메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 11, Issue 17, 2010, Pages 2849-2868

Alpha-2 agonists in acute pain management

Author keywords

Acute pain; Alpha 2 agonist; Analgesia; Clonidine; Dexmedetomidine; Fadolmidine

Indexed keywords

ALPHA 2 ADRENERGIC RECEPTOR; BUPIVACAINE; CLONIDINE; DEXMEDETOMIDINE; DICLOFENAC; FENTANYL; GUANINE NUCLEOTIDE BINDING PROTEIN; LEVOBUPIVACAINE; LIDOCAINE; MEPIVACAINE; MIDAZOLAM; MORPHINE; OXYCODONE; PARACETAMOL; PLACEBO; PRILOCAINE; ROPIVACAINE;

EID: 78149421069     PISSN: 14656566     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1517/14656566.2010.511613     Document Type: Review
Times cited : (91)

References (126)
  • 1
    • 0000459636 scopus 로고
    • The pharmacology of clonidine and related products
    • Antihypertensive Agents
    • Schmitt H. The pharmacology of clonidine and related products. Handbook of Experimental Pharamacology. Vol. 39: Antihypertensive Agents, 1977: p. 299-396
    • (1977) Handbook of Experimental Pharamacology , vol.39 , pp. 299-396
    • Schmitt, H.1
  • 2
    • 0018189433 scopus 로고
    • Clonidine blocks acute opiate-withdrawal symptoms
    • Gold M, Redmond D. Clonidine blocks acute opiate-withdrawal symptoms. Lancet 1978;312:599-602
    • (1978) Lancet , vol.312 , pp. 599-602
    • Gold, M.1    Redmond, D.2
  • 3
    • 0025903494 scopus 로고
    • Alpha-2 adrenoceptor agonists: Defining the role in clinical anesthesia
    • Maze M, Tranquilli W. Alpha-2 adrenoceptor agonists: defining the role in clinical anesthesia. Anesthesiology 1991;74:581-605
    • (1991) Anesthesiology , vol.74 , pp. 581-605
    • Maze, M.1    Tranquilli, W.2
  • 4
    • 0033870604 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Alpha 2-Adrenoceptor agonists in anaesthesia: A new paradigm
    • Scholz J, Tonner P. [alpha] 2-Adrenoceptor agonists in anaesthesia: a new paradigm. Curr Opin Anesthesiol 2000;13:437-42
    • (2000) Curr. Opin. Anesthesiol. , vol.13 , pp. 437-442
    • Scholz, J.1    Tonner, P.2
  • 6
    • 0024370289 scopus 로고
    • The control of acute postoperative pain
    • Mitchell RW, Smith G. The control of acute postoperative pain. Br J Anaesth 1989;63:147-58
    • (1989) Br. J. Anaesth. , vol.63 , pp. 147-58
    • Mitchell, R.W.1    Smith, G.2
  • 8
    • 0021325304 scopus 로고
    • Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of transdermally administered clonidine
    • Arndts D, Arndts K. Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of transdermally administered clonidine. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 1984;26:79-85
    • (1984) Eur. J. Clin. Pharmacol. , vol.26 , pp. 79-85
    • Arndts, D.1    Arndts, K.2
  • 9
    • 0024435472 scopus 로고
    • Pharmacokinetics and dynamics of intravenous intrathecal and epidural clonidine in sheep
    • Castro MI, Eisenach JC. Pharmacokinetics and dynamics of intravenous, intrathecal, and epidural clonidine in sheep. Anesthesiology 1989;71:418-25
    • (1989) Anesthesiology , vol.71 , pp. 418-425
    • Castro, M.I.1    Eisenach, J.C.2
  • 10
    • 0023903938 scopus 로고
    • Characterization of the selectivity specificity and potency of medetomidine as an alpha 2-adrenoceptor agonist
    • Virtanen R, Savola JM, Saano V, Nyman L. Characterization of the selectivity, specificity and potency of medetomidine as an alpha 2-adrenoceptor agonist. Eur J Pharmacol 1988;150:9-14
    • (1988) Eur. J. Pharmacol. , vol.150 , pp. 9-14
    • Virtanen, R.1    Savola, J.M.2    Saano, V.3    Nyman, L.4
  • 11
    • 0030862290 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Postoperative pharmacokinetics and sympatholytic effects of dexmedetomidine
    • Talke P, Richardson CA, Scheinin M, Fisher DM. Postoperative pharmacokinetics and sympatholytic effects of dexmedetomidine. Anesth Analg 1997;85:1136-42
    • (1997) Anesth. Analg. , vol.85 , pp. 1136-1142
    • Talke, P.1    Richardson, C.A.2    Scheinin, M.3    Fisher, D.M.4
  • 12
    • 0032949801 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Dexmedetomidine
    • Barc
    • Mantz J. Dexmedetomidine. Drugs Today (Barc) 1999;35:151-7
    • (1999) Drugs Today , vol.35 , pp. 151-157
    • Mantz, J.1
  • 13
    • 0031473311 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic characterization of the cardiovascular hypnotic EEG and ventilatory responses to dexmedetomidine in the rat
    • Bol C, Danhof M, Stanski D, Mandema J. Pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic characterization of the cardiovascular, hypnotic, EEG and ventilatory responses to dexmedetomidine in the rat. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1997;283:1051-8
    • (1997) J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. , vol.283 , pp. 1051-1058
    • Bol, C.1    Danhof, M.2    Stanski, D.3    Mandema, J.4
  • 14
    • 33751312459 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A phase I two-center study of the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of dexmedetomidine in children
    • Petroz GC, Sikich N, James M, et al. A phase I, two-center study of the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of dexmedetomidine in children. Anesthesiology 2006;105:1098-110
    • (2006) Anesthesiology , vol.105 , pp. 1098-1110
    • Petroz, G.C.1    Sikich, N.2    James, M.3
  • 15
    • 84951653316 scopus 로고
    • A study of the adrenotropic receptors
    • Ahlquist R. A study of the adrenotropic receptors. Am J Physiol 1948;153:586-600
    • (1948) Am. J. Physiol. , vol.153 , pp. 586-600
    • Ahlquist, R.1
  • 16
    • 0023684053 scopus 로고
    • Sub types of alpha 2-adrenoceptors: Pharmacological and molecular biological evidence converg
    • Bylund D. Sub types of [alpha] 2-adrenoceptors: pharmacological and molecular biological evidence converg. Trends Pharmacol Sci 1988;9:356-61
    • (1988) Trends Pharmacol. Sci. , vol.9 , pp. 356-361
    • Bylund, D.1
  • 17
    • 0032905215 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Alpha-2 and imidazoline receptor agonists: Their pharmacology and therapeutic role
    • Khan Z, Ferguson C, Jones R. Alpha-2 and imidazoline receptor agonists: their pharmacology and therapeutic role. Anaesthesia 2002;54:146-65
    • (2002) Anaesthesia , vol.54 , pp. 146-165
    • Khan, Z.1    Ferguson, C.2    Jones, R.3
  • 18
    • 0026519531 scopus 로고
    • Subtypes of alpha 1-and alpha 2-adrenergic receptors
    • Bylund D. Subtypes of alpha 1-and alpha 2-adrenergic receptors. FASEB J 1992;6:832-9
    • (1992) FASEB J. , vol.6 , pp. 832-839
    • Bylund, D.1
  • 19
    • 0034786159 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Alpha 2 receptors and agonists in pain management
    • Smith H, Elliott J. Alpha(2) receptors and agonists in pain management. Curr Opin Anaesthesiol 2001;14:513-18
    • (2001) Curr Opin Anaesthesiol , Issue.14 , pp. 513-518
    • Smith, H.1    Elliott, J.2
  • 20
