메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 8, Issue APR, 2017, Pages

Smartphones and cognition: A review of research exploring the links between mobile technology habits and cognitive functioning

Author keywords

Attention; Delay of gratification and delay discounting; Everyday cognition; Media multitasking; Memory; Mobile technology; Smartphones

Indexed keywords


EID: 85018178114     PISSN: None     EISSN: 16641078     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00605     Document Type: Review
Times cited : (382)

References (130)
  • 1
    • 85052489033 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • AAP Council on Communications and Media (2016a). Media and Young Minds. Pediatrics, Vol. 138. Available at: http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/early/2016/10/19/peds.2016-2591.
    • (2016) Media and Young Minds. Pediatrics, Vol. 138
  • 3
    • 73249121411 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mobile telephone use is associated with changes in cognitive function in young adolescents
    • Abramson, M. J., Benke, G. P., Dimitriadis, C., Inyang, I. O., Sim, M. R., Wolfe, R. S., et al. (2009). Mobile telephone use is associated with changes in cognitive function in young adolescents. Bioelectromagnetics 30, 678-686. doi: 10.1002/bem.20534
    • (2009) Bioelectromagnetics , vol.30 , pp. 678-686
    • Abramson, M.J.1    Benke, G.P.2    Dimitriadis, C.3    Inyang, I.O.4    Sim, M.R.5    Wolfe, R.S.6
  • 4
    • 84863727705 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The impact of engagement with social networking sites (SNSs) on cognitive skills
    • Alloway, T. P., and Alloway, R. G. (2012). The impact of engagement with social networking sites (SNSs) on cognitive skills. Comput. Hum. Behav. 28, 1748-1754. doi: 10.1016/j.chb.2012.04.015
    • (2012) Comput. Hum. Behav , vol.28 , pp. 1748-1754
    • Alloway, T.P.1    Alloway, R.G.2
  • 5
    • 85018168157 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • [accessed November 25, 2016]
    • Alsop, R. (2014). Instant Gratification & Its Dark Side. Available at: http://www.bucknell.edu/communications/bucknell-magazine/instant-gratification-and-its-dark-side.html [accessed November 25, 2016].
    • (2014) Instant Gratification & Its Dark Side
    • Alsop, R.1
  • 6
    • 84884941064 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The association between media multitasking, task-switching, and dual-task performance
    • Alzahabi, R., and Becker, M. W. (2013). The association between media multitasking, task-switching, and dual-task performance. J. Exp. Psychol. Hum. Percept. Perform. 39, 1485-1495. doi: 10.1037/a0031208
    • (2013) J. Exp. Psychol. Hum. Percept. Perform , vol.39 , pp. 1485-1495
    • Alzahabi, R.1    Becker, M.W.2
  • 7
    • 0003472502 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 5th Edn. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association
    • American Psychiatric Association (2013). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th Edn. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association. doi: 10.1176/appi.books.9780890425596
    • (2013) Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
  • 8
    • 84949962950 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Beyond self-report: tools to compare estimated and real-world smartphone use
    • Andrews, S., Ellis, D. A., Shaw, H., and Piwek, L. (2015). Beyond self-report: tools to compare estimated and real-world smartphone use. PLoS ONE 10:e0139004. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0139004
    • (2015) PLoS ONE , vol.10
    • Andrews, S.1    Ellis, D.A.2    Shaw, H.3    Piwek, L.4
  • 9
    • 84923363276 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The brain in your pocket: evidence that smartphones are used to supplant thinking
    • Barr, N., Pennycook, G., Stolz, J. A., and Fugelsang, J. A. (2015). The brain in your pocket: evidence that smartphones are used to supplant thinking. Comput. Hum. Behav. 48, 473-480. doi: 10.1016/j.chb.2015.02.029
    • (2015) Comput. Hum. Behav , vol.48 , pp. 473-480
    • Barr, N.1    Pennycook, G.2    Stolz, J.A.3    Fugelsang, J.A.4
  • 10
    • 85034081284 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Measuring media multitasking: development of a short measure of media multitasking for adolescents
    • Baumgartner, S. E., Lemmens, J. S., Weeda, W. D., and Huizinga, M. (2016). Measuring media multitasking: development of a short measure of media multitasking for adolescents. J. Media Psychol. doi: 10.1027/1864-1105/a000167
    • (2016) J. Media Psychol
    • Baumgartner, S.E.1    Lemmens, J.S.2    Weeda, W.D.3    Huizinga, M.4
  • 11
    • 84911982053 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The relationship between media multitasking and executive function in early adolescents
    • Baumgartner, S. E., Weeda, W. D., van der Heijden, L. L., and Huizinga, M. (2014). The relationship between media multitasking and executive function in early adolescents. J. Early Adolesc. 34, 1120-1144. doi: 10.1177/0272431614523133
    • (2014) J. Early Adolesc , vol.34 , pp. 1120-1144
    • Baumgartner, S.E.1    Weeda, W.D.2    van der Heijden, L.L.3    Huizinga, M.4
  • 13
    • 14644441634 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Psychological predictors of problem mobile phone use
    • Bianchi, A., and Phillips, J. G. (2005). Psychological predictors of problem mobile phone use. Cyberpsychol. Behav. 8, 39-51. doi: 10.1089/cpb.2005.8.39
    • (2005) Cyberpsychol. Behav , vol.8 , pp. 39-51
    • Bianchi, A.1    Phillips, J.G.2
  • 14
    • 60849121453 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The role of impulsivity in actual and problematic use of the mobile phone
    • Billieux, J., Van Der Linden, M., and Rochat, L. (2008). The role of impulsivity in actual and problematic use of the mobile phone. Appl. Cogn. Psychol. 22, 1195-1210. doi: 10.1002/acp.1429
    • (2008) Appl. Cogn. Psychol , vol.22 , pp. 1195-1210
    • Billieux, J.1    Van Der Linden, M.2    Rochat, L.3
  • 17
    • 84887552116 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Recovering from an interruption: investigating speed-accuracy tradeoffs in task resumption strategy
    • Brumby, D., Cox, A., and Back, J. (2013). Recovering from an interruption: investigating speed-accuracy tradeoffs in task resumption strategy. J. Exp. Psychol. Appl. 19, 95-107. doi: 10.1037/a0032696
    • (2013) J. Exp. Psychol. Appl , vol.19 , pp. 95-107
    • Brumby, D.1    Cox, A.2    Back, J.3
  • 18
