and virus infection in primary human airway epithelial cells. Plos One 9(9). doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0108342
83. X.S.Yan and C.D'Ruiz. 2015. Effects of using electronic cigarettes on nicotine delivery and cardiovascular function in comparison with regular cigarettes. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 71(1):24–34. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.yrtph.2014.11.004
84. L.Yang, S.F.Rudy, J.M.Cheng, et al. 2014. Electronic cigarettes: Incorporating human factors engineering into risk assessments. Tobacco Control 23(Suppl 2):ii47–53. doi: 10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2013-051479
85. J.M.Yingst, S.Veldheer, S.Hrabovsky, et al. (2015). Factors associated with electronic cigarette users' device preferences and transition from first generation to advanced generation devices. Nicotine & Tobacco Res, ntv052
86. Y.P.Zhang, W.Sumner, and D.R.Chen. 2013. In vitro particle size distributions in electronic and conventional cigarette aerosols suggest comparable deposition patterns. Nicotine Tobacco Res 15(2):501–8. doi:10.1093/ntr/nts165