    • 0034175743 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The alpha 2A adrenoceptor and the sympathetic postganglionic neuron contribute to the development of neuropathic heat hyperalgesia in mice
    • Kingery WS, Guo TZ, Davies MF, et al. The alpha(2A) adrenoceptor and the sympathetic postganglionic neuron contribute to the development of neuropathic heat hyperalgesia in mice. Pain 2000;85:345-58
    • (2000) Pain , vol.85 , pp. 345-58
    • Kingery, W.S.1    Guo, T.Z.2    Davies, M.F.3
  • 21
    • 0024375987 scopus 로고
    • A-Adrenergic inhibition of sympathetic neurotransmitter release mediated by modulation of N-type calcium-channel gating
    • Lipscombe D, Kongsamut S, Tsien R. a-Adrenergic inhibition of sympathetic neurotransmitter release mediated by modulation of N-type calcium-channel gating. Nature 1989;340:639-42
    • (1989) Nature , vol.340 , pp. 639-642
    • Lipscombe, D.1    Kongsamut, S.2    Tsien, R.3
  • 22
    • 0023864304 scopus 로고
    • Peripheral analgesic action of clonidine: mediation by release of endogenous enkephalin-like substances
    • Nakamura M, Ferreira S. Peripheral analgesic action of clonidine: mediation by release of endogenous enkephalin-like substances. Eur J Pharmacol 1988;146:23-8
    • (1988) Eur. J. Pharmacol. , vol.146 , pp. 23-28
    • Nakamura, M.1    Ferreira, S.2
  • 23
    • 0028932390 scopus 로고
    • Peripheral nociceptive effects of alpha 2-adrenergic receptor agonists in the rat
    • Khasar SG, Green PG, Chou B, Levine JD. Peripheral nociceptive effects of alpha 2-adrenergic receptor agonists in the rat. Neuroscience 1995;66:427-32
    • (1995) Neuroscience , vol.66 , pp. 427-432
    • Khasar, S.G.1    Green, P.G.2    Chou, B.3    Levine, J.D.4
  • 24
    • 0029780058 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Alpha sub 2-adrenergic agonists for regional anesthesia: A clinical review of clonidine 1984 1995
    • Eisenach J, De Kock M, Klimscha W. Alpha sub 2-adrenergic agonists for regional anesthesia: a clinical review of clonidine (1984 - 1995). Anesthesiology 1996;85:655
    • Anesthesiology , vol.1996 , Issue.85 , pp. 655
    • Eisenach, J.1    De Kock, M.2    Klimscha, W.3
  • 25
    • 0026633643 scopus 로고
    • Comparison between clonidine and epinephrine admixture to lidocaine in brachial plexus block
    • Gaumann D, Forster A, Griessen M, et al. Comparison between clonidine and epinephrine admixture to lidocaine in brachial plexus block. Anesth Analg 1992;75:69-74
    • (1992) Anesth. Analg. , vol.75 , pp. 69-74
    • Gaumann, D.1    Forster, A.2    Griessen, M.3
  • 26
    • 0025169270 scopus 로고
    • Clinical evaluation of clonidine added to lidocaine solution for epidural anesthesia
    • Nishikawa T, Dohi S. Clinical evaluation of clonidine added to lidocaine solution for epidural anesthesia. Anesthesiology 1990;73:853-9
    • (1990) Anesthesiology , vol.73 , pp. 853-859
    • Nishikawa, T.1    Dohi, S.2
  • 27
    • 0031029783 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Multiple receptors involved in peripheral alpha 2 mu and A1 antinociception tolerance and withdrawal
    • Aley K, Levine J. Multiple receptors involved in peripheral alpha 2, mu, and A1 antinociception, tolerance, and withdrawal. J Neurosci 1997;17:735-44
    • (1997) J. Neurosci. , vol.17 , pp. 735-744
    • Aley, K.1    Levine, J.2
  • 28
    • 0022620198 scopus 로고
    • Presynaptic effect of clonidine on unmyelinated afferent fibers in the spinal cord of the cat
    • Calvillo O, Ghignone M. Presynaptic effect of clonidine on unmyelinated afferent fibers in the spinal cord of the cat. Neurosci Lett 1986;64:335-9
    • (1986) Neurosci. Lett. , vol.64 , pp. 335-339
    • Calvillo, O.1    Ghignone, M.2
  • 29
    • 0025891607 scopus 로고
    • Inhibitory effects of clonidine and tizanidine on release of substance P from slices of rat spinal cord and antagonism by alpha-adrenergic receptor antagonists
    • Ono H, Mishima A, Ono S, et al. Inhibitory effects of clonidine and tizanidine on release of substance P from slices of rat spinal cord and antagonism by [alpha]-adrenergic receptor antagonists. Neuropharmacology 1991;30:585-9
    • (1991) Neuropharmacology , vol.30 , pp. 585-589
    • Ono, H.1    Mishima, A.2    Ono, S.3
  • 30
    • 0026780486 scopus 로고
    • A hypnotic response to dexmedetomidine an alpha 2 agonist is mediated in the locus coeruleus in rats
    • Correa-Sales C, Rabin BC, Maze M. A hypnotic response to dexmedetomidine, an alpha 2 agonist, is mediated in the locus coeruleus in rats. Anesthesiology 1992;76:948-52
    • (1992) Anesthesiology , vol.76 , pp. 948-952
    • Correa-Sales, C.1    Rabin, B.C.2    Maze, M.3
  • 31
    • 0027531598 scopus 로고
    • Antinociception induced by alpha-2-adrenoceptor agonists with special emphasis on medetomidine studies
    • Pertovaara A. Antinociception induced by alpha-2-adrenoceptor agonists, with special emphasis on medetomidine studies. Prog Neurobiol 1993;40:691-709
    • (1993) Prog. Neurobiol. , vol.40 , pp. 691-709
    • Pertovaara, A.1
  • 32
    • 0027457286 scopus 로고
    • Hemodynamic and analgesic actions of epidurally administered clonidine
    • Eisenach J, Detweiler D, Hood D. Hemodynamic and analgesic actions of epidurally administered clonidine. Anesthesiology 1993;78:277-87
    • (1993) Anesthesiology , vol.78 , pp. 277-287
    • Eisenach, J.1    Detweiler, D.2    Hood, D.3
  • 33
    • 0031824597 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Meta-analysis of the efficacy of extradural clonidine to relieve postoperative pain: An impossible task
    • Armand S, Langlade A, Boutros A, et al. Meta-analysis of the efficacy of extradural clonidine to relieve postoperative pain: an impossible task. Br J Anaesth 1998;81:126-34
    • (1998) Br. J. Anaesth. , vol.81 , pp. 126-134
    • Armand, S.1    Langlade, A.2    Boutros, A.3
  • 35
    • 0026667932 scopus 로고
    • Intraoperative clonidine enhances postoperative morphine patient-controlled analgesia
    • De Kock MF, Pichon G, Scholtes JL. Intraoperative clonidine enhances postoperative morphine patient-controlled analgesia. Can J Anaesth 1992;39:537-44
    • (1992) Can. J. Anaesth. , vol.39 , pp. 537-544
    • De Kock, M.F.1    Pichon, G.2    Scholtes, J.L.3
  • 36
    • 0036053605 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clonidine for treatment of postoperative pain: A dose-finding study
    • Marinangeli F, Ciccozzi A, Donatelli F, et al. Clonidine for treatment of postoperative pain: a dose-finding study. Eur J Pain 2002;6:35-42
    • (2002) Eur. J. Pain. , vol.6 , pp. 35-42
    • Marinangeli, F.1    Ciccozzi, A.2    Donatelli, F.3
  • 37
    • 34548011006 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Should we add clonidine to local anesthetic for peripheral nerve blockade a qualitative systematic review of the literature
    • McCartney CJ, Duggan E, Apatu E. Should we add clonidine to local anesthetic for peripheral nerve blockade? A qualitative systematic review of the literature. Reg Anesth Pain Med 2007;32:330-8
