A systematic review of health effects of electronic cigarettes

Preventive Medicine

Volumn 69, Issue , 2014, Pages 248-260

  Pisinger, Charlotta ^a   Døssing, Martin ^b  

^a GLOSTRUP UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL   (Denmark)

^b Frederikssund Hospital   (Denmark)

Author keywords

E cigarette; Electronic cigarette; Electronic nicotine delivery device; Electronic nicotine delivery system; ENDS

Indexed keywords

CARBONYL DERIVATIVE; ELECTRONIC CIGARETTE; NANOPARTICLE; NITROSAMINE; POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC HYDROCARBON; PROPYLENE GLYCOL; VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUND; CYTOTOXIN; GLYCOL; HEAVY METAL; PARTICULATE MATTER; WATER VAPOR;

ADVERSE OUTCOME; AIRWAY RESISTANCE; ARTICLE; CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM; CINAHL; COGNITION; CYTOTOXICITY; EMBASE; GENE EXPRESSION; HUMAN; MEDLINE; META ANALYSIS; NONHUMAN; RESPIRATORY SYSTEM; SMOKING; SYSTEMATIC REVIEW; ADVERSE EFFECTS; ANALYSIS; ANIMAL; CONFLICT OF INTEREST; ELECTRONIC CIGARETTE; MOUSE; PARTICULATE MATTER; VOLATILIZATION; WATER VAPOR;

ANIMALS; CONFLICT OF INTEREST; CYTOTOXINS; ELECTRONIC CIGARETTES; GLYCOLS; HUMANS; METALS, HEAVY; MICE; PARTICULATE MATTER; STEAM; VOLATILIZATION;

EID: 84910079668     PISSN: 00917435     EISSN: 10960260     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2014.10.009     Document Type: Review

References (167)

1. Adkison S.E., O'Connor R.J., Bansal-Travers M., et al. Electronic nicotine delivery systems: international tobacco control four-country survey. Am. J. Prev. Med. 2013, 44(3):207-215.
2. Al-Wadei H.A., Plummer H.K., Schuller H.M. Nicotine stimulates pancreatic cancer xenografts by systemic increase in stress neurotransmitters and suppression of the inhibitory neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid. Carcinogenesis 2009, 30(3):506-511.
3. Ruyan E-cigarette Bench-top tests 2009, Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco (SRNT), Dublin.
4. Public health statement for propylene glycol 1997 (Agency for Toxic Substances & Disease Registry. Toxic Substances Portal. 3-3-2011.Ref Type: Online Source). http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/phs/phs.asp?id=1120&tid=240.
5. Electronic nicotine delivery systems, including electronic cigarettes. Report by the Convention Secretariat. Provision Agenda Item 6.5. 18-5-2012. Seoul, Republic of Korea. Conference of the Parties to the WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control 2012, (Ref Type: Report).
6. Rapport et avis d'experts sur l' e-cigarette. Avec le soutien de la Direction générale de la santé 2013, Office Francais de Prévention du Tabagisme, (Ref Type: Report).
7. Electronic cigarettes. Library Briefing 2013, Library of the European Parliament, EU, Brussels, (27-3-Ref Type: Report).
8. Rapport et avis d'experts sur l' e-cigarette. Avec le soutien de la Direction générale de la santé. Jeunes Paris 2012 & 2013 2013, Office Francais de Prévention du Tabagisme, (111-113. Ref Type: Report).
9. Notes from the field: electronic cigarette use among middle and high school students - United States, 2011-2012. MMWR Morb. Mortal. Wkly Rep. 2013, 62(35):729-730.
10. The Electric Cigarette (Ref type: online source). http://www.usacig.com/faq.aspx.
11. Bahl V., Lin S., Xu N., Davis B., Wang Y.H., Talbot P. Comparison of electronic cigarette refill fluid cytotoxicity using embryonic and adult models. Reprod. Toxicol. 2012, 34(4):529-537.
12. Balfour D.J. The effects of nicotine on brain neurotransmitter systems. Pharmacol. Ther. 1982, 16(2):269-282.
13. Banerjee J., Al-Wadei H.A., Schuller H.M. Chronic nicotine inhibits the therapeutic effects of gemcitabine on pancreatic cancer in vitro and in mouse xenografts. Eur. J. Cancer 2013, 49(5):1152-1158.
14. Bates M.N., Khalakdina A., Pai M., Chang L., Lessa F., Smith K.R. Risk of tuberculosis from exposure to tobacco smoke: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Arch. Intern. Med. 2007, 167(4):335-342.
15. Battista L., Di IM Tancredi M., Acconcia M.C., et al. Cardiovascular effects of electronic cigarettes. Circulation Conference: American Heart Association 2013 Scientific Sessions and Resuscitation Science Symposium Dallas, TX, United States Conference Start: 20131116 Conference End: 20131120 Conference Publication: (var pagings) 2013, 128(22 SUPPL.#1):26.
16. Behar R.Z., Davis B., Wang Y., Bahl V., Lin S., Talbot P. Identification of toxicants in cinnamon-flavored electronic cigarette refill fluids. Toxicol. in Vitro 2014, 28(2):198-208.
