The role of macrophages in hypertension and its complications

Pflugers Archiv European Journal of Physiology

Volumn 469, Issue 3-4, 2017, Pages 419-430

  Justin Rucker, A ^a,b   Crowley, Steven D ^a,b  

^a Department of Medicine   (United States)

^b DUKE UNIVERSITY MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

Author keywords

Angiotensin II; Hypertension; Interleukin 1; Macrophage; Monocyte; Tumor necrosis factor

Indexed keywords

INTERLEUKIN 1BETA; TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR; CYTOKINE;

CELL FUNCTION; CELL INTERACTION; CYTOKINE RESPONSE; HUMAN; HYPERTENSION; MACROPHAGE; NONHUMAN; ORGAN INJURY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RENIN ANGIOTENSIN ALDOSTERONE SYSTEM; REVIEW; TARGET ORGAN; ANIMAL; INFLAMMATION; METABOLISM; PATHOLOGY; PHYSIOLOGY; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION;

ANIMALS; CYTOKINES; HUMANS; HYPERTENSION; INFLAMMATION; MACROPHAGES; RENIN-ANGIOTENSIN SYSTEM; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION;

EID: 85014098877     PISSN: 00316768     EISSN: 14322013     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s00424-017-1950-x     Document Type: Review

References (131)

1. Abbate A, Kontos M, Grizzard J, Biondi-Zoccai G, Van Tassell B, Robati R, Roach L, Arena R, Roberts C, Varma A, Gelwix C, Salloum F, Hastillo A, Dinarello C, Vetrovec G, VA Investigators (2010) Interleukin-1 blockade with anakinra to prevent adverse cardiac remodeling after acute myocardial infarction Virginia Commonwealth University Anakinra Remodeling Trial (VCU-ART) Pilot study. Am J Cardiol 105:1371–1377. doi:10.1016/j.amjcard.2009.12.059
2. Alonso J, Sánchez de Miguel L, Montón M, Casado S, López-Farré A (1997) Endothelial cytosolic proteins bind to the 3′ untranslated region of endothelial nitric oxide synthase mRNA: regulation by tumor necrosis factor alpha. Mol Cell Biol 17:5719–5726
3. Angel K, Provan S, Gulseth H, Mowinckel P, Kyien T, Atar D (2010) Tumor necrosis factor-alpha antagonists improve aortic stiffness in patients with inflammatory arthropathies: a controlled study. Hypertension 55:333–338. doi:10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.109.143982
4. Baluk P, Yao L, Feng J, Romano T, Jung S, Schreiter J, Yan L, Shealy D, McDonald D (2009) TNF-alpha drives remodeling of blood vessels and lymphatics in sustained airway inflammation in mice. J Clin Invest 119:2954–2964. doi:10.1172/JCI37626
5. Bautista L, Vera L, Arenas I, Gamarra G (2005) Independent association between inflammatory markers (C-reactive protein, interleukin-6, and TNF-α) and essential hypertension. J Hum Hypertens 19:149–154. doi:10.1038/sj.jhh.1001785
6. Bertani T, Abbate M, Zoja C, Corna D, Perico N, Ghezzi P, Remuzzi G (1989) Tumor necrosis factor induces glomerular damage in the rabbit. Am J Pathol 134:419–430
7. Binger K, Gebhardt M, Heinig M, Rintisch C, Schroeder A, Neuhofer W, Hilgers K, Manzel A, Schwartz C, Kleinwietfeld M, Voelkl J, Schatz V, Linker R, Lang F, Voehringer D, Wright M, Hubner N, Dechend R, Jantsch J, Titze J, Müller D (2015) High salt reduces the activation of IL-4 and IL-13 stimulated macrophages. J Clin Invest 125:4223–4238. doi:10.1172/JCI80919
8. Biswas S, Mantovani A (2010) Macrophage plasticity and interaction with lymphocyte subsets: cancer as a paradigm. Nat Immunol 11:889–896. doi:10.1038/ni.1937
9. Boring L, Gosling J, Chensue S, Kunkel S, Farese R Jr, Broxmeyer H, Charo I (1997) Impaired monocyte migration and reduced type 1 (Th1) cytokine repsonses in C-C chemokine receptor 2 knockout mice. J Clin Invest 100:2552–2561. doi:10.1172/JCI119798
10. −/− mice reveals a role for chemokines in the initiation of atherosclerosis. Nature 394:894–897. doi:10.1038/29788
11. Bruggeman L, Drawz O, Kahoud N, Lin K, Barisoni L, Nelson P (2011) TNFR2 interposes the proliferative and NF-kappaB-mediated inflammatory response by podocytes to TNF-alpha. Lab Investig 91:413–425. doi:10.1038/labinvest.2010.199
12. Bryant D, Becker L, Richardson J, Shelton J, Franco F, Peshock R et al (1998) Cardiac failure in transgenic mice with myocardial expression of tumor necrosis factor-alpha. Circulation 97:1375–1381