    • (2007) Reg. Anesth. Pain. Med. , vol.32 , pp. 330-338
    • McCartney, C.J.1    Duggan, E.2    Apatu, E.3
  • 38
    • 68249144449 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clonidine as an adjuvant to local anesthetics for peripheral nerve and plexus blocks: A meta-analysis of randomized trials
    • Popping DM, Elia N, Marret E, et al. Clonidine as an adjuvant to local anesthetics for peripheral nerve and plexus blocks: a meta-analysis of randomized trials. Anesthesiology 2009;111:406-15
    • (2009) Anesthesiology , vol.111 , pp. 406-415
    • Popping, D.M.1    Elia, N.2    Marret, E.3
  • 39
    • 0037221983 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The analgesic effect of interscalene block using clonidine as an analgesic for shoulder arthroscopy
    • Iskandar H, Benard A, Ruel-Raymond J, et al. The analgesic effect of interscalene block using clonidine as an analgesic for shoulder arthroscopy. Anesth Analg 2003;96:260-2
    • (2003) Anesth. Analg. , vol.96 , pp. 260-262
    • Iskandar, H.1    Benard, A.2    Ruel-Raymond, J.3
  • 40
    • 0026689317 scopus 로고
    • Adding clonidine to mepivacaine prolongs the duration of anesthesia and analgesia after axillary brachial plexus block
    • Singelyn F, Dangoisse M, Bartholomee S, Gouverneur J. Adding clonidine to mepivacaine prolongs the duration of anesthesia and analgesia after axillary brachial plexus block. Reg Anesth Pain Med 1992;17:148-50
    • (1992) Reg. Anesth. Pain. Med. , vol.17 , pp. 148-150
    • Singelyn, F.1    Dangoisse, M.2    Bartholomee, S.3    Gouverneur, J.4
  • 41
    • 0035165892 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clonidine combined with a long acting local anesthetic does not prolong postoperative analgesia after brachial plexus block but does induce hemodynamic changes
    • Culebras X, Van Gessel E, Hoffmeyer P, Gamulin Z. Clonidine combined with a long acting local anesthetic does not prolong postoperative analgesia after brachial plexus block but does induce hemodynamic changes. Anesth Analg 2001;92:199-204
    • (2001) Anesth. Analg. , vol.92 , pp. 199-204
    • Culebras, X.1    Van Gessel, E.2    Hoffmeyer, P.3    Gamulin, Z.4
  • 42
    • 14544295355 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Intravenous but not perineural clonidine prolongs postoperative analgesia after psoas compartment block with 0.5% levobupivacaine for hip fracture surgery
    • Mannion S, Hayes I, Loughnane F, et al. Intravenous but not perineural clonidine prolongs postoperative analgesia after psoas compartment block with 0.5% levobupivacaine for hip fracture surgery. Anesth Analg 2005;100:873-8
    • (2005) Anesth. Analg. , vol.100 , pp. 873-878
    • Mannion, S.1    Hayes, I.2    Loughnane, F.3
  • 43
    • 21444433966 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clonidine administered as adjuvant for bupivacaine in ilioinguinal-iliohypogastric nerve block does not prolong postoperative analgesia
    • Kaabachi O, Zerelli Z, Methamem M, et al. Clonidine administered as adjuvant for bupivacaine in ilioinguinal-iliohypogastric nerve block does not prolong postoperative analgesia. Paediatr Anaesth 2005;15:586-90
    • (2005) Paediatr. Anaesth. , vol.15 , pp. 586-590
    • Kaabachi, O.1    Zerelli, Z.2    Methamem, M.3
  • 44
    • 33847179819 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The effects of clonidine on postoperative analgesia after peripheral nerve blockade in children
    • Cucchiaro G, Ganesh A. The effects of clonidine on postoperative analgesia after peripheral nerve blockade in children. Anesth Analg 2007;104:532-7
    • (2007) Anesth. Analg. , vol.104 , pp. 532-537
    • Cucchiaro, G.1    Ganesh, A.2
  • 45
    • 0026652805 scopus 로고
    • Intrathecal clonidine as a sole analgesic for pain relief after cesarean section
    • Filos KS, Goudas LC, Patroni O, Polyzou V. Intrathecal clonidine as a sole analgesic for pain relief after cesarean section. Anesthesiology 1992;77:267-74
    • (1992) Anesthesiology , vol.77 , pp. 267-274
    • Filos, K.S.1    Goudas, L.C.2    Patroni, O.3    Polyzou, V.4
  • 46
    • 0028092060 scopus 로고
    • Hemodynamic and analgesic profile after intrathecal clonidine in humans a dose-response study
    • discussion 27A-28A
    • Filos KS, Goudas LC, Patroni O, Polyzou V. Hemodynamic and analgesic profile after intrathecal clonidine in humans. A dose-response study. Anesthesiology 1994;81:591-601; discussion 27A-28A
    • (1994) Anesthesiology , vol.81 , pp. 591-601
    • Filos, K.S.1    Goudas, L.C.2    Patroni, O.3    Polyzou, V.4
  • 47
    • 39449095747 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clonidine as an adjuvant to intrathecal local anesthetics for surgery: Systematic review of randomized trials
    • Elia N, Culebras X, Mazza C, et al. Clonidine as an adjuvant to intrathecal local anesthetics for surgery: systematic review of randomized trials. Reg Anesth Pain Med 2008;33:159-67
    • (2008) Reg. Anesth. Pain. Med. , vol.33 , pp. 159-167
    • Elia, N.1    Culebras, X.2    Mazza, C.3
  • 48
    • 67049133453 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Adjuvant therapy with intrathecal clonidine improves postoperative pain in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass graft
    • Nader ND, Li CM, Dosluoglu HH, et al. Adjuvant therapy with intrathecal clonidine improves postoperative pain in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass graft. Clin J Pain 2009;25:101-6
    • (2009) Clin. J. Pain. , vol.25 , pp. 101-106
    • Nader, N.D.1    Li, C.M.2    Dosluoglu, H.H.3
  • 49
    • 66349127380 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The efficacy of intrathecal morphine with or without clonidine for postoperative analgesia after radical prostatectomy
    • Andrieu G, Roth B, Ousmane L, et al. The efficacy of intrathecal morphine with or without clonidine for postoperative analgesia after radical prostatectomy. Anesth Analg 2009;108:1954-7
    • (2009) Anesth. Analg. , vol.108 , pp. 1954-1957
    • Andrieu, G.1    Roth, B.2    Ousmane, L.3
  • 50
    • 0037377843 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Intrathecal clonidine added to a bupivacaine-morphine spinal anesthetic improves postoperative analgesia for total knee arthroplasty
    • Sites BD, Beach M, Biggs R, et al. Intrathecal clonidine added to a bupivacaine-morphine spinal anesthetic improves postoperative analgesia for total knee arthroplasty. Anesth Analg 2003;96:1083-8
    • (2003) Anesth. Analg. , vol.96 , pp. 1083-1088
    • Sites, B.D.1    Beach, M.2    Biggs, R.3
  • 51
    • 33748521269 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Postoperative analgesia for cesarean section: Does the addiction of clonidine to subarachnoid morphine improve the quality of the analgesia
    • Neves JF, Monteiro GA, Almeida JR, et al. Postoperative analgesia for cesarean section: does the addiction of clonidine to subarachnoid morphine improve the quality of the analgesia? Rev Bras Anestesiol 2006;56:370-6
