Baseline morphine consumption may explain between-study heterogeneity in meta-analyses of adjuvant analgesics and improve precision and accuracy of effect estimates

Anesthesia and Analgesia

Volumn 126, Issue 2, 2018, Pages 648-660

  Doleman, Brett ^a   Sutton, Alex J ^b   Sherwin, Matthew ^a   Lund, Jonathan N ^a   Williams, John P ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF NOTTINGHAM   (United Kingdom)

^b UNIVERSITY OF LEICESTER   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ADJUVANT; ANALGESIC AGENT; CYCLOOXYGENASE 2 INHIBITOR; DEXAMETHASONE; GABAPENTIN; KETAMINE; LIDOCAINE; MAGNESIUM; MORPHINE; NEFOPAM; NONSTEROID ANTIINFLAMMATORY AGENT; PARACETAMOL; PREGABALIN; TRAMADOL; NARCOTIC ANALGESIC AGENT;

ACCURACY; ARTICLE; CLINICAL EVALUATION; CLINICAL OUTCOME; DRUG EFFECT; DRUG EFFICACY; HUMAN; MEDICATION COMPLIANCE; META ANALYSIS; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROSPECTIVE STUDY; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL (TOPIC); REGRESSION ANALYSIS; SURGICAL TECHNIQUE; COMBINATION DRUG THERAPY; COMPARATIVE STUDY; PROCEDURES; STANDARDS;

ANALGESICS; ANALGESICS, OPIOID; DRUG THERAPY, COMBINATION; HUMANS; MORPHINE; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIALS AS TOPIC;

EID: 85021918571     PISSN: 00032999     EISSN: 15267598     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1213/ANE.0000000000002237     Document Type: Article

References (142)

1. Higgins JP, Thompson SG. Quantifying heterogeneity in a meta-analysis. Stat Med. 2002;21:1539-1558.
2. Guyatt GH, Oxman AD, Vist GE, et al; GRADE Working Group. GRADE: an emerging consensus on rating quality of evidence and strength of recommendations. BMJ. 2008;336:924-926.
3. Thompson SG, Higgins JP. How should meta-regression analyses be undertaken and interpreted? Stat Med. 2002;21:1559-1573.
4. Sharp SJ, Thompson SG. Analysing the relationship between treatment effect and underlying risk in meta-analysis: comparison and development of approaches. Stat Med. 2000;19: 3251-3274.
5. Sharp SJ, Thompson SG, Altman DG. The relation between treatment benefit and underlying risk in meta-analysis. BMJ. 1996;313:735-738.
6. Achana FA, Cooper NJ, Dias S, et al. Extending methods for investigating the relationship between treatment effect and baseline risk from pairwise meta-analysis to network metaanalysis. Stat Med. 2013;32:752-771.
7. Espitalier F, Tavernier E, Remérand F, Laffon M, Fusciardi J, Giraudeau B. Heterogeneity in meta-analyses of treatment of acute postoperative pain: a review. Br J Anaesth. 2013;111:897-906.
8. Averbuch M, Katzper M. Severity of baseline pain and degree of analgesia in the third molar post-extraction dental pain model. Anesth Analg. 2003;97:163-167.
9. Bjune K, Stubhaug A, Dodgson MS, Breivik H. Additive analgesic effect of codeine and paracetamol can be detected in strong, but not moderate, pain after caesarean section. Baseline pain-intensity is a determinant of assay-sensitivity in a postoperative analgesic trial. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand. 1996;40:399-407.
10. Doleman B, Heinink TP, Read DJ, Faleiro RJ, Lund JN, Williams JP. A systematic review and meta-regression analysis of prophylactic gabapentin for postoperative pain. Anaesthesia. 2015;70:1186-1204.
11. Doleman B, Read D, Lund JN, Williams JP. Preventive acetaminophen reduces postoperative opioid consumption, vomiting, and pain scores after surgery: systematic review and meta-analysis. Reg Anesth Pain Med. 2015;40:706-712.
12. Booth A, Clarke M, Dooley G, et al. The nuts and bolts of PROSPERO: an international prospective register of systematic reviews. Syst Rev. 2012;1:2.
13. Higgins JP, Green S. Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions. Vol 5. Chichester, UK: Wiley-Blackwell; 2008.