13. Burson J, Aguilera G, Gross K, Sigmund C (1994) Differential expression of angiotensin receptor 1A and 1B in mouse. Am J Phys 267:E260–E267
14. Castillo A, Islam M, Prieto M, Majid D (2012) Tumor necrosis factor-receptor type 1, not type 2, mediates its acute responses in the kidney. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 302:F1650–F1657. doi:10.1152/ajprenal.00426.2011
15. Chen C, Pedraza P, Hao S, Stier C, Ferreri N (2010) TNFR1-deficient mice display altered blood pressure and renal responses to ANG II infusion. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 299:F1141–F1150. doi:10.1152/ajprenal.00344.2010
16. Chung E, Packer M, Lo K, Fasanmade A, Willerson J (2003) Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, pilot trial of infliximab, a chimeric monoclonal antibody to tumor necrosis factor-α, in patients with moderate-to-severe heart failure. Circ Res 107:3133–3140. doi:10.1161/01.CIR.0000077913.60364.D2
17. Cross M, Renkawitz R (1990) Repetitive sequence involvement in the duplication and divergence of mouse lysozyme genes. EMBO J 9:1283–1288
18. Crowley S, Tharaux P, Audoly L, Coffman T (2004) Exploring type I angiotensin (AT1) receptor functions through gene targeting. Acta Physiol Scand 181:561–570. doi:10.1111/j.1365-201X.2004.01331.x
19. Crowley S, Gurley S, Herrera M, Ruiz P, Griffiths R, Kumar A, Kim H, Smithies O, Le T, Coffman T (2006) Angiotensin II causes hypertension and cardiac hypertrophy through its receptors in the kidney. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 103:17985–17990. doi:10.1073/pnas.0605545103
20. Crowley S, Song Y, Sprung G, Griffiths R, Sparks M, Yan M, Burchette J, Howell D, Lin E, Okeiyi B, Stegbauer J, Yang Y, Tharaux P, Ruiz P (2010) A role for angiotensin II type 1 receptors on bone marrow-derived cells in the pathogenesis of angiotensin II-dependent hypertension. Hypertension 55:99–108. doi:10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.109.144964
21. Crowley S, Zhang J, Herrera M, Griffiths R, Ruiz P, Coffman T (2011) Role of AT1 receptor-mediated salt retention in angiotensin II-dependent hypertension. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 301:F1124–F1140. doi:10.1152/ajprenal.00305.2011
22. Dahlmann A, Dörfelt K, Eicher F, Linz P, Kopp C, Mössinger I, Horn S, Büschges-Seraphin B, Wabel P, Hammon M, Cavallaro A, Eckardt K, Kotanko P, Levin N, Johannes B, Uder M, Luft F, Müller D, Titze J (2015) Magnetic resonance-determined sodium removal from tissue stroes in hemodialysis patients. Kidney Int 87:434–441. doi:10.1038/ki.2014.269
23. Dalekos G, Elisaf M, Bairaktari E, Tsolas O, Siamopoulos K (1997) Increased serum levels of interleukin-1beta in the systemic circualtion of patients with essential hypertension: additional risk factor for atherogenesis in hypertensive patients? J Lab Clin Med 129:300–308
24. De Ciuceis C, Amiri F, Brassard P, Endemann D, Touyz R, Schiffrin E (2005) Reduced vascular remodeling, endothelial dysfunction, and oxidative stress in resistance arteries of angiotensin II-infused macrophage Colony-stimulating factor- deficient mice: evidence for a role in inflammation in angiotensin-induced vascular injury. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 25:2106–2113. doi:10.1161/01.ATV.0000181743.28028.57
25. Dörffel Y, Lätsch C, Stuhlmüller B, Schreiber S, Scholze S, Burmester G, Scholze J (1999) Preactivated peripheral blood monocytes in patients with essential hypertension. Hypertension 34:113–117
26. Dorrance A (2007) Interleukin 1-beta (IL-1beta) enhances contractile responses in endothelium-denuded aorta from hypertensive, but not normotensive, rats. Vasc Pharmacol 47:160–165. doi:10.1016/j.vph.2007.05.007
27. Faraco G, Sugiyama Y, Lane D, Garcia-Bonilla L, Chang H, Santisteban M, Racchumi G, Murphy M, Van Rooijen N, Anrather J, Iadecola C (2016) Perivascular macrophages mediate the neurovascular and cognitive dysfunction associated with hypertension. J Clin Invest 126:4674–4689. doi:10.1172/JCI86950
28. Ferreri N, Escalante B, Zhao Y, An S, McGiff J (1998) Angiotensin II induces TNF production by the thick ascending limb: functional implications. Am J Phys 274:F148–F155