17. Benowitz N.L. Nicotine addiction. Prim. Care 1999, 26(3):611-631.
18. Benowitz N.L., Zevin S., Jacob P. Sources of variability in nicotine and cotinine levels with use of nicotine nasal spray, transdermal nicotine, and cigarette smoking. Br. J. Clin. Pharmacol. 1997, 43(3):259-267.
19. Bero L.A. Tobacco industry manipulation of research. Public Health Rep. 2005, 120(2):200-208.
20. Bertholon J.F., Becquemin M.H., Roy M., et al. Comparison of the aerosol produced by electronic cigarettes with conventional cigarettes and the shisha. Rev. Mal. Respir. 2013, 30(9):752-757.
21. Borderud S.P., Li Y., Burkhalter J.E., Sheffer C.E., Ostroff J.S. Electronic cigarette use among patients with cancer: characteristics of electronic cigarette users and their smoking cessation outcomes 2014, Cancer, (Sep 22).
22. Brezis M. Big pharma and health care: unsolvable conflict of interests between private enterprise and public health. Isr. J. Psychiatry Relat. Sci. 2008, 45(2):83-89.
23. Bruin J.E., Gerstein H.C., Holloway A.C. Long-term consequences of fetal and neonatal nicotine exposure: a critical review. Toxicol. Sci. 2010, 116(2):364-374.
24. Bullen C., McRobbie H., Thornley S., Glover M., Lin R., Laugesen M. Effect of an electronic nicotine delivery device (e cigarette) on desire to smoke and withdrawal, user preferences and nicotine delivery: randomised cross-over trial. Tob. Control. 2010, 19(2):98-103.
25. Bullen C., Howe C., Laugesen M., et al. Electronic cigarettes for smoking cessation: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2013, 382(9905):1629-1637.
26. Burstyn I. Peering through the mist: what does the chemistry of contaminants in the electronic cigarettes tell us about health risks?. Technical report 2013, School of Public Health. Drexel University, Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Philadelphia, PA 19102, USA, (Ref Type: Report).
27. Camenga D.R., Delmerico J., Kong G., et al. Trends in use of electronic nicotine delivery systems by adolescents. Addict. Behav. 2014, 39(1):338-340.
28. Cameron J.M., Howell D.N., White J.R., Andrenyak D.M., Layton M.E., Roll J.M. Variable and potentially fatal amounts of nicotine in e-cigarette nicotine solutions. Tob. Control. 2013, 23(1):77-78.
29. Camus M., Gallois G., Marteau P. Ulcerative colitis and electronic cigarette: what's the matter?. Am. J. Gastroenterol. 2014, 109(4):608-609.
30. Caponnetto P., Auditore R., Russo C., Cappello G.C., Polosa R. Impact of an electronic cigarette on smoking reduction and cessation in schizophrenic smokers: a prospective 12-month pilot study. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2013, 10(2):446-461.
31. Caponnetto P., Campagna D., Cibella F., et al. EffiCiency and Safety of an eLectronic cigAreTte (ECLAT) as tobacco cigarettes substitute: a prospective 12-month randomized control design study. PLoS One 2013, 8(6):e66317.
32. Catassi A., Servent D., Paleari L., Cesario A., Russo P. Multiple roles of nicotine on cell proliferation and inhibition of apoptosis: implications on lung carcinogenesis. Mutat. Res. 2008, 659(3):221-231.
33. Cervellati F., Muresan X.M., Sticozzi C., et al. Comparative effects between electronic and cigarette smoke in human keratinocytes and epithelial lung cells. Toxicol. in Vitro 2014, 28(5):999-1005.
34. Cheah N.P., Chong N.W., Tan J., Morsed F.A., Yee S.K. Electronic nicotine delivery systems: regulatory and safety challenges: Singapore perspective. Tob. Control. 2012, 23(2):119-125.
35. Cheah N.P., Chong N.W., Tan J., Morsed F.A., Yee S.K. Electronic nicotine delivery systems: regulatory and safety challenges: Singapore perspective. Tob. Control. 2014, 23(2):119-125.
36. Chen I.L. FDA summary of adverse events on electronic cigarettes. Nicotine Tob. Res. 2013, 15(2):615-616.
37. Choi H., Schmidbauer N., Sundell J., Hasselgren M., Spengler J., Bornehag C.G. Common household chemicals and the allergy risks in pre-school age children. PLoS One 2010, 5(10):e13423.
38. Choi K., Fabian L., Mottey N., Corbett A., Forster J. Young adults' favorable perceptions of snus, dissolvable tobacco products, and electronic cigarettes: findings from a focus group study. Am. J. Public Health 2012, 102(11):2088-2093.
39. Chorti M., Poulianiti K., Jamurtas A., et al. Effects of active and passive electronic and tobacco cigarette smoking on lung function. Toxicol. Lett. 2012, 211S:43. (Abstracts/Ref Type: Abstract).
40. CNN Money Big tobacco back on TV with e-cigarette ads Ref Type: Online Source. http://money.cnn.com/2013/06/11/news/companies/e-cigarette-tv/.
41. Condorelli R.A., La VS Giacone F., Iacoviello L., et al. In vitro effects of nicotine on sperm motility and bio-functional flow cytometry sperm parameters. Int. J. Immunopathol. Pharmacol. 2013, 26(3):739-746.
