Annual research review: The experience of youth with political conflict - Challenging notions of resilience and encouraging research refinement

Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry and Allied Disciplines

Volumn 54, Issue 4, 2013, Pages 461-473

  Barber, Brian K ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF TENNESSEE   (United States)

Author keywords

competence; political conflict; resilience; war; Youth

Indexed keywords

ADAPTIVE BEHAVIOR; ADOLESCENT; CHILD; CIVIL DISORDER; COMPARATIVE STUDY; COPING BEHAVIOR; CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY; CULTURAL FACTOR; HUMAN; LONGITUDINAL STUDY; MENTAL DISEASE; POLITICS; PSYCHOLOGICAL ASPECT; RESEARCH; REVIEW; RISK FACTOR; SOCIAL ADAPTATION; SOCIAL ENVIRONMENT; SOCIOECONOMICS; VIOLENCE;

ADAPTATION, PSYCHOLOGICAL; ADOLESCENT; CHILD; CIVIL DISORDERS; CROSS-CULTURAL COMPARISON; CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDIES; HUMANS; LONGITUDINAL STUDIES; MENTAL DISORDERS; POLITICS; RESEARCH; RESILIENCE, PSYCHOLOGICAL; RISK FACTORS; SOCIAL ADJUSTMENT; SOCIAL ENVIRONMENT; SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS; VIOLENCE;

EID: 84875327798     PISSN: 00219630     EISSN: 14697610     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/jcpp.12056     Document Type: Review

References (116)