14. Takahashi M, Ohara T, Yamanaka H, Shimada A, Nakaho T, Makoto Y. The oral-to-intravenous equianalgesic ratio of morphine based on plasma concentrations of morphine and metabolites in advanced cancer patients receiving chronic morphine treatment. Palliat Med. 2003;17:673-678.
15. Stanley G, Appadu B, Mead M, Rowbotham DJ. Dose requirements, efficacy and side effects of morphine and pethidine delivered by patient-controlled analgesia after gynaecological surgery. Br J Anaesth. 1996;76:484-486.
16. Jylli L, Lundeberg S, Langius-Eklöf A, Olsson GL. Comparison of the analgesic efficacy of ketobemidone and morphine for management of postoperative pain in children: a randomized, controlled study. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand. 2004;48:1256-1259.
17. Marcou TA, Marque S, Mazoit JX, Benhamou D. The median effective dose of tramadol and morphine for postoperative patients: a study of interactions. Anesth Analg. 2005;100:469-474.
18. Galinski M, Dolveck F, Borron SW, et al. A randomized, doubleblind study comparing morphine with fentanyl in prehospital analgesia. Am J Emerg Med. 2005;23:114-119.
19. Glass PS, Gan TJ, Howell S. A review of the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of remifentanil. Anesth Analg. 1999;89:S7-S14.
20. Kay B. A clinical investigation of piritramide in the treatment of postoperative pain. Br J Anaesth. 1971;43:1167-1171.
21. Dunbar PJ, Chapman CR, Buckley FP, Gavrin JR. Clinical analgesic equivalence for morphine and hydromorphone with prolonged PCA. Pain. 1996;68:265-270.
22. Lenz H, Sandvik L, Qvigstad E, Bjerkelund CE, Raeder J. A comparison of intravenous oxycodone and intravenous morphine in patient-controlled postoperative analgesia after laparoscopic hysterectomy. Anesth Analg. 2009;109:1279-1283.
23. Loan WB, Dundee JW, Clarke RS. Studies of drugs given before anaesthesia. XII. A comparison of papaveretum and morphine. Br J Anaesth. 1966;38:891-900.
24. Siegel C, Sunshine A, Richman H, et al. Meptazinol and morphine in postoperative pain assessed with a new method for onset and duration. J Clin Pharmacol. 1989;29:1017-1025.
25. Yeh YC, Lin TF, Lin FS, Wang YP, Lin CJ, Sun WZ. Combination of opioid agonist and agonist-antagonist: patient-controlled analgesia requirement and adverse events among differentratio morphine and nalbuphine admixtures for postoperative pain. Br J Anaesth. 2008;101:542-548.
26. Fraser HF, Isbell H. Pharmacology and addiction liability of dland d-propoxyphene. Bull Narcot. 1960;12:9-14.
27. Maunuksela EL, Korpela R, Olkkola KT. Comparison of buprenorphine with morphine in the treatment of postoperative pain in children. Anesth Analg. 1988;67:233-239.
28. Schulz KF, Grimes DA. Blinding in randomised trials: hiding who got what. Lancet. 2002;359:696-700.
29. Kalkman CJ, Visser K, Moen J, Bonsel GJ, Grobbee DE, Moons KG. Preoperative prediction of severe postoperative pain. Pain. 2003;105:415-423.
30. Lexchin J, Bero LA, Djulbegovic B, Clark O. Pharmaceutical industry sponsorship and research outcome and quality: systematic review. BMJ. 2003;326:1167-1170.
31. Comprehensive Meta-analysis Version 3. Englewood, NJ: Biostat; 2014.
32. STATA Version 14. College Station, TX: StataCorp LP; 2015.
33. WINBUGS Version 1.4. Cambridge, UK: MRC Biostatistics; 2003.
34. Koh W, Nguyen KP, Jahr JS. Intravenous non-opioid analgesia for peri- and postoperative pain management: a scientific review of intravenous acetaminophen and ibuprofen. Korean J Anesthesiol. 2015;68:3-12.
35. Nossaman VE, Ramadhyani U, Kadowitz PJ, Nossaman BD. Advances in perioperative pain management: use of medications with dual analgesic mechanisms, tramadol & tapentadol. Anesthesiol Clin. 2010;28:647-666.