42. Czogala J., Cholewinski M., Kutek A., Zielinska-Danch W. Evaluation of changes in hemodynamic parameters after the use of electronic nicotine delivery systems among regular cigarette smokers. Przegl. Lek. 2012, 69(10):841-845.
43. Czogala J., Goniewicz M.L., Fidelus B., Zielinska-Danch W., Travers M.J., Sobczak A. Secondhand exposure to vapors from electronic cigarettes. Nicotine Tob. Res. 2014, 16(6):655-662.
44. Czoli C.D., Hammond D., White C.M. Electronic cigarettes in Canada: prevalence of use and perceptions among youth and young adults. Can. J. Public Health 2014, 105(2):e97-e102.
45. Dautzenberg B., Birkui P., Noël M., Dorset J., Osman M., Dautzenberg M.-D. E-cigarette: a new tobacco product for schoolchildren in Paris. Open J. Respir. Dis. 2013, 3(1):21-24.
46. Dawkins L., Corcoran O. Acute electronic cigarette use: nicotine delivery and subjective effects in regular users. Psychopharmacology (Berlin) 2013, 231(2):401-407.
47. Dawkins L., Turner J., Hasna S., Soar K. The electronic-cigarette: effects on desire to smoke, withdrawal symptoms and cognition. Addict. Behav. 2012, 37(8):970-973.
48. Dawkins L., Turner J., Roberts A., Soar K. 'Vaping' profiles and preferences: an online survey of electronic cigarette users. Addiction 2013, 108(6):1115-1125.
49. Dawkins L., Turner J., Crowe E. Nicotine derived from the electronic cigarette improves time-based prospective memory in abstinent smokers. Psychopharmacology (Berlin) 2013, 227(3):377-384.
50. Dinicola S., Morini V., Coluccia P., et al. Nicotine increases survival in human colon cancer cells treated with chemotherapeutic drugs. Toxicol. in Vitro 2013, 27(8):2256-2263.
51. Dwyer J.B., McQuown S.C., Leslie F.M. The dynamic effects of nicotine on the developing brain. Pharmacol. Ther. 2009, 122(2):125-139.
52. Eissenberg T. Electronic nicotine delivery devices: ineffective nicotine delivery and craving suppression after acute administration. Tob. Control. 2010, 19(1):87-88.
53. Elmore A.R. Final report on the safety assessment of aluminum silicate, calcium silicate, magnesium aluminum silicate, magnesium silicate, magnesium trisilicate, sodium magnesium silicate, zirconium silicate, attapulgite, bentonite, Fuller's earth, hectorite, kaolin, lithium magnesium silicate, lithium magnesium sodium silicate, montmorillonite, pyrophyllite, and zeolite. Int. J. Toxicol. 2003, 22(Suppl. 1):37-102.
54. Eriksen M., Mackay J., Ross H. The Tobacco Atlas. Completely revised and updated 2012, American Cancer Society, 250 Williams Street. Atlanta, Georgia, 30303 USA. Fourth edition.
55. Etter J.F. Electronic cigarettes: a survey of users. BMC Public Health 2010, 10:231.
56. Etter J.F., Bullen C. Saliva cotinine levels in users of electronic cigarettes. Eur. Respir. J. 2011, 38(5):1219-1220.
57. Etter J.F., Bullen C. Electronic cigarette: users profile, utilization, satisfaction and perceived efficacy. Addiction 2011, 106(11):2017-2028.
58. Etter J.F., Vu D.T., Perneger T.V. Saliva cotinine levels in smokers and nonsmokers. Am. J. Epidemiol. 2000, 151(3):251-258. (Feb 1151(3):251-258).
59. Etter J.F., Bullen C., Flouris A.D., Laugesen M., Eissenberg T. Electronic nicotine delivery systems: a research agenda. Tob. Control. 2011, 20(3):243-248.
60. Etter J.F., Zather E., Svensson S. Analysis of refill liquids for electronic cigarettes. Addiction 2013, 108(9):1671-1679.
61. Farsalinos K.E., Romagna G. Chronic idiopathic neutrophilia in a smoker, relieved after smoking cessation with the use of electronic cigarette: a case report. Clin. Med. Insights Case Rep. 2013, 6:15-21.
62. Farsalinos K, Tsiapras D, Kyrzopoulos S, Savvopoulou M, Avramidou E, Vassilopoulou D et al. Acute effects of using an electronic nicotine-delivery device (e-cigarette) on myocardial function: comparison with the effects of regular cigarettes. Presentation at the ESC congress 2012 in Munich. 2012. Ref Type: Unpublished Work. http://www.escardio.org.
63. Farsalinos K.E., Romagna G., Tsiapras D., Kyrzopoulos S., Voudris V. Evaluation of electronic cigarette use (vaping) topography and estimation of liquid consumption: implications for research protocol standards definition and for public health authorities' regulation. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2013, 10(6):2500-2514.
64. Farsalinos K.E., Romagna G., Tsiapras D., Kyrzopoulos S., Voudris V. Evaluating nicotine levels selection and patterns of electronic cigarette use in a group of "vapers" who had achieved complete substitution of smoking. Subst. Abus. 2013, 7:139-146.
