How can a majority be resilient? Critiquing the utility of the construct of resilience through a focus on youth in contexts of political conflict

Handbook of Resilience in Children of War

Volumn , Issue , 2013, Pages 233-252

  Barber, Brian K ^a   Doty, Samuel Benjamin ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF TENNESSEE   (United States)

^b DUKE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 85015939013     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4614-6375-7_17     Document Type: Chapter

References (142)

1. Ager, A. (2002). Psychosocial needs in complex emergencies. Lancet, 360(Suppl.), s43-s44.
2. Aisenberg, E., & Herrenkohl, T. (2008). Community violence in context. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 23(3), 296-315.
3. Al-Krenawi, A., Graham, J. R., & Sehwail, M. A. (2001-2002). Bereavement responses among Palestinian widows, daughters and sons following the Hebron massacre. OMEGA-Journal of Death and Dying, 44, 241-255.
4. Allwood, M. A., Bell-Dolan, D., & Husain, S. E. (2002). Children's trauma and adjustment reactions to violent and nonviolent war experiences. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 41, 450-457.
5. Almedom, A. M. (2005). Resilience, hardiness, sense of coherence, and posttraumatic growth: All paths leading to the "light at the end of the tunnel"? Journal of Loss and Trauma, 10, 253-265.
6. Almedom, A. M., & Glandon, D. (2007). Resilience is not the absence of PTSD any more than health is the absence of disease. Journal of Loss and Trauma, 12, 127-143.
7. Annan, J., Blattman, C., Carlson, K., & Mazurana, D. (2008). The state of female youth in Northern Uganda: Findings from the Survey of War Affected Youth (SWAY). A report for UNICEF Uganda. www.swayuganda.org.
8. Annan, J., Blattman, C., & Horton, R. (2006). The state of youth and youth protection in Northern Uganda: Findings from the Survey of War Affected youth (SWAY). A report for UNICEF Uganda. www.swayuganda.org.
9. Ashmore, R. D., Deaux, K., & Mclaughlin-Volpe, T. (2004). An organizing framework for collective identity: Articulation and significance of multidimensionality. Psychological Bulletin, 130, 80-114.
10. Barbarin, O. A., Richter, L., & de Wet, T. (2001). Exposure to violence, coping resources, and psychological adjustment of South African children. The American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 71(1), 16-25.
11. Barber, B. K. (1999). Youth experience in the Palestinian intifada: Intensity, complexity, paradox, and competence. In M. Yates & J. Youniss (Eds.), Roots of civic identity: International perspectives on community service and activism in youth. New York: Cambridge University Press.
12. Barber, B. K. (2001). Political violence, social integration, and youth functioning: Palestinian youth from the Intifada. Journal of Community Psychology, 29, 259-280.
13. Barber, B. K. (2008). Contrasting portraits of war: Youths' varied experiences with political violence in Bosnia and Palestine. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 32(4), 298-309.
14. Barber, B. K. (2009a). Making sense and no sense of war: Issues of identity and meaning in adolescents' experience with political conflict. In B. K. Barber (Ed.), Adolescents and war: How youth deal with political violence. New York: Oxford University Press.
15. Barber, B. K. (2009b). Viewing the complexity of adolescents' experience with political violence. In B. K. Barber (Ed.), Adolescents and war: How youth deal with political violence. New York: Oxford University Press.
16. Barber, B. K. (2009c). Moving forward with research on youth and political violence. In B. K. Barber (Ed.), Adolescents and war: How youth deal with political violence. New York: Oxford University Press.
17. Barber, B. K. (2010). The shifting complex of identity: Issues of individual and contextual change informing the narrative identities of conflict youth: Commentary on Hammack. Human Development, 53, 202-207.
18. Barber, B. K. (2013). Annual research review: The experience of youth with political conflict: Challenging notions of resilience and encouraging research refinement. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry. doi: 10.1111/jcpp.12056.
19. Barber, B. K., McNeely, C., & Spellings, C. R. (2012). Role of political factors in wellbeing and quality of life during long-term constraints and conflict. Lancet, 380.
