Chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy: A current review

Annals of Neurology

Volumn 81, Issue 6, 2017, Pages 772-781

  Staff, Nathan P ^a   Grisold, Anna ^b   Grisold, Wolfgang ^c   Windebank, Anthony J ^a  

^a Mayo Clinic   (Austria)

^b MEDICAL UNIVERSITY OF VIENNA   (Austria)

^c LUDWIG BOLTZMANN INSTITUTE FOR EXPERIMENTAL AND CLINICAL TRAUMATOLOGY   (Austria)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENT; IMMUNE CHECK POINT INHIBITOR; PLATINUM DERIVATIVE; PROTEASOME INHIBITOR; TAXANE DERIVATIVE; THALIDOMIDE; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG; VINCA ALKALOID;

CANCER CHEMOTHERAPY; CANCER PATIENT; CANCER SURVIVAL; CANCER SURVIVOR; CANCER THERAPY; CHEMOTHERAPY INDUCED PERIPHERAL NEUROPATHY; CLINICAL FEATURE; DISEASE SEVERITY; DRUG EFFECT; DRUG INDUCED DISEASE; HUMAN; MOLECULARLY TARGETED THERAPY; NEUROTOXICITY; PERIPHERAL NEUROPATHY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; CHEMICALLY INDUCED; NEOPLASMS; NEUROTOXICITY SYNDROMES; PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM DISEASES;

ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENTS; HUMANS; NEOPLASMS; NEUROTOXICITY SYNDROMES; PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM DISEASES;

EID: 85020937133     PISSN: 03645134     EISSN: 15318249     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/ana.24951     Document Type: Review

References (113)

