Evolutionary psychology: A how-to guide

American Psychologist

Volumn 72, Issue 4, 2017, Pages 353-373

  Lewis, David M G ^a,b   Al Shawaf, Laith ^b   Conroy Beam, Daniel ^a   Asao, Kelly ^a   Buss, David M ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS AT AUSTIN   (United States)

^b BILKENT UNIVERSITY   (Turkey)

Author keywords

Cross cultural psychology; Evolutionary psychology; Misconceptions; Social psychology; Universality

Indexed keywords

EVOLUTION; HUMAN; KNOWLEDGE; MENTAL DISEASE; PSYCHOLOGY; RESEARCH;

BIOLOGICAL EVOLUTION; HUMANS; KNOWLEDGE; MENTAL DISORDERS; PSYCHOLOGY; RESEARCH;

EID: 85019134039     PISSN: 0003066X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1037/a0040409     Document Type: Article

References (121)

1. Al-Shawaf, L., Conroy-Beam, D., Asao, K., & Buss, D. M. (2016). Human emotions: An evolutionary psychological perspective. Emotion Review, 8, 173-186.
2. Al-Shawaf, L., & Lewis, D. M. G. (2013). Exposed intestines and contaminated cooks: Sex, stress, & satiation predict disgust sensitivity. Personality and Individual Differences, 54, 698-702. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2012.11.016
3. Andrews, P. W., Gangestad, S. W., & Matthews, D. (2002). Adaptationism- How to carry out an exaptationist program. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 25, 489-504. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0140525X02000092
4. Arthur, W. (2002). The emerging conceptual framework of evolutionary developmental biology. Nature, 415, 757-764. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/415757a
5. Axelrod, R., & Hamilton, W. D. (1981). The evolution of cooperation. Science, 211, 1390-1396. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.7466396
6. Barrett, H. C., & Behne, T. (2005). Children's understanding of death as the cessation of agency: A test using sleep versus death. Cognition, 96, 93-108. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2004.05.004
7. Bjorklund, D. F., & Pellegrini, A. D. (2000). Child development and evolutionary psychology. Child Development, 71, 1687-1708. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-8624.00258
8. Boyer, P., & Bergstrom, B. (2011). Threat-detection in child development: An evolutionary perspective. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 35, 1034-1041. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2010.08.010
9. Burnstein, E., Crandall, C., & Kitayama, S. (1994). Some neo-Darwinian decision rules for altruism: Weighing cues for inclusive fitness as a function of the biological importance of the decision. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 67, 773-789. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.67.5.773
10. Buss, D. M. (1988). From vigilance to violence: Tactics of mate retention in American undergraduates. Ethology & Sociobiology, 9, 291-317. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0162-3095(88)90010-6
11. Buss, D. M. (1989). Sex differences in human mate preferences: Evolutionary hypotheses tested in 37 cultures. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 12, 1-14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0140525X00023992
12. Buss, D. M. (1995). Evolutionary psychology: A new paradigm for psychological science. Psychological Inquiry, 6, 1-30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1207/s15327965pli0601_1
13. Buss, D. M. (2003). Sexual strategies: A journey into controversy. Psychological Inquiry, 14, 219-224. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1047840X.2003.9682883
14. Buss, D. M. (2009). How can evolutionary psychology successfully explain personality and individual differences?. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 4, 359-366. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6924.2009.01138.x
15. Buss, D. M. (2012). Evolutionary psychology: The new science of the mind. Boston, MA: Pearson Education.
16. Buss, D. M. (2015). Evolutionary psychology: The new science of the mind (5th ed.). New York, NY: Taylor & Francis.
17. Buss, D. M. (2016). The handbook of evolutionary psychology (2nd ed.). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.
18. Buss, D. M., & Barnes, M. (1986). Preferences in human mate selection. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 50, 559-570. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.50.3.559
19. Buss, D. M., Haselton, M. G., Shackelford, T. K., Bleske, A. L., & Wakefield, J. C. (1998). Adaptations, exaptations, and spandrels. Amer- ican Psychologist, 53, 533-548. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.53.5.533