20. Barber, B. K., McNeely, C., & Spellings, C. (2012). Role of political factors in wellbeing and quality of life during long-term constraints and conflict: An initial study. Lancet. Retrieved October 8, 2012, from http://www.thelancet.com/health-in-the-occupiedpalestinian-territory-2012
21. Barber, B. K., & Olsen, J. A. (2009). Positive and negative psychosocial functioning after political conflict: Examining adolescents of the first Palestinian Intifada. In B. K. Barber (Ed.), Adolescents and war: How youth deal with political violence. New York: Oxford University Press.
22. Barber, B. K., Olsen, J. A., & Spellings, C. R. (2011, April). War and youth: Assessing multiple contexts of conflict exposure and domains of functioning. Presented at the Society for Research on Child Development Biennial meeting, Montreal, Canada.
23. Barber, B. K., & Schluterman, J. M. (2009). An overview of the empirical literatures on adolescents and political violence. In B. K. Barber (Ed.), Adolescents and war: How youth deal with political violence. New York: Oxford University Press.
24. Barber, B. K., & Youniss, J. (2012, Fall). Egyptian youth make history. Harvard International Review.
25. Barber, B. K., & Youniss, J. (2012). Egyptian youth make history. Harvard International Review. Retrieved November 29, 2012, from http://hir.harvard.edu/youth-on-fire/egyptian-youth-make-history
26. Barenbaum, J., Ruchkin, V., & Schwab-Stone, M. (2004). The psychosocial aspects of children exposed to war: Practice and policy initiatives. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 45, 41-62.
27. Becker, D. (1995). The deficiency of the concept of posttraumatic stress disorder when dealing with victims of human rights violations. In R. J. Kleber, C. R. Figley, & P. R. Gersons (Eds.), Beyond trauma: Cultural and societal dynamics (pp. 99-110). New York: Plenum Press.
28. Betancourt, T. S., & Khan, K. T. (2008). The mental health of children affected by armed conflict: Protective processes and pathways to resilience. International Review of Psychology, 20(3), 317-328.
29. Blattman, C., & Annan, J. (2007). The consequences of child soldiering. HICN Working paper, 22.
30. Bolton, P. (2001). Cross-cultural validity and reliability testing of a standard psychiatric assessment instrument without a gold standard. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 189, 238-242.
31. Bonanno, G. A. (2004). Loss, trauma, and human resilience: Have we underestimated the human capacity to thrive after extremely aversive events? American Psychologist, 59, 20-28.
32. Bonanno, G. A. (2005). Resilience in the face of potential trauma. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 14(3), 135-138.
33. Bonanno, G. A. (2008). The human capacity to thrive in the face of potential trauma. Pediatrics, 121(2), 369-375.
34. Boothby, N., Crawford, J., & Agostinho, M. (2009). Mozambican child soldier life outcome study. In B. K. Barber (Ed.), Adolescents and war: How youth deal with political violence. New York: Oxford University Press.
35. Boothby, N., Strang, A., & Wessells, M. (2006). A world turned upside down: Social ecological approaches to children in war zones. Bloom field, CT: Kumarian Press.
36. Boyden, J. (2003). Children under fire: Challenging assumptions about children's resilience. Children, Youth and Environments, 13 (1). Retrieved July 2, 2006, from http://www.colorado.edu/journals/cye/13_1/index.htm
37. Bracken, P. J., Giller, J. E., & Summerfield, D. (1995). Psychological responses to war and atrocity: The limitations of current concepts. Social Science & Medicine, 40, 1073-1082.
38. Cairns, E. (1996). Children and political violence. Oxford: Blackwell.
39. Cairns, E., & Darby, J. (1998). The conflict in Northern Ireland: Causes, consequences, and controls. American Psychologist, 53, 754-760.
40. Cairns, E., & Dawes, A. (1996). Children: Ethnic and political violence-A commentary. Child Development, 67, 129-139.