29. Gardam M, Keystone E, Menzies R, Manners S, Skamene E, Long R, Vinh D (2003) Anti-tumour necrosis factor agents and tuberculosis risk: mechanisms of action and clinical management. Lancet Infect Dis 3:148–155
30. GBD (2013) Risk factors collaborators (2015) global, regional, and national comparative risk assessment of 79 behavioural, environmental and occupation, and metabolic risk factors or clusters of risk in 188 countries, 1990-2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013. Lancet 386:2287–2323. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(15)00128-2
31. Girardin E, Grau G, Dayer J, Roux-Lombard P, Lambert P, Group tJS (1988) Tumor necrosis factor and interleukin-1 in the serum of children with severe infectious purpura. N Engl J Med 319:397–400. doi:10.1056/NEJM198808183190703
32. Go W, Liu X, Roti M, Liu F, Ho S (2004) NFAT5/TonEBP mutant mice define osmotic stress as a critical feature of the lymphoid microenvironment. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 101:10673–10678. doi:10.1073/pnas.0403139101
33. Gordan S (2003) Alternative activation of macrophages. Nat Rev Immunol 3:23–35. doi:10.1038/nri978
34. Guzik T, Hoch N, Brown K et al (2007) Role of the T cell in the genesis of angiotensin II induced hypertension and vascular dysfunction. J Exp Med 204:2449–2460. doi:10.1084/jem.20070657
35. Hahn A, Jonas U, Buhler F et al (1994) Activation of human peripheral monocytes by angiotensin II. FEBS Lett 347:178–180
36. Hall J, Brands M, Henegar J (1999) Angiotensin II and long-term arterial pressure regulation: the overriding dominance fo the kidney. J Am Soc Nephrol 10(suppl 12):S258–S265
37. Harrison D, Guzik T (2016) Macrophages come to mind as keys to cognitive decline. J Clin Invest 126:4393–4395. doi:10.1172/JCI91277
38. Hay M (2015) The good and the bad: immune cells and hypertension. Circ Res 117:830–831. doi:10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.115.307506
39. Heptinstall R (1954) Renal biospies in hypertension. Br Heart J 16:133–141
40. Herrera J, Ferrebuz A, MacGregor E, Rodríguez-Iturbe B (2006) Mycophenolate mofetil treatment improves hypertension in patients with psoriasis and rheumatoid arthritis. J Am Soc Nephrol 17:S218–S225. doi:10.1681/ASN.2006080918
41. Höfer T, Busch K, Klapproth K, Rodewald H (2016) Fate mapping and quantitation of hematopoiesis in vivo. Annu Rev Immunol 34:449–478. doi:10.1146/annurev-immunol-032414-112019
42. Ito M, Oliverio M, Mannon P, Best C, Maeda N, Smithies O, Coffman T (1995) Regulation of blood pressure by the type 1A angiotensin II receptor gene. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 92:3521–3525
43. + storage strengthens the antimicrobial barrier function of the skin and boosts macrophage-driven host defense. Cell Metab 21:493–501. doi:10.1016/j.cmet.2015.02.003
44. Jurewicz M, McDermott D, Sechler J, Tinckam K, Takakura A, Carpenter C, Milford E, Abdi R (2007) Human T and natural killer cells possess a functional renin-angiotensin system: further mechanisms of angiotensin II-induced inflammation. J Am Soc Nephrol 18:1093–1102. doi:10.1681/ASN.2006070707
45. Kalra D, Sivasubramanian N, Mann D (2002) Angiotensin II induces tumor necrosis factor biosynthesis in the adult mammalian heart through a protein kinase C-dependent pathway. Circulation 105:2198–2205
46. Kato H, Ishida J, Nagano K, Honjo K, Sugaya T, Takeda N, Sugiyama F, Yagami K, Fujita T, Nangaku M, Fukamizu A (2008) Deterioration of atherosclerosis in mice lacking angiotensin II type 1 a receptor in bone marrow-derived cells. Lab Investig 88:731–739. doi:10.1038/labinvest.2008.42
47. Kerjaschki D (2005) The crucial role of macrophages in lymphangiognesis. J Clin Invest 115:2316–2319. doi:10.1172/JCI26354
48. Kim S, Zingler M, Harrison J, Scott E, Cogle C, Luo D, Raizada M (2016) Angiotensin II regulation of proliferation, differentiation, and engraftment of hematopoietic stem cells. Hypertension 67:574–584. doi:10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.115.06474
49. Kintscher U, Wakino S, Kim S, Fleck E, Hsueh W, Law R (2001) Angiotensin II induces migration and Pyk2/paxillin phosphorylation of human monocytes. Hypertension 37:587–593