    • (2006) Rev. Bras. Anestesiol. , vol.56 , pp. 370-376
    • Neves, J.F.1    Monteiro, G.A.2    Almeida, J.R.3
  • 52
    • 0028796777 scopus 로고
    • Postoperative analgesia after co-administration of clonidine and morphine by the intrathecal route in patients undergoing hip replacement
    • Grace D, Bunting H, Milligan KR, Fee JP. Postoperative analgesia after co-administration of clonidine and morphine by the intrathecal route in patients undergoing hip replacement. Anesth Analg 1995;80:86-91
    • (1995) Anesth. Analg. , vol.80 , pp. 86-91
    • Grace, D.1    Bunting, H.2    Milligan, K.R.3    Fee, J.P.4
  • 53
    • 0027283516 scopus 로고
    • Intravenous or epidural clonidine for intra- and postoperative analgesia
    • De Kock M, Crochet B, Morimont C, Scholtes JL. Intravenous or epidural clonidine for intra- and postoperative analgesia. Anesthesiology 1993;79:525-31
    • (1993) Anesthesiology , vol.79 , pp. 525-531
    • De Kock, M.1    Crochet, B.2    Morimont, C.3    Scholtes, J.L.4
  • 54
    • 0028829007 scopus 로고
    • Epidural clonidine or sufentanil for intraoperative and postoperative analgesia
    • De Kock M, Famenne F, Deckers G, Scholtes JL. Epidural clonidine or sufentanil for intraoperative and postoperative analgesia. Anesth Analg 1995;81:1154-62
    • (1995) Anesth. Analg. , vol.81 , pp. 1154-1162
    • De Kock, M.1    Famenne, F.2    Deckers, G.3    Scholtes, J.L.4
  • 55
    • 0031049845 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Epidural clonidine used as the sole analgesic agent during and after abdominal surgery a dose-response study
    • De Kock M, Wiederkher P, Laghmiche A, Scholtes JL. Epidural clonidine used as the sole analgesic agent during and after abdominal surgery. A dose-response study. Anesthesiology 1997;86:285-92
    • (1997) Anesthesiology , vol.86 , pp. 285-292
    • De Kock, M.1    Wiederkher, P.2    Laghmiche, A.3    Scholtes, J.L.4
  • 56
    • 0025637617 scopus 로고
    • Addition of clonidine enhances postoperative analgesia from epidural morphine: A double-blind study
    • Motsch J, Graber E, Ludwig K. Addition of clonidine enhances postoperative analgesia from epidural morphine: a double-blind study. Anesthesiology 1990;73:1067-73
    • (1990) Anesthesiology , vol.73 , pp. 1067-1073
    • Motsch, J.1    Graber, E.2    Ludwig, K.3
  • 57
    • 0028960989 scopus 로고
    • Analgesic and hemodynamic effects of epidural clonidine clonidine/morphine and morphine after pancreatic surgery -A double-blind study
    • Rockemann MG, Seeling W, Brinkmann A, et al. Analgesic and hemodynamic effects of epidural clonidine, clonidine/morphine, and morphine after pancreatic surgery - a double-blind study. Anesth Analg 1995;80:869-74
    • (1995) Anesth. Analg. , vol.80 , pp. 869-874
    • Rockemann, M.G.1    Seeling, W.2    Brinkmann, A.3
  • 58
    • 0025987823 scopus 로고
    • Effect of epidural clonidine on analgesia and pharmacokinetics of epidural fentanyl in postoperative patients
    • Rostaing S, Bonnet F, Levron JC, et al. Effect of epidural clonidine on analgesia and pharmacokinetics of epidural fentanyl in postoperative patients. Anesthesiology 1991;75:420-5
    • (1991) Anesthesiology , vol.75 , pp. 420-425
    • Rostaing, S.1    Bonnet, F.2    Levron, J.C.3
  • 59
    • 0027176081 scopus 로고
    • Epidural clonidine decreases postoperative requirements for epidural fentanyl
    • Delaunay L, Leppert C, Dechaubry V, et al. Epidural clonidine decreases postoperative requirements for epidural fentanyl. Reg Anesth 1993;18:176-80
    • (1993) Reg. Anesth. , vol.18 , pp. 176-180
    • Delaunay, L.1    Leppert, C.2    Dechaubry, V.3
  • 60
    • 0026731022 scopus 로고
    • Epidural clonidine enhances postoperative analgesia from a combined low-dose epidural bupivacaine and morphine regimen
    • Mogensen T, Eliasen K, Ejlersen E, et al. Epidural clonidine enhances postoperative analgesia from a combined low-dose epidural bupivacaine and morphine regimen. Anesth Analg 1992;75:607-10
    • (1992) Anesth. Analg. , vol.75 , pp. 607-610
    • Mogensen, T.1    Eliasen, K.2    Ejlersen, E.3
  • 61
    • 0033868784 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The efficacy and safety of epidural infusions of levobupivacaine with and without clonidine for postoperative pain relief in patients undergoing total hip replacement
    • Milligan KR, Convery PN, Weir P, et al. The efficacy and safety of epidural infusions of levobupivacaine with and without clonidine for postoperative pain relief in patients undergoing total hip replacement. Anesth Analg 2000;91:393-7
    • (2000) Anesth. Analg. , vol.91 , pp. 393-397
    • Milligan, K.R.1    Convery, P.N.2    Weir, P.3
  • 62
    • 0025261903 scopus 로고
    • Clonidine-induced analgesia in postoperative patients: Epidural versus intramuscular administration
    • Bonnet F, Boico O, Rostaing S, et al. Clonidine-induced analgesia in postoperative patients: epidural versus intramuscular administration. Anesthesiology 1990;72:423-7
    • (1990) Anesthesiology , vol.72 , pp. 423-427
    • Bonnet, F.1    Boico, O.2    Rostaing, S.3
  • 63
    • 0029084523 scopus 로고
    • Comparison of intravenous and epidural clonidine for postoperative patient-controlled analgesia
    • Bernard JM, Kick O, Bonnet F. Comparison of intravenous and epidural clonidine for postoperative patient-controlled analgesia. Anesth Analg 1995;81:706-12
    • (1995) Anesth. Analg. , vol.81 , pp. 706-712
    • Bernard, J.M.1    Kick, O.2    Bonnet, F.3
  • 64
    • 38049129558 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of clonidine preemptive analgesia on acute postoperative pain in abdominal surgery
    • Persec J, Persec Z, Bukovic D, et al. Effects of clonidine preemptive analgesia on acute postoperative pain in abdominal surgery. Coll Antropol 2007;31:1071-5
    • (2007) Coll. Antropol. , vol.31 , pp. 1071-1075
    • Persec, J.1    Persec, Z.2    Bukovic, D.3
  • 65
    • 70450206877 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Postoperative pain and systemic inflammatory stress response after preoperative analgesia with clonidine or levobupivacaine: A randomized controlled trial
    • Persec J, Persec Z, Husedzinovic I. Postoperative pain and systemic inflammatory stress response after preoperative analgesia with clonidine or levobupivacaine: a randomized controlled trial. Wien Klin Wochenschr 2009;121:558-63
    • (2009) Wien. Klin. Wochenschr. , vol.121 , pp. 558-563
    • Persec, J.1    Persec, Z.2    Husedzinovic, I.3
  • 66
    • 61649119660 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Central sympatholytics prolong survival in experimental sepsis
    • Hofer S, Steppan J, Wagner T, et al. Central sympatholytics prolong survival in experimental sepsis. Crit Care 2009;13:R11
    • (2009) Crit. Care , vol.13
    • Hofer, S.1    Steppan, J.2    Wagner, T.3
  • 67