41. Cairns, E., Hewstone, M., Niens, U., & Tams, T. (2005). Intergroup forgiveness and intergroup conflict: Northern Ireland, a case study. In E. Worthington (Ed.), Handbook of forgiveness (pp. 461-476). New York: Routledge.
42. Canavan, J. (2008). Resilience: Cautiously welcoming a contested concept. Child Care in Practice, 14(1), 1-7.
43. Carver, C. S. (1998). Resilience and thriving: Issues, models, and linkages. Journal of Social Issues, 54, 245-266.
44. Cicchetti, D. (1996). Developmental theory: Lessons from the study of risk and psychopathology. In S. Matthysse, D. Levy, J. Kagan, & F. Benes (Eds.), Psychopathology: The evolving science of mental disorder (pp. 253-254). New York: Cambridge University Press.
45. Colletta, N. J., & Cullen, M. L. (2000). The nexus between violent conflict, social capital, and social cohesion: Case studies from Cambodia and Rwanda. Washington, DC: World Bank.
46. Cummings, E. M., Merrilees, C. E., Schermerhorn, A. C., Goeke-Morey, M. C., Shirlow, P., & Cairns, E. (2012). Political violence and child adjustment: Longitudinal tests of sectarian antisocial behavior, family conflict, and insecurity as explanatory pathways. Child Development, 83(2), 461-468. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-8624.2011.01720.x.
47. Daiute, C. (2006). General introduction: The problem of society in youth conflict. In C. Daiute, Z. F. Beykont, C. Higson-Smith, & L. Nucci (Eds.), International perspectives on youth conflict and development (pp. 3-22). New York: Oxford University Press.
48. Dawes, A., & Cairns, E. (1998). The Machel study: Dilemmas of cultural sensitivity and universal rights of children. Peace and Conflict: Journal of Peace Psychology, 4(4), 335-348.
49. Dawes, A., & Finchilescu, G. (2002). What's changed? The racial orientations of South African adolescents during rapid political change. In Childhood. London: Sage.
50. Doty, B. (2010). The construct of resilience and its application to the context of political violence. Pursuit-The Journal of Undergraduate Research at the University of Tennessee, 1(1), Article 11.
51. Dubow, E. F., Huesmann, L. R., Boxer, P., Landau, S., Dvir, S., Shikaki, K., et al. (2012). Exposure to political conflict and violence and posttraumatic stress in Middle East youth: Protective factors. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 41(4), 402-416. doi: 10.1080/15374416.2012.684274.
52. Dumont, K. A., Widom, C. S., & Czaja, S. J. (2007). Predictors of resilience in abused and neglected children grown-up: The role of individual and neighborhood characteristics. Child Abuse & Neglect, 31, 255-274.
53. Earls, F., & Carlson, M. (2001). The social ecology of child health and well-being. Annual Review of Public Health, 22, 143-166.
54. Eggerman, M., & Panter-Brick, C. (2010). Suffering, hope, and entrapment: Resilience and cultural values in Afghanistan. Social Science & Medicine, 70, 1-13.
55. Farhood, L., Zurayk, H., Chaya, M., Saadeh, F., Meshefedjian, G., & Sedani, T. (1993). The impact of war on the physical and mental health of the family: The Lebanese experience. Social Science & Medicine, 36, 1555-1567.
56. Fendrich, J. M. (1993). Ideal citizens: The legacy of the civil rights movement. Albany: State University of New York Press.
57. Fergus, S., & Zimmerman, M. A. (2005). Adolescent resilience: A framework for understanding healthy development in the face of risk. Annual Review of Public Health, 26, 399-419.
58. Friedman, M. J., Resick, P. A., & Keane, T. M. (2007). Key questions and an agenda for future research. In M. J. Friedman, T. M. Keane, & P. A. Resick (Eds.), Handbook of PTSD: Science and practice (pp. 540-561). New York: Guilford.
59. Gallagher, T. (2004). After the war comes peace? An examination of the impact of the Northern Ireland conflict on young people. Journal of Social Issues, 60, 629-642.