50. Kleinbongard P, Heusch G, Schulz R (2010) TNFalpha in atherosclerosis, myocardial ischemia/reperfusion and heart failure. Pharmacol Ther 127:295–314. doi:10.1016/j.pharmthera.2010.05.002
51. Ko E, Amiri F, Pandey N, Javeshghani D, Leibovitz E, Touyz R, Schiffrin E (2007) Resistance artery remodeling in deoxycorticosterone acetate-salt hypertension is dependent on vascular inflammation: evidence from m-CSF-deficient mice. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 292:H1789–H1795. doi:10.1152/ajpheart.01118.2006
52. Kohan D, Merli C, Simon E (1989) Micropuncture localization of the natriuretic effect of interleukin 1. Am J Physiol Renal Fluid Electrolyte Physiol 256:F810–F813
53. Kopp C, Linz P, Dahlmann A, Hammon M, Jantsch J, Müller D, Schmieder R, Cavallaro A, Eckardt K, Uder M, Luft F, Titze J (2013) 23Na magnetic resonance imaging-determined tissue sodium in healthy subjects and hypertensive patients. Hypertension 61:635–640. doi:10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.111.00566
54. Kossmann S, Hu H, Steven S, Schönfelder T, Fraccarollo D, Mikhed Y, Brähler M, Knorr M, Brandt M, Karbach S, Becker C, Oelze M, Bauersachs J, Widder J, Münzel T, Daiber A, Wenzel P (2014) Inflammatory monocytes determine endothelial nitric-oxide synthase uncoupling and nitro-oxidative stress induced by angiotensin II. J Biol Chem 289:27540–27550. doi:10.1074/jbc.M114.604231
55. Krishnan S, Dowling J, Ling Y, Diep H, Chan C, Ferens D, Kett M, Pinar A, Samuel C, Vinh A, Arumugam T, Hewitson T, Kemp-Harper B, Robertson A, Cooper M, Latz E, Mansell A, Sobey C, Drummond G (2016) Inflammasome activity is essential for one kidney/deoxycorticosterone acetate/salt-induced hypertension in mice. Br J Pharmacol 173:752–765. doi:10.1111/bph.13230
56. Kubota T, McTiernan C, Frye C et al (1997) Dilated cardiomyopathy in transgenic mice with cardiac-specific overexpression of tumor necrosis factor-α. Circ Res 81:627–635
57. Landry D, Couper L, Bryant S, Lindner V (1997) Activation of the NFkappaB and I kappa B system in smooth muscle cells after rat arterial injury. Induction of vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1. Am J Pathol 151:1085–1095
58. Lee S, Huen S, Nishio H, Nishio S, Lee H, Choi B, Ruhrberg C, Cantley L (2011) Distinct macrophage phenotypes contribute to kidney injury and repair. J Am Soc Nephrol 22:317–326. doi:10.1681/ASN.2009060615
59. Li J, Chen K, Zhu L, Pollard J (2006) Conditional deletion of the colony stimulating factor-1 receptor (c-fms proto-oncogene) in mice. Genesis 44:328–335. doi:10.1002/dvg.20219
60. Liao T, Yang X, Liu Y, Shesely E, Cavasin M, Kuziel W, Pagano P, Carretero O (2008) Role of inflammation in the development of renal damage and dysfunction in angiotensin II induced hypertension. Hypertension 52:256–263. doi:10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.108.112706
61. Lieschke G, Grail D, Hodgson G, Metcalf D, Stanley E, Cheers C, Fowler K, Basu S, Zhan Y, Dunn A (1994) Mice lacking granulocyte colony-stimulating factor have chronic neutropenia, granulocyte and macrophage progenitor cell deficiency, and impaired neutrophil mobilization. Blood 84:1737–1746
62. Lima-Junior D, Costa D, Carregaro V, Cunha L, Silva A, Mineo T, Gutierrez F, Bellio M, Bortoluci K, Flavell R, Bozza M, Silva J, Zamboni D (2013) Inflammasome-derived IL-1beta production induces nitric oxide-mediated resistance to Leishmania. Nat Med 19:909–915. doi:10.1038/nm.3221
63. Ma L, Corsa B, Zhou J, Yang H, Li H, Tang Y, Babaey V, Major A, Linton M, Fazio S, Hunley T, Kon V, Fogo A (2011) Angiotensin type 1 receptor modulates macrophages and renal injury in obesity. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 300:F1203–F1213. doi:10.1152/ajprenal.00468.2010
64. Machnik A, Neuhofer W, Jantsch J, Dahlmann A, Tammela T, Machura K, Park J, Beck F, Müller D, Derer W, Goss J, Ziomber A, Dietsch P, Wagner H, van Rooijen N, Kurtz A, Hilgers K, Alitalo K, Eckardt K, Luft F, Kerjaschki D, Titze J (2009) Macrophages regulate salt-dependent volume and blood pressure by a vascular endothelial growth factor-C-dependent buffering mechanism. Nat Med 15:545–552. doi:10.1038/nm.1960