1. Ager, A., (2002). Psychosocial needs in complex emergencies. Lancet, 360 (Suppl.), s43-s44.
2. Ager, A., (2013). Resilience and child well-being: Public policy implications. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 54, 488-500.
3. Allwood, M.A., Bell-Dolan, D., &, Husain, S.E., (2002). Children's trauma and adjustment reactions to violent and nonviolent war experiences. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 41, 450-457.
4. Almedom, A.M., (2005). Resilience, hardiness, sense of coherence, and posttraumatic growth: All paths leading to the "light at the end of the tunnel"? Journal of Loss and Trauma, 10, 253-265.
5. Almedom, A.M., &, Glandon, D., (2007). Resilience is not the absence of PTSD any more than health is the absence of disease. Journal of Loss and Trauma, 12, 127-143.
6. Annan, J., Blattman, C., Mazurana, D., &, Carlson, K., (2011). Civil war, reintegration, and gender in Northern Uganda. Journal of Conflict Resolution, 55, 877-908.
7. Antonovsky, A., (1987). Unraveling the mystery of health: How people manage stress and stay well. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
8. Barbarin, O.A., Richter, L., &, de Wet, T., (2001). Exposure to violence, coping resources, and psychological adjustment of South African children. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 71, 16-25.
9. Barber, B.K., (2008). Contrasting portraits of war: Youths' varied experiences with political violence in Bosnia and Palestine. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 32, 298-309.
10. Barber, B.K., (2009a). Viewing the complexity of adolescents' experience with political violence. In, B.K. Barber, (Ed.), Adolescents and war: How youth deal with political violence (pp. 3-32). NY: Oxford University Press.
11. Barber, B.K., (2009b). Making sense and no sense of war: Issues of identity and meaning in adolescents' experience with political conflict. In, B.K. Barber, (Ed.), Adolescents and war: How youth deal with political violence (pp. 281-311). NY: Oxford University Press.
12. Barber, B.K., (2009c). Moving forward with research on youth and political violence. In, B.K. Barber, (Ed.), Adolescents and war: How youth deal with political violence (pp. 315-322). NY: Oxford University Press.
13. Barber, B.K., (2010). The shifting complex of identity: Issues of individual and contextual change informing the narrative identities of conflict youth: Commentary on Hammack. Human Development, 53, 202-207.
14. Barber, B.K., &, Doty, B., (2013). How can a majority be resilient? Critiquing the utility of the construct of resilience through a focus on youth in contexts of political conflict. In, C. Fernando, &, M. Ferrari, (Eds.), The handbook on resilience in children of war. NY: Springer. doi: 10.1007/978-1-4614-6375-7 -17
15. Barber, B.K., McNeely, C., &, Spellings, C., (2012). Role of political factors in wellbeing and quality of life during long-term constraints and conflict: an initial study. Lancet. Available from: http://www.thelancet. com/health-in-the-occupiedpalestinian-territory-2012 [last accessed 8 October 2012].
16. Barber, B.K., &, Olsen, J.A., (2009). Positive and negative psychosocial functioning after political conflict: Examining adolescents of the first Palestinian Intifada. In, B.K. Barber, (Ed.), Adolescents and war: How youth deal with political violence. NY: Oxford University Press.
17. Barber, B.K., &, Schluterman, J.M., (2009). An overview of the empirical literatures on adolescents and political violence. In, B.K. Barber, (Ed.), Adolescents and war: How youth deal with political violence. NY: Oxford University Press.
18. Barber, B.K., &, Youniss, J., (2012). Egyptian youth make history. Harvard International Review. Available from: http://hir.harvard.edu/youth-on- fire/egyptian-youth-make-history [last accessed 29 November 2012].
19. Barenbaum, J., Ruchkin, V., &, Schwab-Stone, M., (2004). The psychosocial aspects of children exposed to war: Practice and policy initiatives. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 45, 41-62.
20. Batniji, R., (2012). Searching for dignity. The Lancet, 380, 2.
21. Becker, D., (1995). The deficiency of the concept of posttraumatic stress disorder when dealing with victims of human rights violations. In, R.J. Kleber, C.R. Figley, &, P.R. Gersons, (Eds.), Beyond trauma: Cultural and societal dynamics (pp. 99-110). New York: Plenum Press.
22. Betancourt, T.S., Borisova, I., Williams, T.P., Meyers-Ohki, S.E., Rubin-Smith, J.E., Annan, J., &, Kohrt, B.A., (2013). Research review: Psychosocial adjustment and mental health in former child soldiers-A systematic review of the literature and recommendations for future research. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 54, 17-36.