    • 38049083039 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The effect of vehicle navigation systems on the formation of cognitive maps
    • Burnett, G., and Lee, K. (2005). The effect of vehicle navigation systems on the formation of cognitive maps. Int. J. Psychol. 40, 27-35. doi: 10.1016/b978-008044379-9/50188-6
    • (2005) Int. J. Psychol , vol.40 , pp. 27-35
    • Burnett, G.1    Lee, K.2
  • 19
    • 84904128576 scopus 로고
    • The efficient assessment of need for cognition
    • Cacioppo, J., Petty, R., and Kao, C. (1984). The efficient assessment of need for cognition. J. Pers. Assess. 48, 306-307. doi: 10.1207/s15327752jpa4803
    • (1984) J. Pers. Assess , vol.48 , pp. 306-307
    • Cacioppo, J.1    Petty, R.2    Kao, C.3
  • 22
    • 82455186219 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Distractor filtering in media multitaskers
    • Cain, M. S., and Mitroff, S. R. (2011). Distractor filtering in media multitaskers. Perception 40, 1183-1192. doi: 10.1068/p6939
    • (2011) Perception , vol.40 , pp. 1183-1192
    • Cain, M.S.1    Mitroff, S.R.2
  • 23
    • 77955587941 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Electronic media use and sleep in school-aged children and adolescents: a review
    • Cain, N., and Gradisar, M. (2010). Electronic media use and sleep in school-aged children and adolescents: a review. Sleep Med. 11, 735-742. doi: 10.1016/j.sleep.2010.02.006
    • (2010) Sleep Med , vol.11 , pp. 735-742
    • Cain, N.1    Gradisar, M.2
  • 25
    • 84925275622 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • On the impact of new technologies on multitasking
    • Cardoso-Leite, P., Green, C. S., and Bavelier, D. (2014). On the impact of new technologies on multitasking. Dev. Rev. 35, 98-112. doi: 10.1016/j.dr.2014.12.001
    • (2014) Dev. Rev , vol.35 , pp. 98-112
    • Cardoso-Leite, P.1    Green, C.S.2    Bavelier, D.3
  • 26
    • 84953636579 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Technology consumption and cognitive control: contrasting action video game experience with media multitasking
    • Cardoso-Leite, P., Kludt, R., Ma, W. J. C., Shawn, G., and Daphne, B. (2015). Technology consumption and cognitive control: contrasting action video game experience with media multitasking. Atten. Percept. Psychophys. 78, 218-241. doi: 10.3758/s13414-015-0988-0
    • (2015) Atten. Percept. Psychophys , vol.78 , pp. 218-241
    • Cardoso-Leite, P.1    Kludt, R.2    Ma, W.J.C.3    Shawn, G.4    Daphne, B.5
  • 28
    • 84981351779 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report Atlanta, GA: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
    • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2016). Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance-United States, 2015. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, Vol. 65. Atlanta, GA: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
    • (2016) Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance-United States, 2015 , vol.65
  • 29
    • 84902183881 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Out of sight is not out of mind: the impact of restricting wireless mobile device use on anxiety levels among low, moderate and high users
    • Cheever, N. A., Rosen, L. D., Carrier, L. M., and Chavez, A. (2014). Out of sight is not out of mind: the impact of restricting wireless mobile device use on anxiety levels among low, moderate and high users. Comput. Hum. Behav. 37, 290-297. doi: 10.1016/j.chb.2014.05.002
    • (2014) Comput. Hum. Behav , vol.37 , pp. 290-297
    • Cheever, N.A.1    Rosen, L.D.2    Carrier, L.M.3    Chavez, A.4
  • 30
    • 84894593238 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The relationship between life stress and smartphone addiction on taiwanese university student: a mediation model of learning self-Efficacy and social self-Efficacy
    • Chiu, S. I. (2014). The relationship between life stress and smartphone addiction on taiwanese university student: a mediation model of learning self-Efficacy and social self-Efficacy. Comput. Hum. Behav. 34, 49-57. doi: 10.1016/j.chb.2014.01.024
    • (2014) Comput. Hum. Behav , vol.34 , pp. 49-57
    • Chiu, S.I.1
  • 31
    • 84925668227 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The extended iSelf: the impact of iPhone separation on cognition, emotion, and physiology
    • Clayton, R. B., Leshner, G., and Almond, A. (2015). The extended iSelf: the impact of iPhone separation on cognition, emotion, and physiology. J. Comput. Med. Commun. 20, 119-135. doi: 10.1111/jcc4.12109
    • (2015) J. Comput. Med. Commun , vol.20 , pp. 119-135
    • Clayton, R.B.1    Leshner, G.2    Almond, A.3
  • 33
    • 84937124769 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Phantom vibration and phantom ringing among mobile phone users: a systematic review of literature
    • Deb, A. (2014). Phantom vibration and phantom ringing among mobile phone users: a systematic review of literature. Asia Pac. Psychiatry 7, 231-239. doi: 10.1111/appy.12164
    • (2014) Asia Pac. Psychiatry , vol.7 , pp. 231-239
    • Deb, A.1
  • 34
    • 80053254127 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Smart phone, smart science: how the use of smartphones can revolutionize research in cognitive science
    • Dufau, S., Duñabeitia, J. A., Moret-Tatay, C., McGonigal, A., Peeters, D., Alario, F. X., et al. (2011). Smart phone, smart science: how the use of smartphones can revolutionize research in cognitive science. PLoS ONE 6:e24974. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0024974
    • (2011) PLoS ONE , vol.6
    • Dufau, S.1    Duñabeitia, J.A.2    Moret-Tatay, C.3    McGonigal, A.4    Peeters, D.5    Alario, F.X.6
  • 35
    • 68349121613 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Training improves multitasking performance by increasing the speed of information processing in human prefrontal cortex
    • Dux, P. E., Tombu, M. N., Harrison, S., Rogers, B. P., Tong, F., and Marois, R. (2009). Training improves multitasking performance by increasing the speed of information processing in human prefrontal cortex. Neuron 63, 127-138. doi: 10.1016/j.neuron.2009.06.005
    • (2009) Neuron , vol.63 , pp. 127-138
    • Dux, P.E.1    Tombu, M.N.2    Harrison, S.3    Rogers, B.P.4    Tong, F.5    Marois, R.6
  • 37
    • 84989796846 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • [accessed April 16, 2015]
    • Ellison, K. (2012). Are Smartphones Making Us Dumber?. Available at: http://www.forbes.com/sites/netapp/2012/09/12/is-an-digital-data-overload-shortening-our-attentions-spans-and-making-us-dumber/ [accessed April 16, 2015].