65. Machnik A, Dahlmann A, Kopp C, Goss J, Wagner H, van Rooijen N, Eckardt K, Müller D, Park J, Luft F, Kerjaschki D, Titze J (2010) Mononuclear phagocyte system depletion blocks interstitial tonicity-responsive enhancer binding protein/vascular endothelial growth factor C expression and induces salt-sensitive hypertension in rats. Hypertension 55:755–761. doi:10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.109.143339
66. Madej A, Okopień B, Kowalski J, Haberka M, Herman Z (2005) Plasma concentrations of adhesion molecules and chemokines in patients with essential hypertension. Pharmacol Rep 57:878–881
67. Majid D (2011) Tumor necrosis factor-α and kidney function: experimental findings in mice. Adv Exp Med Biol 691:471–480. doi:10.1007/978-1-4419-6612-4_48
68. Mann D, McMurray J, Packer M, Swedberg K, Borer J, Colucci W, Djian J, Drexler H, Feldman A, Kober L, Krum H, Liu P, Nieminen M, Tavazzi L, Veldhuisen D, Waldenstrom A, Warren M, Westheim A, Zannad F, Fleming T (2004) Targeted anticytokine therapy in patients with chronic heart failure: results of the Randomized Etanercept Worldwide Evaluation (RENEWAL). Circ Res 109:1594–1602. doi:10.1161/01.CIR.0000124490.27666.B2
69. McMaster W, Kirabo A, Madhur M, Harrison D (2015) Inflammation, immunity, and hypertensive end-organ damage. Circ Res 116:1022–1033. doi:10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.116.303697
70. Mervaala E, Muller D, Schmidt F, Park J, Gross V, Bader M, Breu V, Ganten D, Haller H, Luft F (2000) Blood pressure-independent effects in rats with human renin and angiotensinogen genes. Hypertension 35:587–594
71. Mills K, Bundy J, Kelly T, Reed J, Kearney P, Reynolds K, Chen J, Jiang H (2016) Global disparities of hypertension prevalence and control: a systematic analysis of population-based studies from 90 countries. Circulation 134:441–450. doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.115.018912
72. Muller D, Dechend R, Mervaala E, Park J, Schmidt F, Fiebeler A, Theuer J, Breu V, Ganten D, Haller H, Luft F (2000a) NF-kappaB inhibition ameliorates angiotensin II-induced inflammatory damage in rats. Hypertension 35:193–201
73. Muller D, Mervaala E, Dechend R, Fiebeler A, Park J, Schmidt F, Theuer J, Breu V, Mackman N, Luther T, Schneider W, Gulba D, Ganten D, Haller H, Luft F (2000b) Angiotensin II (AT(1)) receptor blockade reduces vascular tissue factor in angiotensin II-induced cardiac vasculopathy. Am J Pathol 157:111–122. doi:10.1016/S0002-9440(10)64523-3
74. Muller D, Shagdarsuren E, Park J et al (2002) Immunosuppresive treatment protects against angiotensin II-induced renal damage. Am J Pathol 161:1679. doi:10.1016/S0002-9440(10)64445-8
75. Murray P, Allen J, BIswas S, Fisher E, Gilroy D, Goerdt S, Gordon S, Hamilton J, Ivashkiv L, Lawrence T, Locati M, Mantovani A, Martinez F, Mege J, Mosser D, Natoli G, Saeij J, Schultze J, Shirey K, Sica A, Suttles J, Udalova I, van Ginderarchter J, Vogel S, Wynn T (2014) Macrophage activation and polarization: nomenclature and experimental guidelines. Immunity 41:14–20. doi:10.1016/j.immuni.2014.06.008
76. Nakamura K, Fushimi K, Kouchi H, Mihara K, Miyazaki M, Ohe T et al (1998) Inhibitory effects of antioxidants on neonatal rat cardiac myocyte hypertrophy induced by tumor necrosis factor-alpha and angiotensin II. Circulation 98:794–799
77. Nataraj C, Oliverio M, Mannon R, Mannon P, Audoly L, Amuchastegui C, Ruiz P, Smithies O, Coffman T (1999) Angiotensin II regulates cellular immune responses through a calcineurin-dependent pathway. J Clin Invest 104:1693–1701. doi:10.1172/JCI7451
78. Neumann P, Gertzberg N, Johnson A (2004) TNF-alpha induces a decrease in eNOS promoter activity. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 286:L452–L459. doi:10.1152/ajplung.00378.2002
79. Nishida M, Fujinaka H, Matsusaka T, Price J, Kon V, Fogo A, Davidson J, Linton M, Fazio S, Homma T, Yoshida H, Ichikawa I (2002) Absence of angiotensin II type 1 receptor in bone-marrow derived cells is detrimental in the evolution of renal fibrosis. J Clin Invest 110:1859–1868. doi:10.1172/JCI15045
80. Oliverio M, Best C, Smithies O, Coffman T (2000) Regulation of sodium balance and blood pressure by the AT(1A) receptor for angiotensin II. Hypertension 35:550–554