1. Pike CT, Birnbaum HG, Muehlenbein CE, et al. Healthcare costs and workloss burden of patients with chemotherapy-associated peripheral neuropathy in breast, ovarian, head and neck, and nonsmall cell lung cancer. Chemother Res Pract 2012;2012:913848.
2. Brugnoletti F, Morris EB, Laningham FH, et al. Recurrent intrathecal methotrexate induced neurotoxicity in an adolescent with acute lymphoblastic leukemia: serial clinical and radiologic findings. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2009;52:293–295.
3. Moreau P, Pylypenko H, Grosicki S, et al. Subcutaneous versus intravenous administration of bortezomib in patients with relapsed multiple myeloma: a randomised, phase 3, non-inferiority study. Lancet Oncol 2011;12:431–440.
4. Cavaletti G, Jann S, Pace A, et al. Multi-center assessment of the Total Neuropathy Score for chemotherapy-induced peripheral neurotoxicity. J Peripher Nerv Syst 2006;11:135–141.
5. Briani C, Vitaliani R, Grisold W, et al. Spectrum of paraneoplastic disease associated with lymphoma. Neurology 2011;76:705–710.
6. Stubgen JP. Lymphoma-associated dysimmune polyneuropathies. J Neurol Sci 2015;355:25–36.
7. Baehring JM, Batchelor TT. Diagnosis and management of neurolymphomatosis. Cancer J 2012;18:463–468.
8. Grisariu S, Avni B, Batchelor TT, et al. Neurolymphomatosis: an International Primary CNS Lymphoma Collaborative Group report. Blood 2010;115:5005–5011.
9. Grisold WGA, Marosi C, Meng S, Briani C. Neuropathies associated with lymphoma. Neurooncol Pract 2015;2:167–178.
10. Viala K, Béhin A, Maisonobe T, et al. Neuropathy in lymphoma: a relationship between the pattern of neuropathy, type of lymphoma and prognosis? J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2008;79:778–782.
11. Baehring JM, Damek D, Martin EC, et al. Neurolymphomatosis. Neuro Oncol 2003;5:104–115.
12. Tomita M, Koike H, Kawagashira Y, et al. Clinicopathological features of neuropathy associated with lymphoma. Brain 2013;136(pt 8):2563–2578.
13. Bayat E, Kelly JJ. Neurological complications in plasma cell dyscrasias. Handb Clin Neurol 2012;105:731–746.
14. Kelly JJ, Karcher DS. Lymphoma and peripheral neuropathy: a clinical review. Muscle Nerve 2005;31:301–313.
15. Amato AA, Barohn RJ, Sahenk Z, et al. Polyneuropathy complicating bone marrow and solid organ transplantation. Neurology 1993;43:1513–1518.
16. Krouwer HG, Wijdicks EF. Neurologic complications of bone marrow transplantation. Neurol Clin 2003;21:319–352.
17. Mathew RM, Rosenfeld MR. Neurologic complications of bone marrow and stem-cell transplantation in patients with cancer. Curr Treat Options Neurol 2007;9:308–314.
18. Rodriguez TE. Neurologic complications of bone marrow transplantation. Handb Clin Neurol 2014;121:1295–1304.
19. Gertz MA. Immunoglobulin light chain amyloidosis: 2014 update on diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment. Am J Hematol 2014;89:1132–1140.
20. Shin SC, Robinson-Papp J. Amyloid neuropathies. Mt Sinai J Med 2012;79:733–748.
21. Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events (CTCAE) v4.0. 2016; Available at: https://ctep.cancer.gov/protocoldevelopment/electronic_applications/ctc.htm.
22. Pachman DR, Qin R, Seisler DK, et al. Clinical course of oxaliplatin-induced neuropathy: results from the randomized phase III trial N08CB (Alliance). J Clin Oncol 2015;33:3416–3422.
23. Binda D, Vanhoutte EK, Cavaletti G, et al. Rasch-built Overall Disability Scale for patients with chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy (CIPN-R-ODS). Eur J Cancer 2013;49:2910–2918.
24. Binda D, Cavaletti G, Cornblath DR, et al. Rasch-Transformed Total Neuropathy Score clinical version (RT-TNSc(©)) in patients with chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy. J Peripher Nerv Syst 2015;20:328–332.
25. Frisina RD, Wheeler HE, Fossa SD, et al. Comprehensive audiometric analysis of hearing impairment and tinnitus after cisplatin-based chemotherapy in survivors of adult-onset cancer. J Clin Oncol 2016;34:2712–2720.
26. Krarup-Hansen A, Rietz B, Krarup C, et al. Histology and platinum content of sensory ganglia and sural nerves in patients treated with cisplatin and carboplatin: an autopsy study. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 1999;25:29–40.