65. Farsalinos K.E., Romagna G., Tsiapras D., Kyrzopoulos S., Voudris V. Characteristics, perceived side effects and benefits of electronic cigarette use: a worldwide survey of more than 19,000 consumers. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2014, 11(4):4356-4373.
66. FDA Harmful and potentially harmful constituents in tobacco products and tobacco smoke: established list 2014, U.S.Food and Drug Administration, (http://www.fda.gov/TobaccoProducts/GuidanceComplianceRegulatoryInformation/ucm297786.htm. Ref Type: Online Source).
67. Flouris A.D., Poulianiti K.P., Chorti M.S., et al. Acute effects of electronic and tobacco cigarette smoking on complete blood count. Food Chem. Toxicol. 2012, 50(10):3600-3603.
68. Flouris A.D., Chorti M.S., Poulianiti K.P., et al. Acute impact of active and passive electronic cigarette smoking on serum cotinine and lung function. Inhal. Toxicol. 2013, 25(2):91-101.
69. Frost-Pineda K., Zedler B.K., Oliveri D., Liang Q., Feng S., Roethig H.J. 12-week clinical exposure evaluation of a third-generation electrically heated cigarette smoking system (EHCSS) in adult smokers. Regul. Toxicol. Pharmacol. 2008, 52(2):111-117.
70. Frost-Pineda K., Zedler B.K., Liang Q., Roethig H.J. Environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) evaluation of a third-generation electrically heated cigarette smoking system (EHCSS). Regul. Toxicol. Pharmacol. 2008, 52(2):118-121.
71. Frost-Pineda K., Zedler B.K., Oliveri D., Feng S., Liang Q., Roethig H.J. Short-term clinical exposure evaluation of a third-generation electrically heated cigarette smoking system (EHCSS) in adult smokers. Regul. Toxicol. Pharmacol. 2008, 52(2):104-110.
72. Fuoco F.C., Buonanno G., Stabile L., Vigo P. Influential parameters on particle concentration and size distribution in the mainstream of e-cigarettes. Environ. Pollut. 2014, 184:523-529.
73. Gao Y.J., Holloway A.C., Su L.Y., Takemori K., Lu C., Lee R.M. Effects of fetal and neonatal exposure to nicotine on blood pressure and perivascular adipose tissue function in adult life. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 2008, 590(1-3):264-268.
74. Gennimata S.A., Palamidas A., Kaltsakas G., et al. Acute effect of e-cigarette on pulmonary function in healthy subjects and smokers. European Respiratory Society Thematic Poster Session: Tobacco Dependence and Respiratory Disease 2014, (Ref Type: Abstract).
75. Goniewicz M.L., Zielinska-Danch W. Electronic cigarette use among teenagers and young adults in Poland. Pediatrics 2012, 130(4):e879-e885.
76. Goniewicz M.L., Knysak J., Gawron M., et al. Levels of selected carcinogens and toxicants in vapour from electronic cigarettes. Tob. Control. 2013, 23(2):133-139.
77. Goniewicz M.L., Kuma T., Gawron M., Knysak J., Kosmider L. Nicotine levels in electronic cigarettes. Nicotine Tob. Res. 2013, 15(1):158-166.
78. Goniewicz M.L., Lingas E.O., Hajek P. Patterns of electronic cigarette use and user beliefs about their safety and benefits: an Internet survey. Drug Alcohol Rev. 2013, 32(2):133-140.
79. Goniewicz M.L., Hajek P., McRobbie H. Nicotine content of electronic cigarettes, its release in vapour and its consistency across batches: regulatory implications. Addiction 2014, 109(3):500-507.
80. Grana R., Benowitz N., Glantz S.A. E-cigarettes: a scientific review. Circulation 2014, 129(19):1972-1986.
81. Hadwiger M.E., Trehy M.L., Ye W., Moore T., Allgire J., Westenberger B. Identification of amino-tadalafil and rimonabant in electronic cigarette products using high pressure liquid chromatography with diode array and tandem mass spectrometric detection. J. Chromatogr. A 2010, 1217(48):7547-7555.
82. Heavner K, Dunworth J, Bergen P, Nissen C, Philips CV. Electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) as potential tobacco harm reduction products: results of an online survey of e-cigarette users (Draft). editor. 2009.Ref Type: Unpublished Work. http://tobaccoharmreduction.org.
83. Hess R., Bartels M.J., Pottenger L.H. Ethylene glycol: an estimate of tolerable levels of exposure based on a review of animal and human data. Arch. Toxicol. 2004, 78(12):671-680.
84. Horvath I. Zu den akuten pulmonalen Wirkungen bei verwendung einer E-zigarette. Pneumologe 2012, 9(3):203-204.
85. Hua M., Alfi M., Talbot P. Health-related effects reported by electronic cigarette users in online forums. J. Med. Internet Res. 2013, 15(4):e59.
86. Hua M., Yip H., Talbot P. Mining data on usage of electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS) from YouTube videos. Tob. Control. 2013, 22(2):103-106.
87. Hureaux J., Drouet M., Urban T. A case report of subacute bronchial toxicity induced by an electronic cigarette. Thorax 2014, 69(6):596-597.