23. Betancourt, T.S., &, Khan, K.T., (2008). The mental health of children affected by armed conflict: Protective processes and pathways to resilience. International Review of Psychology, 20, 317-328.
24. Betancourt, T.S., McBain, R., Newnham, E.A., &, Brennan, R.T., (2012). Trajectories of internalizing problems in war-affected Sierra Leonean youth: Examining conflict and postconflict factors. Child Development.
25. Betancourt, T.S., Williams, T.P., Kellner, S.E., Gebre-Medhin, J., Hann, K., &, Kayiteshonga, Y., (2012). Interrelatedness of child health, protection and well-being: An application of the SAFE model in Rwanda. Social Science and Medicine, 74, 1504-1511.
26. Blattman, C., (2009). From violence to voting: War and political participation in Uganda. American Political Science Review, 103, 231-247.
27. Bonanno, G.A., (2004). Loss, trauma, and human resilience: Have we underestimated the human capacity to thrive after extremely aversive events? American Psychologist, 59, 20-28.
28. Bonanno, G.A., (2005). Resilience in the face of potential trauma. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 14, 135-138.
29. Bonanno, G.A., (2008). The human capacity to thrive in the face of potential trauma. Pediatrics, 121, 369-375.
30. Bracken, P.J., Giller, J.E., &, Summerfield, D., (1995). Psychological responses to war and atrocity: The limitations of current concepts. Social Science & Medicine, 40, 1073-1082.
31. Cairns, E., (1996). Children and political violence. Oxford: Blackwell.
32. Cairns, E., &, Dawes, A., (1996). Children: Ethnic and political violence-A commentary. Child Development, 67, 129-139.
33. Canavan, J., (2008). Resilience: Cautiously welcoming a contested concept. Child Care in Practice, 14, 1-7.
34. Cicchetti, D., (1996). Developmental theory: Lessons from the study of risk and psychopathology. In, S. Matthysse, D. Levy, J. Kagan, &, F. Benes, (Eds.), Psychopathology: The evolving science of mental disorder (pp. 253-254). New York: Cambridge University Press.
35. Cummings, E.M., Merrilees, C.E., Schermerhorn, A.C., Goeke-Morey, M.C., Shirlow, P., &, Cairns, E., (2012). Political violence and child adjustment: Longitudinal tests of sectarian antisocial behavior, family conflict, and insecurity as explanatory pathways. Child Development, 83, 461-468.
36. Daiute, C., (2006). General introduction: The problem of society in youth conflict. In, C. Daiute, Z.F. Beykont, C. Higson-Smith, &, L. Nucci, (Eds.), International perspectives on youth conflict and development (pp. 3-22). New York: Oxford University Press.
37. Dawes, A., &, Cairns, E., (1998). The Machel study: Dilemmas of cultural sensitivity and universal rights of children. Peace and Conflict: Journal of Peace Psychology, 4, 335-348.
38. Dubow, E.F., Huesmann, L.R., Boxer, P., Landau, S., Dvir, S., Shikaki, K., &, Ginges, J., (2012). Exposure to political conflict and violence and posttraumatic stress in middle East youth: protective factors. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 41, 402-416.
39. Dumont, K.A., Widom, C.S., &, Czaja, S.J., (2007). Predictors of resilience in abused and neglected children grown-up: The role of individual and neighborhood characteristics. Child Abuse and Neglect, 31, 255-274.
40. Eggerman, M., &, Panter-Brick, C., (2010). Suffering, hope, and entrapment: Resilience and cultural values in Afghanistan. Social Science & Medicine, 70, 1-13.
41. Farhood, L., Zurayk, H., Chaya, M., Saadeh, F., Meshefedjian, G., &, Sedani, T., (1993). The impact of war on the physical and mental health of the family: The Lebanese experience. Social Science & Medicine, 36, 1555-1567.
42. Fergus, S., &, Zimmerman, M.A., (2005). Adolescent resilience: A framework for understanding healthy development in the face of risk. Annual Review of Public Health, 26, 399-419.
43. Friedman, M.J., Resick, P.A., &, Keane, T.M., (2007). Key questions and an agenda for future research. In, M.J. Friedman, T.M. Keane, &, P.A. Resick, (Eds.), Handbook of PTSD: Science and practice (pp. 540-561). New York: Guilford.
44. Gerard, J.M., &, Buehler, C., (2004). Cumulative environmental risk and youth maladjustment: The role of youth attributes. Child Development, 75, 1832-1849.
45. Giacaman, R., Husseini, A., Gordon, N.H., &, Awartani, F., (2004). Imprints on the consciousness: The impact on Palestinian civilians of the Israeli Army invasion of West Bank towns. European Journal of Public Health, 14, 286-290.