20. Buss, D. M., & Kenrick, D. T. (1998). Evolutionary social psychology. In D. T. Gilbert, S. T. Fiske, & G. Lindzey (Eds.), The handbook of social psychology (4th ed., Vol. 2, pp. 982-1026). New York, NY: McGraw- Hill.
21. Buss, D. M., Larsen, R. J., Westen, D., & Semmelroth, J. (1992). Sex differences in jealousy: Evolution, physiology, and psychology. Psychological Science, 3, 251-255. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9280.1992.tb00038.x
22. Buss, D. M., & Penke, L. (2015). Evolutionary personality psychology. In M. Mikulincer, P. R. Shaver, M. L. Cooper, & R. J. Larsen (Eds.), The APA handbook of personality and social psychology, Vol. 4: Personality processes and individual differences (pp. 3-29). Washington, DC: APA Press.
23. Buss, D. M., & Schmitt, D. P. (1993). Sexual strategies theory: An evolutionary perspective on human mating. Psychological Review, 100, 204-232. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0033-295X.100.2.204
24. Buss, D. M., & Shackelford, T. K. (2008). Attractive women want it all: Good genes, economic investment, parenting proclivities, and emotional commitment. Evolutionary Psychology, 6, 134-146. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/147470490800600116
25. Carré, J. M., & McCormick, C. M. (2008). In your face: Facial metrics predict aggressive behaviour in the laboratory and in varsity and professional hockey players. Proceedings. Biological Sciences/The Royal Society, 275, 2651-2656. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2008.0873
26. Cashdan, E. (1998). Adaptiveness of food learning and food aversions in children. Social Sciences Information Information Sur les Sciences Sociales, 37, 613-632. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/053901898037004003
27. Confer, J. C., Easton, J. A., Fleischman, D. S., Goetz, C. D., Lewis, D. M. G., Perilloux, C., & Buss, D. M. (2010). Evolutionary psychology. Controversies, questions, prospects, and limitations. American Psychologist, 65, 110-126. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0018413
28. Conway, L. G., III, & Schaller, M. (2002). On the verifiability of evolutionary psychological theories: An analysis of the psychology of scientific persuasion. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 6, 152-166. http://dx.doi.org/10.1207/S15327957PSPR0602_04
29. Cosmides, L., & Tooby, J. (1992). Cognitive adaptations for social exchange. In J. Barkow, L. Cosmides, & J. Tooby (Eds.), The adapted mind: Evolutionary psychology and the generation of culture (pp. 63-228). New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
30. Daly, M., & Wilson, M. (1980). Discriminative parental solicitude: A biological perspective. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 42, 277-288. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/351225
31. Daly, M., & Wilson, M. (1998). The truth about Cinderella: A Darwinian view of parental love. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
32. Darwin, C. (1859). On the origin of species by means of natural selection. London, UK: John Murray.
33. DeBruine, L. M. (2002). Facial resemblance enhances trust. Proceedings. Biological Sciences/The Royal Society, 269, 1307-1312. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2002.2034
34. Duntley, J. D., & Buss, D. M. (2011). Homicide adaptations. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 16, 399-410. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.avb.2011.04.016
35. Eagly, A. H., & Wood, W. (1999). The origins of sex differences in human behavior: Evolved dispositions versus social roles. American Psychologist, 54, 408-423. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.54.6.408
36. Ellison, P. T. (1994). Salivary steroids and natural variation in human ovarian function. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 709, 287-298. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.1994.tb30417.x
37. Ellsworth, R. M., & Bailey, D. H. (2013). Human female orgasm as evolved signal: A test of two hypotheses. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 42, 1545-1554. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10508-013-0152-7
38. Fleischman, D. S., & Fessler, D. M. T. (2011). Progesterone's effects on the psychology of disease avoidance: Support for the compensatory behavioral prophylaxis hypothesis. Hormones and Behavior, 59, 271-275. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.yhbeh.2010.11.014