88. Hutzler C., Paschke M., Kruschinski S., Henkler F., Hahn J., Luch A. Chemical hazards present in liquids and vapors of electronic cigarettes. Arch. Toxicol. 2014, 88(7):1295-1308.
89. Ingebrethsen B.J., Cole S.K., Alderman S.L. Electronic cigarette aerosol particle size distribution measurements. Inhal. Toxicol. 2012, 24(14):976-984.
90. Kilaru S., Frangos S.G., Chen A.H., et al. Nicotine: a review of its role in atherosclerosis. J. Am. Coll. Surg. 2001, 193(5):538-546.
91. Kim H.J., Shin H.S. Determination of tobacco-specific nitrosamines in replacement liquids of electronic cigarettes by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. J. Chromatogr. A 2013, 1291:48-55.
92. King A.C., Smith L.J., McNamara P.J., Matthews A.K., Fridberg D.J. Passive exposure to electronic cigarette (e-cigarette) use increases desire for combustible and e-cigarettes in young adult smokers. Tob. Control. 2014, (http://www.fda.gov/newsevents/publichealthfocus/ucm173146.htm. pii: tobaccocontrol-2014-051563. [Epub ahead of print]). 10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2014-051563.
93. Kloosterman K. Electronic cigarette kills toddler in Israel (Green Prophet. 29-5-2013. Ref Type: Magazine Article). http://www.greenprophet.com/2013/05/electronic-cigarette-kills-toddler-in-israel/.
94. Kosmider L., Sobczak A., Fik M., et al. Carbonyl compounds in electronic cigarette vapors-effects of nicotine solvent and battery output voltage. Nicotine Tob. Res. 2014, 16(10):1319-1326.
95. Kotz D., Brown J., West R. 'Real-world' effectiveness of smoking cessation treatments: a population study. Addiction 2014, 109(3):491-499.
96. Kouretas D., Poulianiti K., Chorti M., et al. Effects of electronic cigarette and tobacco cigarette smoking on complete blood count. Toxicol. Lett. 2012, 211S(2012):S43-S216. Ref Type: Abstract.
97. Laugesen M., Thornley S., McRobbie H., Bullen C. How safe is an e-cigarette? The results of an independent chemical and microbiological analysis. SRNT Conference Portland Oregon 2008, (Ref Type: Abstract).
98. Lauterbach J.H., Laugesen M. Comparison of toxicant levels in mainstream aerosols generated by Ruyan® electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS) and conventional cigarette products. Toxicologist 2012, 126(1). (Ref Type: Abstract).
99. Lauterbach J.H., Laugesen M., Ross B.B. Suggested protocol for estimation of harmful and potentially harmful constituents in mainstream aerosols generated by electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS). Toxicologist 2012, 126(1). (Ref Type: Abstract).
100. Lee S., Taleban S., Targan S., Melmed G. E-cigarettes as salvage therapy for medically refractory ulcerative colitis. Inflammatory Bowel Diseases Conference: 2013 Advances in Inflammatory Bowel Diseases, Crohn's and Colitis Foundation's National Clinical and Research Conference Hollywood, FL United States Conference Start: 20131212 Conference End: 20131214 Conference 2013, 19 (pp S99). (December).
101. Lee S., Grana R.A., Glantz S.A. Electronic cigarette use among Korean adolescents: a cross-sectional study of market penetration, dual use, and relationship to quit attempts and former smoking. J. Adolesc. Health 2013, 54(6):684-690.
102. Lim H.B., Kim S.H. Inhalations of e-cigarette cartridge solution aggravates allergen-induced airway inflammation and hyper-responsiveness in mice. Toxicol. Res. 2014, 30(1):13-18.
103. Lopes M. Global e-cigarette market expected to hit $10-billion by 2017 2013, The Globe and Mail, (http://www.theglobeandmail.com/report-on-business/international-business/us-business/e-cigarettes-a-burning-question-for-us-regulators/article15880030/, Dec 11).
104. Marini S., Buonanno G., Stabile L., Ficco G. Short-term effects of electronic and tobacco cigarettes on exhaled nitric oxide. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 2014, 278(1):9-15.
105. Martin L.C., Jarus-Dziedzic K., Ancerewicz J., Lindner D., Kulesza A., Magnette J. Reduced exposure evaluation of an Electrically Heated Cigarette Smoking System. Part 7: a one-month, randomized, ambulatory, controlled clinical study in Poland. Regul. Toxicol. Pharmacol. 2012, 64(2 Suppl):S74-S84.
106. McAuley T.R., Hopke P.K., Zhao J., Babaian S. Comparison of the effects of e-cigarette vapor and cigarette smoke on indoor air quality. Inhal. Toxicol. 2012, 24(12):850-857.
107. McCauley L., Markin C., Hosmer D. An unexpected consequence of electronic cigarette use. Chest 2012, 141(4):1110-1113.
108. McQueen A., Tower S., Sumner W. Interviews with "vapers": implications for future research with electronic cigarettes. Nicotine Tob. Res. 2011, 13(9):860-867.