81. Olsen F (1980) Transfer of arterial hypertension by spelnic cells from DOCA-salt hypertensive and renal hypertensive rats to normotensive recipients. Acta Pathol Microbiol Scand C 88:1–5
82. Ozawa Y, Kobori H, Suzaki Y, Navar L (2007) Sustained renal interstitial macrophage infiltration follwing chronic angiotensin II infusions. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 292:F330–F339. doi:10.1152/ajprenal.00059.2006
83. Palazzolo D, Quadri S (1990) Interleukin-1 stimulates catecholamine release from the hypothalamus. Life Sci 47:2105–2109
84. Palomo I, Marín P, Alarcón M, Gubelin G, Viñambre X, Mora E, Icaza G (2003) Patients with essential hypertension present higher levels of sE-selectin and sVCAM-1 than normotensive volunteers. Clin Exp Hypertens 25:517–523
85. Papaharalambus C, Griendling K (2007) Basic mechanisms of oxidative stress and reactive oxygen species in cardiovascular injury. Trends Cardiovasc Med 17:48–54. doi:10.1016/j.tcm.2006.11.005
86. Parissis J, Korovesis S, Giaziatzoglou E, Kalivas P, Katritisis D (2002) Plasma profiles of peripheral monocyte-related inflammatory markers in patients with arterial hypertension. Correlations with plasma endothelin-1. Int J Cardiol 83:13–21
87. Ramseyer V, Garvin J (2013) Tumor necrosis factor-α: regulation of renal function and blood pressure. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 304:F1231–F1242. doi:10.1152/ajprenal.00557.2012
88. Ricardo S, van Goor H, Eddy A (2008) Macrophage diversity in renal injury and repair. J Clin Invest 118:3522–3530. doi:10.1172/JCI36150
89. Ridker P, Thuren T, Zalewski A, Libby P (2011) Interleukin-1beta inhibition and the prevention of recurrent cardiovascular events: rationale and design of the Canakinumab Anti-inflammatory Thrombosis Outcomes Study (CANTOS). Am Heart J 162:597–605. doi:10.1016/j.ahj.2011.06.012
90. Ridker P, Howard C, Walter V, Everett B, Libby P, Hensen J, Thuren T, CPI Group (2012) Effects of interleukin-1beta inhibition with canakinumab on hemoglobin A1c, lipids, C-reactive protein, interleukin-6, and fibrinogen: a phase IIb randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Circulation 126:2739–2748. doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.112.122556
91. Rodríguez-Iturbe B, Pons H, Quiroz Y, Gordan K, Rincón J, Chávez M, Parra G, Herrera-Acosta J, Gómez-Garre D, Largo R, Egido J, Johnson R (2001) Mycophenolate mofetil prevents salt-sensitive hypertension resulting from angiotensin II exposure. Kidney Int 59:2222–2232. doi:10.1046/j.1523-1755.2001.00737.x
92. Rudemiller N, Crowley S (2016) Interactions between the immune and the renin-angiotensin systems in hypertension. Hypertension 68:289–296. doi:10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.116.06591
93. Schoppmann S et al (2002) Tumor-associated macrophages express lymphatic endothelial growth factors and are related to peritumoral lymphangiogenesis. Am J Pathol 161:947–956. doi:10.1016/S0002-9440(10)64255-1
94. Schreiner G, Kohan D (1990) Regulation of renal transport processes and hemodynamics by macrophages and lymphocytes. Am J Physiol Renal Fluid Electrolyte Physiol 258:F761–F767
95. Shah K, Shi P, Giani J, Janjulia T, Bernstein E, Li Y, Zhao T, Harrison D, Bernstein K, Shen X (2015) Myeloid suppressor cells accumulate and regulate blood pressure in hypertension. Circ Res 117:858–869. doi:10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.115.306539
96. Shahid M, Francis J, Majid D (2008) Tumor necrosis factor- induces renal vasoconstriction as well as natriuresis in mice. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 295:F1836–F1844. doi:10.1152/ajprenal.90297.2008
97. Shen X, Li Y, Li L, Shah K, Bernstein K, Lyden P, Shi P (2015) Microglia participate in neurogenic regulation of hypertension. Hypertension 66:309–316. doi:10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.115.05333
98. Shi P, Diez-Freire C, Jun J, Qi Y, Katovich M, Li Q, Sriramula S, Francis J, Sumners C, Raizada M (2010) Brain microglial cytokines in neurogenic hypertension. Hypertension 56:297–303. doi:10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.110.150409