60. Gerard, J. M., & Buehler, C. (2004). Cumulative environmental risk and youth maladjustment: The role of youth attributes. Child Development, 75, 1832-1849.
61. Giacaman, R., Husseini, A., Gordon, N. H., & Awartani, F. (2004). Imprints on the consciousness: The impact on Palestinian civilians of the Israeli Army invasion of West Bank towns. European Journal of Public Health, 14(3), 286-290.
62. Giacaman, R., Mataria, A., Nguyen-Gillham, V., Safieh, R. A., Stefanini, A., & Chatterji, S. (2007). Quality of life in the Palestinian context: An inquiry in war-like conditions. Health Policy, 81, 68-74.
63. Giacaman, R., Rabaia, Y., & Nguyen-Gillham, V. (2010). Domestic and political violence: The Palestinian predicament. Lancet, 375(9711), 259-260. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(09)62005-5.
64. Giacaman, R., Rabaia, Y., Nguyen-Gillham, V., Batniji, R., Punamaki, R.-L., & Summerfield, D. (2011). Mental health, social distress and political oppression: The case of the occupied Palestinian territory. Global Public Health: An International Journal for Research, Policy, and Practice, 65, 547-559. doi: ht.tR.:l.Ldx. doi.org/10.1080/17441692.2010 528443.
65. Gibson, K. (1989). Children in political violence. Social Science & Medicine, 28(7), 659-667.
66. Gilligan, C. (2009). 'Highly vulnerable'? Political violence and the social construction of traumatized children. Journal of Peace Research, 46(1), 119-134.
67. Gutman, L. M., Sameroff, A. J., & Cole, R. (2003). Academic growth curve trajectories from 1 st grade to 12 th grade: Effects of multiple social risk factors and preschool child factors. Developmental Psychology, 39, 777-790.
68. Hammack, P. L. (2010). Identity as burden or benefit? Youth, historical narrative, and the legacy of political conflict. Human Development, 53, 173-201.
69. Hammack, P. L. (2011). Narrative and the politics of identity. New York: Oxford University Press.
70. Herrenkohl, E. C., Herrenkohl, R. R., & Egolf, B. (1994). Resilient early school-age children from maltreating homes: Outcomes in late adolescence. The American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 64, 301-309.
71. Hobfoll, S. E. (2001). The influence of culture, community, and the nested-self in the stress process: Advancing conservation of resources theory. Applied Psychology: An International Review, 50, 337-370.
72. Hobfoll, S. E., Hall, B. J., Canetti-Nisim, D., Galea, S., Johnson, R. J., & Palmieri, P. A. (2007). Refining our understanding of traumatic growth in the face of terrorism: Moving from meaning cognitions to doing what is meaningful. Applied Psychology: An International Review, 56, 345-366.
73. Hobfoll, S. E., Mancini, A. D., Hall, B. J., Canetti, D., & Bonanno, G. A. (2011). The limits of resilience: Distress following chronic political violence among Palestinians. Social Science & Medicine, 72(8), 1400-1408. doi: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2011.02.022.
74. Hogan, D. P. (1978). The variable order of events in the life course. American Sociological Review, 43, 573-586.
75. Hoge, E. A., Austin, E. D., & Pollack, M. H. (2007). Resilience: Research evidence and conceptual considerations for posttraumatic stress disorder. Depression and Anxiety, 24, 139-152.
76. Honwana, A. (2006). Child soldiers: Community healing and rituals in Mozambique and Angola. In C. Daiute, Z. F. Beykont, C. Higson-Smith, & L. Nucci (Eds.), International perspectives on youth conflict and development (pp. 177-192). New York: Oxford University Press.
77. Johnson, E. I. (2007). Capturing context: Conceptual and statistical representations of ecological risk. Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences and Engineering, 67(10-B), 6097.
78. Jones, L. (2002). Adolescent understandings of political violence and psychological well-being: A qualitative study from Bosnia Herzegovina. Social Science & Medicine, 55, 1351-1371.
79. Jones, L., & Kafetsios, K. (2005). Exposure to political violence and psychological well-being in Bosnian adolescents: A mixed method approach. Clinical Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 10, 157-176.