36. Scott LJ, Perry CM. Tramadol: a review of its use in perioperative pain. Drugs. 2000;60:139-176.
37. Radvansky BM, Shah K, Parikh A, Sifonios AN, Le V, Eloy JD. Role of ketamine in acute postoperative pain management: a narrative review. Biomed Res Int. 2015;2015:749837.
38. De Kock MF, Lavand'homme PM. The clinical role of NMDA receptor antagonists for the treatment of postoperative pain. Best Pract Res Clin Anaesthesiol. 2007;21:85-98.
39. Chang CY, Challa CK, Shah J, Eloy JD. Gabapentin in acute postoperative pain management. Biomed Res Int. 2014;2014:631756.
40. Baidya DK, Agarwal A, Khanna P, Arora MK. Pregabalin in acute and chronic pain. J Anaesthesiol Clin Pharmacol. 2011;27:307-314.
41. Girard P, Chauvin M, Verleye M. Nefopam analgesia and its role in multimodal analgesia: a review of preclinical and clinical studies. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol. 2016;43:3-12.
42. Jibril F, Sharaby S, Mohamed A, Wilby KJ. Intravenous versus oral acetaminophen for pain: systematic review of current evidence to support clinical decision-making. Can J Hosp Pharm. 2015;68:238-247.
43. Jebaraj B, Maitra S, Baidya DK, Khanna P. Intravenous paracetamol reduces postoperative opioid consumption after orthopedic surgery: a systematic review of clinical trials. Pain Res Treat. 2013;2013:402510.
44. Macario A, Royal MA. A literature review of randomized clinical trials of intravenous acetaminophen (paracetamol) for acute postoperative pain. Pain Pract. 2011;11:290-296.
45. Hyllested M, Jones S, Pedersen JL, Kehlet H. Comparative effect of paracetamol, NSAIDs or their combination in postoperative pain management: a qualitative review. Br J Anaesth. 2002;88:199-214.
46. Zemmel MH. The role of COX-2 inhibitors in the perioperative setting: efficacy and safety-a systematic review. AANA J. 2006;74:49-60.
47. Rømsing J, Møiniche S, Mathiesen O, Dahl JB. Reduction of opioid-related adverse events using opioid-sparing analgesia with COX-2 inhibitors lacks documentation: a systematic review. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand. 2005;49:133-142.
48. Rømsing J, Møiniche S. A systematic review of COX-2 inhibitors compared with traditional NSAIDs, or different COX-2 inhibitors for post-operative pain. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand. 2004;48:525-546.
49. Choyce A, Peng P. A systematic review of adjuncts for intravenous regional anesthesia for surgical procedures. Can J Anesth. 2002;49:32-45.
50. Mazzeffi M, Johnson K, Paciullo C. Ketamine in adult cardiac surgery and the cardiac surgery intensive care unit: an evidence-based clinical review. Ann Card Anaesth. 2015;18:202-209.
51. Jouguelet-Lacoste J, La Colla L, Schilling D, Chelly JE. The use of intravenous infusion or single dose of low-dose ketamine for postoperative analgesia: a review of the current literature. Pain Med. 2015;16:383-403.
52. Mathews TJ, Churchhouse AM, Housden T, Dunning J. Does adding ketamine to morphine patient-controlled analgesia safely improve post-thoracotomy pain? Interact Cardiovasc Thorac Surg. 2012;14:194-199.
53. Carstensen M, Møller AM. Adding ketamine to morphine for intravenous patient-controlled analgesia for acute postoperative pain: a qualitative review of randomized trials. Br J Anaesth. 2010;104:401-406.
54. Suzuki M. Role of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonists in postoperative pain management. Curr Opin Anaesthesiol. 2009;22:618-622.
55. McCartney CJ, Sinha A, Katz J. A qualitative systematic review of the role of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonists in preventive analgesia. Anesth Analg. 2004;98:1385-1400.
56. Schmid RL, Sandler AN, Katz J. Use and efficacy of low-dose ketamine in the management of acute postoperative pain: a review of current techniques and outcomes. Pain. 1999;82:111-125.
57. Andersen LP, Werner MU, Rosenberg J, Gögenur I. Analgesic treatment in laparoscopic gastric bypass surgery: a systematic review of randomized trials. Obes Surg. 2014;24:462-470.
58. Chan AK, Cheung CW, Chong YK. Alpha-2 agonists in acute pain management. Expert Opin Pharmacother. 2010;11:2849-2868.