    • (2012) Are Smartphones Making Us Dumber?
    • Ellison, K.1
  • 38
    • 84939188511 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • [accessed April 16, 2015]
    • eMarketer (2014). 2 Billion Consumers Worldwide to Get Smart(phones) by 2016. Available at: http://www.emarketer.com/Article/2-Billion-Consumers-Worldwide-Smartphones-by-2016/1011694 [accessed April 16, 2015].
    • (2014) 2 Billion Consumers Worldwide to Get Smart(phones) by 2016
  • 39
    • 84949591382 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Bedtime mobile phone use and sleep in adults
    • Exelmans, L., and Van den Bulck, J. (2016). Bedtime mobile phone use and sleep in adults. Soc. Sci. Med. 148, 93-101. doi: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2015.11.037
    • (2016) Soc. Sci. Med , vol.148 , pp. 93-101
    • Exelmans, L.1    Van den Bulck, J.2
  • 41
    • 60049088923 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Distractions, distractions: does instant messaging affect college students' performance on a concurrent reading comprehension task?
    • Fox, A. B., Rosen, J., and Crawford, M. (2009). Distractions, distractions: does instant messaging affect college students' performance on a concurrent reading comprehension task? Cyberpsychol. Behav. 12, 51-53. doi: 10.1089/cpb.2008.0107
    • (2009) Cyberpsychol. Behav , vol.12 , pp. 51-53
    • Fox, A.B.1    Rosen, J.2    Crawford, M.3
  • 42
    • 84878594306 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • When it comes to Facebook there may be more to bad memory than just multitasking
    • Frein, S. T., Jones, S. L., and Gerow, J. E. (2013). When it comes to Facebook there may be more to bad memory than just multitasking. Comput. Hum. Behav. 29, 2179-2182. doi: 10.1016/j.chb.2013.04.031
    • (2013) Comput. Hum. Behav , vol.29 , pp. 2179-2182
    • Frein, S.T.1    Jones, S.L.2    Gerow, J.E.3
  • 43
    • 84955459388 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Here, I used to be: mobile media and practices of place-based digital memory
    • Frith, J., and Kalin, J. (2015). Here, I used to be: mobile media and practices of place-based digital memory. Space Cult. 19, 43-55. doi: 10.1177/1206331215595730
    • (2015) Space Cult , vol.19 , pp. 43-55
    • Frith, J.1    Kalin, J.2
  • 44
    • 84947432307 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Seven fears and the science of how mobile technologies may be influencing adolescents in the digital age
    • George, M. J., and Odgers, C. L. (2015). Seven fears and the science of how mobile technologies may be influencing adolescents in the digital age. Perspect. Psychol. Sci. 10, 832-851. doi: 10.1177/1745691615596788
    • (2015) Perspect. Psychol. Sci , vol.10 , pp. 832-851
    • George, M.J.1    Odgers, C.L.2
  • 45
    • 84858645685 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Learning, attentional control, and action video games
    • Green, C. S., and Bavelier, D. (2012). Learning, attentional control, and action video games. Curr. Biol. 22, R197-R206. doi: 10.1016/j.cub.2012.02.012
    • (2012) Curr. Biol , vol.22 , pp. R197-R206
    • Green, C.S.1    Bavelier, D.2
  • 46
    • 85018166415 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • [accessed April 16, 2015]
    • Greenfield, S. (2013). Screen Technologies. Available at: http://www.susangreenfield.com/science/screen-technologies/ [accessed April 16, 2015].