46. Giacaman, R., Mataria, A., Nguyen-Gillham, V., Safieh, R.A., Stefanini, A., &, Chatterji, S., (2007). Quality of life in the Palestinian context: An inquiry in war-like conditions. Health Policy, 81, 68-74.
47. Giacaman, R., Rabaia, Y., Nguyen-Gillham, V., Batniji, R., Punamaki, R.-L., &, Summerfield, D., (2011). Mental health, social distress and political oppression: The case of the occupied Palestinian territory. Global Public Health: An International Journal for Research, Policy, and Practice, 65, 547-559.
48. Gibson, K., (1989). Children in political violence. Social Science & Medicine, 28, 659-667.
49. Gilligan, C., (2009). 'Highly vulnerable'? Political violence and the social construction of traumatized children. Journal of Peace Research, 46, 119-134.
50. Gutman, L.M., Sameroff, A.J., &, Cole, R., (2003). Academic growth curve trajectories from 1st grade to 12th grade: Effects of multiple social risk factors and preschool child factors. Developmental Psychology, 39, 777-790.
51. Hammack, P.L., (2010). Identity as burden or benefit? Youth, historical narrative, and the legacy of political conflict. Human Development, 53, 173-201.
52. Hammack, P.L., (2011). Narrative and the politics of identity. New York: Oxford University Press.
53. Herrenkohl, E.C., Herrenkohl, R.R., &, Egolf, B., (1994). Resilient early school-age children from maltreating homes: Outcomes in late adolescence. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 64, 301-309.
54. Hobfoll, S.E., (2001). The influence of culture, community, and the nested-self in the stress process: Advancing conservation of resources theory. Applied Psychology: An International Review, 50, 337-370.
55. Hobfoll, S.E., Hall, B.J., Canetti-Nisim, D., Galea, S., Johnson, R.J., &, Palmieri, P.A., (2007). Refining our understanding of traumatic growth in the face of terrorism: Moving from meaning cognitions to doing what is meaningful. Applied Psychology: An International Review, 56, 345-366.
56. Hobfoll, S.E., Mancini, A.D., Hall, B.J., Canetti, D., &, Bonanno, G.A., (2011). The limits of resilience: Distress following chronic political violence among Palestinians. Social Science & Medicine, 72, 1400-1408.
57. Hogan, D.P., (1978). The variable order of events in the life course. American Sociological Review, 43, 573-586.
58. Hoge, E.A., Austin, E.D., &, Pollack, M.H., (2007). Resilience: Research evidence and conceptual considerations for posttraumatic stress disorder. Depression and Anxiety, 24, 139-152.
59. Honwana, A., (2006). Child soldiers: Community healing and rituals in Mozambique and Angola. In, C. Daiute, Z.F. Beykont, C. Higson-Smith, &, L. Nucci, (Eds.), International perspectives on youth conflict and development (pp. 177-192). New York: Oxford University Press.
60. Jones, L., (2002). Adolescent understandings of political violence and psychological well-being: A qualitative study from Bosnia Herzegovina. Social Science & Medicine, 55, 1351-1371.
61. Jones, L., &, Kafetsios, K., (2005). Exposure to political violence and psychological well-being in Bosnian adolescents: A mixed method approach. Clinical Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 10, 157-176.
62. Kleinman, A., Das, V., &, Lock, M., (1997). Social suffering. Berkeley: University of California Press.
63. Kleinman, A., &, Desjarlais, R., (1995). Violence, culture, and the politics of trauma. In, A. Kleinman, (Ed.), Writing at the margin: Discourse between anthropology and medicine (pp. 173-191). Berkeley: University of California Press.
64. Kraemer, H.C., (2003). Current concepts of risk in psychiatric disorders. Current Opinion in Psychiatry, 16, 421-430.
65. Kraemer, H., Stice, E., Kazdin, A., Offord, D., &, Kupfer, D., (2001). How do risk factors work together? Mediators, moderators, and independent, overlapping, and proxy factors. American Journal of Psychiatry, 158, 848-856.
66. Kuterovac-Jagodic, G., (2003). Posttraumatic stress symptoms on Croatian children exposed to war: A prospective study. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 59, 9-25.
67. Ladd, G.W., &, Burgess, K.B., (2001). Do relational risks and protective factors moderate the linkages between childhood aggression and early psychological and school adjustment. Child Development, 72, 1579-1601.
68. Larson, R., (2000). Toward a psychology of positive youth development. American Psychologist, 55, 170-183.
69. Layne, C.M., Beck, C.J., Rimmasch, H., Southwick, J.S., Moreno, M.A., &, Hobfoll, S.E., (2009). Promoting "resilient" posttraumatic adjustment in childhood and beyond: Unpacking life events, adjustment trajectories, resources, and interventions. In, D. Brom, R. Pat-Horenczyk, &, J. Ford, (Eds.), Treating traumatized children: Risk, resilience, and recovery. New York: Routledge.