    • 0343091264 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The effect of clonidine pretreatment on the perioperative proinflammatory cytokines cortisol and ACTH responses in patients undergoing total abdominal hysterectomy
    • Kim MH, Hahn TH. The effect of clonidine pretreatment on the perioperative proinflammatory cytokines, cortisol, and ACTH responses in patients undergoing total abdominal hysterectomy. Anesth Analg 2000;90:1441-4
    • (2000) Anesth. Analg. , vol.90 , pp. 1441-1444
    • Kim, M.H.1    Hahn, T.H.2
  • 68
    • 0028805882 scopus 로고
    • Immune activation: The role of pro-inflammatory cytokines in inflammation, illness responses and pathological pain states
    • Watkins LR, Maier SF, Goehler LE. Immune activation: the role of pro-inflammatory cytokines in inflammation, illness responses and pathological pain states. Pain 1995;63:289-302
    • (1995) Pain , vol.63 , pp. 289-302
    • Watkins, L.R.1    Maier, S.F.2    Goehler, L.E.3
  • 69
    • 3242781630 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The effect of epidural clonidine on perioperative cytokine response postoperative pain and bowel function in patients undergoing colorectal surgery
    • Wu CT, Jao SW, Borel CO, et al. The effect of epidural clonidine on perioperative cytokine response, postoperative pain, and bowel function in patients undergoing colorectal surgery. Anesth Analg 2004;99:502-9
    • (2004) Anesth. Analg. , vol.99 , pp. 502-509
    • Wu, C.T.1    Jao, S.W.2    Borel, C.O.3
  • 70
    • 16844370390 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Improved analgesia with clonidine when added to local anesthetic during combined spinal-epidural anesthesia for hip arthroplasty: A double-blind randomized and placebo-controlled study
    • Dobrydnjov I, Axelsson K, Gupta A, et al. Improved analgesia with clonidine when added to local anesthetic during combined spinal-epidural anesthesia for hip arthroplasty: a double-blind, randomized and placebo-controlled study. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 2005;49:538-45
    • (2005) Acta. Anaesthesiol. Scand. , vol.49 , pp. 538-545
    • Dobrydnjov, I.1    Axelsson, K.2    Gupta, A.3
  • 71
    • 0029975487 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Peripheral analgesic effect of intra-articular clonidine
    • Gentili M, Juhel A, Bonnet F. Peripheral analgesic effect of intra-articular clonidine. Pain 1996;64:593-6
    • (1996) Pain. , vol.64 , pp. 593-596
    • Gentili, M.1    Juhel, A.2    Bonnet, F.3
  • 72
    • 0030729993 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Intra-articular morphine and clonidine produce comparable analgesia but the combination is not more effective
    • Gentili M, Houssel P, Osman M, et al. Intra-articular morphine and clonidine produce comparable analgesia but the combination is not more effective. Br J Anaesth 1997;79:660-1
    • (1997) Br. J. Anaesth. , vol.79 , pp. 660-661
    • Gentili, M.1    Houssel, P.2    Osman, M.3
  • 73
    • 0034177469 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Intra-articular clonidine vs morphine for post-operative analgesia following arthroscopic knee surgery a comparative evaluation
    • Iqbal J, Wig J, Bhardwaj N, Dhillon MS. Intra-articular clonidine vs. morphine for post-operative analgesia following arthroscopic knee surgery (a comparative evaluation). Knee 2000;7:109-13
    • (2000) Knee , vol.7 , pp. 109-113
    • Iqbal, J.1    Wig, J.2    Bhardwaj, N.3    Dhillon, M.S.4
  • 74
    • 0034925417 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Postoperative analgesia by intraarticular clonidine and neostigmine in patients undergoing knee arthroscopy
    • Gentili M, Enel D, Szymskiewicz O, et al. Postoperative analgesia by intraarticular clonidine and neostigmine in patients undergoing knee arthroscopy. Reg Anesth Pain Med 2001;26:342-7
    • (2001) Reg. Anesth. Pain. Med. , vol.26 , pp. 342-347
    • Gentili, M.1    Enel, D.2    Szymskiewicz, O.3
  • 75
    • 27744608588 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Intraarticular analgesia after arthroscopic knee surgery: Comparison of neostigmine clonidine tenoxicam morphine and bupivacaine
    • Alagol A, Calpur OU, Usar PS, et al. Intraarticular analgesia after arthroscopic knee surgery: comparison of neostigmine, clonidine, tenoxicam, morphine and bupivacaine. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 2005;13:658-63
    • (2005) Knee Surg. Sports Traumatol. Arthrosc. , vol.13 , pp. 658-663
    • Alagol, A.1    Calpur, O.U.2    Usar, P.S.3
  • 76
    • 0034015306 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Postoperative analgesia for outpatient arthroscopic knee surgery with intraarticular clonidine and/or morphine
    • Joshi W, Reuben SS, Kilaru PR, et al. Postoperative analgesia for outpatient arthroscopic knee surgery with intraarticular clonidine and/or morphine. Anesth Analg 2000;90:1102-6
    • (2000) Anesth. Analg. , vol.90 , pp. 1102-1106
    • Joshi, W.1    Reuben, S.S.2    Kilaru, P.R.3
  • 77
    • 0032901407 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Postoperative analgesia for outpatient arthroscopic knee surgery with intraarticular clonidine
    • Reuben SS, Connelly NR. Postoperative analgesia for outpatient arthroscopic knee surgery with intraarticular clonidine. Anesth Analg 1999;88:729-33
    • (1999) Anesth. Analg. , vol.88 , pp. 729-733
    • Reuben, S.S.1    Connelly, N.R.2
  • 78
    • 0033931330 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Intra-articular clonidine analgesia after knee arthroscopy
    • Buerkle H, Huge V, Wolfgart M, et al. Intra-articular clonidine analgesia after knee arthroscopy. Eur J Anaesthesiol 2000;17:295-9
    • (2000) Eur. J. Anaesthesiol. , vol.17 , pp. 295-299
    • Buerkle, H.1    Huge, V.2    Wolfgart, M.3
  • 79
    • 0030005526 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Oral clonidine premedication enhances the quality of postoperative analgesia by intrathecal morphine
    • Goyagi T, Nishikawa T. Oral clonidine premedication enhances the quality of postoperative analgesia by intrathecal morphine. Anesth Analg 1996;82:1192-6
    • (1996) Anesth. Analg. , vol.82 , pp. 1192-1196
    • Goyagi, T.1    Nishikawa, T.2
  • 80
    • 0030021892 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Oral clonidine premedication reduces postoperative pain in children
    • Mikawa K, Nishina K, Maekawa N, Obara H. Oral clonidine premedication reduces postoperative pain in children. Anesth Analg 1996;82:225-30
    • (1996) Anesth. Analg. , vol.82 , pp. 225-230
    • Mikawa, K.1    Nishina, K.2    Maekawa, N.3    Obara, H.4
  • 81
    • 0032168085 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Oral clonidine premedication does not prolong analgesia after herniorrhaphy under subarachnoid anesthesia
    • Ezri T, Szmuk P, Shklar B, et al. Oral clonidine premedication does not prolong analgesia after herniorrhaphy under subarachnoid anesthesia. J Clin Anesth 1998;10:474-81