    • (2013) Screen Technologies
    • Greenfield, S.1
  • 47
    • 85018174062 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Using longitudinal exposure to causally link smartphone usage to changes in behavior, cognition and right prefrontal neural activity
    • Hadar, A. A., Eliraz, D., Lazarovits, A., Alyagon, U., and Zangen, A. (2015). Using longitudinal exposure to causally link smartphone usage to changes in behavior, cognition and right prefrontal neural activity. Brain Stimul. 8, 318. doi: 10.1016/j.brs.2015.01.032
    • (2015) Brain Stimul , vol.8 , pp. 318
    • Hadar, A.A.1    Eliraz, D.2    Lazarovits, A.3    Alyagon, U.4    Zangen, A.5
  • 48
    • 84929620313 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cognitive failures in daily life: exploring the link with Internet addiction and problematic mobile phone use
    • Hadlington, L. J. (2015). Cognitive failures in daily life: exploring the link with Internet addiction and problematic mobile phone use. Comput. Hum. Behav. 51, 75-81. doi: 10.1016/j.chb.2015.04.036
    • (2015) Comput. Hum. Behav , vol.51 , pp. 75-81
    • Hadlington, L.J.1
  • 50
    • 84904434905 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • How violent video games communicate violence: a literature review and content analysis of moral disengagement factors
    • Hartmann, T., Krakowiak, K. M., and Tsay-Vogel, M. (2014). How violent video games communicate violence: a literature review and content analysis of moral disengagement factors. Commun. Monogr. 7751, 1-23. doi: 10.1080/03637751.2014.922206
    • (2014) Commun. Monogr , vol.7751 , pp. 1-23
    • Hartmann, T.1    Krakowiak, K.M.2    Tsay-Vogel, M.3
  • 51
    • 84893556598 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Point-and-shoot memories: the influence of taking photos on memory for a museum tour
    • Henkel, L. A. (2013). Point-and-shoot memories: the influence of taking photos on memory for a museum tour. Psychol. Sci. 25, 396-402. doi: 10.1177/0956797613504438
    • (2013) Psychol. Sci , vol.25 , pp. 396-402
    • Henkel, L.A.1
  • 52
    • 79953791301 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mobile geotagging: reexamining our interactions with urban space
    • Humphreys, L., and Liao, T. (2011). Mobile geotagging: reexamining our interactions with urban space. J. Comput. Mediat. Commun. 16, 407-423. doi: 10.1111/j.1083-6101.2011.01548.x
    • (2011) J. Comput. Mediat. Commun , vol.16 , pp. 407-423
    • Humphreys, L.1    Liao, T.2
  • 53
    • 79959685477 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The wired generation: academic and social outcomes of electronic media use among university students
    • Jacobsen, W. C., and Forste, R. (2011). The wired generation: academic and social outcomes of electronic media use among university students. Cyberpsychol. Behav. Soc. Netw. 14, 275-280. doi: 10.1089/cyber.2010.0135
    • (2011) Cyberpsychol. Behav. Soc. Netw , vol.14 , pp. 275-280
    • Jacobsen, W.C.1    Forste, R.2
  • 54
    • 84865615149 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • In-class multitasking and academic performance
    • Junco, R. (2012a). In-class multitasking and academic performance. Comput. Hum. Behav. 28, 2236-2243. doi: 10.1016/j.chb.2012.06.031
    • (2012) Comput. Hum. Behav , vol.28 , pp. 2236-2243
    • Junco, R.1
  • 55
    • 80255131278 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Too much face and not enough books: the relationship between multiple indices of Facebook use and academic performance
    • Junco, R. (2012b). Too much face and not enough books: the relationship between multiple indices of Facebook use and academic performance. Comput. Hum. Behav. 28, 187-198. doi: 10.1016/j.chb.2011.08.026
    • (2012) Comput. Hum. Behav , vol.28 , pp. 187-198
    • Junco, R.1
  • 56
    • 84857713208 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • No A 4 U: the relationship between multitasking and academic performance
    • Junco, R., and Cotten, S. R. (2012). No A 4 U: the relationship between multitasking and academic performance. Comput. Educ. 59, 505-514. doi: 10.1016/j.compedu.2011.12.023
    • (2012) Comput. Educ , vol.59 , pp. 505-514
    • Junco, R.1    Cotten, S.R.2
  • 57
    • 84855454549 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Macmillan
    • Kahneman, D. (2011). Thinking, Fast and Slow. Macmillan. Available at: https://books-google-com.libproxy.temple.edu/books?hl=en&lr=&id=SHvzzuCnuv8C&oi=fnd&pg=PP2&ots=NRqmNH-jJC&sig=aZUMjzdgcaWja5iIsY0kXJoRy7I#v=onepage&q&f=false
    • (2011) Thinking, Fast and Slow
    • Kahneman, D.1
  • 59
    • 84868468948 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • An exploration of social networking site use, multitasking, and academic performance among United States and European university students
    • Karpinski, A. C., Kirschner, P. A., Ozer, I., Mellott, J. A., and Ochwo, P. (2012). An exploration of social networking site use, multitasking, and academic performance among United States and European university students. Comput. Hum. Behav. 29, 1182-1192. doi: 10.1016/j.chb.2012.10.011
    • (2012) Comput. Hum. Behav , vol.29 , pp. 1182-1192
    • Karpinski, A.C.1    Kirschner, P.A.2    Ozer, I.3    Mellott, J.A.4    Ochwo, P.5
  • 61
    • 0000441791 scopus 로고
    • Uses and gratifications research
    • Katz, E., Blumler, J. G., and Gurevitch, M. (1973). Uses and gratifications research. Public Opin. Q. 37, 509-523. doi: 10.1086/268109