39. Fraley, R. C., Brumbaugh, C. C., & Marks, M. J. (2005). The evolution and function of adult attachment: A comparative and phylogenetic analysis. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 89, 731-746. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.89.5.751
40. Gangestad, S. W., & Buss, D. M. (1993). Pathogen prevalence and human mate preferences. Ethology & Sociobiology, 14, 89-96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0162-3095(93)90009-7
41. Gangestad, S. W., Thornhill, R., & Garver-Apgar, C. (2005). Adaptations to ovulation. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 14, 312-316. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.0963-7214.2005.00388.x
42. Gangestad, S. W., & Tybur, J. M. (2016). Editorial overview: Evolutionary psychology. Current Opinions in Psychology, 7, v-viii. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.copsyc.2015.12.006
43. Gettler, L. T., McDade, T. W., Feranil, A. B., & Kuzawa, C. W. (2011). Longitudinal evidence that fatherhood decreases testosterone in human males. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 108, 16194-16199. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1105403108
44. Ghiglieri, M. P. (2000). The dark side of man: Tracing the origins of male violence. Cambridge, MA: Perseus Books.
45. Gigerenzer, G. (2008). Why heuristics work. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 3, 20-29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6916.2008.00058.x
46. Gildersleeve, K., Haselton, M. G., & Fales, M. R. (2014). Do women's mate preferences change across the ovulatory cycle? A meta-analytic review. Psychological Bulletin, 140, 1205-1259. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0035438
47. Grammer, K., & Thornhill, R. (1994). Human (Homo sapiens) facial attractiveness and sexual selection: The role of symmetry and averageness. Journal of Comparative Psychology, 108, 233-242. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0735-7036.108.3.233
48. Gray, P. (2010). Psychology (6th ed.). New York, NY: Worth.
49. Greenwald, A. G., & Ronis, D. L. (1981). On the conceptual disconfirmation of theories. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 7, 131-137. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/014616728171020
50. Guimond, S., Branscombe, N. R., Brunot, S., Buunk, A. P., Chatard, A., Désert, M., Yzerbyt, V. (2007). Culture, gender, and the self: Variations and impact of social comparison processes. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 92, 1118-1134. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.92.6.1118
51. Hamilton, W. D. (1964). The genetical evolution of social behaviour. II. Journal of Theoretical Biology, 7, 17-52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0022-5193(64)90039-6
52. Harcourt-Smith, W. E., & Aiello, L. C. (2004). Fossils, feet and the evolution of human bipedal locomotion. Journal of Anatomy, 204, 403-416. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.0021-8782.2004.00296.x
53. Haselton, M. G., & Gangestad, S. W. (2006). Conditional expression of women's desires and men's mate guarding across the ovulatory cycle. Hormones and Behavior, 49, 509-518. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.yhbeh.2005.10.006
54. Haselton, M. G., Mortezaie, M., Pillsworth, E. G., Bleske-Rechek, A., & Frederick, D. A. (2007). Ovulatory shifts in human female ornamentation: Near ovulation, women dress to impress. Hormones and Behavior, 51, 40-45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.yhbeh.2006.07.007
55. Henrich, J. (2015). The secret of our success: How culture is driving human evolution. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
56. Hrdy, S. B. (1977). Infanticide as a primate reproductive strategy. American Scientist, 65, 40-49.
57. Jackson, R. E., & Cormack, L. K. (2007). Evolved navigation theory and the descent illusion. Perception & Psychophysics, 69, 353-362. http://dx.doi.org/10.3758/BF03193756
58. Kaplan, H. S., & Gangestad, S. W. (2005). Life history theory and evolutionary psychology. In D. M. Buss (Ed.), The handbook of evolutionary psychology (pp. 68-95). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.
59. Kenrick, D. T., Groth, G. E., Trost, M. R., & Sadalla, E. K. (1993). Integrating evolutionary and social exchange perspectives on relationships: Effects of gender, self-appraisal, and involvement level on mate selection criteria. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 64, 951-969. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.64.6.951