80. Kleinman, A., Das, V., & Lock, M. (1997). Social suffering. Berkeley: University of California Press.
81. Kleinman, A., & Desjarlais, R. (1995). Violence, culture, and the politics of trauma. In A. Kleinman (Ed.), Writing at the margin: Discourse between anthropology and medicine (pp. 173-191). Berkeley: University of California Press.
82. Kraemer, H. C. (2003). Current concepts of risk in psychiatric disorders. Current Opinion in Psychiatry, 16, 421-430.
83. Kraemer, H., Stice, E., Kazdin, A., Offord, D., & Kupfer, D. (2001). How do risk factors work together? Mediators, moderators, and independent, overlapping, and proxy factors. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 158, 848-856.
84. Kuterovac-Jagodic, G. (2003). Posttraumatic stress symptoms on Croatian children exposed to war: A prospective study. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 59(1), 9-25.
85. Ladd, G. W., & Burgess, K. B. (2001). Do relational risks and protective factors moderate the linkages between childhood aggression and early psychological and school adjustment. Child Development, 72, 1579-1601.
86. Lavi, T., & Solomon, Z. (2005). Palestinian youth of the intifida: PTSD and future orientation. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 44(11), 1176-1183.
87. Layne, C. M., Beck, C. J., Rimmasch, H., Southwick, J. S., Moreno, M. A., & Hobfoll, S. E. (2009). Promoting "resilient" posttraumatic adjustment in childhood and beyond: Unpacking life events, adjustment trajectories, resources, and interventions. In D. Brom, R. Pat-Horenczyk, & J. Ford (Eds.), Treating traumatized children: Risk, resilience, and recovery. New York: Routledge.
88. Layne, C. M., Olsen, J. A., Baker, A., Legerski, J.-P., Isakson, B., Pašalić, A., et al. (2010). Unpacking trauma exposure risk factors and differential pathways of influence: Predicting postwar mental distress in Bosnian adolescents. Child Development, 81, 1053-1076. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-8624.2010.01454.x.
89. Layne, C. M., Warren, J. S., Hilton, S., Lin, D., Pasalic, A., Fulton, J., et al. (2009). Measuring adolescent perceived support amidst war and disaster. In B. K. Barber (Ed.), Adolescents and war: How youth deal with political violence (pp. 145-176). New York: Oxford University Press.
90. Layne, C. M., Warren, J. S., Watson, P., & Shalev, A. (2007). Risk, vulnerability, resistance, and resilience: Towards an integrative model of posttraumatic adaptation. In M. J. Friedman, T. M. Kean, & P. A. Resick (Eds.), PTSD: Science & practice-A comprehensive handbook (pp. 497-520). New York: Guilford.
91. Lazarus, R. S. (1998). Fifty years of the research and theory of R.S. Lazarus. Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
92. Lazarus, R. S. (2001). Conservation of Resources Theory (COR): Little more than words masquerading as a new theory. Applied Psychology: An International Review, 50, 381-391.
93. Lazarus, R. S., & Folkman, S. (1984). Stress, appraisal, and coping. New York: Springer.
94. Luthar, S. S. (1991). Vulnerability and resilience: A study of high-risk adolescents. Child Development, 62(3), 600-616.
95. Luthar, S. S., & Cicchetti, D. (2000). The construct of resilience: Implications for interventions and social policies. Development and Psychopathology, 12, 857-885.
96. Luthar, S. S., Cicchetti, D., & Becker, B. (2000). The construct of resilience: A critical evaluation and guidelines for future work. Child Development, 71(3), 543-562.
97. Luthar, S. S., Sawyer, J. A., & Brown, P. J. (2006). Conceptual issues in studies of resilience: Past, present, and future research. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1094, 105-115.
98. Macksoud, M. S., & Aber, J. L. (1996). The war experiences and psychosocial development of children in Lebanon. Child Development, 67, 70-88.