    • (1973) Public Opin. Q , vol.37 , pp. 509-523
    • Katz, E.1    Blumler, J.G.2    Gurevitch, M.3
  • 62
    • 77956188137 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Facebook® and academic performance
    • Kirschner, P. A., and Karpinski, A. C. (2010). Facebook® and academic performance. Comput. Hum. Behav. 26, 1237-1245. doi: 10.1016/j.chb.2010.03.024
    • (2010) Comput. Hum. Behav , vol.26 , pp. 1237-1245
    • Kirschner, P.A.1    Karpinski, A.C.2
  • 63
    • 77957256363 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Memory texts and memory work: performances of memory in and with visual media
    • Kuhn, A. (2010). Memory texts and memory work: performances of memory in and with visual media. Mem. Stud. 3, 298-313. doi: 10.1177/1750698010370034
    • (2010) Mem. Stud , vol.3 , pp. 298-313
    • Kuhn, A.1
  • 64
    • 84874510196 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Development and validation of a Smartphone Addiction Scale (SAS)
    • Kwon, M., Lee, J. Y., Won, W. Y., Park, J. W., Min, J. A., Hahn, C., et al. (2013). Development and validation of a Smartphone Addiction Scale (SAS). PLoS ONE 8:e56936. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0056936
    • (2013) PLoS ONE , vol.8
    • Kwon, M.1    Lee, J.Y.2    Won, W.Y.3    Park, J.W.4    Min, J.A.5    Hahn, C.6
  • 67
    • 84890100174 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The dark side of smartphone usage: psychological traits, compulsive behavior and technostress
    • Lee, Y. K., Chang, C. T., Lin, Y., and Cheng, Z. H. (2014). The dark side of smartphone usage: psychological traits, compulsive behavior and technostress. Comput. Hum. Behav. 31, 373-383. doi: 10.1016/j.chb.2013.10.047
    • (2014) Comput. Hum. Behav , vol.31 , pp. 373-383
    • Lee, Y.K.1    Chang, C.T.2    Lin, Y.3    Cheng, Z.H.4
  • 69
    • 84921026668 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Adolescents' electronic media use at night, sleep disturbance, and depressive symptoms in the smartphone age
    • Lemola, S., Perkinson-Gloor, N., Brand, S., Dewald-Kaufmann, J. F., and Grob, A. (2014). Adolescents' electronic media use at night, sleep disturbance, and depressive symptoms in the smartphone age. J. Youth Adolesc. 44, 405-418. doi: 10.1007/s10964-014-0176-x
    • (2014) J. Youth Adolesc , vol.44 , pp. 405-418
    • Lemola, S.1    Perkinson-Gloor, N.2    Brand, S.3    Dewald-Kaufmann, J.F.4    Grob, A.5
  • 70
    • 84933063070 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Teens, Social Media and Technology Overview 2015, Smartphones Facilitate Shifts in Communication Landscape for Teens
    • Lenhart, A. (2015). Teens, Social Media and Technology Overview 2015: Smartphones Facilitate Shifts in Communication Landscape for Teens. Washington, DC: Pew Research Center, 1-47. doi: 10.1016/j.chb.2015.08.026
    • (2015) Washington, DC: Pew Research Center, 1-47
    • Lenhart, A.1
  • 71
    • 84888634247 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The relationship between cell phone use, academic performance, anxiety, and satisfaction with life in college students
    • Lepp, A., Barkley, J. E., and Karpinski, A. C. (2014). The relationship between cell phone use, academic performance, anxiety, and satisfaction with life in college students. Comput. Hum. Behav. 31, 343-350. doi: 10.1016/j.chb.2013.10.049
    • (2014) Comput. Hum. Behav , vol.31 , pp. 343-350
    • Lepp, A.1    Barkley, J.E.2    Karpinski, A.C.3
  • 72
    • 34548269563 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Electronic media use, reading, and academic distractibility in college youth
    • Levine, L. E., Waite, B. M., and Bowman, L. L. (2007). Electronic media use, reading, and academic distractibility in college youth. Cyberpsychol. Behav. 10, 560-566. doi: 10.1089/cpb.2007.9990
    • (2007) Cyberpsychol. Behav , vol.10 , pp. 560-566
    • Levine, L.E.1    Waite, B.M.2    Bowman, L.L.3
  • 73
    • 84962019732 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The effect of online interruptions on the quality of cognitive performance
    • Levy, E. C., Rafaeli, S., and Ariel, Y. (2016). The effect of online interruptions on the quality of cognitive performance. Telemat. Inform. 33, 1014-1021. doi: 10.1016/j.tele.2016.03.003
    • (2016) Telemat. Inform , vol.33 , pp. 1014-1021
    • Levy, E.C.1    Rafaeli, S.2    Ariel, Y.3
  • 74
    • 47249106395 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sleep deprivation and vigilant attention
    • Lim, J., and Dinges, D. F. (2008). Sleep deprivation and vigilant attention. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 1129, 305-322. doi: 10.1196/annals.1417.002
    • (2008) Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci , vol.1129 , pp. 305-322
    • Lim, J.1    Dinges, D.F.2
  • 75
    • 84987680609 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • How has the internet reshaped human cognition?
    • Loh, K. K., and Kanai, R. (2015). How has the internet reshaped human cognition? Neuroscientist 22, 506-520. doi: 10.1177/1073858415595005
    • (2015) Neuroscientist , vol.22 , pp. 506-520
    • Loh, K.K.1    Kanai, R.2
  • 78
    • 85018167484 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • [accessed April 16, 2015]
    • Melcher, M. (2013). Mindfulness vs. Smartphones. Available at: http://www.huffingtonpost.com/michael-melcher/mindfulness-vs-smartphone_b_2856462.html [accessed April 16, 2015].