27. Johnson C, Pankratz VS, Velazquez AI, et al. Candidate pathway-based genetic association study of platinum and platinum-taxane related toxicity in a cohort of primary lung cancer patients. J Neurol Sci 2015;349:124–128.
28. Bentzen AG, Balteskard L, Wanderas EH, et al. Impaired health-related quality of life after chemoradiotherapy for anal cancer: late effects in a national cohort of 128 survivors. Acta Oncol 2013;52:736–744.
29. Schmoll HJ, Harstrick A, Bokemeyer C, et al. Single-agent carboplatinum for advanced seminoma. A phase II study. Cancer 1993;72:237–243.
30. Vandenput I, Vergote I, Neven P, Amant F. Weekly paclitaxel-carboplatin regimen in patients with primary advanced or recurrent endometrial carcinoma. Int J Gynecol Cancer 2012;22:617–622.
31. Pignata S, Scambia G, Ferrandina G, et al. Carboplatin plus paclitaxel versus carboplatin plus pegylated liposomal doxorubicin as first-line treatment for patients with ovarian cancer: the MITO-2 randomized phase III trial. J Clin Oncol 2011;29:3628–3635.
32. Shahriari-Ahmadi A, Fahimi A, Payandeh M, Sadeghi M. Prevalence of oxaliplatin-induced chronic neuropathy and influencing factors in patients with colorectal cancer in Iran. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2015;16:7603–7606.
33. Gill JS, Windebank AJ. Cisplatin-induced apoptosis in rat dorsal root ganglion neurons is associated with attempted entry into the cell cycle. J Clin Invest 1998;101:2842–2850.
34. McDonald ES, Windebank AJ. Cisplatin-induced apoptosis of DRG neurons involves bax redistribution and cytochrome c release but not fas receptor signaling. Neurobiol Dis 2002;9:220–233.
35. Podratz JL, Knight AM, Ta LE, et al. Cisplatin induced mitochondrial DNA damage in dorsal root ganglion neurons. Neurobiol Dis 2011;41:661–668.
36. Park SB, Lin CS, Krishnan AV, et al. Oxaliplatin-induced neurotoxicity: changes in axonal excitability precede development of neuropathy. Brain 2009;132(pt 10):2712–2723.
37. Sittl R, Lampert A, Huth T, et al. Anticancer drug oxaliplatin induces acute cooling-aggravated neuropathy via sodium channel subtype Na(V)1.6-resurgent and persistent current. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2012;109:6704–6709.
38. Di Lorenzo G, Bracarda S, Gasparro D, et al. Lack of cumulative toxicity associated with cabazitaxel use in prostate cancer. Medicine (Baltimore) 2016;95:e2299.
39. Omlin A, Sartor O, Rothermundt C, et al. Analysis of side effect profile of alopecia, nail changes, peripheral neuropathy, and dysgeusia in prostate cancer patients treated with docetaxel and cabazitaxel. Clin Genitourin Cancer 2015;13:e205–e208.
40. Loprinzi CL, Reeves BN, Dakhil SR, et al. Natural history of paclitaxel-associated acute pain syndrome: prospective cohort study NCCTG N08C1. J Clin Oncol 2011;29:1472–1478.
41. Reeves BN, Dakhil SR, Sloan JA, et al. Further data supporting that paclitaxel-associated acute pain syndrome is associated with development of peripheral neuropathy: North Central Cancer Treatment Group trial N08C1. Cancer 2012;118:5171–5178.
42. Komiya Y, Tashiro T. Effects of taxol on slow and fast axonal transport. Cell Motil Cytoskeleton 1988;11:151–156.
43. Xiao WH, Zheng H, Bennett GJ. Characterization of oxaliplatin-induced chronic painful peripheral neuropathy in the rat and comparison with the neuropathy induced by paclitaxel. Neuroscience 2012;203:194–206.
44. Zheng H, Xiao WH, Bennett GJ. Mitotoxicity and bortezomib-induced chronic painful peripheral neuropathy. Exp Neurol 2012;238:225–234.
45. Lisse TS, Middleton LJ, Pellegrini AD, et al. Paclitaxel-induced epithelial damage and ectopic MMP-13 expression promotes neurotoxicity in zebrafish. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016;113:E2189–E2198.
46. Bokemeyer C, Berger CC, Kuczyk MA, Schmoll HJ. Evaluation of long-term toxicity after chemotherapy for testicular cancer. J Clin Oncol 1996;14:2923–2932.
47. Jain P, Gulati S, Seth R, et al. Vincristine-induced neuropathy in childhood ALL (acute lymphoblastic leukemia) survivors: prevalence and electrophysiological characteristics. J Child Neurol 2014;29:932–937.
48. Lavoie Smith EM, Li L, Chiang C, et al. Patterns and severity of vincristine-induced peripheral neuropathy in children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia. J Peripher Nerv Syst 2015;20:37–46.