99. Masten, A. S. (2001). Ordinary magic: Resilience processes in development. American Psychologist, 56(3), 227-238.
100. Masten, A. S., & Coatsworth, J. D. (1998). The development of competence in favorable and unfavorable environments: Lessons from successful children. American Psychologist, 53, 205-220.
101. Masten, A. S., & Curtis, W. J. (2000). Integrating competence and psychopathology: Pathways toward a comprehensive science of adaptation in development. Development and Psychopathology, 12, 529-550.
102. Masten, A. S., & Powell, J. L. (2003). A resilience framework for research, policy, and practice. In S. S. Luthar (Ed.), Resilience and vulnerability: Adaptation in the context of childhood adversities (pp. 1-25). New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.
103. Masten, A. S., & Reed, J. M.-G. (2002). Resilience in development (Ch. 6). In C. R. Snyder & S. J. Lopez (Eds.), Handbook of positive psychology (pp. 74-88). New York: Oxford University Press.
104. Mataria, A., Giacaman, R., Stefanini, A., Naidoo, N., Kowal, P., & Chatterji, S. (2009). The quality of life of Palestinians living in chronic conflict: Assessment and determinants. The European Journal of Health Economics, 10, 93-101.
105. McLernon, F., & Cairns, E. (2006). Children's attitudes toward war and peace: When a peace agreement means war. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 30(3), 272-279.
106. Miller, K. E., Omidian, P., Quraishy, A. S., Quraishy, N., Nasiry, M. N., Nasiry, S., et al. (2006). The Afghan symptom checklist: A culturally grounded approach to mental health assessment in a conflict zone. The American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 76, 423-433.
107. Miller, K. E., & Rasmussen, A. (2010). War exposure, daily stressors, and mental health in conflict and postconflict settings: Bridging the divide between traumafocused and psychosocial frameworks. Social Science & Medicine, 70, 7-16.
108. Mollica, R. F., McDonald, L., Massagli, M., & Silove, D. (2004). Measuring trauma, measuring torture. Instructions and guidance on the utilization of the Harvard Program in Refugee Trauma's Versions of the Hopkins Symptom Checklist-25 (HSCL-25) & The Harvard Trauma Questionnaire (HTQ). Cambridge, MA: Harvard Program in Refugee Studies.
109. Nguyen-Gillham, V., Giacaman, R., Naser, G., & Boyce, W. (2008). Normalising the abnormal: Palestinian youth and the contradictions of resilience in protracted conflict. Health & Social Care in the Community, 16(3), 291-298.
110. Panter-Brick, C. (2010). Introduction: Conflict, violence, and health: Setting a new interdisciplinary agenda. Social Science & Medicine, 70, 1-6.
111. Panter-Brick, C., Eggerman, M., Gonzalez, V., & Safdar, S. (2009). Violence, suffering, and mental health in Afghanistan: A school-based survey. Lancet, 374(9692), 807-816.
112. Panter-Brick, C., Goodman, A., Tol, W. A., & Eggerman, M. (2011). Mental health and childhood adversities: A longitudinal study in Kabul, Afghanistan. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 50, 349-363.
113. Punamäki, R. L. (1996). Can ideological commitment protect children's psychosocial well being in situations of political violence? Child Development, 67, 55-69.
114. Punamäki, R. L., Muhammed, A. H., & Abdulraham, H. A. (2004). Impact of traumatic events on coping strategies and their effectiveness among Kurdish children. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 28(1), 59-70.
115. Punamäki, R. L., Qouta, S., & El-Sarraj, E. (2001). Resiliency factors predicting psychological adjustment after political violence among Palestinian children. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 25, 256-267.
116. Pupavac, V. (2004). Psychosocial interventions and the demoralization of humanitarianism. Journal of Biosocial Science, 36, 491-504.
117. Richardson, G. E. (2002). The metatheory of resilience and resiliency. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 58(3), 307-321.
118. Roisman, G. I. (2005). Conceptual clarifications in the study of resilience. American Psychologist, 60, 264-265.
119. Rutter, M. (2000). Resilience reconsidered: Conceptual considerations, empirical findings, and policy implications. In J. P. Shonkoff & S. J. Meisels (Eds.), Handbook of early childhood intervention (2nd ed., pp. 651-682). New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.