    • (2013) Mindfulness vs. Smartphones
    • Melcher, M.1
  • 79
    • 84933680119 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Nucleus accumbens response to gains in reputation for the self relative to gains for others predicts social media use
    • Meshi, D., Morawetz, C., and Heekeren, H. R. (2013). Nucleus accumbens response to gains in reputation for the self relative to gains for others predicts social media use. Front. Hum. Neurosci. 7:439. doi: 10.3389/fnhum.2013.00439
    • (2013) Front. Hum. Neurosci , vol.7 , pp. 439
    • Meshi, D.1    Morawetz, C.2    Heekeren, H.R.3
  • 80
    • 84861789736 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The smartphone psychology manifesto
    • Miller, G. (2012). The smartphone psychology manifesto. Perspect. Psychol. Sci. 7, 221-237. doi: 10.1177/1745691612441215
    • (2012) Perspect. Psychol. Sci , vol.7 , pp. 221-237
    • Miller, G.1
  • 81
    • 85016106235 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Possible effects of internet use on cognitive development in adolescence
    • Mills, K. L. (2016). Possible effects of internet use on cognitive development in adolescence. Med. Commun. 4, 4. doi: 10.17645/mac.v4i3.516
    • (2016) Med. Commun , vol.4 , pp. 4
    • Mills, K.L.1
  • 82
    • 84889610283 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Working memory, fluid intelligence, and impulsiveness in heavy media multitaskers
    • Minear, M., Brasher, F., McCurdy, M., Lewis, J., and Younggren, A. (2013). Working memory, fluid intelligence, and impulsiveness in heavy media multitaskers. Psychon. Bull. Rev. 20, 1274-1281. doi: 10.3758/s13423-013-0456-6
    • (2013) Psychon. Bull. Rev , vol.20 , pp. 1274-1281
    • Minear, M.1    Brasher, F.2    McCurdy, M.3    Lewis, J.4    Younggren, A.5
  • 83
    • 84953725971 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The iPhone effect: the quality of in-person social interactions in the presence of mobile devices
    • Misra, S., Cheng, L., Genevie, J., and Yuan, M. (2014). The iPhone effect: the quality of in-person social interactions in the presence of mobile devices. Environ. Behav. 48, 275-298. doi: 10.1177/0013916514539755
    • (2014) Environ. Behav , vol.48 , pp. 275-298
    • Misra, S.1    Cheng, L.2    Genevie, J.3    Yuan, M.4
  • 84
    • 84963616116 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Media multitasking is associated with distractibility and increased prefrontal activity in adolescents and young adults
    • Moisala, M., Salmela, V., Hietajärvi, L., Salo, E., Carlson, S., Salonen, O., et al. (2016). Media multitasking is associated with distractibility and increased prefrontal activity in adolescents and young adults. Neuroimage 134, 113-121. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2016.04.011
    • (2016) Neuroimage , vol.134 , pp. 113-121
    • Moisala, M.1    Salmela, V.2    Hietajärvi, L.3    Salo, E.4    Carlson, S.5    Salonen, O.6
  • 86
    • 58249138630 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The effect of interruption duration and demand on resuming suspended goals
    • Monk, C. A., Trafton, J. G., and Boehm-Davis, D. A. (2008). The effect of interruption duration and demand on resuming suspended goals. J. Exp. Psychol. Appl. 14, 299-313. doi: 10.1037/a0014402
    • (2008) J. Exp. Psychol. Appl , vol.14 , pp. 299-313
    • Monk, C.A.1    Trafton, J.G.2    Boehm-Davis, D.A.3
  • 87
    • 0037334647 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Task switching
    • Monsell, S. (2003). Task switching. Trends Cogn. Sci. 7, 134-140. doi: 10.1016/S1364-6613(03)00028-7
    • (2003) Trends Cogn. Sci , vol.7 , pp. 134-140
    • Monsell, S.1
  • 90
    • 84943348127 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • How and why parents guide the media use of young children
    • Nikken, P., and Schols, M. (2015). How and why parents guide the media use of young children. J. Child Fam. Stud. 24, 3423-3435. doi: 10.1007/s10826-015-0144-4
    • (2015) J. Child Fam. Stud , vol.24 , pp. 3423-3435
    • Nikken, P.1    Schols, M.2
  • 91
    • 70349472533 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cognitive control in media multitaskers
    • Ophir, E., Nass, C., and Wagner, A. D. (2009). Cognitive control in media multitaskers. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 106, 15583-15587. doi: 10.1073/pnas.0903620106
    • (2009) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A , vol.106 , pp. 15583-15587
    • Ophir, E.1    Nass, C.2    Wagner, A.D.3
  • 92
    • 85002809974 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Record and remember: memory and meaning-making practices through mobile media
    • özkul, D., and Humphreys, L. (2015). Record and remember: memory and meaning-making practices through mobile media. Mob. Med. Commun. 3, 351-365. doi: 10.1177/2050157914565846
    • (2015) Mob. Med. Commun , vol.3 , pp. 351-365
    • Özkul, D.1    Humphreys, L.2
  • 93
    • 38049036412 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 'Degradation in spatial knowledge acquisition when using automatic navigation systems,'
    • eds S. Winter, M. Duckham, L. Kulik, and B. Kuipers (Berlin: Springer)
    • Parush, A., Ahuvia, S., and Erev, I. (2007). "Degradation in spatial knowledge acquisition when using automatic navigation systems," in Spatial Information Theory, eds S. Winter, M. Duckham, L. Kulik, and B. Kuipers (Berlin: Springer), 238-254.
    • (2007) Spatial Information Theory , pp. 238-254
    • Parush, A.1    Ahuvia, S.2    Erev, I.3
  • 94
    • 84865613732 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effect of online social networking on student academic performance
    • Paul, J. A., Baker, H. M., and Cochran, J. D. (2012). Effect of online social networking on student academic performance. Comput. Hum. Behav. 28, 2117-2127. doi: 10.1016/j.chb.2012.06.016
    • (2012) Comput. Hum. Behav , vol.28 , pp. 2117-2127
    • Paul, J.A.1    Baker, H.M.2    Cochran, J.D.3
  • 95
    • 84910102806 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Theoretical Foundations and Implications. Aurora: Revista de Arte, Mídia e Política
    • Pentzold, C., and Sommer, V. (2011). Digital Networked Media and Social Memory. Theoretical Foundations and Implications. Aurora: Revista de Arte, Mídia e Política, 72-85.
    • (2011) Digital Networked Media and Social Memory , pp. 72
    • Pentzold, C.1    Sommer, V.2
  • 97
    • 59949094111 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Smartphones: an emerging tool for social scientists
    • Raento, M., Oulasvirta, A., and Eagle, N. (2009). Smartphones: an emerging tool for social scientists. Sociol. Methods Res. 37, 426-454. doi: 10.1177/0049124108330005
    • (2009) Sociol. Methods Res , vol.37 , pp. 426-454
    • Raento, M.1    Oulasvirta, A.2    Eagle, N.3
  • 98
    • 84906306903 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Media multitasking and failures of attention in everyday life
    • Ralph, B. C. W., Thomson, D. R., Cheyne, J. A., and Smilek, D. (2013). Media multitasking and failures of attention in everyday life. Psychol. Res. 78, 661-669. doi: 10.1007/s00426-013-0523-7
    • (2013) Psychol. Res , vol.78 , pp. 661-669
    • Ralph, B.C.W.1    Thomson, D.R.2    Cheyne, J.A.3    Smilek, D.4
  • 101
    • 79960926394 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • [accessed April 16, 2015]
    • Richtel, M. (2010b). Growing Up Digital, Wired for Distraction. Available at: http://www.nytimes.com/2010/11/21/technology/21brain.html?pagewanted=all&_r=0 [accessed April 16, 2015].