    • (1998) J. Clin. Anesth. , vol.10 , pp. 474-481
    • Ezri, T.1    Szmuk, P.2    Shklar, B.3
  • 82
    • 0032745942 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Oral clonidine premedication enhances postoperative analgesia by epidural morphine
    • Goyagi T, Tanaka M, Nishikawa T. Oral clonidine premedication enhances postoperative analgesia by epidural morphine. Anesth Analg 1999;89:1487-91
    • (1999) Anesth. Analg. , vol.89 , pp. 1487-1491
    • Goyagi, T.1    Tanaka, M.2    Nishikawa, T.3
  • 83
    • 0033810922 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Premedication with low dose oral clonidine does not enhance postoperative analgesia of intrathecal morphine
    • Mayson KV, Gofton EA, Chambers KG. Premedication with low dose oral clonidine does not enhance postoperative analgesia of intrathecal morphine. Can J Anaesth 2000;47:752-7
    • (2000) Can J. Anaesth. , vol.47 , pp. 752-757
    • Mayson, K.V.1    Gofton, E.A.2    Chambers, K.G.3
  • 84
    • 33846850454 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effectiveness of local anaesthesia clonidine and fentanyl infiltration for post-submucosal resection pain relief: A randomized double-blinded clinical trial
    • Naja MZ, El-Rajab M, Kabalan W, et al. Effectiveness of local anaesthesia (clonidine and fentanyl) infiltration for post-submucosal resection pain relief: a randomized, double-blinded clinical trial. J Laryngol Otol 2007;121:19-24
    • (2007) J. Laryngol. Otol. , vol.121 , pp. 19-24
    • Naja, M.Z.1    El-Rajab, M.2    Kabalan, W.3
  • 86
    • 33847771248 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The effect of tramadol or clonidine added to intraperitoneal bupivacaine on postoperative pain in total abdominal hysterectomy
    • Memis D, Turan A, Karamanlioglu B, et al. The effect of tramadol or clonidine added to intraperitoneal bupivacaine on postoperative pain in total abdominal hysterectomy. J Opioid Manag 2005;1:77-82
    • (2005) J. Opioid. Manag. , vol.1 , pp. 77-82
    • Memis, D.1    Turan, A.2    Karamanlioglu, B.3
  • 87
    • 0030861501 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The addition of clonidine to prilocaine for intravenous regional anaesthesia
    • Kleinschmidt S, Stockl W, Wilhelm W, Larsen R. The addition of clonidine to prilocaine for intravenous regional anaesthesia. Eur J Anaesthesiol 1997;14:40-6
    • (1997) Eur. J. Anaesthesiol. , vol.14 , pp. 40-46
    • Kleinschmidt, S.1    Stockl, W.2    Wilhelm, W.3    Larsen, R.4
  • 88
    • 0033030284 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Adding clonidine to lidocaine for intravenous regional anesthesia prevents tourniquet pain
    • Gentili M, Bernard JM, Bonnet F. Adding clonidine to lidocaine for intravenous regional anesthesia prevents tourniquet pain. Anesth Analg 1999;88:1327-30
    • (1999) Anesth. Analg. , vol.88 , pp. 1327-1330
    • Gentili, M.1    Bernard, J.M.2    Bonnet, F.3
  • 90
    • 0035164926 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clonidine versus ketamine to prevent tourniquet pain during intravenous regional anesthesia with lidocaine
    • Gorgias NK, Maidatsi PG, Kyriakidis AM, et al. Clonidine versus ketamine to prevent tourniquet pain during intravenous regional anesthesia with lidocaine. Reg Anesth Pain Med 2001;26:512-17
    • (2001) Reg. Anesth. Pain. Med. , vol.26 , pp. 512-517
    • Gorgias, N.K.1    Maidatsi, P.G.2    Kyriakidis, A.M.3
  • 91
    • 1142287488 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The addition of sufentanil tramadol or clonidine to lignocaine for intravenous regional anaesthesia
    • Alayurt S, Memis D, Pamukcu Z. The addition of sufentanil, tramadol or clonidine to lignocaine for intravenous regional anaesthesia. Anaesth Intensive Care 2004;32:22-7
    • (2004) Anaesth Intensive Care , vol.32 , pp. 22-27
    • Alayurt, S.1    Memis, D.2    Pamukcu, Z.3
  • 92
    • 0036038272 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Comparison of morphine alone with morphine plus clonidine for postoperative patient-controlled analgesia
    • Jeffs SA, Hall JE, Morris S. Comparison of morphine alone with morphine plus clonidine for postoperative patient-controlled analgesia. Br J Anaesth 2002;89:424-7
    • (2002) Br. J. Anaesth , vol.89 , pp. 424-427
    • Jeffs, S.A.1    Hall, J.E.2    Morris, S.3
  • 93
    • 0032705173 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Preliminary UK experience of dexmedetomidine a novel agent for postoperative sedation in the intensive care unit
    • Venn RM, Bradshaw CJ, Spencer R, et al. Preliminary UK experience of dexmedetomidine, a novel agent for postoperative sedation in the intensive care unit. Anaesthesia 1999;54:1136-42
    • (1999) Anaesthesia , vol.54 , pp. 1136-1142
    • Venn, R.M.1    Bradshaw, C.J.2    Spencer, R.3
  • 94
    • 0142031128 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • ICU sedation after coronary artery bypass graft surgery: Dexmedetomidine-based versus propofol-based sedation regimens
    • Herr DL, Sum-Ping ST, England M. ICU sedation after coronary artery bypass graft surgery: dexmedetomidine-based versus propofol-based sedation regimens. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth 2003;17:576-84
    • (2003) J. Cardiothorac. Vasc. Anesth. , vol.17 , pp. 576-584
    • Herr, D.L.1    Sum-Ping, S.T.2    England, M.3
  • 95
    • 0142094416 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The role of the alpha2-adrenoceptor agonist dexmedetomidine in postsurgical sedation in the intensive care unit
    • Martin E, Ramsay G, Mantz J, Sum-Ping ST. The role of the alpha2-adrenoceptor agonist dexmedetomidine in postsurgical sedation in the intensive care unit. J Intensive Care Med 2003;18:29-41
    • (2003) J. Intensive. Care Med. , vol.18 , pp. 29-41
    • Martin, E.1    Ramsay, G.2    Mantz, J.3    Sum-Ping, S.T.4
  • 96
    • 73349131408 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Impact of dexmedetomidine on analgesic requirements in patients after cardiac surgery in a fast-track recovery room setting
    • Barletta JF, Miedema SL, Wiseman D, et al. Impact of dexmedetomidine on analgesic requirements in patients after cardiac surgery in a fast-track recovery room setting. Pharmacotherapy 2009;29:1427-32
    • (2009) Pharmacotherapy , vol.29 , pp. 1427-1432
    • Barletta, J.F.1    Miedema, S.L.2    Wiseman, D.3
  • 97
    • 18344390321 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Dexmedetomidine does not improve patient satisfaction when compared with propofol during mechanical ventilation
    • Corbett SM, Rebuck JA, Greene CM, et al. Dexmedetomidine does not improve patient satisfaction when compared with propofol during mechanical ventilation. Crit Care Med 2005;33:940-5
    • (2005) Crit. Care Med. , vol.33 , pp. 940-945
    • Corbett, S.M.1    Rebuck, J.A.2    Greene, C.M.3
  • 98
    • 0025813416 scopus 로고