70. Layne, C.M., Olsen, J.A., Baker, A., Legerski, J.-P., Isakson, B., Pašalic̈, A.,. &, Pynoos, R.S., (2010). Unpacking trauma exposure risk factors and differential pathways of influence: Predicting postwar mental distress in Bosnian adolescents. Child Development, 81, 1053-1076.
71. Layne, C.M., Warren, J., Watson, P., &, Shalev, A., (2007). Risk, vulnerability, resistance, and resilience: Towards an integrative model of posttraumatic adaptation. In, M.J. Friedman, T.M. Kean, &, P.A. Resick, (Eds.), PTSD: Science & practice-A comprehensive handbook (pp. 497-520). New York: Guilford.
72. Lazarus, R.S., &, Folkman, S., (1984). Stress, appraisal, and coping. New York: Springer.
73. Luthar, S.S., (1991). Vulnerability and resilience: A study of high-risk adolescents. Child Development, 62, 600-616.
74. Luthar, S.S., &, Cicchetti, D., (2000). The construct of resilience: Implications for interventions and social policies. Development and Psychopathology, 12, 857-885.
75. Luthar, S.S., Cicchetti, D., &, Becker, B., (2000). The construct of resilience: A critical evaluation and guidelines for future work. Child Development, 71, 543-562.
76. Luthar, S.S., Sawyer, J.A., &, Brown, P.J., (2006). Conceptual issues in studies of resilience: Past, present, and future research. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1094, 105-115.
77. Macksoud, M.S., &, Aber, J.L., (1996). The war experiences and psychosocial development of children in Lebanon. Child Development, 67, 70-88.
78. Masten, A.S., (2001). Ordinary magic: Resilience processes in development. American Psychologist, 56, 227-238.
79. Masten, A.S., &, Coatsworth, J.D., (1998). The development of competence in favorable and unfavorable environments: Lessons from successful children. American Psychologist, 53, 205-220.
80. Masten, A.S., &, Curtis, W.J., (2000). Integrating competence and psychopathogy: Pathways toward a comprehensive science of adaptation in development. Development and Psychopathology, 12, 529-550.
81. Masten, A.S., &, Reed, J.M.-G., (2002). Resilience in development (Ch. 6). In, C.R. Snyder, &, S.J. Lopez, (Ed.), Handbook of positive psychology (pp. 74-88). New York: Oxford University Press.
82. Mataria, A., Giacaman, R., Stefanini, A., Naidoo, N., Kowal, P., &, Chatterji, S., (2009). The quality of life of Palestinians living in chronic conflict: Assessment and determinants. European Journal of Health Economics, 10, 93-101.
83. Miller, K.E., &, Rasmussen, A., (2010). War exposure, daily stressors, and mental health in conflict and post-conflict settings: Bridging the divide between trauma-focused and psychosocial frameworks. Social Science & Medicine, 70, 7-16.
84. Molden, D.C., &, Dweck, C.S., (2006). Finding "meaning" in psychology: A lay theories approach to self-regulation, social perception, and social development. American Psychologist, 61, 192-203.
85. Nguyen-Gillham, V., Giacaman, R., Naser, G., &, Boyce, W., (2008). Normalising the abnormal: Palestinian youth and the contradictions of resilience in protracted conflict. Health and Social Care in the Community, 16, 291-298.
86. Panter-Brick, C., (2010). Introduction: Conflict, violence, and health: Setting a new interdisciplinary agenda. Social Science & Medicine, 70, 1-6.
87. Panter-Brick, C., Goodman, A., Tol, W.A., &, Eggerman, M., (2011). Mental health and childhood adversities: A longitudinal study in Kabul, Afghanistan. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 50, 349-363.
88. Panter-Brick, C., &, Leckman, J.F., (2013). Editorial commentary: Resilience in child development-interconnected pathways to wellbeing. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 54, 333-336.
89. Prilleltensky, I., (2012). Wellness as fairness. American Journal of Community Psychology, 49, 1-21.
90. Punamäki, R., (1996). Can ideological commitment protect children's psychosocial well being in situations of political violence? Child Development, 67, 55-69.
91. Punamäki, R.L., Muhammed, A.H., &, Abdulraham, H.A., (2004). Impact of traumatic events on coping strategies and their effectiveness among Kurdish children. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 28, 59-70.
92. Punamäki, R., Qouta, S., &, El-Sarraj, E., (2001). Resiliency factors predicting psychological adjustment after political violence among Palestinian children. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 25, 256-267.