    • (2010) Growing Up Digital, Wired for Distraction
    • Richtel, M.1
  • 105
    • 84873831303 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Facebook and texting made me do it: media-induced task-switching while studying
    • Rosen, L. D., Mark Carrier, L., and Cheever, N. A. (2013). Facebook and texting made me do it: media-induced task-switching while studying. Comput. Hum. Behav. 29, 948-958. doi: 10.1016/j.chb.2012.12.001
    • (2013) Comput. Hum. Behav , vol.29 , pp. 948-958
    • Rosen, L.D.1    Mark Carrier, L.2    Cheever, N.A.3
  • 106
    • 84869117802 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Laptop multitasking hinders classroom learning for both users and nearby peers
    • Sana, F., Weston, T., and Cepeda, N. J. (2013). Laptop multitasking hinders classroom learning for both users and nearby peers. Comput. Educ. 62, 24-31. doi: 10.1016/j.compedu.2012.10.003
    • (2013) Comput. Educ , vol.62 , pp. 24-31
    • Sana, F.1    Weston, T.2    Cepeda, N.J.3
  • 107
    • 84872767270 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Who multi-tasks and why?. multi-tasking ability, perceived multi-tasking ability, impulsivity, and sensation seeking
    • Sanbonmatsu, D. M., Strayer, D. L., Medeiros-Ward, N., and Watson, J. M. (2013). Who multi-tasks and why? multi-tasking ability, perceived multi-tasking ability, impulsivity, and sensation seeking. PLoS ONE 8:e54402. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0054402
    • (2013) PLoS ONE , vol.8
    • Sanbonmatsu, D.M.1    Strayer, D.L.2    Medeiros-Ward, N.3    Watson, J.M.4
  • 108
    • 84989238645 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Dorsal anterior cingulate cortex and the value of control
    • Shenhav, A., Cohen, J. D., and Botvinick, M. M. (2016). Dorsal anterior cingulate cortex and the value of control. Nat. Neurosci. 19, 1286-1291. doi: 10.1038/nn.4382
    • (2016) Nat. Neurosci , vol.19 , pp. 1286-1291
    • Shenhav, A.1    Cohen, J.D.2    Botvinick, M.M.3
  • 109
    • 84978539054 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The power of the like in adolescence: effects of peer influence on neural and behavioral responses to social media
    • Sherman, L. E., Payton, A. A., Hernandez, L. M., Greenfield, P. M., and Dapretto, M. (2016). The power of the like in adolescence: effects of peer influence on neural and behavioral responses to social media. Psychol. Sci. 27, 1027-1035. doi: 10.1177/0956797616645673
    • (2016) Psychol. Sci , vol.27 , pp. 1027-1035
    • Sherman, L.E.1    Payton, A.A.2    Hernandez, L.M.3    Greenfield, P.M.4    Dapretto, M.5
  • 110
    • 84877725506 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A null relationship between media multitasking and well-being
    • Shih, S. I. (2013). A null relationship between media multitasking and well-being. PLoS ONE 8:e64508. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0064508
    • (2013) PLoS ONE , vol.8
    • Shih, S.I.1
  • 111
    • 60849126122 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Your brain on google: patterns of cerebral activation during internet searching
    • Small, G. W., Moody, T. D., Siddarth, P., and Bookheimer, S. Y. (2009). Your brain on google: patterns of cerebral activation during internet searching. Am. J. Geriatr. Psychiatry 17, 116-126. doi: 10.1097/JGP.0b013e3181953a02
    • (2009) Am. J. Geriatr. Psychiatry , vol.17 , pp. 116-126
    • Small, G.W.1    Moody, T.D.2    Siddarth, P.3    Bookheimer, S.Y.4
  • 112
    • 80051473399 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Google effects on memory: cognitive consequences of having information at our fingertips
    • Sparrow, B., Liu, J., and Wegner, D. M. (2011). Google effects on memory: cognitive consequences of having information at our fingertips. Science 333, 776-778. doi: 10.1126/science.1207745
    • (2011) Science , vol.333 , pp. 776-778
    • Sparrow, B.1    Liu, J.2    Wegner, D.M.3
  • 113
    • 84938199596 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The attentional cost of receiving a cell phone notification
    • Stothart, C., Mitchum, A., and Yehnert, C. (2015). The attentional cost of receiving a cell phone notification. J. Exp. Psychol. 41, 893-897. doi: 10.1037/xhp0000100
    • (2015) J. Exp. Psychol , vol.41 , pp. 893-897
    • Stothart, C.1    Mitchum, A.2    Yehnert, C.3
  • 114
    • 84861433143 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Disclosing information about the self is intrinsically rewarding
    • Tamir, D. I., and Mitchell, J. P. (2012). Disclosing information about the self is intrinsically rewarding. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 109, 8038-8043. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1202129109
    • (2012) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A , vol.109 , pp. 8038-8043
    • Tamir, D.I.1    Mitchell, J.P.2
  • 115
    • 84940459668 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Selective attention as a protagonist in contemporary workplace stress: implications for the interruption age
    • Tams, S., Thatcher, J., Grover, V., and Pak, R. (2015). Selective attention as a protagonist in contemporary workplace stress: implications for the interruption age. Anxiety Stress Coping 28, 663-686. doi: 10.1080/10615806.2015.1011141
    • (2015) Anxiety Stress Coping , vol.28 , pp. 663-686
    • Tams, S.1    Thatcher, J.2    Grover, V.3    Pak, R.4
  • 116
    • 84919427394 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The mere presence of a cell phone may be distracting implications for attention and task performance
    • Thornton, B., Faires, A., Robbins, M., and Rollins, E. (2014). The mere presence of a cell phone may be distracting implications for attention and task performance. Soc. Psychol. 45, 479-488. doi: 10.1027/1864-9335/a000216
    • (2014) Soc. Psychol , vol.45 , pp. 479-488
    • Thornton, B.1    Faires, A.2    Robbins, M.3    Rollins, E.4
  • 117
    • 85018174119 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Trends in Consumer Mobility Report [accessed April 27, 2016]
    • Trends in Consumer Mobility Report (2015). Available at. http://newsroom.bankofamerica.com/files/doc_library/additional/2015_BAC_Trends_in_Consumer_Mobility_Report.pdf [accessed April 27, 2016].