120. Rutter, M. (2006). Implications of resilience concepts for scientific understanding. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1094, 1-12.
121. Rutter, M. (2007). Resilience, competence, and coping. Child Abuse & Neglect, 31, 205-209.
122. Sagi-Schwartz, A. (2008). The well being of children living in chronic war zones: The Palestinian-Israeli case. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 32, 322-336.
123. Salo, J., Punamäki, R. L., & Qouta, S. (2005). The role of adult attachment in the association between experiences and post-traumatic growth among former political prisoners. Anxiety, Stress and Coping, 18, 361-378.
124. Sameroff, A. J., & Rosenblum, K. L. (2006). Psychosocial constraints on the development of resilience. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1094, 116-124.
125. Slone, M. (2009). Growing up in Israel: Lessons on understanding the effects of political violence on children. In B. K. Barber (Ed.), Adolescents and war: How youth deal with political violence (pp. 81-104). New York: Oxford University Press.
126. Slone, M., & Shoshani, A. (2008). Efficacy of a schoolbased primary prevention program for coping with exposure to political violence. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 32, 348-358.
127. Stark, L., Ager, A., Wessells, M., & Boothby, N. (2009). Developing culturally relevant indicators of reintegration for girls, formerly associated with armed groups, in Sierra Leone using a participative ranking methodology. Intervention, 7, 4-16.
128. Summerfield, D. (1999). A critique of seven assumptions behind psychological trauma programmes in waraffected countries. Social Science & Medicine, 48, 1449-1462.
129. Summerfield, D. (2000). Conflict and health: War and mental health: A brief overview. British Medical Journal, 321, 232-235.
130. Summerfield, D. (2002). Effects of war: Moral knowledge, revenge, reconciliation, and medicalised concepts of 'recovery'. British Medical Journal, 325, 1105-1107.
131. Summerfield, D. (2003). Mental health of refugees. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 183, 459-460.
132. Tedeschi, R. G., & Calhoun, L. G. (2004). Posttraumatic growth: Conceptual foundations and empirical evidence. Psychological Inquiry, 15, 1-18.
133. Trickett, P. K., Durán, L., & Horn, J. L. (2003). Community violence as it affects child development: Issues of definition. Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review, 6, 223-236.
134. Unger, M. (2004). A constructionists discourse on resilience: Multiple contexts, multiple realities among at-risk children and youth. Youth and Society, 35(3), 341-365.
135. Vanderbilt-Adriance, E., & Shaw, D. S. (2008). Conceptualizing and re-evaluating resilience across levels of risk, time, and domains of competence. Clinical Child and Family Psychological Review, 11, 30-58.
136. Weathers, F. W., & Keane, T. M. (2007). The Criterion A problem revisited: Controversies and challenges in defining and measuring psychological trauma. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 20, 107-121.
137. Wessells, M. (2006). Child soldiers: From violence to protection. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
138. Wessells, M., & Kostelny, K. (2009). Youth soldiering: An integrated framework for understanding psychosocial impact. In B. K. Barber (Ed.), Adolescents and war: How youth deal with political violence (pp. 105-122). New York: Oxford University Press.
139. Westpahl, M., & Bonanno, G. A. (2007). Posttraumatic growth and resilience to trauma: Different sides of the same coin of different coins. Applied Psychology: An International Review, 56(3), 417-427.
140. Wexler, L. M., DiFluvio, G., & Burke, T. K. (2009). Resilience and marginalized youth: Making a case for personal and collective meaning-making as part of resilience research in public health. Social Science & Medicine, 69, 565-570.
141. Whalen, J., & Flacks, R. (1989). Beyond the barricades: The sixties generation grows up. Philadelphia, PA: Temple University Press.
142. Youniss, J., Barber, B. K., & Billen, R. M. (2012). Children in the garden of democracy: The meaning of civic engagement in today's Egypt. Takaful: American University in Cairo.