49. Ramchandren S, Leonard M, Mody RJ, et al. Peripheral neuropathy in survivors of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia. J Peripher Nerv Syst 2009;14:184–189.
50. Atas E, Korkmazer N, Artik HA, et al. Raynaud's phenomenon in a child with medulloblastoma as a late effect of chemotherapy. J Cancer Res Ther 2015;11:666.
51. Rosenthal S, Kaufman S. Vincristine neurotoxicity. Ann Intern Med 1974;80:733–737.
52. Chan SY, Worth R, Ochs S. Block of axoplasmic transport in vitro by vinca alkaloids. J Neurobiol 1980;11:251–264.
53. Geisler S, Doan RA, Strickland A, et al. Prevention of vincristine-induced peripheral neuropathy by genetic deletion of SARM1 in mice. Brain 2016;139(pt 12):3092–3108.
54. Carlson K, Ocean AJ. Peripheral neuropathy with microtubule-targeting agents: occurrence and management approach. Clin Breast Cancer 2011;11:73–81.
55. Gopal AK, Ramchandren R, O'Connor OA, et al. Safety and efficacy of brentuximab vedotin for Hodgkin lymphoma recurring after allogeneic stem cell transplantation. Blood 2012;120:560–568.
56. Krop IE, Modi S, LoRusso PM, et al. Phase 1b/2a study of trastuzumab emtansine (T-DM1), paclitaxel, and pertuzumab in HER2-positive metastatic breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res 2016;18:34.
57. Chaudhry V, Cornblath DR, Polydefkis M, et al. Characteristics of bortezomib- and thalidomide-induced peripheral neuropathy. J Peripher Nerv Syst 2008;13:275–282.
58. Richardson PG, Briemberg H, Jagannath S, et al. Frequency, characteristics, and reversibility of peripheral neuropathy during treatment of advanced multiple myeloma with bortezomib. J Clin Oncol 2006;24:3113–3120.
59. Mauermann ML, Blumenreich MS, Dispenzieri A, Staff NP. A case of peripheral nerve microvasculitis associated with multiple myeloma and bortezomib treatment. Muscle Nerve 2012;46:970–977.
60. Ravaglia S, Corso A, Piccolo G, et al. Immune-mediated neuropathies in myeloma patients treated with bortezomib. Clin Neurophysiol 2008;119:2507–2512.
61. Saifee TA, Elliott KJ, Rabin N, et al. Bortezomib-induced inflammatory neuropathy. J Peripher Nerv Syst 2010;15:366–368.
62. Kumar SK, Berdeja JG, Niesvizky R, et al. Safety and tolerability of ixazomib, an oral proteasome inhibitor, in combination with lenalidomide and dexamethasone in patients with previously untreated multiple myeloma: an open-label phase 1/2 study. Lancet Oncol 2014;15:1503–1512.
63. Stewart AK, Rajkumar SV, Dimopoulos MA, et al. Carfilzomib, lenalidomide, and dexamethasone for relapsed multiple myeloma. N Engl J Med 2015;372:142–152.
64. Meregalli C, Chiorazzi A, Carozzi VA, et al. Evaluation of tubulin polymerization and chronic inhibition of proteasome as citotoxicity mechanisms in bortezomib-induced peripheral neuropathy. Cell Cycle 2014;13:612–621.
65. Staff NP, Podratz JL, Grassner L, et al. Bortezomib alters microtubule polymerization and axonal transport in rat dorsal root ganglion neurons. Neurotoxicology 2013;39:124–131.
66. Casafont I, Berciano MT, Lafarga M. Bortezomib induces the formation of nuclear poly(A) RNA granules enriched in Sam68 and PABPN1 in sensory ganglia neurons. Neurotox Res 2010;17:167–178.
67. Palanca A, Casafont I, Berciano MT, Lafarga M. Proteasome inhibition induces DNA damage and reorganizes nuclear architecture and protein synthesis machinery in sensory ganglion neurons. Cell Mol Life Sci 2014;71:1961–1975.
68. Grover JK, Uppal G, Raina V. The adverse effects of thalidomide in relapsed and refractory patients of multiple myeloma. Ann Oncol 2002;13:1636–1640.
69. Morawska M, Grzasko N, Kostyra M, et al. Therapy-related peripheral neuropathy in multiple myeloma patients. Hematol Oncol 2015;33:113–119.
70. Fullerton PM, O'Sullivan DJ. Thalidomide neuropathy: a clinical electrophysiological, and histological follow-up study. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1968;31:543–551.
71. Briani C, Torre CD, Campagnolo M, et al. Lenalidomide in patients with chemotherapy-induced polyneuropathy and relapsed or refractory multiple myeloma: results from a single-centre prospective study. J Peripher Nerv Syst 2013;18:19–24.