    • (2015)
  • 119
    • 84907312917 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Five days at outdoor education camp without screens improves preteen skills with nonverbal emotion cues
    • Uhls, Y. T., Michikyan, M., Morris, J., Garcia, D., Small, G. W., Zgourou, E., et al. (2014). Five days at outdoor education camp without screens improves preteen skills with nonverbal emotion cues. Comput. Hum. Behav. 39, 387-392. doi: 10.1016/j.chb.2014.05.036
    • (2014) Comput. Hum. Behav , vol.39 , pp. 387-392
    • Uhls, Y.T.1    Michikyan, M.2    Morris, J.3    Garcia, D.4    Small, G.W.5    Zgourou, E.6
  • 120
    • 84938524365 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Media multitasking and memory: differences in working memory and long-term memory
    • Uncapher, M. R. K., Thieu, M., and Wagner, A. D. (2015). Media multitasking and memory: differences in working memory and long-term memory. Psychon. Bull. Rev. 23, 483-490. doi: 10.3758/s13423-015-0907-3
    • (2015) Psychon. Bull. Rev , vol.23 , pp. 483-490
    • Uncapher, M.R.K.1    Thieu, M.2    Wagner, A.D.3
  • 121
    • 84890546014 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Trends in the parent-report of health care provider-diagnosed and medicated attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: United States, 2003-2011
    • Visser, S. N., Danielson, M. L., Bitsko, R. H., Holbrook, J. R., Kogan, M. D., Ghandour, R. M., et al. (2014). Trends in the parent-report of health care provider-diagnosed and medicated attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: United States, 2003-2011. J. Am. Acad. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry 53, 34-46.e2. doi: 10.1016/j.jaac.2013.09.001
    • (2014) J. Am. Acad. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry , vol.53
    • Visser, S.N.1    Danielson, M.L.2    Bitsko, R.H.3    Holbrook, J.R.4    Kogan, M.D.5    Ghandour, R.M.6
  • 122
    • 84861927306 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The "Myth" of media multitasking: reciprocal dynamics of media multitasking, Personal Needs, and Gratifications
    • Wang, Z., and Tchernev, J. M. (2012). The "Myth" of media multitasking: reciprocal dynamics of media multitasking, Personal Needs, and Gratifications. J. Commun. 62, 493-513. doi: 10.1111/j.1460-2466.2012.01641.x
    • (2012) J. Commun , vol.62 , pp. 493-513
    • Wang, Z.1    Tchernev, J.M.2
  • 124
    • 84961129781 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mobile technology habits: patterns of association among device usage, intertemporal preference, impulse control, and reward sensitivity
    • Wilmer, H. H., and Chein, J. M. (2016). Mobile technology habits: patterns of association among device usage, intertemporal preference, impulse control, and reward sensitivity. Psychon. Bull. Rev. 23, 1607-1614. doi: 10.3758/s13423-016-1011-z
    • (2016) Psychon. Bull. Rev , vol.23 , pp. 1607-1614
    • Wilmer, H.H.1    Chein, J.M.2
  • 126
    • 84887594769 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Media multitasking predicts unitary versus splitting visual focal attention
    • Yap, J. Y., and Lim, S. W. H. (2013). Media multitasking predicts unitary versus splitting visual focal attention. J. Cogn. Psychol. 25, 889-902. doi: 10.1080/20445911.2013.835315
    • (2013) J. Cogn. Psychol , vol.25 , pp. 889-902
    • Yap, J.Y.1    Lim, S.W.H.2
  • 127
    • 85018173576 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Photographic memory: the effects of photo-taking on memory for auditory and visual information
    • Zauberman, G., Silverman, J., Diehl, K., and Barasch, A. (2015). Photographic memory: the effects of photo-taking on memory for auditory and visual information. NA Adv. Consum. Res. 43, 218-223.
    • (2015) NA Adv. Consum. Res , vol.43 , pp. 218-223
    • Zauberman, G.1    Silverman, J.2    Diehl, K.3    Barasch, A.4
  • 128
    • 84863722471 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Explicating multitasking with computers: gratifications and situations
    • Zhang, W., and Zhang, L. (2012). Explicating multitasking with computers: gratifications and situations. Comput. Hum. Behav. 28, 1883-1891. doi: 10.1016/j.chb.2012.05.006
    • (2012) Comput. Hum. Behav , vol.28 , pp. 1883-1891
    • Zhang, W.1    Zhang, L.2
  • 130
    • 85009747730 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of electromagnetic fields emitted by GSM phones on working memory: a meta-analysis
    • Zubko, O., Gould, R. L., Gay, H. C., Cox, H. J., Coulson, M. C., and Howard, R. J. (2016). Effects of electromagnetic fields emitted by GSM phones on working memory: a meta-analysis. Int. J. Geriatr. Psychiatry 32, 125-135. doi: 10.1002/gps.4581
    • (2016) Int. J. Geriatr. Psychiatry , vol.32 , pp. 125-135
    • Zubko, O.1    Gould, R.L.2    Gay, H.C.3    Cox, H.J.4    Coulson, M.C.5    Howard, R.J.6


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.