99. Shirasuna K, Karasawa T, Usui F, Kobayashi M, Komada T, Kimura H, Kawashima A, Ohkuchi A, Taniguchi S, Takahashi M (2015) NLRP3 deficiency improves angiotensin II-induced hypertension but not fetal growth restriction during pregnancy. Endocrinology 156:4281–4292. doi:10.1210/en.2015-1408
100. Sica A, Mantovani A (2012) Macrophage plasticity and polarization: in vivo veritas. J Clin Invest 122:787–795. doi:10.1172/JCI59643
101. Singh P, Bahrami L, Castillo A, Majid D (2013) TNF-α type 2 receptor mediates renal inflammatory response to chronic angiotensin II administration with high salt intake in mice. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 304:991–999. doi:10.1152/ajprenal.00525.2012
102. Sommers S, Relman A, Smithwick R (1958) Histologic studies of kidney biopsy specimens from patients with hypertension. Am J Pathol 34:685–715
103. Sriramula S, Francis J (2015) Tumor necrosis factor-alpha is essential for angiotensin II-induced ventricular remodeling: role for oxidative stress. PLoS One 10:e0138372. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0138372
104. Sriramula S, Haque M, Majid D, Francis J (2008) Involvement of tumor necrosis factor-alpha in angiotensin II-mediated effects of salt appetite, hypertension, and cardiac hypertrophy. Hypertension 51:1345–1351. doi:10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.107.102152
105. Stanley E, Guilbert L, Tushinski R, Bartelmez S (1983) CSF-1-a mononuclear phagocyte lineage-specific hemopoietic growth factor. J Cell Biochem 21:151–159. doi:10.1002/jcb.240210206
106. Stegbauer J, Lee D, Seubert S, Ellrichmann G, Manzel A, Kvakan H, Muller D, Gaupp S, Rump L, Gold R, Linker R (2009) Role of the renin-angiotensin system in autoimmune inflammation of the central nervous system. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 106:14942–14947. doi:10.1073/pnas.0903602106
107. Sun M, Chen M, Dawood F, Zurawska U, Li J, Parker T, Kassiri Z, Kirshenbaum L, Arnold M, Khokha R, Liu P (2007) Tumor necrosis factor-alpha mediates cardiac remodeling and ventricular dysfunction after pressure overload state. Circulation 115:1398–1407. doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.106.643585
108. Sun H, Zeng D, Li R, Pang R, Yang H, Hu Y, Zhang Q, Jiang Y, Huang L, Tang Y, Yan G, Zhou J (2012) Essential role of microRNA-155 in regulating endothelium-dependent vasorelaxation by targeting endothelial nitric oxide synthase. Hypertension 60:1407–1414. doi:10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.112.197301
109. Swirski F, Nahrendorf M, Etzrodt M, Wildgruber M, Cortez-Retamozo V, Panizzi P, Figueiredo J, Kohler R, Chudnovskiy A, Waterman P, Aikawa E, Mempel T, Libby P, Weissleder R, Pittet M (2009) Identification of splenic reservoir monocytes and their deployment to inflammatory sites. Science 325:612–616. doi:10.1126/science.1175202
110. Takahashi H, Nishimura M, Sakamoto M, Ikegaki I, Nakanishi T, Yoshimura M (1992) Effects of interleukin-1 beta on blood pressure, sympathetic nerve activity, and pituitary endocrine functions in anesthetized rats. Am J Hypertens 5:224–229
111. Takebayashi S (1969) Ultrastructual studies on glomerular lesions in experimental hypertension. Acta Pathol Jpn 19:179–200
112. Titze J (2014) Sodium balance is not just a renal affair. Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens 23:101–105. doi:10.1097/01.mnh.0000441151.55320.c3
113. van Lanschot J, Mealy K, Jacobs D, Evans D, Wilmore D (1991) Splenectomy attenuates the inappropriate diuresis associated with tumor necrosis factor administration. Surg Gynecol Obstet 172:293–297
114. Voelkel N, Tuder R, Bridges J, Arend W (1994) Interleukin-1 receptor antagonist treatment reduces pulmonary hypertension generated in rats by monocrotaline. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 11:664–675. doi:10.1165/ajrcmb.11.6.7946395
115. Wang J, Griffin J, Rambaldi A, Chen Z, Mantovani A (1986) Macrophage growth factor CSF-1 stimulates human monocyte production of interferon, tumor necrosis factor, and colony stimulating activity. J Immunol 137:2281–2285
116. Wang Y, Li Y, Wu Y, Jia L, Wang J, Xie B, Hui M, Du J (2014) 5TNF-α and IL-1β neutralization ameliorates angiotensin II-induced cardiac damage in male mice. Endocrinology 155:2677–2687. doi:10.1210/en.2013-2065