72. San Miguel J, Weisel K, Moreau P, et al. Pomalidomide plus low-dose dexamethasone versus high-dose dexamethasone alone for patients with relapsed and refractory multiple myeloma (MM-003): a randomised, open-label, phase 3 trial. Lancet Oncol 2013;14:1055–1066.
73. Kirchmair R, Tietz AB, Panagiotou E, et al. Therapeutic angiogenesis inhibits or rescues chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy: taxol- and thalidomide-induced injury of vasa nervorum is ameliorated by VEGF. Mol Ther 2007;15:69–75.
74. Kirchmair R, Walter DH, Ii M, et al. Antiangiogenesis mediates cisplatin-induced peripheral neuropathy: attenuation or reversal by local vascular endothelial growth factor gene therapy without augmenting tumor growth. Circulation 2005;111:2662–2670.
75. Voskens CJ, Goldinger SM, Loquai C, et al. The price of tumor control: an analysis of rare side effects of anti-CTLA-4 therapy in metastatic melanoma from the ipilimumab network. PLoS One 2013;8:e53745.
76. Zimmer L, Goldinger SM, Hofmann L, et al. Neurological, respiratory, musculoskeletal, cardiac and ocular side-effects of anti-PD-1 therapy. Eur J Cancer 2016;60:210–225.
77. de Maleissye MF, Nicolas G, Saiag P. Pembrolizumab-induced demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy. N Engl J Med 2016;375:296–297.
78. Aya F, Ruiz-Esquide V, Viladot M, et al. Vasculitic neuropathy induced by pembrolizumab. Ann Oncol 2017;28:433–434.
79. Nokia MS, Anderson ML, Shors TJ. Chemotherapy disrupts learning, neurogenesis and theta activity in the adult brain. Eur J Neurosci 2012;36:3521–3530.
80. Holmes D. Trying to unravel the mysteries of chemobrain. Lancet Neurol 2013;12:533–534.
81. Albers JW, Chaudhry V, Cavaletti G, Donehower RC. Interventions for preventing neuropathy caused by cisplatin and related compounds. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2014;3:CD005228.
82. Majithia N, Temkin SM, Ruddy KJ, et al. National Cancer Institute-supported chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy trials: outcomes and lessons. Support Care Cancer 2016;24:1439–1447.
83. Chaudhry V, Chaudhry M, Crawford TO, et al. Toxic neuropathy in patients with pre-existing neuropathy. Neurology 2003;60:337–340.
84. Chauvenet AR, Shashi V, Selsky C, et al. Vincristine-induced neuropathy as the initial presentation of Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease in acute lymphoblastic leukemia: a Pediatric Oncology Group study. J Pediatr Hematol Oncol 2003;25:316–320.
85. Martino MA, Miller E, Grendys EC Jr. The administration of chemotherapy in a patient with Charcot-Marie-Tooth and ovarian cancer. Gynecol Oncol 2005;97:710–712.
86. Nakamura T, Hashiguchi A, Suzuki S, et al. Vincristine exacerbates asymptomatic Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease with a novel EGR2 mutation. Neurogenetics 2012;13:77–82.
87. Abraham JE, Guo Q, Dorling L, et al. Replication of genetic polymorphisms reported to be associated with taxane-related sensory neuropathy in patients with early breast cancer treated with paclitaxel. Clin Cancer Res 2014;20:2466–2475.
88. Apellaniz-Ruiz M, Lee MY, Sanchez-Barroso L, et al. Whole-exome sequencing reveals defective CYP3A4 variants predictive of paclitaxel dose-limiting neuropathy. Clin Cancer Res 2015;21:322–328.
89. Azoulay D, Leibovici A, Sharoni R, et al. Association between Met-BDNF allele and vulnerability to paclitaxel-induced peripheral neuropathy. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2015;153:703–704.
90. Baldwin RM, Owzar K, Zembutsu H, et al. A genome-wide association study identifies novel loci for paclitaxel-induced sensory peripheral neuropathy in CALGB 40101. Clin Cancer Res 2012;18:5099–5109.
91. Beutler AS, Kulkarni AA, Kanwar R, et al. Sequencing of Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease genes in a toxic polyneuropathy. Ann Neurol 2014;76:727–737.
92. Boora GK, Kulkarni AA, Kanwar R, et al. Association of the Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease gene ARHGEF10 with paclitaxel induced peripheral neuropathy in NCCTG N08CA (Alliance). J Neurol Sci 2015;357:35–40.
93. Chhibber A, Mefford J, Stahl EA, et al. Polygenic inheritance of paclitaxel-induced sensory peripheral neuropathy driven by axon outgrowth gene sets in CALGB 40101 (Alliance). Pharmacogenomics J 2014;14:336–342.