59. Ben-Abraham R, Weinbroum AA. Dextromethorphan and dexmedetomidine: new agents for the control of perioperative pain. Eur J Surg. 2001;167:563-569.
60. Armand S, Langlade A, Boutros A, et al. Meta-analysis of the efficacy of extradural clonidine to relieve postoperative pain: an impossible task. Br J Anaesth. 1998;81:126-134.
61. Zakkar M, Frazer S, Hunt I. Is there a role for gabapentin in preventing or treating pain following thoracic surgery? Interact Cardiovasc Thorac Surg. 2013;17:716-719.
62. Clivatti J, Sakata RK, Issy AM. Review of the use of gabapentin in the control of postoperative pain. Rev Bras Anestesiol. 2009;59:87-98.
63. Remérand F, Couvret C, Baud A, Laffon M, Fusciardi J. [Benefits and safety of perioperative pregabalin: a systematic review]. Ann Fr Anesth Reanim. 2011;30:569-577.
64. McCarthy GC, Megalla SA, Habib AS. Impact of intravenous lidocaine infusion on postoperative analgesia and recovery from surgery: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials. Drugs. 2010;70:1149-1163.
65. Dubé L, Granry JC. The therapeutic use of magnesium in anesthesiology, intensive care and emergency medicine: a review. Can J Anesth. 2003;50:732-746.
66. Wang J, Liu GT, Mayo HG, Joshi GP. Pain management for elective foot and ankle surgery: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials. J Foot Ankle Surg. 2015;54:625-635.
67. Wei W, Zhao T, Li Y. Efficacy and safety of parecoxib sodium for acute postoperative pain: A meta-analysis. Exp Ther Med. 2013;6:525-531.
68. De Oliveira GS Jr, Castro-Alves LJ, McCarthy RJ. Single-dose systemic acetaminophen to prevent postoperative pain: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Clin J Pain. 2015;31:86-93.
69. Apfel CC, Turan A, Souza K, Pergolizzi J, Hornuss C. Intravenous acetaminophen reduces postoperative nausea and vomiting: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Pain. 2013;154:677-689.
70. McNicol ED, Tzortzopoulou A, Cepeda MS, Francia MBD, Farhat T, Schumann R. Single-dose intravenous paracetamol or propacetamol for prevention or treatment of postoperative pain: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Br J Anaesth. 2011;106:764-775.
71. Ong CK, Seymour RA, Lirk P, Merry AF. Combining paracetamol (acetaminophen) with nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs: a qualitative systematic review of analgesic efficacy for acute postoperative pain. Anesth Analg. 2010;110:1170-1179.
72. McDaid C, Maund E, Rice S, Wright K, Jenkins B, Woolacott N. Paracetamol and selective and non-selective non-steroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) for the reduction of morphinerelated side effects after major surgery: a systematic review. Health Technol Assess. 2010;14:1-153, iii.
73. Elia N, Lysakowski C, Tramèr MR. Does multimodal analgesia with acetaminophen, nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs, or selective cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitors and patientcontrolled analgesia morphine offer advantages over morphine alone? Meta-analyses of randomized trials. Anesthesiology. 2005;103:1296-1304.
74. Remy C, Marret E, Bonnet F. Effects of acetaminophen on morphine side-effects and consumption after major surgery: meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Br J Anaesth. 2005;94:505-513.
75. Rømsing J, Møiniche S, Dahl JB. Rectal and parenteral paracetamol, and paracetamol in combination with NSAIDs, for postoperative analgesia. Br J Anaesth. 2002;88:215-226.
76. Marret E, Kurdi O, Zufferey P, Bonnet F. Effects of nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs on patient-controlled analgesia morphine side effects: meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Anesthesiology. 2005;102:1249-1260.
77. De Oliveira GS Jr, Agarwal D, Benzon HT. Perioperative single dose ketorolac to prevent postoperative pain: a meta-analysis of randomized trials. Anesth Analg. 2012;114:424-433.
78. Villasís-Keever MA, Rendón-Macías ME, Escamilla-Núñez A. [Systematic review to assess the effectiveness and safety of parecoxib]. Acta Ortop Mex. 2009;23:342-350.