117. Weir M, Dzau V (1999) The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system: a specific target for hypertension management. Am J Hypertens 12:205S–213S
118. Wenzel P, Knorr M, Kossmann S, Stratmann J, Hausding M, Schuhmacher S, Karbach S, Schwenk M, Yogev N, Schulz E et al (2011) Lysozyme M-positive monocytes mediate angiotensin II-induced arterial hypertension and vascular dysfunction. Circulation 124:1370–1381. doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.111.034470
119. Wenzel U, Turner J, Krebs C, Kurts C, Harrison D, Ehmke H (2016) Immune mechanisms in arterial hypertension. J Am Soc Nephrol 27:677–686. doi:10.1681/ASN.2015050562
120. Wiig H, Schröeder A, Neuhofer W, Jantsch J, Kopp C, Karlsen T, Boschmann M, Goss J, Bry M, Rakova N, Dahlmann A, Brenner S, Tenstad O, Nurmi H, Mervaala E, Wagner H, Beck F, Müller D, Kerjaschki D, Luft F, Harrison D, Alitalo K, Titze J (2013) Immune cells control skin lymphatic electrolye homeostasis and blood pressure. J Clin Invest 123:2803–2815. doi:10.1172/JCI60113
121. Wiktor-Jedrzejczak W, Bartocci A, Ferrante Jr A, Ahmed-Ansari A, Sell K, Pollard J, ER S (1990) Total absence of colony-stimulating factor 1 in the macrophage-deficient osteopetrotic (op/op) mouse. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 87:4828–4832
122. Yoshida H, Hayashi S, Kunisada T, Ogawa M, Nishikawa S, Okamura H, Sudo T, Shultz L, Nishikawa S (1990) The murine mutation osteopetrosis is in the coding region of the macrophage colony stimulating factor gene. Nature 345:442–444. doi:10.1038/345442a0
123. Yoshida S, Takeuchi T, Kotani T et al (2014) Infliximab, a TNF-α inhibitor, reduces 24-h ambulatory blood pressure in rheumatoid arthritis patients. J Hum Hypertens 28:165–169. doi:10.1038/jhh.2013.80
124. Zhang B, Ramesh G, Norbury C, Reeves W (2007) Cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity is mediated by tumor necrosis factor-α produced by renal parenchymal cells. Kidney Int 72:37–44. doi:10.1038/sj.ki.5002242
125. Zhang J, Patel M, Song Y, Griffiths R, Burchette J, Ruiz P, Sparks M, Yan M, Howell D, Gomez J, Spurney R, Coffman T, Crowley S (2012) A novel role for type 1 angiotensin receptors on T lymphocytes to limit target organ damage in hypertension. J Am Heart Assoc 110:1604–1617. doi:10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.111.261768
126. Zhang J, Patel M, Griffiths R, Dolber P, Ruiz P, Sparks M, Stegbauer J, Jin H, Gomez J, Buckley A, Lefler W, Chen D, Crowley S (2014a) Type 1 angiotensin receptors on macrophages ameliorate IL-1 receptor-mediated kidney fibrosis. J Clin Invest 124:2198–2203. doi:10.1172/JCI61368
127. Zhang J, Patel M, Griffiths R, Mao A, Song Y, Karlovich N, Sparks M, Jin H, Wu M, Lin E, Crowley S (2014b) Tumor necrosis factor-α produced in the kidney contributes to angiotensin II-dependent hypertension. Hypertension 64:1275–1281. doi:10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.114.03863
128. Zhang M, Yao B, Wang Y, Yang S, Wang S, Fan X, Harris R (2015a) Inhibition of cyclooxygenase-2 in hematopoietic cells results in salt-sensitive hypertension. J Clin Invest 125:4281–4294. doi:10.1172/JCI81550
129. Zhang W, Zheng X, Du L, Sun J, Shen Z, Shi C, Sun S, Zhang Z, Chen X, Qin M, Liu X, Tao J, Jia L, Fan H, Zhou B, Yu Y, Ying H, Hui L, Liu X, Yi X, Liu X, Zhang L, Duan S (2015b) High salt primes a specific activation state of macrophages, M(Na). Cell Res 25:893–910. doi:10.1038/cr.2015.87
130. Zhang J, Rudemiller N, Patel M, Karlovich N, Wu M, McDonough A, Griffiths R, Sparks M, Jeffs A, Crowley S (2016a) Interleukin-1 receptor activation potentiates salt reabsorption in angiotensin II-induced hypertension via the NKCC2 Co-transporter in the nephron. Cell Metab 23:360–368. doi:10.1016/j.cmet.2015.11.013
131. Zhang J, Rudemiller N, Patel M, Wei Q, Karlovich N, Jeffs A, Wu M, Sparks M, Privratsky J, Herrera M, Gurley S, Nedospasov S, Crowley S (2016b) Competing actions of type 1 angiotensin receptors on T lymphocytes and kidney epithelium during Cisplatin-induced acute kidney injury. J Am Soc Nephrol 27:2257–2264. doi:10.1681/ASN.2015060683