    • Effect of intravenously administered dexmedetomidine on pain after laparoscopic tubal ligation
    • Aho MS, Erkola OA, Scheinin H, et al. Effect of intravenously administered dexmedetomidine on pain after laparoscopic tubal ligation. Anesth Analg 1991;73:112-18
    • (1991) Anesth. Analg. , vol.73 , pp. 112-118
    • Aho, M.S.1    Erkola, O.A.2    Scheinin, H.3
  • 99
    • 18744398722 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The effect of pre-anaesthetic administration of intravenous dexmedetomidine on postoperative pain in patients receiving patient-controlled morphine
    • Unlugenc H, Gunduz M, Guler T, et al. The effect of pre-anaesthetic administration of intravenous dexmedetomidine on postoperative pain in patients receiving patient-controlled morphine. Eur J Anaesthesiol 2005;22:386-91
    • (2005) Eur. J. Anaesthesiol. , vol.22 , pp. 386-391
    • Unlugenc, H.1    Gunduz, M.2    Guler, T.3
  • 100
    • 0347363657 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The efficacy of dexmedetomidine versus morphine for postoperative analgesia after major inpatient surgery
    • Arain SR, Ruehlow RM, Uhrich TD, Ebert TJ. The efficacy of dexmedetomidine versus morphine for postoperative analgesia after major inpatient surgery. Anesth Analg 2004;98:153-8
    • (2004) Anesth. Analg. , vol.98 , pp. 153-158
    • Arain, S.R.1    Ruehlow, R.M.2    Uhrich, T.D.3    Ebert, T.J.4
  • 101
    • 33747602977 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Intraoperative infusion of dexmedetomidine reduces perioperative analgesic requirements
    • Gurbet A, Basagan-Mogol E, Turker G, et al. Intraoperative infusion of dexmedetomidine reduces perioperative analgesic requirements. Can J Anaesth 2006;53:646-52
    • (2006) Can J. Anaesth. , vol.53 , pp. 646-652
    • Gurbet, A.1    Basagan-Mogol, E.2    Turker, G.3
  • 102
    • 33644677786 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Fentanyl or dexmedetomidine combined with desflurane for bariatric surgery
    • Feld JM, Hoffman WE, Stechert MM, et al. Fentanyl or dexmedetomidine combined with desflurane for bariatric surgery. J Clin Anesth 2006;18:24-8
    • (2006) J Clin. Anesth. , vol.18 , pp. 24-28
    • Feld, J.M.1    Hoffman, W.E.2    Stechert, M.M.3
  • 103
    • 35148829142 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The impact of perioperative dexmedetomidine infusion on postoperative narcotic use and duration of stay after laparoscopic bariatric surgery
    • Dholakia C, Beverstein G, Garren M, et al. The impact of perioperative dexmedetomidine infusion on postoperative narcotic use and duration of stay after laparoscopic bariatric surgery. J Gastrointest Surg 2007;11:1556-9
    • (2007) J. Gastrointest. Surg. , vol.11 , pp. 1556-1559
    • Dholakia, C.1    Beverstein, G.2    Garren, M.3
  • 104
    • 44649125433 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Dexmedetomidine infusion during laparoscopic bariatric surgery: The effect on recovery outcome variables
    • Tufanogullari B, White PF, Peixoto MP, et al. Dexmedetomidine infusion during laparoscopic bariatric surgery: the effect on recovery outcome variables. Anesth Analg 2008;106:1741-8
    • (2008) Anesth. Analg. , vol.106 , pp. 1741-1748
    • Tufanogullari, B.1    White, P.F.2    Peixoto, M.P.3
  • 105
    • 34249004884 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of dexmedetomidine on the duration of anaesthesia and wakefulness in bupivacaine epidural block
    • Coskuner I, Tekin M, Kati I, et al. Effects of dexmedetomidine on the duration of anaesthesia and wakefulness in bupivacaine epidural block. Eur J Anaesthesiol 2007;24:535-40
    • (2007) Eur. J. Anaesthesiol. , vol.24 , pp. 535-540
    • Coskuner, I.1    Tekin, M.2    Kati, I.3
  • 106
    • 25844508406 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A prospective double-blind, randomized placebo-controlled study of dexmedetomidine as an adjunct to epidural analgesia after thoracic surgery
    • Wahlander S, Frumento RJ, Wagener G, et al. A prospective, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study of dexmedetomidine as an adjunct to epidural analgesia after thoracic surgery. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth 2005;19:630-5
    • (2005) J. Cardiothorac. Vasc. Anesth. , vol.19 , pp. 630-635
    • Wahlander, S.1    Frumento, R.J.2    Wagener, G.3
  • 107
    • 53549113905 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Postoperative pain status after intraoperative systemic dexmedetomidine and epidural neostigmine in patients undergoing lower abdominal surgery
    • Kida K, Ohtani N, Shoji K, et al. Postoperative pain status after intraoperative systemic dexmedetomidine and epidural neostigmine in patients undergoing lower abdominal surgery. Eur J Anaesthesiol 2008;25:869-75
    • (2008) Eur. J. Anaesthesiol. , vol.25 , pp. 869-875
    • Kida, K.1    Ohtani, N.2    Shoji, K.3
  • 108
    • 37049023889 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clinical analgesic efficacy and side effects of dexmedetomidine in the early postoperative period after arthroscopic knee surgery
    • Gomez-Vazquez ME, Hernandez-Salazar E, Hernandez-Jimenez A, et al. Clinical analgesic efficacy and side effects of dexmedetomidine in the early postoperative period after arthroscopic knee surgery. J Clin Anesth 2007;19:576-82
    • (2007) J. Clin. Anesth. , vol.19 , pp. 576-582
    • Gomez-Vazquez, M.E.1    Hernandez-Salazar, E.2    Hernandez-Jimenez, A.3
  • 109
    • 74349096562 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Intravenous dexmedetomidine but not midazolam prolongs bupivacaine spinal anesthesia
    • Kaya FN, Yavascaoglu B, Turker G, et al. Intravenous dexmedetomidine, but not midazolam, prolongs bupivacaine spinal anesthesia. Can J Anaesth 2010;57:39-45
    • (2010) Can J. Anaesth. , vol.57 , pp. 39-45
    • Kaya, F.N.1    Yavascaoglu, B.2    Turker, G.3
  • 110
    • 41549139757 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The efficacy and neurotoxicity of dexmedetomidine administered via the epidural route
    • Konakci S, Adanir T, Yilmaz G, Rezanko T. The efficacy and neurotoxicity of dexmedetomidine administered via the epidural route. Eur J Anaesthesiol 2008;25:403-9
    • (2008) Eur. J. Anaesthesiol. , vol.25 , pp. 403-409
    • Konakci, S.1    Adanir, T.2    Yilmaz, G.3    Rezanko, T.4
  • 111
    • 77953162855 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effect of epidural dexmedetomidine on intraoperative awareness and post-operative pain after one-lung ventilation
    • Elhakim M, Abdelhamid D, Abdelfattach H, et al. Effect of epidural dexmedetomidine on intraoperative awareness and post-operative pain after one-lung ventilation. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 2010;54:703-9
    • (2010) Acta. Anaesthesiol. Scand. , vol.54 , pp. 703-709
    • Elhakim, M.1    Abdelhamid, D.2    Abdelfattach, H.3
  • 112