60. Krasnow, M. M., Cosmides, L., Pedersen, E. J., & Tooby, J. (2012). What are punishment and reputation for? PLoS ONE, 7, e45662. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0045662
61. Kurzban, R., Tooby, J., & Cosmides, L. (2001). Can race be erased? Coalitional computation and social categorization. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 98, 15387-15392. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.251541498
62. La Cerra, M. M. (1995). Evolved mate preferences in women: Psychological adaptations for assessing a man's willingness to invest in offspring. Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences and Engineering, 55(9-B), 4149.
63. Laudan, L. (1977). Progress and its problems. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
64. Legare, C. H., Lane, J., & Evans, E. M. (2013). Anthropomorphizing science: How does it affect the development of evolutionary concepts? Merrill-Palmer Quarterly, 59, 168-197. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/mpq.2013.0009
65. Lieberman, D., Tooby, J., & Cosmides, L. (2003). Does morality have a biological basis? An empirical test of the factors governing moral sentiments relating to incest. Proceedings of The Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 270, 819-826. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2002.2290
66. Lieberman, D., Tooby, J., & Cosmides, L. (2007). The architecture of human kin detection. Nature, 445, 727-731. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature05510
67. Marr, D. (1982). Vision: A computational investigation into the human representation and processing of visual information. San Francisco, CA: Freeman.
68. Mortensen, C. R., Becker, D. V., Ackerman, J. M., Neuberg, S. L., & Kenrick, D. T. (2010). Infection breeds reticence: The effects of disease salience on self-perceptions of personality and behavioral avoidance tendencies. Psychological Science, 21, 440-447. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0956797610361706
69. Müller, G. B. (2007). Evo-devo: Extending the evolutionary synthesis. Nature Reviews Genetics, 8, 943-949. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrg2219
70. Neuberg, S. L., Kenrick, D. T., & Schaller, M. (2010). Evolutionary social psychology. In S. T. Fiske, D. Gilbert, & G. Lindzey (Eds.), Handbook of social psychology (5th ed., pp. 761-796). New York, NY: Wiley. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9780470561119.socpsy002021
71. Neuhoff, J. G. (2001). An adaptive bias in the perception of looming auditory motion. Ecological Psychology, 13, 87-110. http://dx.doi.org/10.1207/S15326969ECO1302_2
72. New, J., Cosmides, L., & Tooby, J. (2007). Category-specific attention for animals reflects ancestral priorities, not expertise. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 104, 16598-16603. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0703913104
73. Nilsson, D. E., & Pelger, S. (1994). A pessimistic estimate of the time required for an eye to evolve. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London Series B: Biological Sciences, 256, 53-58.
74. Öhman, A., Flykt, A., & Esteves, F. (2001). Emotion drives attention: Detecting the snake in the grass. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 130, 466-478. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0096-3445.130.3.466
75. Park, J. H. (2007). Distinguishing byproducts from non-adaptive effects of algorithmic adaptations. Evolutionary Psychology, 5, 47-51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/147470490700500105
76. Penke, L., Denissen, J. J. A., & Miller, G. F. (2007). The evolutionary genetics of personality. European Journal of Personality, 21, 549-587. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/per.629
77. Pillsworth, E. G., & Haselton, M. G. (2006). Male sexual attractiveness predicts differential ovulatory shifts in female extra-pair attraction and male mate retention. Evolution and Human Behavior, 27, 247-258. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2005.10.002
78. Pinker, S. (2005). So how does the mind work?. Mind & Language, 20, 1-24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.0268-1064.2005.00274.x
79. Pinker, S. (2012). The false allure of group selection. Retrieved from http://old.richarddawkins.net/articles/646273-the-false-allure-of-groupselection
80. Quine, W. (1953). From a logical point of view. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