93. Richardson, G.E., (2002). The metatheory of resilience and resiliency. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 58, 307-321.
94. Roisman, G.I., (2005). Conceptual clarifications in the study of resilience. American Psychologist, 60, 264-265.
95. Rutter, M., (2000). Resilience reconsidered: Conceptual considerations, empirical findings, and policy implications. In, J.P. Shonkoff, &, S.J. Meisels, (Eds.), Handbook of early childhood intervention (2nd edn, pp. 651-682). New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.
96. Rutter, M., (2006). Implications of resilience concepts for scientific understanding. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1094, 1-12.
97. Rutter, M., (2012). Resilience: Casual pathways and social ecology. In, M. Ungar, (Ed.), The social ecology of resilience: A handbook of theory and practice. NY: Springer.
98. Ryff, C.D., &, Keyes, C.L.M., (1995). The structure of psychological well-being revisited. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 69, 719-727.
99. Sameroff, A.J., &, Rosenblum, K.L., (2006). Psychosocial constraints on the development of resilience. Annals of the New York Academy of Science, 1094, 116-124.
100. Seligman, M.E., (2002). Positive psychology, positive prevention, and positive therapy. In, C.R. Snyder, &, S.J. Lopez, (Eds.), Handbook of positive psychology (pp. 3-9). New York: Oxford University Press.
101. Slone, M., (2009). Growing up in Israel: Lessons on understanding the effects of political violence on children. In, B.K. Barber, (Ed.), Adolescents and war: How youth deal with political violence (pp. 81-104). New York: Oxford University Press.
102. Stark, L., Ager, A., Wessells, M., &, Boothby, N., (2009). Developing culturally relevant indicators of reintegration for girls, formerly associated with armed groups, in Sierra Leone using a participative ranking methodology. Intervention, 7, 4-16.
103. Summerfield, D., (1999). A critique of seven assumptions behind psychological trauma programmes in war-affected countries. Social Science & Medicine, 48, 1449-1462.
104. Summerfield, D., (2002). Effects of war: Moral knowledge, revenge, reconciliation, and medicalised concepts of 'recovery'. British Medical Journal, 325, 1105-1107.
105. Tedeschi, R.G., &, Calhoun, L.G., (2004). Posttraumatic growth: Conceptual foundations and empirical evidence. Psychological Inquiry, 15, 1-18.
106. Trickett, P.K., Durán, L., &, Horn, J.L., (2003). Community violence as it affects child development: Issues of definition. Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review, 6, 223-236.
107. Ungar, M., (2004). A constructionists discourse on resilience: Multiple contexts, multiple realities among at-risk children and youth. Youth and Society, 35, 341-365.
108. Ungar, M., (2012). Social ecologies and their contribution to resilience. In, M. Ungar, (Ed.), The social ecology of resilience: A handbook of theory and practice. NY: Springer.
109. Ungar, M., Ghazinour, M., &, Richter, J., (2013). What is resilience within the ecology of human development? Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 54, 348-366.
110. Vanderbilt-Adriance, E., &, Shaw, D.S., (2008). Conceptualizing and re-evaluating resilience across levels of risk, time, and domains of competence. Clinical Child and Family Psychological Review, 11, 30-58.
111. Weathers, F.W., &, Keane, T.M., (2007). The Criterion A problem revisited: Controversies and challenges in defining and measuring psychological trauma. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 20, 107-121.
112. Weine, S., Klebic, A., Celik, A., &, Bicic, M., (2009). Tasting the world: Life after wartime for Bosnian teens in Chicago. In, B.K. Barber, (Ed.), Adolescents and war: How youth deal with political violence (pp. 255-280). New York: Oxford University Press.
113. Wessells, M., (2006). Child soldiers: From violence to protection. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
114. Wessells, M., &, Kostelny, K., (2009). Youth soldiering: An integrated framework for understanding psychosocial impact. In, B.K. Barber, (Ed.), Adolescents and war: How youth deal with political violence (pp. 105-122). New York: Oxford University Press.
115. Westpahl, M., &, Bonanno, G.A., (2007). Posttraumatic growth and resilience to trauma: Different sides of the same coin of different coins. Applied Psychology: An International Review, 56, 417-427.
116. Wexler, L.M., DiFluvio, G., &, Burke, T.K., (2009). Resilience and marginalized youth: Making a case for personal and collective meaning-making as part of resilience research in public health. Social Science & Medicine, 69, 565-570.