79. Gobble RM, Hoang HL, Kachniarz B, Orgill DP. Ketorolac does not increase perioperative bleeding: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2014;133:741-755.
80. Stephens DM, Richards BG, Schleicher WF, Zins JE, Langstein HN. Is ketorolac safe to use in plastic surgery? A critical review. Aesthet Surg J. 2015;35:462-466.
81. Bainbridge D, Cheng DC, Martin JE, Novick R; Evidence-Based Perioperative Clinical Outcomes Research (EPiCOR) Group. NSAID-analgesia, pain control and morbidity in cardiothoracic surgery. Can J Anesth. 2006;53:46-59.
82. Straube S, Derry S, McQuay HJ, Moore RA. Effect of preoperative Cox-II-selective NSAIDs (coxibs) on postoperative outcomes: a systematic review of randomized studies. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand. 2005;49:601-613.
83. Kranke P, Morin AM, Roewer N, Eberhart LH. Patients' global evaluation of analgesia and safety of injected parecoxib for postoperative pain: a quantitative systematic review. Anesth Analg. 2004;99:797-806.
84. Gurusamy KS, Vaughan J, Toon CD, Davidson BR. Pharmacological interventions for prevention or treatment of postoperative pain in people undergoing laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2014;3:CD008261.
85. Martinez V, Guichard L, Fletcher D. Effect of combining tramadol and morphine in adult surgical patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized trials. Br J Anaesth. 2015;114:384-395.
86. Stevens AJ, Woodman RJ, Owen H. The effect of ondansetron on the efficacy of postoperative tramadol: a systematic review and meta-analysis of a drug interaction. Anaesthesia. 2015;70:209-218.
87. Savoia G, Loreto M, Scibelli G. [Systemic review of trials on the use of tramadol in the treatment of acute and chronic pain]. Minerva Anestesiol. 2000;66:713-731.
88. Laskowski K, Stirling A, McKay WP, Lim HJ. A systematic review of intravenous ketamine for postoperative analgesia. Can J Anesth. 2011;58:911-923.
89. Wu L, Huang X, Sun L. The efficacy of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonists on improving the postoperative pain intensity and satisfaction after remifentanil-based anesthesia in adults: a meta-analysis. J Clin Anesth. 2015;27:311-324.
90. Heesen M, Böhmer J, Brinck EC, et al. Intravenous ketamine during spinal and general anaesthesia for caesarean section: systematic review and meta-analysis. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand. 2015;59:414-426.
91. Yang L, Zhang J, Zhang Z, Zhang C, Zhao D, Li J. Preemptive analgesia effects of ketamine in patients undergoing surgery. A meta-analysis. Acta Cir Bras. 2014;29:819-825.
92. Liu Y, Zheng Y, Gu X, Ma Z. The efficacy of NMDA receptor antagonists for preventing remifentanil-induced increase in postoperative pain and analgesic requirement: a meta-analysis. Minerva Anestesiol. 2012;78:653-667.
93. Bell RF, Dahl JB, Moore RA, Kalso EA. Perioperative ketamine for acute postoperative pain. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2006;7: CD004603.
94. Elia N, Tramèr MR. Ketamine and postoperative pain-a quantitative systematic review of randomised trials. Pain. 2005;113:61-70.
95. Subramaniam K, Subramaniam B, Steinbrook RA. Ketamine as adjuvant analgesic to opioids: a quantitative and qualitative systematic review. Anesth Analg. 2004;99:482-495.
96. Blaudszun G, Lysakowski C, Elia N, Tramèr MR. Effect of perioperative systemic α2 agonists on postoperative morphine consumption and pain intensity: systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Anesthesiology. 2012;116:1312-1322.
97. Jessen LL, Korvenius NH, Møller AM. Perioperative dexmedetomidine for acute pain after abdominal surgery in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2016;2:CD010358.
98. Zhong WG, Ge XY, Zhu H, et al. Dexmedetomidine for antiemesis in gynecologic surgery: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Int J Clin Exp Med. 2015;8:14566-14576.
99. Peng K, Wu S, Liu H, Ji F. Dexmedetomidine as an anesthetic adjuvant for intracranial procedures: meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. J Clin Neurosci. 2014;21:1951-1958.
100. Wu HH, Wang HT, Jin JJ, et al. Does dexmedetomidine as a neuraxial adjuvant facilitate better anesthesia and analgesia? A systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One. 2014;9:e93114.