81. Raff, R. A. (2000). Evo-devo: The evolution of a new discipline. Nature Reviews Genetics, 1, 74-79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/35049594
82. Rakison, D. H., & Derringer, J. (2008). Do infants possess an evolved spider-detection mechanism? Cognition, 107, 381-393. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2007.07.022
83. Rantala, M. J. (1999). Human nakedness: Adaptation against ectoparasites? International Journal for Parasitology, 29, 1987-1989.
84. Richmond, B. G., & Strait, D. S. (2000). Evidence that humans evolved from a knuckle-walking ancestor. Nature, 404, 382-385. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/35006045
85. Roney, J. R. (2009). The role of sex hormones in the initiation of human mating relationships. In P. T. Ellison & P. B. Gray (Eds.), The endocrinology of social relationships (pp. 246-269). Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
86. Rozin, P. (1976). The selection of foods by rats, humans and other animals. In J. Rosenblatt, R. A. Hinde, C. Beer, & E. Shaw (Eds.), Advances in the study of behavior (pp. 21-76). New York, NY: Academic Press. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0065-3454(08)60081-9
87. Saad, G., & Gill, T. (2003). An evolutionary psychology perspective on gift giving among young adults. Psychology & Marketing, 20, 765-784. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mar.10096
88. Schaller, M. (1997). Beyond "competing," beyond "compatible." Commentary on J. Archer. American Psychologist, 52, 1379-1380. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.52.12.1379
89. Schaller, M., Miller, G. E., Gervais, W. M., Yager, S., & Chen, E. (2010). Mere visual perception of other people's disease symptoms facilitates a more aggressive immune response. Psychological Science, 21, 649-652. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0956797610368064
90. Schaller, M., & Park, J. H. (2011). The behavioral immune system (and why it matters). Current Directions in Psychological Science, 20, 99-103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0963721411402596
91. Schaller, M., Simpson, J. A., & Kenrick, D. T. (Eds.). (2006). Evolution and social psychology. New York, NY: Psychology Press.
92. Scher, S. J., & Rauscher, F. (Eds.). (2003). Evolutionary psychology: Alternative approaches. Norwell, MA: Kluwer Academic. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-0267-8
93. Schmitt, D. P. (2015). The evolution of culturally-variable sex differences: Men and women are not always different, but when they are... it appears not to result from patriarchy or sex role socialization. In V. A. Weekes-Shackelford & T. K. Shackelford (Eds.), The evolution of sexuality (pp. 221-256). New York, NY: Springer. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-09384-0_11
94. Schmitt, D. P., Alcalay, L., Allensworth, M., Allik, J., Ault, L., Austers, I., Zupanèiè, A. (2003). Are men universally more dismissing than women? Gender differences in romantic attachment across 62 cultural regions. Personal Relationships, 10, 307-331. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1475-6811.00052
95. Schmitt, D. P., Alcalay, L., Allik, J., Ault, L., Austers, I., Bennett, K. L., International Sexuality Description Project. (2003). Universal sex differences in the desire for sexual variety: Tests from 52 nations, 6 continents, and 13 islands. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 85, 85-104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.85.1.85
96. Sell, A., Tooby, J., & Cosmides, L. (2009). Formidability and the logic of human anger. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 106, 15073-15078. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0904312106
97. Sen, A., & Hammes, S. R. (2010). Granulosa cell-specific androgen receptors are critical regulators of ovarian development and function. Molecular Endocrinology, 24, 1393-1403. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/me.2010-0006
98. Shackelford, T. K., & Buss, D. M. (1997). Cues to infidelity. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 23, 1034-1045. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/01461672972310004
99. Sherman, P. W., & Billing, J. (1999). Darwinian gastronomy: Why we use spices: Spices taste good because they are good for us. Bioscience, 49, 453-463. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1313553
100. Shtulman, A., & Schulz, L. (2008). The relation between essentialist beliefs and evolutionary reasoning. Cognitive Science, 32, 1049-1062. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03640210801897864