109. Moennikes O., Vanscheeuwijck P.M., Friedrichs B., Anskeit E., Patskan G.J. Reduced toxicological activity of cigarette smoke by the addition of ammonia magnesium phosphate to the paper of an electrically heated cigarette: subchronic inhalation toxicology. Inhal. Toxicol. 2008, 20(7):647-663.
110. Monroy A.E., Hommel E., Smith S.T., Raji M. Paroxysmal atrial fibrillation following electronic cigarette use in an elderly woman. Clin. Geriatr. 2012, 20(3):28-32.
111. Moore D., Aveyard P., Connock M., Wang D., Fry-Smith A., Barton P. Effectiveness and safety of nicotine replacement therapy assisted reduction to stop smoking: systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ 2009, 338:b1024.
112. Murray R.P., Connett J.E., Zapawa L.M. Does nicotine replacement therapy cause cancer? Evidence from the Lung Health Study. Nicotine Tob. Res. 2009, 11(9):1076-1082.
113. National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion (US) Office on Smoking and Health. The health consequences of smoking-50 years of progress: a report of the surgeon general 2014, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (US), Atlanta (GA).
114. Palamidas A., Gennimata S.A., Kaltsakas G., et al. Acute effect of an e-cigarette with and without nicotine on lung function. Tobacco Induced Diseases Conference: 11th Annual Conference of the International Society for the Prevention of Tobacco Induced Diseases, ISPTID 2013 Athens Greece Conference Start: 20131209 Conference End: 20131211 Conference Publication: (var pagings) 2014, 12.
115. Park S.J., Walser T.C., Perdomo C., et al. The effect of e-cigarette exposure on airway epithelial cell gene expression and transformation. Clinical Cancer Research Conference: 3rd AACR-IASLC Joint Conference on the Molecular Origins of Lung Cancer San Diego, CA United States Conference Start: 20140106 Conference End: 20140109 Conference Publication: (var pagings) 2014, 20(2 SUPPL.#1):15.
116. Patskan G., Reininghaus W. Toxicological evaluation of an electrically heated cigarette. Part 1: overview of technical concepts and summary of findings. J. Appl. Toxicol. 2003, 23(5):323-328.
117. Pellegrino R.M., Tinghino B., Mangiaracina G., et al. Electronic cigarettes: an evaluation of exposure to chemicals and fine particulate matter (PM). Ann. Ig. 2012, 24(4):279-288.
118. Petros W.P., Younis I.R., Ford J.N., Weed S.A. Effects of tobacco smoking and nicotine on cancer treatment. Pharmacotherapy 2012, 32(10):920-931.
119. Picciotto M.R., Corrigall W.A. Neuronal systems underlying behaviors related to nicotine addiction: neural circuits and molecular genetics. J. Neurosci. 2002, 22(9):3338-3341.
120. Pisinger C., Aadahl M., Toft U., Jorgensen T. Motives to quit smoking and reasons to relapse differ by socioeconomic status. Prev. Med. 2011, 52(1):48-52.
121. Polosa R., Caponnetto P., Morjaria J.B., Papale G., Campagna D., Russo C. Effect of an electronic nicotine delivery device (e-cigarette) on smoking reduction and cessation: a prospective 6-month pilot study. BMC Public Health 2011, 11:786.
122. Polosa R., Morjaria J.B., Caponnetto P., et al. Effectiveness and tolerability of electronic cigarette in real-life: a 24-month prospective observational study. Intern. Emerg. Med. 2014, 9:537-546.
123. Polosa R., Morjaria J., Caponnetto P., et al. Effect of smoking abstinence and reduction in asthmatic smokers switching to electronic cigarettes: evidence for harm reversal. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2014, 11(5):4965-4977.
124. Ponec M., Haverkort M., Soei Y.L., Kempenaar J., Bodde H. Use of human keratinocyte and fibroblast cultures for toxicity studies of topically applied compounds. J. Pharm. Sci. 1990, 79(4):312-316.
125. Proctor R.N. Golden Holocaust. Origins of the Cigarette Catastrophe and the Case for Abolition 2011, University of California Press, Berkeley and Los Angeles, California.
126. Renne R.A., Wehner A.P., Greenspan H.S., et al. 2-week and 13-week inhalation studies of aerosolized glycerol in rats. Inhal. Toxicol. 1992, 4(2):95-111.
127. Roemer E., Stabbert R., Veltel D., et al. Reduced toxicological activity of cigarette smoke by the addition of ammonium magnesium phosphate to the paper of an electrically heated cigarette: smoke chemistry and in vitro cytotoxicity and genotoxicity. Toxicol. in Vitro 2008, 22(3):671-681.
128. Roethig H.J., Kinser R.D., Lau R.W., Walk R.A., Wang N. Short-term exposure evaluation of adult smokers switching from conventional to first-generation electrically heated cigarettes during controlled smoking. J. Clin. Pharmacol. 2005, 45(2):133-145.
129. Roethig H.J., Zedler B.K., Kinser R.D., Feng S., Nelson B.L., Liang Q. Short-term clinical exposure evaluation of a second-generation electrically heated cigarette smoking system. J. Clin. Pharmacol. 2007, 47(4):518-530.