    • 33644778044 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effect of low-dose dexmedetomidine or clonidine on the characteristics of bupivacaine spinal block
    • Kanazi GE, Aouad MT, Jabbour-Khoury SI, et al. Effect of low-dose dexmedetomidine or clonidine on the characteristics of bupivacaine spinal block. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 2006;50:222-7
    • (2006) Acta. Anaesthesiol. Scand. , vol.50 , pp. 222-227
    • Kanazi, G.E.1    Aouad, M.T.2    Jabbour-Khoury, S.I.3
  • 113
    • 20844460961 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Addition of dexmedetomidine to lidocaine for intravenous regional anaesthesia
    • Esmaoglu A, Mizrak A, Akin A, et al. Addition of dexmedetomidine to lidocaine for intravenous regional anaesthesia. Eur J Anaesthesiol 2005;22:447-51
    • (2005) Eur. J. Anaesthesiol. , vol.22 , pp. 447-451
    • Esmaoglu, A.1    Mizrak, A.2    Akin, A.3
  • 114
    • 58549109468 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effect of dexmedetomidine on the characteristics of bupivacaine in a caudal block in pediatrics
    • Saadawy I, Boker A, Elshahawy MA, et al. Effect of dexmedetomidine on the characteristics of bupivacaine in a caudal block in pediatrics. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 2009;53:251-6
    • (2009) Acta. Anaesthesiol. Scand. , vol.53 , pp. 251-256
    • Saadawy, I.1    Boker, A.2    Elshahawy, M.A.3
  • 115
    • 68049140782 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Addition of clonidine or dexmedetomidine to bupivacaine prolongs caudal analgesia in children
    • El-Hennawy AM, Abd-Elwahab AM, Abd-Elmaksoud AM, et al. Addition of clonidine or dexmedetomidine to bupivacaine prolongs caudal analgesia in children. Br J Anaesth 2009;103:268-74
    • (2009) Br. J. Anaesth. , vol.103 , pp. 268-274
    • El-Hennawy, A.M.1    Abd-Elwahab, A.M.2    Abd-Elmaksoud, A.M.3
  • 116
    • 0027312081 scopus 로고
    • Intramuscular dexmedetomidine as premedication for general anesthesia a comparative multicenter study
    • Scheinin H, Jaakola ML, Sjovall S, et al. Intramuscular dexmedetomidine as premedication for general anesthesia. A comparative multicenter study. Anesthesiology 1993;78:1065-75
    • (1993) Anesthesiology , vol.78 , pp. 1065-1075
    • Scheinin, H.1    Jaakola, M.L.2    Sjovall, S.3
  • 117
    • 33845387411 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Comparison of buccal and intramuscular dexmedetomidine premedication for arthroscopic knee surgery
    • Karaaslan D, Peker TT, Alaca A, et al. Comparison of buccal and intramuscular dexmedetomidine premedication for arthroscopic knee surgery. J Clin Anesth 2006;18:589-93
    • (2006) J. Clin. Anesth. , vol.18 , pp. 589-593
    • Karaaslan, D.1    Peker, T.T.2    Alaca, A.3
  • 118
    • 57349146913 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effect of combining dexmedetomidine and morphine for intravenous patient-controlled analgesia
    • Lin TF, Yeh YC, Lin FS, et al. Effect of combining dexmedetomidine and morphine for intravenous patient-controlled analgesia. Br J Anaesth 2009;102:117-22
    • (2009) Br. J. Anaesth. , vol.102 , pp. 117-122
    • Lin, T.F.1    Yeh, Y.C.2    Lin, F.S.3
  • 119
    • 50949134176 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effect of intra-articular dexmedetomidine on postoperative analgesia after arthroscopic knee surgery
    • Al-Metwalli RR, Mowafi HA, Ismail SA, et al. Effect of intra-articular dexmedetomidine on postoperative analgesia after arthroscopic knee surgery. Br J Anaesth 2008;101:395-9
    • (2008) Br. J. Anaesth. , vol.101 , pp. 395-399
    • Al-Metwalli, R.R.1    Mowafi, H.A.2    Ismail, S.A.3
  • 120
    • 34547593848 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A double-blind crossover assessment of the sedative and analgesic effects of intranasal dexmedetomidine
    • Yuen VM, Irwin MG, Hui TW, et al. A double-blind, crossover assessment of the sedative and analgesic effects of intranasal dexmedetomidine. Anesth Analg 2007;105:374-80
    • (2007) Anesth. Analg. , vol.105 , pp. 374-380
    • Yuen, V.M.1    Irwin, M.G.2    Hui, T.W.3
  • 121
    • 69249219301 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Intranasal dexmedetomidine premedication is comparable with midazolam in burn children undergoing reconstructive surgery
    • Talon MD, Woodson LC, Sherwood ER, et al. Intranasal dexmedetomidine premedication is comparable with midazolam in burn children undergoing reconstructive surgery. J Burn Care Res 2009;30:599-605
    • (2009) J. Burn. Care Res. , vol.30 , pp. 599-605
    • Talon, M.D.1    Woodson, L.C.2    Sherwood, E.R.3
  • 122
    • 0033803263 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Respiratory effects of dexmedetomidine in the surgical patient requiring intensive care
    • Venn RM, Hell J, Grounds RM. Respiratory effects of dexmedetomidine in the surgical patient requiring intensive care. Crit Care 2000;4:302-8
    • (2000) Crit. Care , vol.4 , pp. 302-308
    • Venn, R.M.1    Hell, J.2    Grounds, R.M.3
  • 123
    • 63649101673 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • An audit of postoperative intravenous patient-controlled analgesia with morphine: Evolution over the last decade
    • Cheung CW, Ying CL, Lee LH, et al. An audit of postoperative intravenous patient-controlled analgesia with morphine: evolution over the last decade. Eur J Pain 2009;13:464-71
    • (2009) Eur. J. Pain. , vol.13 , pp. 464-471
    • Cheung, C.W.1    Ying, C.L.2    Lee, L.H.3
  • 124
    • 71349083950 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Pharmacological profile of intrathecal fadolmidine a alpha2-adrenoceptor agonist in rodent models
    • Leino T, Viitamaa T, Haapalinna A, et al. Pharmacological profile of intrathecal fadolmidine, a alpha2-adrenoceptor agonist, in rodent models. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 2009;380:539-50
    • (2009) Naunyn. Schmiedebergs Arch. Pharmacol. , vol.380 , pp. 539-550
    • Leino, T.1    Viitamaa, T.2    Haapalinna, A.3
  • 125
    • 3042736047 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Antinociceptive properties of fadolmidine MPV-2426 a novel alpha2-adrenoceptor agonist
    • Pertovaara A. Antinociceptive properties of fadolmidine (MPV-2426), a novel alpha2-adrenoceptor agonist. CNS Drug Rev 2004;10:117-26
    • (2004) CNS Drug. Rev. , vol.10 , pp. 117-126
    • Pertovaara, A.1
  • 126
    • 54949119066 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • In vitro and in vivo profiling of fadolmidine a novel potent alpha 2-adrenoceptor agonist with local mode of action
    • Lehtimaki J, Leino T, Koivisto A, et al. In vitro and in vivo profiling of fadolmidine, a novel potent alpha(2)-adrenoceptor agonist with local mode of action. Eur J Pharmacol 2008;599:65-71
    • (2008) Eur J Pharmacol , vol.599 , pp. 65-71
    • Lehtimaki, J.1    Leino, T.2    Koivisto, A.3


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.