94. Leandro-Garcia LJ, Inglada-Perez L, Pita G, et al. Genome-wide association study identifies ephrin type A receptors implicated in paclitaxel induced peripheral sensory neuropathy. J Med Genet 2013;50:599–605.
95. Leandro-Garcia LJ, Leskela S, Jara C, et al. Regulatory polymorphisms in beta-tubulin IIa are associated with paclitaxel-induced peripheral neuropathy. Clin Cancer Res 2012;18:4441–4448.
96. Schneider BP, Li L, Radovich M, et al. Genome-wide association studies for taxane-induced peripheral neuropathy in ECOG-5103 and ECOG-1199. Clin Cancer Res 2015;21:5082–5091.
97. Wheeler HE, Gamazon ER, Wing C, et al. Integration of cell line and clinical trial genome-wide analyses supports a polygenic architecture of paclitaxel-induced sensory peripheral neuropathy. Clin Cancer Res 2013;19:491–499.
98. Broyl A, Corthals SL, Jongen JL, et al. Mechanisms of peripheral neuropathy associated with bortezomib and vincristine in patients with newly diagnosed multiple myeloma: a prospective analysis of data from the HOVON-65/GMMG-HD4 trial. Lancet Oncol 2010;11:1057–1065.
99. Diouf B, Crews KR, Lew G, et al. Association of an inherited genetic variant with vincristine-related peripheral neuropathy in children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia. JAMA 2015;313:815–823.
100. Johnson DC, Corthals SL, Walker BA, et al. Genetic factors underlying the risk of thalidomide-related neuropathy in patients with multiple myeloma. J Clin Oncol 2011;29:797–804.
101. Argyriou AA, Cavaletti G, Antonacopoulou A, et al. Voltage-gated sodium channel polymorphisms play a pivotal role in the development of oxaliplatin-induced peripheral neurotoxicity: results from a prospective multicenter study. Cancer 2013;119:3570–3577.
102. Chen J, Yin J, Li X, et al. WISP1 polymorphisms contribute to platinum-based chemotherapy toxicity in lung cancer patients. Int J Mol Sci 2014;15:21011–21027.
103. Custodio A, Moreno-Rubio J, Aparicio J, et al. Pharmacogenetic predictors of severe peripheral neuropathy in colon cancer patients treated with oxaliplatin-based adjuvant chemotherapy: a GEMCAD group study. Ann Oncol 2014;25:398–403.
104. Lecomte T, Landi B, Beaune P, et al. Glutathione S-transferase P1 polymorphism (Ile105Val) predicts cumulative neuropathy in patients receiving oxaliplatin-based chemotherapy. Clin Cancer Res 2006;12:3050–3056.
105. McWhinney-Glass S, Winham SJ, Hertz DL, et al. Cumulative genetic risk predicts platinum/taxane-induced neurotoxicity. Clin Cancer Res 2013;19:5769–5776.
106. Bergmann TK, Vach W, Feddersen S, et al. GWAS-based association between RWDD3 and TECTA variants and paclitaxel induced neuropathy could not be confirmed in Scandinavian ovarian cancer patients. Acta Oncol 2013;52:871–874.
107. Chen EI, Crew KD, Trivedi M, et al. Identifying predictors of taxane-induced peripheral neuropathy using mass spectrometry-based proteomics technology. PLoS One 2015;10:e0145816.
108. Gutierrez-Camino A, Martin-Guerrero I, Lopez-Lopez E, et al. Lack of association of the CEP72 rs924607 TT genotype with vincristine-related peripheral neuropathy during the early phase of pediatric acute lymphoblastic leukemia treatment in a Spanish population. Pharmacogenet Genomics 2016;26:100–102.
109. Peng Z, Wang Q, Gao J, et al. Association between GSTP1 Ile105Val polymorphism and oxaliplatin-induced neuropathy: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 2013;72:305–314.
110. Chambers SM, Qi Y, Mica Y, et al. Combined small-molecule inhibition accelerates developmental timing and converts human pluripotent stem cells into nociceptors. Nat Biotechnol 2012;30:715–720.
111. Avior Y, Sagi I, Benvenisty N. Pluripotent stem cells in disease modelling and drug discovery. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2016;17:170–182.
112. Smith EM, Pang H, Cirrincione C, et al. Effect of duloxetine on pain, function, and quality of life among patients with chemotherapy-induced painful peripheral neuropathy: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA 2013;309:1359–1367.
113. Majithia N, Smith TJ, Coyne PJ, et al. Scrambler therapy for the management of chronic pain. Support Care Cancer 2016;24:2807–2814.