101. Abdallah FW, Abrishami A, Brull R. The facilitatory effects of intravenous dexmedetomidine on the duration of spinal anesthesia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Anesth Analg. 2013;117:271-278.
102. Engelman E, Marsala C. Efficacy of adding clonidine to intrathecal morphine in acute postoperative pain: meta-analysis. Br J Anaesth. 2013;110:21-27.
103. Schnabel A, Meyer-Frießem CH, Reichl SU, Zahn PK, Pogatzki-Zahn EM. Is intraoperative dexmedetomidine a new option for postoperative pain treatment? A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Pain. 2013;154:1140-1149.
104. Elia N, Culebras X, Mazza C, Schiffer E, Tramèr MR. Clonidine as an adjuvant to intrathecal local anesthetics for surgery: systematic review of randomized trials. Reg Anesth Pain Med. 2008;33:159-167.
105. Hwang SH, Park IJ, Cho YJ, Jeong YM, Kang JM. The efficacy of gabapentin/pregabalin in improving pain after tonsillectomy: a meta-analysis. Laryngoscope. 2016;126:357-366.
106. Achuthan S, Singh I, Varthya SB, Srinivasan A, Chakrabarti A, Hota D. Gabapentin prophylaxis for postoperative nausea and vomiting in abdominal surgeries: a quantitative analysis of evidence from randomized controlled clinical trials. Br J Anaesth. 2015;114:588-597.
107. Alayed N, Alghanaim N, Tan X, Tulandi T. Preemptive use of gabapentin in abdominal hysterectomy: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Obstet Gynecol. 2014;123:1221-1229.
108. Yu L, Ran B, Li M, Shi Z. Gabapentin and pregabalin in the management of postoperative pain after lumbar spinal surgery: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2013;38:1947-1952.
109. Tiippana EM, Hamunen K, Kontinen VK, Kalso E. Do surgical patients benefit from perioperative gabapentin/pregabalin? A systematic review of efficacy and safety. Anesth Analg. 2007;104:1545-1556.
110. Peng PW, Wijeysundera DN, Li CC. Use of gabapentin for perioperative pain control-a meta-analysis. Pain Res Manag. 2007;12:85-92.
111. Ho KY, Gan TJ, Habib AS. Gabapentin and postoperative pain-a systematic review of randomized controlled trials. Pain. 2006;126:91-101.
112. Seib RK, Paul JE. Preoperative gabapentin for postoperative analgesia: a meta-analysis. Can J Anesth. 2006;53:461-469.
113. Hurley RW, Cohen SP, Williams KA, Rowlingson AJ, Wu CL. The analgesic effects of perioperative gabapentin on postoperative pain: a meta-analysis. Reg Anesth Pain Med. 2006;31:237-247.
114. Mathiesen O, Møiniche S, Dahl JB. Gabapentin and postoperative pain: a qualitative and quantitative systematic review, with focus on procedure. BMC Anesthesiol. 2007;7:6.
115. Mishriky BM, Waldron NH, Habib AS. Impact of pregabalin on acute and persistent postoperative pain: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Br J Anaesth. 2015;114:10-31.
116. Yao Z, Shen C, Zhong Y. Perioperative pregabalin for acute pain after gynecological surgery: a meta-analysis. Clin Ther. 2015;37:1128-1135.
117. Zhang J, Ho KY, Wang Y. Efficacy of pregabalin in acute postoperative pain: a meta-analysis. Br J Anaesth. 2011;106:454-462.
118. Lam DM, Choi SW, Wong SS, Irwin MG, Cheung CW. Efficacy of pregabalin in acute postoperative pain under different surgical categories: a meta-analysis. Medicine (Baltimore). 2015;94:e1944.
119. Eipe N, Penning J, Yazdi F, et al. Perioperative use of pregabalin for acute pain-a systematic review and meta-analysis. Pain. 2015;156:1284-1300.
120. Evans MS, Lysakowski C, Tramèr MR. Nefopam for the prevention of postoperative pain: quantitative systematic review. Br J Anaesth. 2008;101:610-617.
121. Khan JS, Yousuf M, Victor JC, Sharma A, Siddiqui N. An estimation for an appropriate end time for an intraoperative intravenous lidocaine infusion in bowel surgery: a comparative meta-analysis. J Clin Anesth. 2016;28:95-104.