130. Roethig H.J., Feng S., Liang Q., Liu J., Rees W.A., Zedler B.K. A 12-month, randomized, controlled study to evaluate exposure and cardiovascular risk factors in adult smokers switching from conventional cigarettes to a second-generation electrically heated cigarette smoking system. J. Clin. Pharmacol. 2008, 48(5):580-591.
131. Romagna G., Allifranchini E., Bocchietto E., Todeschi S., Esposito M., Farsalinos K.E. Cytotoxicity evaluation of electronic cigarette vapor extract on cultured mammalian fibroblasts (ClearStream-LIFE): comparison with tobacco cigarette smoke extract. Inhal. Toxicol. 2013, 25(6):354-361.
132. Ruprecht A.A., De M.C., Pozzi P., et al. Comparison between particulate matter and ultrafine particle emission by electronic and normal cigarettes in real-life conditions. Tumori 2014, 100(1):e24-e27.
133. Schaller K., Ruppert L., Kahnert S., Bethke C., Nair U., Pötschke-Langer M. Electronic Cigarettes-An Overview 2013, vol. 19. German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, (Red Series. Tobacco Prevention and Tobacco Control. Ref Type: Report).
134. Schober W., Szendrei K., Matzen W., et al. Use of electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) impairs indoor air quality and increases FeNO levels of e-cigarette consumers. Int. J. Hyg. Environ. Health 2014, 217(6):628-637.
135. Schorp M.K., Tricker A.R., Dempsey R. Reduced exposure evaluation of an Electrically Heated Cigarette Smoking System. Part 1: non-clinical and clinical insights. Regul. Toxicol. Pharmacol. 2012, 64(2 Suppl.):S1-S10.
136. Schripp T., Markewitz D., Uhde E., Salthammer T. Does e-cigarette consumption cause passive vaping?. Indoor Air 2013, 23(1):25-31.
137. sglanz 129 public health and medical authorities from 31 countries write WHO DG Chan urging evidence-based approach to ecigs (16-6, University of California, San Francisco, Center for Tobacco Control. Research & Education. Ref Type: Online Source). http://www.tobacco.ucsf.edu/129-public-health-and-medical-authorities-31-countries-write-who-dg-chan-urging-evidence-based-appro.
138. Smoke N.V. (Ref Type: Online Source). http://www.smokenv.com/faq.html.
139. Stabbert R., Voncken P., Rustemeier K., et al. Toxicological evaluation of an electrically heated cigarette. Part 2: chemical composition of mainstream smoke. J. Appl. Toxicol. 2003, 23(5):329-339.
140. Stepanov I., Fujioka N. Bringing attention to e-cigarette pH as an important element for research and regulation. Tob. Control. 2014, (pii: tobaccocontrol-2014-051540. [Epub ahead of print]). 10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2014-051540.
141. Stocks K. Lorillard Sees Red-hot Sales of Its Blue E-cigarettes 2013, Bloomberg Businessweek, (http://www.businessweek.com/articles/2013-10-23/blu-e-cigarettes-help-lorillard-capture-half-the-u-dot-s-dot-market, Oct 23).
142. Terpstra P.M., Teredesai A., Vanscheeuwijck P.M., et al. Toxicological evaluation of an electrically heated cigarette. Part 4: subchronic inhalation toxicology. J. Appl. Toxicol. 2003, 23(5):349-362.
143. Tewes F.J., Meisgen T.J., Veltel D.J., Roemer E., Patskan G. Toxicological evaluation of an electrically heated cigarette. Part 3: genotoxicity and cytotoxicity of mainstream smoke. J. Appl. Toxicol. 2003, 23(5):341-348.
144. Thota D., Latham E. Case report of electronic cigarettes possibly associated with eosinophilic pneumonitis in a previously healthy active-duty sailor. J. Emerg. Med. 2014, 47(1):15-17.
145. Trehy M.L., Ye W., Hadwiger M.E., et al. Analysis of electronic cigarette cartridges, refill solutions, and smoke for nicotine and nicotine related impurities. J. Liq. Chromatogr. Relat. Technol. 2011, 34:1442-1458.
146. Tricker A.R., Schorp M.K., Urban H.J., et al. Comparison of environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) concentrations generated by an electrically heated cigarette smoking system and a conventional cigarette. Inhal. Toxicol. 2009, 21(1):62-77.
147. Tricker A.R., Stewart A.J., Leroy C.M., Lindner D., Schorp M.K., Dempsey R. Reduced exposure evaluation of an Electrically Heated Cigarette Smoking System. Part 3: eight-day randomized clinical trial in the UK. Regul. Toxicol. Pharmacol. 2012, 64(2 Suppl):S35-S44.
148. Tricker A.R., Kanada S., Takada K., et al. Reduced exposure evaluation of an Electrically Heated Cigarette Smoking System. Part 5: 8-day randomized clinical trial in Japan. Regul. Toxicol. Pharmacol. 2012, 64(2 Suppl):S54-S63.
149. Tricker A.R., Kanada S., Takada K., et al. Reduced exposure evaluation of an Electrically Heated Cigarette Smoking System. Part 6: 6-day randomized clinical trial of a menthol cigarette in Japan. Regul. Toxicol. Pharmacol. 2012, 64(2 Suppl.):S64-S73.