101. Simpson, J. A., & Kenrick, D. T. (Eds.). (1997). Evolutionary social psychology. Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
102. Singh, D. (1993). Adaptive significance of female physical attractiveness: Role of waist-to-hip ratio. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 65, 293-307. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.65.2.293
103. Smith, M. J., Perrett, D. I., Jones, B. C., Cornwell, R. E., Moore, F. R., Feinberg, D. R., Hillier, S. G. (2006). Facial appearance is a cue to oestrogen levels in women. Proceedings of The Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 273, 135-140.
104. Symons, D. (1985). Darwinism and contemporary marriage. In K. Davis (Ed.), Contemporary marriage (pp. 133-155). New York, NY: Russell Sage Foundation.
105. Thornhill, R., Gangestad, S. W., & Comer, R. (1995). Human female orgasm and mate fluctuating asymmetry. Animal Behaviour, 50, 1601-1615. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0003-3472(95)80014-X
106. Tinbergen, N. (1963). On aims and methods of ethology. Zeitschrift für Tierpsychologie, 20, 410-433. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0310.1963.tb01161.x
107. Tooby, J., & Cosmides, L. (1988, April). The evolution of war and its cognitive foundations. Paper presented at the Evolution and Human Behavior Meetings, Ann Arbor, Michigan.
108. Tooby, J., & Cosmides, L. (1990a). The past explains the present: Emotional adaptations and the structure of ancestral environments. Ethology & Sociobiology, 11, 375-424. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0162-3095(90)90017-Z
109. Tooby, J., & Cosmides, L. (1990b). On the universality of human nature and the uniqueness of the individual: The role of genetics and adaptation. Journal of Personality, 58, 17-67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6494.1990.tb00907.x
110. Tooby, J., & Cosmides, L. (1992). Psychological foundations of culture. In J. Barkow, L. Cosmides, & J. Tooby (Eds.), The adapted mind: Evolutionary psychology and the generation of culture (pp. 19-136). New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
111. Tooby, J., & Cosmides, L. (2005). Conceptual foundations of evolutionary psychology. In D. M. Buss (Ed.), The handbook of evolutionary psychology (pp. 5-67). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.
112. Trivers, R. L. (1972). Parental investment and sexual selection. In B. Campbell (Ed.), Sexual selection and the descent of man 1871-1971 (pp. 136-179). Chicago, IL: Aldine.
113. Tybur, J. M., Lieberman, D., & Griskevicius, V. (2009). Microbes, mating, and morality: Individual differences in three functional domains of disgust. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 97, 103-122. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0015474
114. Vieites, D. R., Nieto-Román, S., & Wake, D. B. (2009). Reconstruction of the climate envelopes of salamanders and their evolution through time. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 106(Suppl. 2), 19715-19722. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0902956106
115. Vonk, J., & Shackelford, T. K. (Eds.). (2012). The Oxford handbook of comparative evolutionary psychology. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
116. Weisman, O., Zagoory-Sharon, O., & Feldman, R. (2014). Oxytocin administration, salivary testosterone, and father-infant social behavior. Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology & Biological Psychiatry, 49, 47-52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pnpbp.2013.11.006
117. Wilensky, U. (1999). NetLogo: The Center for Connected Learning and Computer-Based Modeling [Computer software]. Retrieved from http://ccl.northwestern.edu/netlogo
118. Williams, G. C. (1966). Adaptation and natural selection: A critique of some current evolutionary thought. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
119. Williams, G. C., & Nesse, R. M. (1991). The dawn of Darwinian medicine. The Quarterly Review of Biology, 66, 1-22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/417048
120. Wrangham, R. (2009). Catching fire: How cooking made us human. New York, NY: Basic Books.
121. Zilioli, S., Sell, A. N., Stirrat, M., Jagore, J., Vickerman, W., & Watson, N. V. (2015). Face of a fighter: Bizygomatic width as a cue of formidability. Aggressive Behavior, 41, 322-330. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ab.21544