122. Ventham NT, Kennedy ED, Brady RR, et al. Efficacy of intravenous lidocaine for postoperative analgesia following laparoscopic surgery: a meta-analysis. World J Surg. 2015;39:2220-2234.
123. Bai Y, Miller T, Tan M, Law LS, Gan TJ. Lidocaine patch for acute pain management: a meta-analysis of prospective controlled trials. Curr Med Res Opin. 2015;31:575-581.
124. Kranke P, Jokinen J, Pace NL, et al. Continuous intravenous perioperative lidocaine infusion for postoperative pain and recovery. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015;7:CD009642.
125. Sun Y, Li T, Wang N, Yun Y, Gan TJ. Perioperative systemic lidocaine for postoperative analgesia and recovery after abdominal surgery: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Dis Colon Rectum. 2012;55:1183-1194.
126. Vigneault L, Turgeon AF, Côté D, et al. Perioperative intravenous lidocaine infusion for postoperative pain control: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Can J Anaesth. 2011;58:22-37.
127. Marret E, Rolin M, Beaussier M, Bonnet F. Meta-analysis of intravenous lidocaine and postoperative recovery after abdominal surgery. Br J Surg. 2008;95:1331-1338.
128. Albrecht E, Kirkham KR, Liu SS, Brull R. Peri-operative intravenous administration of magnesium sulphate and postoperative pain: a meta-analysis. Anaesthesia. 2013;68:79-90.
129. Murphy JD, Paskaradevan J, Eisler LL, et al. Analgesic efficacy of continuous intravenous magnesium infusion as an adjuvant to morphine for postoperative analgesia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Middle East J Anaesthesiol. 2013;22:11-20.
130. De Oliveira GS Jr, Castro-Alves L, Khan JH, McCarthy RJ. Perioperative systemic magnesium to minimize postoperative pain: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Anesthesiology. 2013;119:178-190.
131. Stomatology FM, Yan Q. Effects of systemic magnesium on post-operative analgesia: is the current evidence strong enough? Pain Physician. 2015;18:405-417.
132. Lysakowski C, Dumont L, Czarnetzki C, Tramèr MR. Magnesium as an adjuvant to postoperative analgesia: a systematic review of randomized trials. Anesth Analg. 2007;104:1532-1539.
133. Lin X, Pei L. Effects of magnesium sulfate on postoperative pain and complications after general anesthesia: a meta-analysis. Chinese J Evidence Based Med. 2012;12:334-340.
134. Waldron NH, Jones CA, Gan TJ, Allen TK, Habib AS. Impact of perioperative dexamethasone on postoperative analgesia and side-effects: systematic review and meta-analysis. Br J Anaesth. 2013;110:191-200.
135. De Oliveira GS Jr, Almeida MD, Benzon HT, McCarthy RJ. Perioperative single dose systemic dexamethasone for postoperative pain: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Anesthesiology. 2011;115:575-588.
136. Afman CE, Welge JA, Steward DL. Steroids for post-tonsillectomy pain reduction: meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2006;134:181-186.
137. Ip HY, Abrishami A, Peng PW, Wong J, Chung F. Predictors of postoperative pain and analgesic consumption: a qualitative systematic review. Anesthesiology. 2009;111:657-677.
138. Kehlet H, Wilkinson RC, Fischer HB, Camu F; Prospect Working Group. PROSPECT: evidence-based, procedurespecific postoperative pain management. Best Pract Res Clin Anaesthesiol. 2007;21:149-159.
139. Zhao SZ, Chung F, Hanna DB, Raymundo AL, Cheung RY, Chen C. Dose-response relationship between opioid use and adverse effects after ambulatory surgery. J Pain Symptom Manage. 2004;28:35-46.
140. Schulz KF, Grimes DA. Allocation concealment in randomised trials: defending against deciphering. Lancet. 2002;359:614-618.
141. Smith AF, Carlisle J. Reviews, systematic reviews and anaesthesia. Anaesthesia. 2015;70:644-650.
142. Kirsch I, Deacon BJ, Huedo-Medina TB, Scoboria A, Moore TJ, Johnson BT. Initial severity and antidepressant benefits: a meta-analysis of data submitted to the Food and Drug Administration. PLoS Med. 2008;5:e45.