150. Tricker A.R., Jang I.J., Martin L.C., Lindner D., Dempsey R. Reduced exposure evaluation of an Electrically Heated Cigarette Smoking System. Part 4: eight-day randomized clinical trial in Korea. Regul. Toxicol. Pharmacol. 2012, 64(2 Suppl.):S45-S53.
151. Tsikrika S., Vakali S., Gennimata S.A., et al. Short term use of an e-cig: influence on clinical symptoms, vital signs and eCO levels. Tobacco Induced Diseases Conference: 11th Annual Conference of the International Society for the Prevention of Tobacco Induced Diseases, ISPTID 2013 Athens Greece Conference Start: 20131209 Conference End: 20131211 Conference Publication: (var pagings) 2014, 12.
152. U.S.Food and Drug Administration Summary of Results: Laboratory Analysis of Electronic Cigarettes Conducted By FDA aSilver Spring, MD 20993 US. Ref Type: Online Source. http://www.fda.gov/newsevents/publichealthfocus/ucm173146.htm.
153. Urban H.J., Tricker A.R., Leyden D.E., et al. Reduced exposure evaluation of an Electrically Heated Cigarette Smoking System. Part 8: nicotine bridging -estimating smoke constituent exposure by their relationships to both nicotine levels in mainstream cigarette smoke and in smokers. Regul. Toxicol. Pharmacol. 2012, 64(2 Suppl.):S85-S97.
154. Uryupin A.B., Peregudov A.S., Kochetkov K.A., Bulatnikova L.N., Kiselev S.S., Nekrasov Y.S. Qualitative and quantitative compositions of fluids for electronic cigarettes. Pharm. Chem. J. 2013, 46(11):687-692.
155. Vakali S., Tsikrika S., Gennimata S.A., et al. E-cigarette acute effect on symptoms and airway inflammation: comparison of nicotine with a non-nicotine cigarette. Tobacco Induced Diseases Conference: 11th Annual Conference of the International Society for the Prevention of Tobacco Induced Diseases, ISPTID 2013 Athens Greece Conference Start: 20131209 Conference End: 20131211 Conference Publication: (var pagings) 2014, 12.
156. Vakkalanka J.P., Hardison L.S., Holstege C.P. Epidemiological trends in electronic cigarette exposures reported to U.S. Poison Centers. Clin. Toxicol. (Phila) 2014, 52(5):542-548.
157. van Staden S.R., Groenewald M., Engelbrecht R., Becker P.J., Hazelhurst L.T. Carboxyhaemoglobin levels, health and lifestyle perceptions in smokers converting from tobacco cigarettes to electronic cigarettes. S. Afr. Med. J. 2013, 103(11):865-868.
158. Vansickel A.R., Cobb C.O., Weaver M.F., Eissenberg T.E. A clinical laboratory model for evaluating the acute effects of electronic "cigarettes": nicotine delivery profile and cardiovascular and subjective effects. Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev. 2010, 19(8):1945-1953.
159. Vansickel A.R., Weaver M.F., Eissenberg T. Clinical laboratory assessment of the abuse liability of an electronic cigarette. Addiction 2012, 107(8):1493-1500.
160. Vardavas C.I., Anagnostopoulos N., Kougias M., Evangelopoulou V., Connolly G.N., Behrakis P.K. Short-term pulmonary effects of using an electronic cigarette: impact on respiratory flow resistance, impedance, and exhaled nitric oxide. Chest 2012, 141(6):1400-1406.
161. Wall M.A., Johnson J., Jacob P., Benowitz N.L. Cotinine in the serum, saliva, and urine of nonsmokers, passive smokers, and active smokers. Am. J. Public Health 1988, 78(6):699-701.
162. Werley M.S., Freelin S.A., Wrenn S.E., et al. Smoke chemistry, in vitro and in vivo toxicology evaluations of the electrically heated cigarette smoking system series K. Regul. Toxicol. Pharmacol. 2008, 52(2):122-139.
163. Westenberger B. Evaluation of e-cigarettes. Food and Drug Administration 2009, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Department of Health and Human Services, St. Louis, MO 63101, (5-4 -Ref Type: Report). Division of Pharmaceutical Analysis (Ed.).
164. Wieslander G., Norback D., Lindgren T. Experimental exposure to propylene glycol mist in aviation emergency training: acute ocular and respiratory effects. Occup. Environ. Med. 2001, 58(10):649-655.
165. Williams M., Villarreal A., Bozhilov K., Lin S., Talbot P. Metal and silicate particles including nanoparticles are present in electronic cigarette cartomizer fluid and aerosol. PLoS One 2013, 8(3):e57987.
166. Zenzen V., Diekmann J., Gerstenberg B., Weber S., Wittke S., Schorp M.K. Reduced exposure evaluation of an Electrically Heated Cigarette Smoking System. Part 2: smoke chemistry and in vitro toxicological evaluation using smoking regimens reflecting human puffing behavior. Regul. Toxicol. Pharmacol. 2012, 64(2 Suppl.):S11-S34.
167. Zhang Y., Sumner W., Chen D.R. In vitro particle size distributions in electronic and conventional cigarette aerosols suggest comparable deposition patterns. Nicotine Tob. Res. 2013, 15(2):501-508.